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Journal articles on the topic 'Timber'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lippert, Paul. "Of Timber and Timbre." Pennsylvania Communication Annual 69 (2013): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcaa2013698.

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This review of three books about novel uses of media before and during the French Revolution examines the implications of these practices with regard to single- versus multiple-system thinking and the emergence of modernity.

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2

Rani, Annu, Jayant Singh, T. P. Singh, Ajit Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Choudhary. "Evaluation of Compressive Strength in Various Timbers for Agricultural Implements in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India." Archives of Current Research International 24, no. 5 (2024): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2024/v24i5754.

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This study investigates the compressive strength of various timber types, including Red Cedar, Java Plum, Mango, Yellow Teak, Margosa, Eucalyptus, Teak, North Indian Rose timber, Lebbeck, and Sal. The compressive strengths of these timbers were measured to be 43.79, 50.42, 78.00, 71.16, 68.32, 69.88, 80.78, 85.50, 65.12, and 81.20 MPa, respectively. North Indian Rose timber and Sal exhibited the highest compressive strengths, suggesting their superior suitability for applications requiring high compressive resistance. Conversely, Red Cedar showed the lowest compressive strength among the timbe

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Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.

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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direct

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4

Olaniyi, O. S., E. B. Ogunbode, C. S. Makun, C. U. Ekekezie, and A. Abdul. "Effect of age on the structural strength of timbers commonly used in Nigeria." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 15, no. 2 (2024): 23–27. https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i2.3.

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Timber is a material used for structural purposes in construction. Hence, the knowledge of properties of timber especially strength and factor affecting the strength of timber is very important. Age of timber is one major factor affecting timber strength and timber was usually fetched without knowledge of whether the timber is matured to meet the structural strength required. Therefore, this research tends to evaluate the effect of age on the strength of some selected timber species so that forester and users likewise could be guided on when to deforest. In this study, timbers studied were Uni

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JHT, Admin. "KUALITAS KAYU LAPIS DARI DARI KOMBINASI KAYU AKASIA (Acacia auriculiformis) DAN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens) (Plywood Quality from Acacia auriculiformis and Peronema canescens timbers)." HUTAN TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v10i1.64.

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ABSTRACTIn order to increase plywood production in Indonesia, utilization the timbers coming from forest community is very important. Some species that widely planted at the forest community in DI Yogyakarta are akacia (Acacia auriculiformis) and sungkai (Peronema canescens). This research was aimed to know the combination some veneers formed of acacia timber and sungkai timber with the urea formaldehide resurfaced adhesive to producing the high quality plywood. The combination treatments were veneers from acacia timber (S1), veneer from sungkai timber (S2), veneer-core from acacia timber and

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6

EI, Okoye, and Eboatu AN. "Failure Analysis of Timber (Wood) in Constructional Work for Engineering Application (Afterglow Time and Oven Dry Densities of Some Tropical Timbers)." Chemistry Research Journal 1, no. 4 (2016): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13970568.

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Timber is an essential raw material needed in constructing one thing or the other in all fields of human endevour. It is combustible. In this research,   fire characteristics of fifty-seven (57) tropical timbers were investigated. The characteristics studied are: afterglow time (AGT) and oven dry density (ODD). The tropical timbers with the highest AGT and ODD are <em>T. africana</em> and<em> Manilkara</em> respectively while the ones with the least of these fire characteristics were <em>B. nitida</em> and <em>B. bonopozense</em> respectively. Although some tropical timbers with lowe

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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Fakhri Fakhri, Rizki Ramadhan Husaini, Indra Kuswoyo, and Manyuk Fauzi. "Added values of the local timbers materials for main bridge frame structures utilizing laminating composites technology." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.50-58.

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The objectives of this article are to seek the opportunity to enhance the local Indonesia timber material physical performances (encompassing the low-class quality of III and IV timbers with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) = 5,000 - 9,000 MPa) utilizing laminated composite technology to become higher-class timber quality (class II) with the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)> 15,000 MPa so that it can be used as an alternative material for constructing the bridge mainframe structures (girder beams) especially for the Indragiri Hilir regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This regency needs several hun

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EI, Okoye, and Eboatu AN. "Dependency of Flame Duration of Some Tropical Timbers on Their Oven Dry Densities." Chemistry Research Journal 1, no. 4 (2016): 122–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13995289.

