Relevant bibliographies by topics / Timber frame structure

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Timber frame structure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.

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Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls when no infill is present, i.e. considering only the timber frame, and then compare the results with those of the infill walls. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame walls and appropriate strengthening solutions have been applied in order to test the walls in a retrofitted condition, namely (1) steel plates with different configurations and (2) steel flat bars inserted with the NSM technique.
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Malone, Brian P., Rakesh Gupta, Thomas H. Miller, and Maureen E. Puettmann. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF LIGHT-FRAME AND TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURES." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.102.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental performance of different wood structural assemblies for residential buildings. Two structural systems (a traditional timber frame and a light-frame) were compared together with alternate material options for each system. Environmental impacts were determined using the Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings software. Design alterations for generalization were made to an existing timber frame (TF) structure used as the basis of this analysis, and an equivalent light-frame (LF) structure was designed based on the International Residential Code (IRC). Environmental impacts observed include total energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential (GWP), and wood fiber use. All analyses were considered cradle-to-gate, including the manufacturing and construction life-cycle stages. Results show how GWP is linked to both fossil fuel consumption and wood fiber use, and how ultimate environmental impact is driven by energy source. Environmental impacts of structures are driven by material choice, and levels of carbon stored in structural wood serve to decrease GWP. Of the structural assemblies analyzed, the most traditional TF structure outperformed all other options in almost every measure.
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Polastri, Andrea, Serena Christofides, and Roberto Tomasi. "Static and Thermohygrometric Analysis of a New Typology of Timber Framed Structure in Dolomites." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.82.

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In this paper a study is presented about timber frames structures in Dolomites area. A wood timber frame construction system spans across a very long period in time and across a broad geographical area. The construction elements have guaranteed longevity to structures located in very different areas, under a geographical, climatic and seismic point of view. In most frames cases, it is the masonry that constitutes the filling. This construction system in Europe has been used both for dwelling and work buildings. Timber frames solutions have been chosen according to local traditions, historical and economical context. This construction procedure is widespread present in the area of the Dolomites; in particular in the valleys nearby Cortina DAmpezzo, where environment conditions are particularly severe: traditional constructions used to combine the dwelling part with the barn. These buildings are nowadays, in a lot of cases, abandoned and there is no sign of interest as for a new use of them due to many changes, such as the disappearing of grazing and agriculture activities, the consequences of modern living on environment. Aim of this paper is to present a new kind of building (designed for housing), entirely wood framed (static function), filled with masonry (environmental comfort) and preserving the features of traditional buildings: proportions of the housing and of the frames, visible frame structure. The environmental comfort is provided by interior masonry filled frames. The paper presents the thermohygrometric analysis of the walls, the structural verifications of the main elements constituting the frame and the connections between them. Finally, attention is drawn to the aspect of durability indicating the proposed protective measures.
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Wang, Pu Qing, Yuan Ming Dou, Yan Tao Li, and Jing Jing Zhang. "Full-Size Seismic Experiment Analysis on the Timber Structure in Rural Areas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 724 (January 2015): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.724.48.

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Timber structure seismic analysis is an important problem in structure design and safety of building. In this paper, full-size pseudo-static tests of two single-storey and single bay timber frame with and without infilled wall were carried out. Failure process, failure form and deformation capacity were investigated. The test results indicate that the timber frame has better capability of dissipation of seismic energy. The infilled wall can increase the seismic ability of the whole timber frame structure. There is a good collaborative mechanism between the infilled wall and frame under some construction measures.
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Zhang, Ying Lu, Hao Ran Wang, Shao Jun He, and Bao Shi Yang. "The Study of Structure Supporting System in Log Cabins." Applied Mechanics and Materials 777 (July 2015): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.777.154.

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Modern timber buildings are more and more popular with their characteristics of green, environmental protection, low carbon. According to their structure, they are divided into light wood frame construction, sawn and log timber structures, glued laminated timber structures, log cabins. This paper analyzes the structure supporting structural system of log cabins, from material requirements, structural design to production process, supplemented by practical case to demonstration, to explore the design method of log cabin’s structure supporting system.
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Qu, Zhe, Andreea Dutu, Jiangrong Zhong, and Jingjiang Sun. "Seismic Damage to Masonry-Infilled Timber Houses in the 2013 M7.0 Lushan, China, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 3 (August 2015): 1859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/012914eqs023t.

