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1
Gordon, K. R. "Tenure: Expiration Time." Science 325, no. 5947 (2009): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.325_1496b.
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Hercog, D. "Timer expiration time of selective repeat protocol." Electronics Letters 45, no. 20 (2009): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2009.0780.
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Nishino, T., and Y. Honda. "Time-dependent responses of expiration reflex in cats." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 2 (1986): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.2.430.
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We investigated the effectiveness of the “expiration reflex” in 10 anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. The expiration reflex was produced by mechanical stimulation of the vocal folds and electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve at different moments in the respiratory cycle and at various levels of respiratory chemical drive. The effectiveness of the expiration reflex was evaluated from sudden changes in expiratory flow immediately following the stimulation. Both mechanical and electrical stimulations given during early inspiration caused little or no expiratory efforts, whereas stimulations given during early expiration or hypocapnic apnea produced a typical expiration reflex. Changes in arterial CO2 and O2 partial pressures influenced neither the relationships between the stimulation and its effect on the expiration reflex nor the strength of the expiration reflex. These results indicate that the timing of stimulation with relation to the phase of the respiratory cycle is critical to its effect on the expiration reflex and that changes in respiratory chemical drive do not modify the expiration reflex characteristics.
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Debasish, Sathya Swaroop. "Investigating Expiration Day Effects in Stock Index Futures in India." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 1, no. 1 (2010): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v1i1.210.
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This study attempts to examine whether potential expiration effects exist on the NSE Nifty index by comparing the trading volume and return process at expiration with a comparison group. The period of analysis covers index futures expirations from June 2001 to May 2009. The trading volume and return process on expiration days and during expiration weeks were compared with a set of comparison days and comparison weeks. The current study used the pooled t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test to investigate whether mean returns, price ranges, and adjusted trading volumes (i.e. time-independent trading volumes) were significantly different at expiration. The procedure as used by Stoll and Whaley (1987) was used to examine if price reversals existed during expiration days and comparison days.The evidence indicates that the trading volume on expiration days and in expiration weeks was significantly larger than on comparison days and during comparison weeks. Further, the results suggest that there were no price distortions on the expiration day or during the expiration week for the complete sample period and the second sub-period. For the first sub-period, however, evidence suggesting that expiration days and weeks experienced higher volatility than normal does exist. No evidence of significantly different mean returns, volatility, or price reversals at expiration was found. This could be due to the longer settlement period in India. However, when the complete sample period was divided into two sub-periods it was found that expiration day (weeks) during the first sub period may have experienced price distortions. The results of this study are crucial to investors, stock exchange officials, and regulators.
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Revelly, JP, F. Feihl, T. Liebling, and C. Perret. "Time constant histograms from the forced expired volume signal: a clinical evaluation." European Respiratory Journal 2, no. 6 (1989): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.02060536.
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We evaluated a multicompartment analysis of forced expiration, based on modelling the lung as a set of twenty parallel compartments emptying exponentially with time constants ranging from 0.1-10 s; the forced expired volume signal was represented by a histogram showing the fraction of forced vital capacity as a function of compartmental time constants. We applied this technique to 80 healthy and 12 asthmatic subjects. The histograms computed from three consecutive forced expirations were poorly reproducible in 18 of the 80 healthy and 2 of the 12 asthmatic subjects. In the asthmatics, the time constant histograms conveyed no additional information on bronchial obstruction, beyond that already present in standard spirometric indices. A simulation study showed a high sensitivity of the histograms to the truncation of the terminal part of forced expiration. We conclude that the usefulness of the time constant histogram technique appears doubtful.
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Kobashi, Noriko, and Yoshio Sugiyama. "Relation between Reaction Time and the Phase of Spontaneous and Controlled Breathing Patterns." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 2 (1995): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259508100230.
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In this study simple reaction time (simple RT) to a visual stimulus of a single subject was measured during spontaneous and controlled breathing, in which the duration of expiration was prolonged (Asian technique). The phases of breathing were classified as the pause between expiration and inspiration, the inspiration phase, the transition from inspiration to expiration, and the expiration phase. Analysis of data from about 6000 trials indicated that RT to the stimulus was shortest during the transition from inspiration to expiration in controlled breathing.