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Timber is an essential raw material needed in constructing one thing or the other in all fields of human endevour. It is combustible. In this research,   fire characteristics of fifty-seven (57) tropical timbers were investigated. The characteristics studied are: flame duration (FD) and oven dry density (ODD). The tropical timbers with the highest FD are <em>C. nitida, P. carribean, A. bateri, A. indica, M. altissima,I. tomentosa, G. gnetoides, B. gracilipes </em>and a variety of <em>M. indica</em> respectively.The one with the highest ODD is<em> Manilkara</em>. The ones with the lea

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9

MULIYANA ARIFUDIN and WAHYUDI. "MACRO- FEATURES AND DENSITY OF VARIOUS TIMBER SPECIES FROM PAPUA." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 6, no. 2 (2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol6.iss2.207.

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This research highlights diversity of macro-features and density of major timber species from Papua. Thirty-one species of air-dried timber with sample size of 13 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm gathered across Papua were used for density measurement and macro-features observation, cover of colors, grain orientation, and wood texture. The results showed that whitish and straw to yellow brown are dominant color of timber mostly harvested from Papua tropical forest. Their grain orientations are mostly straight, while their textures are medium. With regard to their density, Xantostemum spp is the heaviest timbe

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EI, Okoye, and Eboatu AN. "Comparative Study between Water Saturation Capacity (WSC) and Oven Dry Density (ODD) As Fire Characteristics of Some Tropical Timbers (ODD)." Chemistry Research Journal 1, no. 4 (2016): 59–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13973127.

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Timber is an essential raw material needed in constructing one thing or the other in all fields of human endevour. It is combustible. In this research,   fire characteristics of fifty-seven (57) tropical timbers were investigated. The characteristics studied are: flame duration (FD) and oven dry density (ODD). The tropical timbers with the highest FD are <em>C. nitida, P. carribean, A. bateri, A. indica, M. altissima,I. tomentosa, G. gnetoides, B. gracilipes </em>and a variety of <em>M. indica</em> respectively.The one with the highest ODD is<em> Manilkara</em>. The ones with the lea

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11

Van Ham-Meert, Alicia, and Aoife Daly. "Provenancing 16th and 17th century CE building timbers in Denmark–combining dendroprovenance and Sr isotopic analysis." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (2023): e0278513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278513.

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Dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) allows us to precisely date and identify the origin of timber from historic contexts. However, reference datasets to determine the origin can include timber of non-local origin. Therefore, we have applied Sr isotopic on timbers from three buildings in Jutland, Denmark, mostly dating from the late 16th and early 17th centuries CE to improve and refine the provenance identification. The dendrochronology suggested that some timbers analysed were imported from the Swedish side of Øresund/Kattegat while others were local, and others again might be from south No

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Robertson, David, Maisie Taylor, Ian Tyers, Gordon Cook, and W. Derek Hamilton. "A Second Timber Circle, Trackways, and Coppicing at Holme-next-the-Sea Beach, Norfolk: use of Salt- and Freshwater Marshes in the Bronze Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (May 16, 2016): 227–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.3.

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Since 1998 archaeological investigations on Holme-next-the-Sea beach have recorded the waterlogged remains of two Bronze Age timber circles, timber structures, coppiced trees, metal objects, and salt- and freshwater marshes. The second timber circle (Holme II) is only the third waterlogged structure of its type to be discovered in Britain and only the second to be dated by dendrochronology. The felling of timbers used in Holme II has been dated to the spring or summer of 2049 bc, exactly the time as the felling of the timbers used to build the first circle (Holme I). This shared date provides

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13

Sylvayanti, Sarah Putri, Naresworo Nugroho, and Effendi Tri Bahtiar. "Bamboo Scrimber’s Physical and Mechanical Properties in Comparison to Four Structural Timber Species." Forests 14, no. 1 (2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010146.