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Masonry-infilled timber frames are widely used for residential houses in underdeveloped rural and mountainous areas in southwestern China. As suggested by the identified dynamic properties of three typical timber houses of this type, the structure can be taken as a dual system in which the masonry infills provide the most lateral resistance, while the timber frame withstands the vertical loads. The seismic damage to the houses, either of masonry or of masonry-infilled timber structures, in a small town near the epicenter of the 2013 M7.0 Lushan earthquake in southwestern China was inspected and compared, in order to show that the masonry-infilled timber houses exhibited much better seismic performance than the unreinforced masonry ones during the earthquake.
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Leyder, Claude, Eleni Chatzi, and Andrea Frangi. "Vibration-based model updating of a timber frame structure." Procedia Engineering 199 (2017): 2132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.141.

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AKIYAMA, Nobuhiko, Shigefumi OKAMOTO, Tomohiro MORIMOTO, and Masahide MURAKAMI. "DEVELOPMENT OF TIMBER SHEAR WALL IN STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 24, no. 57 (June 20, 2018): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.24.613.

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Johanides, Marek, Lenka Kubíncová, David Mikolášek, Antonín Lokaj, Oldřich Sucharda, and Petr Mynarčík. "Analysis of Rotational Stiffness of the Timber Frame Connection." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010156.

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Initially, timber was considered only as an easily accessible and processable material in nature; however, its excellent properties have since become better understood. During the discovery of new building materials and thanks to new technological development processes, industrial processing technologies and gradually drastically decreasing forest areas, wood has become an increasingly neglected material. Load-bearing structures are made mostly of reinforced concrete or steel elements. However, ecological changes, the obvious problems associated with environmental pollution and climate change, are drawing increasing attention to the importance of environmental awareness. These factors are attracting increased attention to wood as a building material. The increased demand for timber as a building material offers the possibility of improving its mechanical and physical properties, and so new wood-based composite materials or new joints of timber structures are being developed to ensure a better load capacity and stiffness of the structure. Therefore, this article deals with the improvement of the frame connection of the timber frame column and a diaphragm beam using mechanical fasteners. In common practice, bolts or a combination of bolts and pins are used for this type of connection. The subject of the research and its motivation was to replace these commonly used fasteners with more modern ones to shorten and simplify the assembly time and to improve the load capacity and rigidity of this type of frame connection.
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Xiong, Hai Bei, Chao Zhang, Jiang Tao Yao, and Yang Zhao. "Environmental Impact Comparison of Different Structure Systems Based on Life Cycle Assessment Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.405.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become an international recognized method to estimate the environmental impacts of a building during its life. A building’s environmental impacts can be divided into two parts－impacts in the service stage and impacts in other stages of its life cycle. Other stages comprise material acquisition stage, constructing stage and final disposal stage. In life cycle except service stage, the LCA analysis was made on a timber structure teaching building using Athena software Eco-calculator. Then the teaching building is assumed to be redesigned adopting the structure of RC-frame and steel frame respectively. And the LCA analysis was made on the two assumed buildings too. By comparing the results, the conclusion can be drawn that timber buildings have lower environmental impact indexes compared with that of RC-frame and about the same with that of steel structure. The aboard usage of the timber structure instead of RC-frame structure can result in good environment performance. In service stage, if a sensible thermal insulation scheme is also considered, a great amount of energy will be saved, and the environmental impact of a building can be made minimum.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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Su, Shenzhi. "Structure-borne sound transmission through resiliently suspended ceilings in timber frame floors." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2009. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6799.