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Kumar, K. Kiran. "Does Short-dated Options Introduction Mitigate Expiry Day Effects? Evidence from the Introduction of Weekly Index Options." International Journal of Business & Economics (IJBE) 7, no. 1 (2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.58885/ijbe.v07i1.066.kk.
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High volatility in the stock market is often attributed to derivative expirations. The National Stock Exchange of India, largest derivatives exchange in the world by number of contracts traded, introduced weekly or short-dated derivatives in Feb 2019 to mitigate the expiration day effects. The study empirically examines the return and volatility data surrounding expiration days during the period before and after the introduction of weekly derivatives. First, for the period before the introduction of weekly contracts, the study gathers empirical evidence suggesting the presence of upward shift in price effects around expiration day and a transitory upward shift in volatility. Next, the study shows with a comprehensive time series analysis, these adverse expiration day effects disappear in the period after the introduction of weekly options. The paper concludes that the weekly, short-dated, contracts fill the gap in the market depth and are beneficial to the over all market welfare. As the weekly options are gaining popularity across the exchanges and investors, the study has important implications to the regulators and practitioners around the world.
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Nugraha, I. Gde Dharma, Goldy Tanjung Wijaya, and Kalamullah Ramli. "IMPROVING MEAT EXPIRATION TIME PREDICTION USING THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (2022): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17340.
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The meat's expiration time has a vital role for the consumer. Usually, the consumer will process the meat before the expiration time passes. However, most of the sellers in the traditional market did not put the expiration time. Even if it exists like in the modern market, the expiration time is determined by the Standard Operational and Procedure (SOP), which is that the meat must be sold within three days. Nevertheless, this expiration time determined by the SOP usually did not match with the meat's actual condition. Hence, the consumer usually misses to process meat and produce food waste. Therefore, this study proposed a device based on the IoT and Polynomial Regression to predict the meat's expiration time. The proposed device predicts the meat's expiration time based on the level of NH3 produced by the meat. The detected level of the NH3 will be sent to the server and is processed using the polynomial regression. The results can then be accessed using an Android application. From 30 sets of experiment data, the proposed device achieves 0.947 for data testing with an error of 0.18% and RMSE about 0.86
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Morawiec, Elise, Mathieu Raux, Felix Kindler, Louis Laviolette, and Thomas Similowski. "Expiratory load compensation is associated with electroencephalographic premotor potentials in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 8 (2015): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2014.
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In normal humans during quiet breathing, expiration is mostly driven by elastic recoil of the lungs. Expiration becomes active when ventilation must be increased to meet augmented metabolic demands, or in response to expiratory loading, be it experimental or disease-related. The response to expiratory loading is considered to be mediated by both reflex and cortical mechanisms, but the latter phenomenon have not been neurophysiologically characterized. We recorded the EEG in 20 healthy volunteers (9 men, 11 women, age: 22 to 50 yr) during unloaded breathing, voluntary expirations, and in response to 50 cmH2O·l−1·s expiratory resistive load (ERL), 20 cmH2O expiratory threshold load (high ETL), and 10 cmH2O expiratory threshold load (low ETL). EEGs were processed by ensemble averaging expiratory time-locked segments and examined for pre-expiratory potentials, defined as a slow negative shift from the baseline signal preceding expiration, and suggestive of cortical preparation of expiration involving the supplementary motor area. Four subjects were excluded because of technical EEG problems. Pre-expiratory potentials were present in one subject at baseline and in all subjects during voluntary expirations. They were present in eight subjects during low ETL, in 15 subjects during high ETL, and in 13 subjets during ERL (control vs. low ETL, P = 0.008; control vs. high ETL, P < 0.001; and control vs. ERL, P < 0.001). Respiratory discomfort was more intense in the presence of pre-expiratory potentials ( P < 0.001). These results provide a neurophysiological substrate to a cortical component of the physiological response to experimental expiratory loads in humans.