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Bamboo scrimber is a sustainable engineered material that overcomes natural round bamboo’s various weaknesses. This study compared the bamboo scrimber’s mechanical (strength, stiffness, and ductility) to timber. The results showed that scrimber’s physical and mechanical properties are comparable, even superior, to wood, especially in compression. Scrimber has a higher density than timber. Its drier equilibrium moisture content indicates that scrimber is more hydrophobic than timbers. The maximum crushing strength (σc//), compressive stress perpendicular-to-fiber at the proportional limit (σcp⊥

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14

Daly, Aoife. "Ships and their timber source as indicators of connections between regions." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.264.

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The precise dating and determination of the source of timbers in shipwrecks found around the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, through dendrochronology allows us to see connections between north and south, east and west throughout the region and to a high chronological precision. In this paper we take a look at results of recent analyses of timber from ships, and timber and barrel cargoes, to try to draw a chronological picture, from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries, of links between regions, through transport in oak ships and trade of timber. Archaeological finds of oak from tim

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15

Muslich, Mohammad, and Nurwati Hadjib. "THE POSSIBILITY OF USING TIMBER FROM PLANTATION FOREST TREATED WITH PLASTIC AND CCB FOR MARINE CONSTRUCTION." JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (2008): 65–72. https://doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2008.5.1.65-72.

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  Recently, timber  estate or plantation forest plays an important role on wooden based industries.  However, the  plantation timber  quality is relatively low.  Some treatments  have been developed to improve  its low quality, such as preservation with CCB (Chromate Copper Boron) and impregnation with plastic compounds. This study is to compare the durability of timber treated with  plastic and CCB,  non-treated from plantation forest timber  as well  as from natural  forest. The plantation timber  studied were  jeungj

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16

Ponsorn, Phattaraphong. "Burma Padauk Timber Column Strengthening with Typical Box Built-Up under Compression-Parallel-to-Grain Load." Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 9 (2024): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35629/8193-0909111124.

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This study investigated and presented the results of strengthening short stub columns made from Burma Padauk timber using three different timber sizes and three distinct timber types. The strengthening method employed a typical box-built-up configuration, where four equal-sized timbers were adhered to all four surfaces of the column. A total of 12 short stub columns were tested under compression-parallel-to-grain loading. Compressive strength was measured at a 0.05% strain offset, and the failure modes observed in all specimens were documented and analyzed. Interestingly, the compressive load

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17

Hegde, Nagaraj, Suresh Kumar, Kenyusinlo Khing, and Gopichand B. "Evaluation of Wood Quality of Underutilized Indigenous Timber Species for Reducing Timber Scarcity: A Case of Mizoram, North-East India." Science & Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2021.09.01.07.

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Timber demand and supply gap has widened over the last few decades across different regions of the world. Indian scenario is no different. In the last decade though India’s forest cover has increased at a very slow pace, in north eastern part of India, there is a loss of forest cover at an alarming rate. This is a cause of concern for this region which is already depending only on handful of quality timbers for the structural and commercial purposes. Under this scenario, few alternative options should be looked at like exploring promising indigenous fast-growing species, or exploring some less

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18

Yuniawati, S. Andini, and M. H. Ningrum. "Damage to natural production forests due to timber harvesting." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1413, no. 1 (2024): 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1413/1/012017.

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Abstract Timber harvesting of natural production forests causes damage in the form of gaps in the forest area around it. The area gaps will hurt the sustainability of timber production from natural forests. This paper presents the treefall gaps due to timber harvesting in the Papua Forest. We also developed multiple regressions to analyse the effect of tree diameter and height and the area gaps created. The results showed that: 1) tree diameter and height ranged between 51.29-60.11 cm and 15.39-17.17 m respectively; 2) the average gap area was 13.84% (143.26 m2) for every one felled tree; 3) t

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19

Anthony, Ron W. "Developing an Understanding for Grading Timber in Existing Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1049.