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Resilient bars provide cheap, effective sound insulation. They are increasingly popular in timber floor/ceiling assemblies in the UK following the upgrading of Building Regulations requirements. However, the behaviour mechanisms providing resilient bars with their insulating properties are not well understood. The effects of specific detailed features on their performance are assumed or estimated empirically. Myths relating to property-performance correlation prevail among various product manufacturers. Previous experimental studies revealed either overall effect or only covered the stiffness in the vertical direction. Spring and rod models used elsewhere also failed to predict three-dimensional, asymmetrical facets of resilient bar behaviour. This research investigated the influence of various three-dimensional resilient bar features through examining hypotheses: resilient bars act as springs (either vertical, bending, cantilever or spring hinge), or stiffeners. As these hypotheses are associated with certain material and geometrical features, the results revealed each's influence and relative importance. Three types of test were designed: vibration transmission, apparent stiffness and modal tests. Two representative but distinctly different resilient bar products were chosen as test subjects, which covered the features of interest and involved controversies. Vibration transmission tests were conducted on a series of configurations based on small-scale structures, which could not only demonstrate overall performance but allow detailed parametric investigations. Apparent stiffness tests on small samples enable isolation of spring effects so that their individual contribution could be evaluated. Modal tests revealed how resilient bars modified the vibration modes of the attached plate. By synthesizing the data from the above three angles together with data in the literature, the influence of key features was inferred and evaluated. Mass-spring-mass modelling and statistical energy analysis were carried oout which enhanced understanding of the system's behaviour. The findings led to an optimised resilient bar design and a patentable acoustic hanger system. The latter was prototyped and tested on a floor/ceiling assembly. The results showed that it was more advantageous than current resilient bar systems.
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Gikonyo, Joan, and Pierre Modig. "Parameterized and Adaptive Modelling of Mechanical Connections in Timber Frame Structures." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77189.

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This study investigates the global stiffness of a timer frame structure under wind loading using the finite element method by creating parameterized script files. Of key interest was the accuracy of the global stiffness determined from an adaptive 3D beam model in comparison to a 2D beam model and, the stiffness of a 3D beam model when subjected to different types of bracing in the presence of internal bracing provided by a lift shaft structure. Investigation of contact forces on the surfaces between the fastener and the timber at the connection was carried out and a design check for the specified bolts shear capacity done with respect to Eurocode 5. A 3D adaptive connection was created for a 2D frame model and the stiffness of the structure was studied. A comparison of the maximum displacement of the structure in the x direction, under the same wind loading, spring stiffness and boundary conditions, with a 2D beam structure without the adaptive connection initially showed a difference in the displacement. This implied that the rotational stiffness in the beam model was greater than that of the adaptive connection created. Therefore after altering the rotational stiffness of the beam model to achieve similar displacement as in the adaptive model, the rotational stiffness of the created connection was found to be 33.4 · 106Nm. The study also determined the contact forces generated at the surfaces between the fasteners and the timber using the finite element method to integrate over the surfaces and calculate the forces. The results were generated using the History Output in the step module. The only disadvantage of acquiring the contact forces was that, the contact surface simulation caused larger run times for the model to complete the time step. For the adaptive model it took 18 hours to complete each step. Further investigation into the stiffness of a 3D frame structure was conducted. The model of the 3D structure was created by a parameterized script which makes it easy to change input variables such as number of internal walls, geometry in x-z-plane, number of storeys, cross-sectional dimensions, material properties number of diagonals and location of diagonals. A variety of models with different conditions was analyzed. This showed that stiffness has a major impact on the magnitude of reaction forces and displacements.
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Cao, Dapeng. "A computer model for Chinese traditional timber structure: the Foguang Temple." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37723.