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Uddin, Md Ashraf, and Mamun-or-Rashid. "Link Expiration Time-Aware Routing Protocol for UWSNs." Journal of Sensors 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/625274.
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We propose a link expiration time-aware routing protocol for UWSNs. In this protocol, a sending node forwards a data packet after being sure that the packet reaches the forwarding node, and acknowledgment is returned to the sending node after receiving the data packet. Node mobility is handled in the protocol through the calculation of the link expiration time and sending the packet based on the link expiration time. Although the protocol employs two types of control packet, it provides less energy consumption and at the same time is providing better reliability of packets reaching to the destination because of using acknowledgement packet. The forwarding decision of node is taken by applying Bayes’ uncertainty theorem. We use depth, residual energy, and distance from the forwarding node to the sending node as evidence in Bayes’ theorem. In this protocol, we use the concept of expert systems ranking potentially true hypothesis. Extensive simulation has been executed to endorse better performance of the proposed protocol.
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Bates, J. H., M. Decramer, W. A. Zin, A. Harf, J. Milic-Emili, and H. K. Chang. "Respiratory resistance with histamine challenge by single-breath and forced oscillation methods." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (1986): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.873.
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Relaxed expirations were obtained from five anesthetized dogs under control conditions and during various rates of intravenous infusion of histamine. All volume vs. time curves obtained from 20 ms to 2 s after the start of expiration were poorly described by a single exponential function but were fitted very well by a biexponential function. The resistance of the respiratory system as a function of frequency from 2 to 26 Hz was also determined by the forced oscillation method in the same dogs. Three two-compartment models of the respiratory system were identified from the exponentials fitted to the relaxed expiration data, and the one that had the most plausible parameter values under control conditions consisted of a homogeneous lung compartment connected to a viscoelastic compartment. Although a two-compartment model is arguably appropriate for describing relaxed expirations in normal dogs, physiological considerations suggest that there should be more than two interacting components with histamine infusion. We cannot identify all these components from our data, however. The equivalent complex impedance of the respiratory system was also calculated from the biexponential curves and showed significant variation in resistance over the frequency range from 0 to 2 Hz and negligible variation above 2 Hz. The calculated resistances at 2 Hz were consistently higher than those obtained by the forced oscillation method, which may be due to the nonlinear behavior of the respiratory system during relaxed expiration. We conclude that the single-breath and forced oscillation methods should be viewed as providing complimentary information about respiratory resistance.
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Ferrante, Mario. "Expiration of Time Limits and the Ius appellationis." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 78, no. 1 (2022): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2022.0016.
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Bates, J. H., M. Decramer, D. Chartrand, W. A. Zin, A. Boddener, and J. Milic-Emili. "Volume-time profile during relaxed expiration in the normal dog." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 3 (1985): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.732.
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Airway opening pressure, esophageal pressure, and flow were obtained during relaxed expirations in two normal anesthetized paralyzed dogs. The signal-to-noise ratio in the flow signals was greatly increased by averaging 10 different signals obtained with the same lung inflation volume. Numerical integration of an averaged flow signal then yielded the time course of the volume of the respiratory system above functional residual capacity (the elastic equilibrium volume). Comparison of volume signals obtained with different inflation volumes suggests that the resistance of the respiratory system increases with flow. The flow-volume and semilog volume curves show that expiration is induced by two apparently separate mechanisms: one causes emptying of most of the expired volume over a time interval of much less than 1 s, whereas the other contributes a relatively small amount to the expired volume over a significantly longer time (greater than or equal to 1 s). We postulate the first mechanism to be due to that of the respiratory system behaving like a single unit, with an elastance that is slightly volume dependent, emptying through a single airway which has a resistance that increases with flow. From the nature of airway opening pressure and esophageal pressure measured after occlusion in midexpiration, we conclude that the second mechanism is due to the viscoelastic properties (i.e., creep) of the respiratory system. The properties are manifest mainly in the chest wall.