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Structural engineers and architects must make decisions about the ability of lumber and structural timber (wood members) to resist the design loads in existing or historic buildings. Unfortunately, they do so often without the necessary knowledge to properly assess the ability of the timber to provide reliable, long-term, safe performance. Due to uncertainties about the allowable design stresses that can be assigned to structural timbers, very conservative decisions to replace or reinforce these members are often made, even though the timbers are working, i.e. they have and will continue to sa

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Rani, Annu, T. P. Singh, Jayant Singh, Ajit Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Choudhary. "Experimental Investigation of Hardness and Impact Variability in Wooden Agricultural Equipment." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 8 (2024): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82236.

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This study was conducted to determine the hardness testing and Impact testing of selected Timbers to be used in agricultural implements in Pantnagar, Udam Singh Nagar, between September 2015 and April 2016. The Rockwell hardness test is generally performed when quick and direct reading is desirable. The Rockwell hardness test was carried on the Digital Hardness testing machine on HRV-Scale. The impact strength of a material is determined with a Charpy or Izod impact test named after their inventors. the hardness of different types of timber, namely, Teak, Sal, Java plum, Eucalyptus, Yellow tea

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Machado, José S. "In Situ Evaluation of the Reference Properties of Structural Timber Members. Use of Available Tools and Information." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.137.

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Survey of existing timber structures often includes the need to allocate mechanical properties to structural timber members. This task has to take into account the huge variability of timbers properties (within and between species), characteristic that differentiates this material from other structural materials (e.g. concrete and steel). For many decades, and still now, the application of visual strength standards is the main or only procedure used for this task. Despite the large number of other non and semi-destructive technique developed their regular application to in situ assessment of t

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Vallelado Cordobés, Patricia, Roberto Martínez, Gamaliel López, Álvaro Iglesias Pordomingo, and Luis Alfonso Basterra. "Construction and performance of a 1:2 scale timber structure under standardized load tests." Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología 27 (March 21, 2025): e2025. https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2025.20.

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Timber’s growing prominence in both new construction and heritage rehabilitation demands reliable methods to evaluate structural safety. However, most current load-testing protocols target concrete and overlook key timber-specific characteristics such as creep, delayed deflection, and service classes. This study addresses these gaps by investigating a 1:2 scale two-story timber prototype subjected to monotonic (UNE-EN 380) and cyclic (DAfStb) load tests. A comprehensive array of sensors captured time-dependent deflections and post-unloading recovery, revealing pronounced creep effects and high

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A.E. Oguntade, I.O. Ogunwande, O.O. Akinrinola, and O. Idowu. "Determinants of choice of selected timber species traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 20, no. 1 (2024): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagrenv.v20i1.7.

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This study was designed to investigate the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria. The study focused on three States in Southwest Nigeria which are Ondo, Ogun and Oyo States. The study relies mostly on primary sources of data sourced from the timber merchants in an open market. The primary data were collected using copies of well-structured and pre-tested questionnaires. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 180 timber marketers as respondents for the study. Multinomial logit regression model was used to analyze t

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Yu, Zhijin, Jiani Song, Lan Xu, and Hao Zhang. "Evaluating the Combustion Performance of the Usual Timbers in Furniture Using a Grey Correlation Method Based on Thermolysis, Ignition, and Flame Spread." Fire 7, no. 7 (2024): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7070218.

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Timber is the most widely used material for furniture in view of its characteristics of light mass, high strength, easy processing, coloring, and decorative appearance. However, the flammability of wood has been frequently associated with increased fire intensity and the rapid spread of fire in buildings. In this paper, the combustion performance of six kinds of common furniture timber was investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis at 25–500 °C, cone calorimetry with 50 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity, and flame spread experiments with 3 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity. The ignition,

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Han, Fang, and Shou Feng Wang. "Timber and Chinese Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1766.

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Timber, a traditional construction material that was almost forgotten. Timber structure building got a qualitative leap in structure form, mechanized producing craftmanship and matching products, along with social progress and technology improvement. This paper will summarize modern timber structure forms by comparison with popular constructional material, like concrete and steel, in five aspects including life-cycle energy consumption, structure form, construction cost, construction period, seismic performance. Timber's advantages and disadvantages in architectural design will be listed, whic

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Gezer, Engin Derya, Abdullah Uğur Birinci, Aydın Demir, Hasan Öztürk, Okan İlhan, and Cenk Demirkir. "Determining the optimum layer combination for cross-laminated timber panels according to timber strength classes using Artificial Neural Networks." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 4899–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.4899-4917.