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This thesis presents a study of an ancient Chinese timber structure- the main hall of the Foguang temple built in China in the Tang Dynasty (857), which is regarded as one of the most important temples in that period. The research represents a detailed digital model of the structural timber components and their connectivity. The research questions are: - Firstly, how to identify and represent the structural components, and the ways they are assembled. This is not covered in the few previous studies of the temple, which just offered brief introductions and general descriptions of the construction of the timber structure. - Secondly, how to create a digital model for such a structure where there is insufficient or incompatible information. These are common issues that arise in the simulation and representation of historic architecture. The outcome of the research is the presentation of a digital model that is much more detailed than previously existing representations. During the process, two concepts were developed and adopted: - Firstly, the concept of "building an ideal model". Rather than seeking the representation of the timber structure as built, the notion outlined in this thesis is to create an ideal digital model according to the vocabulary of structural components and the predefined spatial relations of their assembly connectivity. - Secondly, the concept of "simplest adaptation". When choosing from a number of reasonable hypotheses about a component or assembly detail, it is assumed to be the simplest possible adaptation of an already accepted component or assembly detail. The thesis is organized as followings: Chapter 1: an introduction to the research on ancient Chinese architecture. Chapter 2: a review of the computer simulation and representation of historic architecture. Chapter 3: a discussion about the methodology on the concept of "building an ideal model", and the methodology for modelling when there is a lack of information. Chapter 4: a record of the digital modelling process. Chapter 5: discussions on and conclusions of the research. The thesis has an accompanying CD which contains the representation information, including: - A 2D 'Flash' presentation that shows the brief contents of the research. - 3D animations that represent in detail the timber structure and the assembly process. - A database that represents the structural components and their relations.
Thesis (M.Arch.)--School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture & Urban Design, 2005.
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Kuai, Le. "Parametrized Finite Element Simulation of Multi-Storey Timber Structures." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66825.

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With the acceleration of global urbanization trends, more and more intentions are put on multi-storey buildings. As the world leading area of wood construction, European countries started the construction of multi-storey timber building for a decade ago. However, unlike the traditional buildings made of reinforced concrete, the design of wooden high-rise timber buildings would face a substantial amount of new challenges because such high-rise timber buildings are touching the limitations of the timber engineering field. In this thesis, a parameterized three-dimensional FE-model (in ABAQUS) of a multi-storey timber frame building is created. Variable geometrical parameters, connection stiffness as well as boundary connections and applied wind and gravity loads are defined in a Python script to make it possible to analyze the influence of these parameters on the global structural behavior of the studied multi-storey timber frame building. The results and analysis implied that the script successfully worked and was capable to create different complex building geometries in an wasy way for the finite element analysis.
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Maille, Nathan James. "Assessing the Roof Structure of the Breeding Barn Using Truss Member Resonant Frequencies." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2008. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/144.

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The motivation for this research was to apply methods of vibrations testing in order to determine axial loads in the pin-ended truss members of the Breeding Bam. This method of vibrations testing was necessary in order to determine the in-situ axial loads of the truss members in the bam. Other common methods, such as strain gauges, were not useful for this application. This is because strain gauges can only detect changes in strain and therefore only changes in load. However due to the size and weight of the roof at the Breeding Bam, significant axial loads are produced in the truss members. This in-situ axial load due to the dead load of the roof is a significant portion of any additional loading and cannot be ignored. The ultimate goal of determining the axial loads in the truss members was to develop a model for the roof structure of the bam that accurately predicts axial loads in the truss members over a range of loading conditions. Developing such a model was important in order to make a structural assessment ofthe Breeding Bam's roof structure. In order to determine the axial loads in the truss members, acceleration time histories of the individual truss members were collected using wireless accelerometers provided by MicroStrain of Williston, Vermont. Using the Fourier transform, power spectral densities were produced from the raw acceleration time histories. It was from these plots that the resonant frequencies of the truss members were determined. Knowing the resonant frequencies for a member and the beam vibration equation developed for pin-ended members, the axial load of the truss member were calculated. This process was done for each wrought iron truss member for three separate loading conditions. The purpose of this was to provide enough experimental data so that it could be compared with predictions of several proposed frame models of the bam's roof structure. Ultimately a model was chosen that best predicted the axial loads in the truss members based upon the three loading combinations tested. Using this frame model, an assessment of the bam's roof structure could be made.
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Organsky, Jennifer Ann. "Along the River's Edge – A Bed and Breakfast Residence." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32247.

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There are many forces at work in a design process. Each element of a design sketch reacts to ones before and after it. As a designer, one must be able to look at each individually and as part of the whole. In addition, the ideals and experiences brought to a project works its magic as well. It is the tension and the balance between the elements and ideals that create architecture. With a Bed and Breakfast as a project vehicle, the connection to the site, the relationship between public and private areas, and how the materials and structure form spaces were studied. These considerations led to a process of discovery and the challenge to weave the site, structure, and materials in a cohesive design.
Master of Architecture
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Janoušek, Martin. "Vícepodlažní budova." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227818.