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Hadipernata, Mulyana, Nikmatul Hidayah, and Sigit Nugraha. "Determination of rice expiration time based on microbiological contaminant." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 518 (October 1, 2020): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/518/1/012053.
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Pangarso, Ricardus Noven Wikantri, and Susi Ari Kristina. "Association of Sociodemographic and Knowledge about Drug Storage and Expiration Date in Bantul District." Academic Hospital Journal 5, no. 2 (2024): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ahj.v5i2.91542.
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Storing medicines is a crucial thing to do because storing medicines will affect the stability and effectiveness of the stored medicines. Drug storage is closely related to the expiration time of the drug. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sociodemographics and the level of public knowledge about drug storage and drug expiration. This study employed a cross-sectional survey study method. The sample was the residents of Bantul Regency taken using convenience sampling, in the data collection period September-November 2023, with a total of 104 respondents. The questionnaire includes sociodemographic data, storage domain and drug expiration time, distributed on Googleform. Data were analyzed descriptively and using the Chi-square statistical test with p<0.05. The research results showed that 61 (58.7%) respondents had a good level of knowledge of drug storage, 43 (41.3%) and 82 (78.8%) respondents had a good level of knowledge of drug expiration. There is a relationship between gender (p=0.032) and occupation (p=0.041) with the level of knowledge of drug storage and there is a relationship between income (p=0.025) and the level of knowledge of drug expiration. Continuous educational efforts by pharmacists are needed to increase public literacy regarding drug storage.Keywords: Bantul regency, drug expiration,drug store, health literacy, knowledge.
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Henschen, Matthias, Janet Stocks, Ah-Fong Hoo, and Paul Dixon. "Analysis of forced expiratory maneuvers from raised lung volumes in preterm infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 5 (1998): 1989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1989.
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During recent years it has been suggested that forced expiratory measurements, derived from a lung volume set by a standardized inflation pressure, are more reproducible than those attained during tidal breathing when the rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique is used in infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining measurements from raised lung volumes in unsedated preterm infants. Measurements were made in 18 infants (gestational age 26–35 wk, postnatal age 1–10 wk, test weight 1.4–3.5 kg). Several inflations [1.5–2.5 kPa (15–25 cmH2O)] were used to briefly inhibit respiratory effort before the rapid thoracoabdominal compression was performed. Conventional analysis of flows and volumes at fixed times and percentages of the forced expiration resulted in a relatively high variability in this population. However, by using the elastic equilibrium point (i.e., the passively determined lung volume, derived from passive expirations before the forced expiration) as a volume landmark, it was feasible to achieve reproducible results in unsedated preterm infants, despite their strong respiratory reflexes and rapid respiratory rates. Because this approach is independent of changes in expiratory time, expired volume, or applied pressures, it may facilitate investigation of the effects of growth, development, and disease on airway function in infants, particularly during the first weeks of life, when conventional analysis of forced expirations may be inappropriate.
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Boggs, D., J. Seveyka, D. Kilgore, and K. Dial. "Coordination of respiratory cycles with wingbeat cycles in the black-billed magpie (Pica pica)." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (1997): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1413.
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Magpies fly with a variable pattern of wingstroke, including high-amplitude rapid flaps and low-amplitude slower flaps with interspersed brief glides. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that if phasic coordination between respiratory and wingbeat cycles is important mechanically and energetically, then, as a bird changes its wingbeat cycle, its respiratory cycle should change with it. We also tested the strength of the drive to coordinate respiratory to locomotor cycles by stimulating breathing with 5 % CO2 during flight. We found that magpies (N=5) do shorten their breath cycle time when they shorten their wingbeat cycle time and prolong their breath cycle time when they glide. When the coordination ratio of wingbeat cycles to breaths is 3:1, the pattern of phasic coordination ensures two upstrokes per inspiration and two downstrokes per expiration. Upstroke tends to coincide with the transition into inspiration or with early inspiration and late inspiration. Downstroke tends to coincide with the transition into expiration or with early expiration and late expiration. When magpies switch from a 3:1 ratio to a 2:1 ratio of wingbeat cycles to breaths, they shorten inspiratory time to ensure that upstroke occurs through most of inspiration and downstroke corresponds to the transition into expiration. These phasic coordination patterns ensure that the compression of the airsacs during downstroke can provide a net assistance to expiration and that the expansion of the airsacs with upstroke can provide a net assistance to inspiration. The failure of an atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 to disrupt these phasic coordination patterns between respiratory and locomotory cycles suggests that there may be a potent mechanical and energetic benefit to such coordination.