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The primary aim of this work was to determine the effects of production parameters, such as wood species and timber strength classes, on some mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels using artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models. Subsequently, using the models obtained from the analyses, the goal was to identify the optimum layer combinations of timber strength classes used in the middle and outer layers that would provide the highest mechanical properties for CLT panels. CLT panels made from spruce and alder timbers, as well as hybrid panels created from combinat

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Ruffinatto, Flavio, Gaetano Castro, Corrado Cremonini, Alan Crivellaro, and Roberto Zanuttini. "A new atlas and macroscopic wood identification software package for Italian timber species." IAWA Journal 41, no. 4 (2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002102.

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Abstract Wood identification has never been more important to serve the purpose of global forest protection, by controlling international illegal timber trade and enabling the enforcement of timber trade regulations. Macroscopic wood identification is the fastest method for the first identification of an unknown timber and, with proper training, it can be performed by operators in the timber industry, restorers and curators of cultural heritage, wood traders, designers, students and customs officers. Here we describe a wood atlas and accompanying software, SIR-Legno, developed for the identifi

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Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.

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Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atm

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Abdulwahid, Mohanad Yaseen, Isaac Galobardes, and Hassan Radoine. "Understanding the Use of Timber in Semi-Arid Regions: Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (2021): 11845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111845.

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The use of timber in the building industry has expanded in many countries over the last 20 years due mainly to its light weight, low adverse impact to the environment, and fair mechanical properties. Despite the development of the construction industry in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) in recent years, timber product utilization is still very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of further utilizing timber-based products in the building industry in semi-arid regions using the KRI as a case study. A review of timber product utilization in the regi

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Elustondo, D., S. Avramidis, and L. Oliveira. "Estimation of green moisture content distribution in hemfir timber by stochastic simulation." Holzforschung 58, no. 4 (2004): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.062.

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AbstractThis paper describes an improved stochastic model designed to simulate systems, such as green timbers, that cannot be analyzed as a unit but as a collection of a large number of similar components. The stochastic model provides a piecewise green moisture content frequency distribution curve by using nondestructive measurements such as of timber weight. A new, relatively simple two-parameter function was designed to describe the log-normal moisture concentration distribution above the fiber saturation point, and the parameters of this function were determined by fitting the experimental

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Boeschoten, Laura E., Mart Vlam, Ute Sass-Klaassen, et al. "A new method for the timber tracing toolbox: applying multi-element analysis to determine wood origin." Environmental Research Letters 18, no. 5 (2023): 054001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acc81b.

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Abstract To effectively reduce illegal timber trade, law enforcers need forensic methods to independently verify claims of wood origin. Multi-element analysis of traded plant material has the potential to be used to trace the origin of commodities, but for timber it has not been tested at relevant large scales. Here we put this method to the test, by evaluating its tracing accuracy for three economically important tropical timbers: Azobé and Tali in Central Africa (22 sites) and Red Meranti on Borneo (9 sites). Wood samples from 991 trees were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spe

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Shao, Hui, Yuwei Chen, Zhirong Yang, et al. "Feasibility Study on Hyperspectral LiDAR for Ancient Huizhou-Style Architecture Preservation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010088.

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Huizhou-style ancient architecture was one of the most important genres of architectural heritage in China. The architecture employed bricks, woods, and stones as raw materials, and timber frames were significant structures. Due to the drawback that the timbers were vulnerable to moisture and atmospheric agents, ancient timber buildings needed frequent protective interventions to maintain its good condition. Such interventions unavoidably disrupted the consistency between the original timber components. Besides this, the modifications brought about difficulty in correctly analysing and judging

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Fonseca, Elza M. M. "Steel-to-Timber and Timber-to-Timber Simple Shear Connections." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED AND THEORETICAL MECHANICS 19 (December 30, 2024): 156–60. https://doi.org/10.37394/232011.2024.19.17.