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This master's thesis deals with design of the timber structure four-storey building. Plan dimensions of the hall are 20 x 30 m. The structure is designed for the Třebíč. The structure is designed as a heavy timber frame. The axial distance of arches is 5 m. The timber structure is placed between the reinforced concrete towers.
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Bradley, Alistair. "The flood resilience of light frame timber structures." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.698981.

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Janči, Michal. "Nosná konstrukce vícepodlažní budovy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240148.

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Diploma thesis deals with the design and assessment of the load bearing structure of a multi-storey building, proposed by the combination of two materials, steel and glued laminated timber. The building has a V-shape, the angle between legs is 120 °. Floor plan dimensions of one arm of the building are approximately 40x20m, building height is 24.3 meters. The building is designed with a flat green roof. The load bearing structure is solved as a heavy frame, lower three floors are made of steel and serves as the business premises, top four floors are residential, and their structure is designed of the glued laminated timber. Bracing of the whole structure is solved by a system of crossed steel rods.
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Carradine, David Marc. "Methodology for the Design of Timber Frame Structures Utilizing Diaphragm Action." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28652.

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Modern timber frame buildings are a unique combination of ancient carpentry techniques coupled with one of the newest enclosure systems found on construction sites around the world. Contemporary timber frame structures typically utilize structural-insulated panels (SIPs) attached to a timber frame skeleton to create functional, enclosed structures, such as houses, churches and a myriad of retail and industrial buildings. The skeleton contains large wooden members connected using wooden joints held together with wooden pegs or wedges. SIPs consist of a layer of rigid expanded polystyrene insulation covered on one side by oriented strand board and on the other side by oriented strand board, drywall, or some other interior finish. In timber frame buildings, SIPs also serve as diaphragm elements, which are flat structural assemblies loaded by shear forces in the plane of the panel. Current design methodologies for timber frame structures do not formally incorporate the structural benefits of SIPs as diaphragm elements, which contribute significantly to the ability of these buildings to resist lateral loads. The contribution of this research was to quantify necessary design parameters to enable timber frame designers to capitalize on the significant in-plane strength and stiffness of SIPs when designing timber frame structures to resist lateral loads. Strength and stiffness tests were conducted on three 8 ft (2.44 m) deep and 24 ft (7.32 m) long roof diaphragm assemblies, and two 20 ft (6.10 m) deep and 24 ft (7.32 m) long roof diaphragm assemblies. Data from these tests were collected, tabulated and analyzed according to existing methods typically utilized for post-frame diaphragm testing. Strength and stiffness of timber frame and SIP roof diaphragm assemblies were determined from monotonic test results and a value for Response Modification Coefficient, R, for use with seismic design procedures, was estimated utilizing cyclic test data. Procedures for calculating strength and stiffness of a roof diaphragm based on the strength and stiffness of test panels were presented and incorporated within post-frame diaphragm design methods. Diaphragm-frame interaction analyses were performed utilizing test data from roof diaphragm assemblies that demonstrated the code conformance of members within timber frames subjected to lateral loads. Using roof diaphragm test data and procedures developed for adjustments from the test panel to building roof length, example designs were conducted which confirmed the effectiveness of including SIPs as diaphragm elements for code conforming designs for wind and seismic load resistance of timber frame and SIP buildings.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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European Committee for Standardization. Eurocode 5: Design of timber structure. Brussels: BSI, 1994.

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Jerod, Pfeffer, ed. Natural timber frame homes: Building with wood, stone, clay, and straw. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2007.

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Morris, Miranda. An architecture of the depression: Vertical timber buildings in Launceston. [Launceston]: Jointly funded by the Australian Heritage Commission and the Queen Victoria Museum of the Launceston City Council, 1989.

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Mettem, C. J. Resin repairs to timber structures. High Wycombe: TRADA Technology Ltd., 2000.

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Timber structures from antiquity to the present: Proceeedings of the international symposium on timber structures, 25-27 June 2009, Istanbul, Turkey. İstanbul: T.C. Haliç Üniversitesi, 2010.