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Mi, Xiaofei, Huilin Ouyang, Guohui Zhou, and Fang Chen. "The Application Effect of “Expiration Manager” Mini Program in the Validity Management of Articles in Ward." Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 9, no. 3 (2025): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v9i3.10037.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the “expiration manager” mini program in managing the validity of ward items. The program was used to manage frequently and infrequently used consumables by setting up an automatic reminder function. The item failure rate and the time required for nurses to conduct counts over 6 months before and after implementation were compared, as well as evaluated system availability using the System Usability scale (SUS). Results showed that after implementing the mini program, both the item failure rate and non-recognition rate significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the inspection pass rate significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the monthly inventory time was reduced (P < 0.05). The SUS evaluation yielded a total score of 74.38 ± 11.73, with learnability at 80.21 ± 20.27 and availability at 72.92 ± 11.18, all indicating good user acceptance. In conclusion, the “expiration manager” mini program can effectively improve the efficiency of item expiration management, reduce the risk of expiration, and save inspection time, thereby demonstrating high user acceptance and promising potential for wider adoption.
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Dash, Mihir. "Modeling of implied volatility surfaces of nifty index options." International Journal of Financial Engineering 06, no. 03 (2019): 1950028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786319500282.
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The implied volatility of an option contract is the value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which equates the theoretical option value from an option pricing model (typically, the Black–Scholes[Formula: see text]Merton model) to the current market price of the option. The concept of implied volatility has gained in importance over historical volatility as a forward-looking measure, reflecting expectations of volatility (Dumas et al., 1998). Several studies have shown that the volatilities implied by observed market prices exhibit a pattern very different from that assumed by the Black–Scholes[Formula: see text]Merton model, varying with strike price and time to expiration. This variation of implied volatilities across strike price and time to expiration is referred to as the volatility surface. Empirically, volatility surfaces for global indices have been characterized by the volatility skew. For a given expiration date, options far out-of-the-money are found to have higher implied volatility than those with an exercise price at-the-money. For short-dated expirations, the cross-section of implied volatilities as a function of strike is roughly V-shaped, but has a rounded vertex and is slightly tilted. Generally, this V-shape softens and becomes flatter for longer dated expirations, but the vertex itself may rise or fall depending on whether the term structure of at-the-money volatility is upward or downward sloping. The objective of this study is to model the implied volatility surfaces of index options on the National Stock Exchange (NSE), India. The study employs the parametric models presented in Dumas et al. (1998); Peña et al. (1999), and several subsequent studies to model the volatility surfaces across moneyness and time to expiration. The present study contributes to the literature by studying the nature of the stationary point of the implied volatility surface and by separating the in-the-money and out-of-the-money components of the implied volatility surface. The results of the study suggest that an important difference between the implied volatility surface of index call and put options: the implied volatility surface of index call options was found to have a minimum point, while that of index put options was found to have a saddlepoint. The results of the study also indicate the presence of a “volatility smile” across strike prices, with a minimum point in the range of 2.3–9.0% in-the-money for index call options and of 10.7–29.3% in-the-money for index put options; further, there was a jump in implied volatility in the transition from out-of-the-moneyness to in-the-moneyness, by 10.0% for index call options and about 1.9% for index put options.
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Suliga, Milena. "Expiration day effects of stock and index futures on the Warsaw Stock Exchange before and in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic." Managerial Economics 24, no. 1 (2024): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/manage.2023.24.1.39.