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The main objective of this manuscript is to present an analytical procedure of steel-to-timber and timber-to-timber connections in simple shear, related to the calculated number of dowels needed. These types of connections need to be assembled by dowel–type fasteners, such as nails, screws, bolts, and dowels. In this work, the connections are fixed with steel dowels. Timber connections made with dowels are a good choice, they look great when compared to screw connections and are rigid because have a tight fit while screws have a loose fit in the hole. Different simplified equations were used t

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Brennand, Mark, Maisie Taylor, Trevor Ashwin, et al. "The Survey and Excavation of a Bronze Age Timber Circle at Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1998–9." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69 (2003): 1–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001250.

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In 1998 a circle of timber posts within the intertidal zone on the north Norfolk coast was brought to the attention of the Norfolk County Council Archaeological Service. A subsequent programme of archaeological recording and dating revealed that the structure was constructed in the spring or early summer of 2049 BC, during the Early Bronze Age. Because of the perceived threat of damage and erosion from the sea a rescue excavation was undertaken during the summer months of 1999. The structure was entirely excavated, involving the removal of the timbers and a programme of stratigraphic recording

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Kaya, Musa. "Physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in the construction and furniture industry." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 6046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6046-6056.

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Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in wooden construction and furniture industry were examined. Polyurethane (PU) glue was used in the production of laminates with 5 layers. The surface layers in each laminated timber (Glulam) were from the same wood type, and the core layers were from willow wood. The laminated timbers whose outer layers were made of willow (Salix alba L.), yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and ash (Fraxinus L.) wood had an air-dry density value of 0.60 g/cm3 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. The pressure resistance paralle

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Owens, Frank C., R. Daniel Seale, and Rubin Shmulsky. "Strength and stiffness of 8-inch deep mixed hardwood composite timber mats." BioResources 15, no. 2 (2020): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2495-2500.

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There is a current and pressing need to develop engineering standards for timber- and other wood-based mats. In 2018 a group of mat producers and users began discussing a potential grading specification standard specific to mats. There are large gaps in the literature regarding the performance of the available raw materials as well as bolt-laminated mat systems. This work represents a novel attempt to begin to assess the mechanical properties of timber mats. Eight-inch deep mixed hardwood timbers were graded according to an experimental specification standard. Then, they were drilled and bolt

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Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.

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Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. Th

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Jibril Oyebode Bashir, A. Ocholi, A. Lawan, Y. Watafua, and I. Isa. "STRENGTH CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMBINED GLULAM BEAM MADE FROM OPEPE (Nauclea diderrichii) AND OBECHE (Triplochiton scleroxylon) TIMBERS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 6 (2023): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2075.

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Quality timber species are declining due to over-exploitation in Nigeria. This has propelled the utilisation of low-grade timbers species that are considered for low-end constructions in the past which called for concern. This study establishes the viability of a typical beam made from locally sourced non-durable Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) with highly durable Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) timber specie in a combined glulam form, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive which serves the impact of environmental sustainability and reduced cost of engineering construction. Seasoned timber sampl

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Kato, Shigeru, Naoki Wada, Kazuki Shiogai, et al. "Automatic Classification of Crack Severity from Cross-Section Image of Timber Using Simple Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (2022): 8250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168250.

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Cedar and other timbers used for construction generally undergo a high-temperature drying process after being harvested to maintain their quality. However, internal cracks occur during this process. This is an issue because it deteriorates the structural performance, such as buckling strength and joint durability of the timber. Since preventing these internal cracks is difficult, their severity must be examined manually. Currently, the length, thickness, and area of the cracks on a cross-sectional surface of square timber are measured using calipers. However, this process is time-consuming and

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Horonjeff, R., and D. A. Patrick. "ACTION OF MARINE BORERS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ATTACK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 2 (2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.8.

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A major concern to engineers engaged in the design of timber harbor structures is protection against marine borers. These pests can severely damage these structures in a relatively short time. Attack is concentrated on submerged timbers in the area between the mudline and the water surface. The intensity of attack is dependent on a number of environmental conditions. The most destructive and widely distributed borers are the Teredinidae and the Limnoria. Some forms of borers exist in all oceans. This paper describes the manner in which the borers destroy timber. It summarizes information gathe

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Crone, Anne, and Coralie M. Mills. "Timber in Scottish buildings, 1450–1800." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 142 (November 30, 2013): 329–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.142.329.369.