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Nils, Marstein, ed. Conservation of historic timber structures: An ecological approach. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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Mujagic, J. R. Ubejd. Structural design of low-rise building in cold-formed steel, reinforced masonry, and structural timber. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Jonsson, Robert. Timbre structures and fire: A review of the existing state of knowledge and research requirements. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research, 1985.

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Grodwohl, Marc. Habiter le Sundgau, 1500-1636: La maison rurale en pans de bois : techniques, culture et société. Altkirch: Société d'histoire du Sundgau, 2010.

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Procter, S. L. The structural performance of timber framed/brick veneer construction: A SERC collaborative project with the Timber Research and Development Association and London Brick Products PLC. London: Polytechnic of the South Bank. Faculty of the Built Environment. Structural Research Unit, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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Duţu, Andreea, Hiroyasu Sakata, and Yoshihiro Yamazaki. "Experimental Study on Timber-Framed Masonry Structures." In Historical Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Area, 67–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16187-7_6.

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Ogrizovic, J., F. Wanninger, and A. Frangi. "Numerical investigations on post-tensioned timber frames." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 1720–26. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-284.

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Bob, Corneliu, Sorin Dan, Catalin Badea, Aurelian Gruin, and Liana Iures. "Strengthening of the Frame Structure at the Timisoreana Brewery, Romania." In Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening of Structures, 57–80. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed012.057.

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<p>Many structures built in Romania before 1970 were designed for gravity loads with inadequate lateral load resistance because earlier codes specified lower levels of seismic loads. Some of these structures are still in service beyond their design life. Also, some deterioration was observed in existing structures due to the actions of different hazard factors. This paper presents the case study of a brewery with reinforced concrete framed structure of five storeys and a tower of nine storeys, which has been assessed and strengthened. The brewery and the tower were built in 1961 and an extension in 1971. An assessment performed in 1999 showed up local damages at slabs, main girders, secondary beams, and columns; concrete carbonation; concrete cover spalled over a large surface; complete corrosion of many stirrups and deep corrosion of main reinforcement; and some broken reinforcement. Such damage was caused by salt solution, CO2, relative humidity RH 80%, and temperatures over 40◦C. Also, inadequate longitudinal reinforcement was deduced≈ from the structural analysis. The initial design, done in 1960, was according to the Romanian codes of that time with provisions at low seismic actions. The structural system weakness is due to present-day high seismic actions. The rehabilitation of the reinforced concrete structure was performed by jacketing with reinforced concrete for the main and secondary beams and columns. In 2003, due to continuous operation and subsequent damage of the structure, a new assessment was required. It was found that some beams and one column were characterized by inadequate main and shear reinforcement as well as corrosion of many stirrups at beams. The strengthening solution adopted was based on carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites for beams and column.</p>
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Walker, James, and Robert Xiao. "Experimental Testing of a Portal Frame Connection Using Glued-In Steel Rods." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures, 555–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_51.

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Vasconcelos, Graça, Paulo B. Lourenço, and Elisa Poletti. "An Overview on the Seismic Behaviour of Timber Frame Structures." In Historical Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Area, 119–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16187-7_10.

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Bostenaru Dan, Maria. "Timber Frame Historic Structures and the Local Seismic Culture—An Argumentation." In Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning, 213–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7981-5_11.

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Søndergaard, Asbjørn, Oded Amir, Phillip Eversmann, Luka Piskorec, Florin Stan, Fabio Gramazio, and Matthias Kohler. "Topology Optimization and Robotic Fabrication of Advanced Timber Space-Frame Structures." In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2016, 190–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26378-6_14.

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Estekanchi, Homayoon E., and Hassan A. Vafai. "ET Analysis of Framed Structures." In Seismic Analysis and Design using the Endurance Time Method, 97–121. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217473-6.

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Kouris, Leonidas Alexandros S. "Practical Simulation Tools for the Seismic Analysis of Timber-Framed Masonry Structures." In Historical Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Area, 133–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16187-7_11.

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Touliatos, Panos. "Cooperating Timber and Stone Antiseismic Frames in Historic Structures of Greece." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39492-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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Tekić, Žikica, Ljiljana Kozarić, and Martina Vojnić Purčar. "TIMBER FRAME TRUSS CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE LKV SYSTEM." In GEO-EXPO 2020. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2020_8.