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This paper examines the existence of expiration day effects of stock and index derivatives on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Event study analysis is employed to high-frequency data to check the occurrence of four types of anomalies: abnormal increase in trading volume and in intraday volatility of underlying stocks, price reversal and price shock. The study confirms that on expiration days trading volume of underlying stocks increase unusually during the time when final settlement prices of expiring futures are being calculated. Intraday volatility of stock prices is also abnormally high on expiration days. However, before 2020 this price effect occurred on expiration days during triple withing hour, while in the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic it has been visible on expiration days only at the close and additionally at the beginning of the next trading session. The analysis of price reversal and price shock effects revealed that only the second anomaly is a phenomenon which constantly appears after futures expiration, indicating the distortion of stock prices on expiration days and their return to normal levels at the beginning of the next trading session. Division of the research period (2018-2020) into two parts allow to find out that after the outbreak of the pandemic, when the importance of hedgers’ activity on the futures market have increased, some of the analyzed anomalies have weakened and their duration have been shortened. However, distortions of underlying stock prices have been still visible at the close of the trading session on expiration days. This suggests that as long as the final settlement prices of stock future are equal to closing prices of underlying stocks, expiration day effects will occur on the WSE.
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Jahns, Brian E., and Cindy M. Bakst. "Extension of Expiration Time for Lorazepam Injection at Room Temperature." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 50, no. 6 (1993): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/50.6.1134.
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Spurlin, W. Paul, Bonnie F. Van Ness, and Robert A. Van Ness. "Open volume and time to open on option-expiration days." International Review of Economics & Finance 17, no. 2 (2008): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2007.06.001.
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Samsudin, Syamsyul, Nik Nur Shafika Mustafa, Nor Haliza Hamzah, and Che Khalilah Mahmood. "Unlock Day Expiration and Mandatory IPOs Lock up Among ACE Firms in Malaysia." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 3 (2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n3p131.
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This research studied the role of lockup in assessing price and volume of IPOs during the expiration of lockup in Malaysian market. The reaction of price is measured by the abnormal return while the reaction of volume is measured by the abnormal volume. The companies were selected from the years 2010 to 2018 and only companies that were still listed in Bursa Malaysia were chosen. The time frame of the study was 30 days before and 30 days after the expiration date of lock up provision. The results may show for these circumstances of i) the volume will remain and the price will decrease; ii) volume will be decreased and price will be decreased too and iii) promoters retain percentage of shares during expiration date. For situation number i), it might show the sign of a quite good quality of performance of IPOs in stock market. Evidently, the second circumstance shows decrease in price and volume of IPOs after expiration date. The scenario actually leads by demand and supply of stock. Another important evidence which supports the insignificant result is promoters retain percentage of shares during expiration date. The amounts that should be released by the companies are not offered to the market during that time. By looking at the Signaling Theory, insiders of IPOs firms who are previously restricted from selling their holdings have the first chance to sell large propositions of their shares. Investors will know the dates of IPO lockup expiration and numbers of shares by looking at the prospectus. Due to the scenario, the price and volume of IPOs will be reacting during expiration date based on this theory. It is hoped that this study will help investors or any Malaysian market participation especially in the IPOs market to notice the situation in Malaysian market regarding the lock up provision.
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Ekström, Erik. "Russian options with a finite time horizon." Journal of Applied Probability 41, no. 2 (2004): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1082999068.
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We investigate the Russian option with a finite time horizon in the standard Black–Scholes model. The value of the option is shown to be a solution of a certain parabolic free boundary problem, and the optimal stopping boundary is shown to be continuous. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior of the optimal stopping boundary near expiration is studied.
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Ekström, Erik. "Russian options with a finite time horizon." Journal of Applied Probability 41, no. 02 (2004): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200014327.
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We investigate the Russian option with a finite time horizon in the standard Black–Scholes model. The value of the option is shown to be a solution of a certain parabolic free boundary problem, and the optimal stopping boundary is shown to be continuous. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior of the optimal stopping boundary near expiration is studied.
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Gawlitza, Joshua, Frederik Trinkmann, Hans Scheffel, et al. "Time to Exhale: Additional Value of Expiratory Chest CT in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Canadian Respiratory Journal 2018 (March 4, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9493504.