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This paper examines the dendrochronological data from Scottish buildings in terms of the proxy evidence it provides for the timber trade and condition of the woodland resource in the centuries under review. The bulk of the timber used in the construction of high status buildings during this period was either oak or pine, imported mainly from Scandinavia and the countries bordering the eastern Baltic. The documentary record for timber imports in Scotland is examined and compared with the physical evidence from the timbers themselves. The poor state of the native deciduous woodlands during this

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"Timber." Indian Forester 150, no. 1 (2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2024/v150i1/170395.

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Apeti, Ablam Estel, and Bossoma Doriane N’Doua. "The impact of timber regulations on timber and timber product trade." Ecological Economics 213 (November 2023): 107943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107943.

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Qiu, Jing, Jian Hong Tong, and Li Hui Chen. "Comparison of Various Glulam in Physical Properties and Flexural Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.880.

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The glulam is determined by, and therefore a representation of, a new kind of ecological structural materials. The aim of this study was to summarize the mechanical performance especially the flexural behavior of various kinds of glulam and the physical properties of their relevant original timbers including pseudotsuga menziesii, larch, Yi poplar, poplar, China fir, mongolian scotch pine and camphor. And then it established and analyzed the relationship between the two to contrast those timber species so as to provide engineers with some reference in selecting timber glulam.

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Fleming, Nic. "Timbre in the timber: how I date ancient violins." Nature 605, no. 7911 (2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01394-8.

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Burawska-Kupniewska, Izabela, Piotr Mańkowski, and Sławomir Krzosek. "Mechanical Properties of Machine Stress Graded Sawn Timber Depending on the Log Type." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050532.

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This article presents the results of tests conducted on Scots pine timber from three different kinds of logs: butt, middle and top. A planed pine timber batch composed of 510 pieces, dried to ca. 12% humidity, was machine-graded using a portable MTG device, and classified into the following classes: C18, C24, C30, C35 and C40 (according to EN 338:2016). During the second stage of the study, the timber was tested to determine its density, MOE and MOR, in accordance with EN 408:2012. We analyzed the impact of the timber’s log of origin on the results of machine strength grading and on the values

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Mcconnell, T. Eric, Curtis L. Vanderschaaf, Jason J. Holderieath, and Michael K. Crosby. "Adequacy of Timber Trespass Civil Awards: A Louisiana Case Study." Journal of Forestry 117, no. 6 (2019): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz052.

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Abstract Timber trespass in Louisiana is a civil offense punishable by restitution of three times the timber’s current market value, yet whether this compensation level alone is adequate at present is unclear. We modeled a loblolly pine plantation across a range of site qualities in Louisiana. First, we estimated financial returns from a traditional sawtimber rotation using historical state timber prices that included three harvests: two thinnings and a final cut; harvest times differed by site quality. We then assumed all timber was taken at the first thinning. Net present value (NPV) determi

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Klement, Ivan, Peter Vilkovský, and Tatiana Vilkovská. "Impact of sawmill processing on the yield and longitudinal warping of beech blanks." BioResources 18, no. 4 (2023): 8311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.8311-8322.

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This study focused on the impact of the wood sawing pattern on 50 mm thick beech timber, followed by cross-cutting on the 3 m long, 50 × 50 mm beech blanks. The study analyzed two methods of cutting patterns of beech blanks (parallel to the surface of the timber and parallel to the grain fiber of the timber) regarding yield values and the size of longitudinal warping after air-drying. The yield values were higher (from 65.14 to 72.70 %) when producing long beech blanks using the method of sawing parallel to the timber’s axis (B) compared to parallel to the edge of the blank (from 60.38 to 68.4

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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Timber Degrading Fungi in Sawmills of Gujarat, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 7 (December 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.7.13.

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Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. In the present study teak wood present in sawmil

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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Timber Degrading Fungi in Sawmills of Gujarat, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 7 (December 17, 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-ybb088.

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Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. In the present study teak wood present in sawmil

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