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The paper presents timber frame truss constructions in the LKV system and their application in the one hipped end gable roofs. Special attention is paid to the design of the side sector of the roof, as a function of the static height of the girder and the size of the associated load. The basic principles of functional organization of characteristic roof sectors are given, which is important for defining the geometry of all girders that form a timber structure. Unification of prefabricated elements is important for the production and economy of the timber structure. As part of the timber structure, the position and geometry of the bracings are also given, as constituent elements of the roof structure.
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Larsen, O. Popovic, and D. S. H. Lee. "Reciprocal Frame (RF) optimized timber truss structure: a design and build case study." In MARAS 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mar140211.

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Gao, Rui, Lingqiang Yang, and Yan Wang. "Structure character of timber frame system building in Tang and Song dynasty of China." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.120.

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Kozłowski, Aleksander, Tomasz W. Siwowski, and Tomasz Kozłowski. "Low-cost affordable single family housing in Poland. Light steel frame as an alternative construction solution." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0228.

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<p>Conventional single family houses in Poland are being built in the improved traditional construction technology with massive load-bearing structure created by masonry walls made of ceramic , silicate or aerated concrete blocks, concrete foundations, concrete rib-and-slab floor and pitched timber or concrete flat roof. Expanded polystyrene and mineral wool are being used as thermal insulation. Such solution is very time- consuming and costly due to more and more expensive manpower. The change in economy from communism to free market caused the beginning of modern thinking about construction technology for family house to be light, eco-friendly, innovative and low-cost. The definition of the term “affordable” in relation to single family housing, as well as the socio-economical background for the low-cost housing in Poland is presented. The paper presents proposal of low-cost family house construction built in light steel frame technology. The supporting structure is composed of steel frame made of cold-formed galvanized C shape profiles. Externally the steel frame is covered with cement bonded particle boards, covered with polystyrene insulation and finishing coat according to ETICS system. From the inside the steel frame is covered with plasterboards. The main thermal insulation of the building is created by mineral wool filling the interior spaces of walls, ceiling and roof panels. Comparison of the total construction costs of a 136 sq m building made in light steel frame technology with buildings of identical dimensions made in other, popular and available traditional technologies showed that a steel technology is approx. 10-20 percent cheaper. The paper presents also the comparison of the low-cost model steel structure houses worked out in Czech Republic, Portugal, Romania and Brazil, including technical parameters, structure type and cost of erection.</p>
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Baker, W. F., D. R. Horos, B. M. Johnson, and J. A. Schultz. "Timber Tower Research: Concrete Jointed Timber Frame." In Structures Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413357.113.

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Heidari, Alireza, Vera V. Galishnikova, and Iradj Mahmoudzadeh Kani. "A Protective Structure, Saver During Structural Collapse." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85447.

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In this paper a new protective structure is presented to save human life, in the case of building collapse, caused by an earthquake, a terrorist attack or other catastrophic events. It is well-known that the number of casualties after major earthquakes during night time far exceeds the corresponding number of those events of similar magnitudes occurring that of the day times. The life-saver device discussed here is a bolted-moment-resisting 3-D steel frame that encapsulates a single or double-bed sleeping area at home. The frame consists of a number of beam-columns of angle cross-section, bolted together by gusset plates and topped with a thin steel plate or a rectangular rebar mesh. The collapse of walls and ceilings of the building on top of this structure will result in large plastic deformations in various sections of the frame, whereby the energy of the falling debris is dissipated. Despite these large deflections, no harm is inflicted upon the people sleeping inside the frame. The physical behavior of this new life-saving device, under real situation of structural collapse, is modeled in the ANSYS LS-DYNA software. Combined nonlinear analysis of the frame is performed under dynamic loads developed. It is assumed that the angle members of the frame are stiffened by welding triangular gusset plates at appropriate intervals along their length, so that they behave in a compact manner without local buckling. The discussion of this phenomenon is the subject of another paper and is not presented here. The behavior of the protective structure shows that the people resting or taking refuge inside, will be safe in the event of the collapse of the building. Austenitic twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel which has a good combination of both strength and ductility also has been used for modeling and designing this structure and the results has been compared with ordinary steels. The design is verified for the emergency limit state considering the safety of people inside the protective structure.
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Höltke, Tim, and Achim Bleicher. "Timber-concrete composite frame joint for high-rise buildings." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1136.

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<p>Timber is one of the few renewable materials that improves its structural properties when combined with concrete. The composite of timber and concrete increase stiffness and fire protection, unlike timber when used alone. In contrast to concrete structures, timber-concrete composite (TCC) structures reduce the carbon footprint and the specific weight of a building. At the Chair of Hybrid Structures - Structural Concrete of BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg a moment-resistant TCC joint was developed for multi-story frames, which can be used as a structural system for high-rise buildings. Facts like a modular construction, a fast assembly and a plug-in connection were aspects that shaped the development. A high rotational stiffness and load-bearing at the composite joint was also achieved using high strength beech laminated veneer lumber (LVL).</p><p>The TCC frame works on its own and in combination with other bracing systems. Initial investigations on the load-bearing behavior were carried out using numerical analysis followed by experiments on real-sized joints in further studies. First results will be presented in this paper. The developed TCC joint as part of structural systems offers a high variability and can thus contribute to tomorrow’s sustainable vertical growth of cities.</p>
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Westover, P. L. "Lessons Learned from Evaluation and Repair of Vintage Timber-Frame Church Trusses." In Structures Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41130(369)93.

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Sarkisian, Mark, Rupa Garai, Benton Johnson, and Chris Horiuchi. "Enhanced Seismic Systems for Mass-Timber Structures." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1149.

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<p>Mass-timber provides numerous benefits in reducing structural material impact on the environment by limiting building embodied carbon. Mass timber from sustainably harvested farms is a renewable material and considered a sink from wood carbon sequestration, and the reduced weight of mass timber framed buildings results in less lateral system and foundation materials.</p><p>Timber’s limited ductility and traditional connections limit applications in high-seismic regions, but a series of novel connections can reliably provide ductility by using friction to dissipate energy, protecting timber elements as they remain essentially elastic. The bolted connections are designed to be easily replaceable after an earthquake and can re-center the building under any residual drift. In these systems, the seemingly incompatible concepts of resilient and sustainable design can be achieved concurrently, using a renewable material for the base material and connections which specifically target faster recovery times.</p><p>The Pin-Fuse® Joint and Link-Fuse™ Joint systems, used in moment resisting timber frames and cross- laminated timber shear walls systems, rely on slipping of pre-tensioned bolts across friction surfaces to simulate material yielding. This paper will review the theory behind the systems, application of the devices in timber structures, and compare enhanced seismic design to conventional design timber buildings.</p>
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van Beerschoten, W., A. Palermo, and D. Carradine. "Gravity Design of Post-Tensioned Timber Frames for Multi-Storey Buildings." In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.153.

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Reports on the topic "Timber frame structure"

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Luttges, Marvin W., Mark S. Miller, Michael C. Robinson, Derek E. Shipley, and David A. Simms. Evidence That Aerodynamic Effects, Including Dynamic Stall, Dictate HAWT Structure Loads and Power Generation in Highly Transient Time Frames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177826.

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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE RESISTANCE OF STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS UNDER EXTREME EVENTS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.10.

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This paper presents experimental and theoretical investigations on progressive collapse behavior of steel framed structures subjected to an extreme load such as fire, blast and impact. A new capacity-based index is proposed to quantify robustness of structures. An energy-based theoretical model is also proposed to quantify the effect of concrete slabs on collapse resistance of structures. The experimental results show that the dynamic amplification factors of frames subject to impact or blast are much less than the conventional value of 2.0. The collapse process of frames in fire can be either static or dynamic depending on the restraint conditions and load levels. It is necessary to account for the failure time and residual strength of blast-exposed columns for assessing the collapse resistance of structures subject to explosion. Two collapse modes of steel frames under blast or impact are found: connection-induced collapse mode and column-induced collapse mode. In case of fire, a frame may collapse due to either column buckling or pulling-in effect of beams. The energy dissipation from elongation of slab reinforcement and additional resultant moment greatly contribute to the collapse resistance of structures.
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