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Objectives. Diagnostic guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are based on spirometry and clinical criteria. However, this does not address the pathophysiological complexity of the disease sufficiently. Until now, inspiratory chest computed tomography (CT) has been considered as the preferred imaging method in these patients. We hypothesized that expiratory CT may be superior to demonstrate pathophysiological changes. The aim of this prospective study was to systematically compare lung function tests with quantified CT parameters in inspiration and expiration. Materials and Methods. Forty-six patients with diagnosed COPD underwent spirometry, body plethysmography, and dose-optimized CT in maximal inspiration and expiration. Four quantified CT parameters were acquired in inspiration, expiration, and their calculated delta values. These parameters were correlated with seven established lung function parameters. Results. For inspiratory scans, a weak-to-moderate correlation with the lung function parameters was found. These correlations significantly improved when adding the expiratory scan (p<0.05). Moreover, some parameters showed a significant correlation only in expiratory datasets. Calculated delta values showed even stronger correlation with lung function testing. Conclusions. Expiratory quantified CT and calculated delta values significantly improve the correlation with lung function parameters. Thus, an additional expiratory CT may improve image-based phenotyping of patients with COPD.
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Chelekova, Evgenia. "Influence of the place of the expiration of gases from the placement at the fire for critical time of formation of dangerous factors of the fire." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825102021.
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In normative documents for definition of time of approach of critical values of dangerous factors of the fire (DFF) use medium-volume characteristics of temperature, concentration of O2 oxygen, toxiferous gases and smoke. The purpose of this work – to show that for calculating time of approach of dangerous factors of the fire it is necessary to consider the place of the expiration of gases and their initial parameters. The expressions received in work can serve for determination of values of the dangerous factors of the fire parameters indoors depending on time, taking into account the place of the expiration of gases and their initial parameters. From the dependences given in work it is visible that differences in time taking into account the place of the expiration for the room of 5000 m3 are made by not less than 30 c with on reaching critical temperature and critical concentration of O2. Especially it should be noted that at change of height of a working zone the time difference increases to 40 c with in both parameters.
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Shee, C. D., Y. Ploy-Song-Sang, and J. Milic-Emili. "Decay of inspiratory muscle pressure during expiration in conscious humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 6 (1985): 1859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.1859.
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In eight conscious spontaneously breathing adults we studied the decay of pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles during expiration (PmusI). PmusI was obtained according to the following equation: PmusI(t) = Ers X V(t) - Rrs X V(t), where V is volume and V is flow at any instant t during spontaneous expiration, and Ers and Rrs are, respectively, the passive elastance and resistance of the total respiratory system. Ers was determined with the relaxation method, and resistance with the interrupter method. All subjects showed marked braking of expiratory flow by PmusI. The mean time for PmusI to reduce to 50 and 0% amounted, respectively, to 23 and 79% of expiratory time. During expiration, 24–55% of the elastic energy stored during inspiration was used as resistive work and the remainder (45–76%) as negative work.
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Alobaidi, Ghada, and Roland Mallier. "Asymptotic analysis of American call options." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 27, no. 3 (2001): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171201005701.
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American call options are financial derivatives that give the holder the right but not the obligation to buy an underlying security at a pre-determined price. They differ from European options in that they may be exercised at any time prior to their expiration, rather than only at expiration. Their value is described by the Black-Scholes PDE together with a constraint that arises from the possibility of early exercise. This leads to a free boundary problem for the optimal exercise boundary, which determines whether or not it is beneficial for the holder to exercise the option prior to expiration. However, an exact solution cannot be found, and therefore by using asymptotic techniques employed in the study of boundary layers in fluid mechanics, we find an asymptotic expression for the location of the optimal exercise boundary and the value of the option near to expiration.
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Lovendri, Dolorosa Septin, and Susi Ari Kristina. "Medicine Storage Knowledge Survey among Pharmacy Students from Universitas Gadjah Mada." Academic Hospital Journal 5, no. 2 (2024): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ahj.v5i2.92200.
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Proper drug storage is very important to ensure drug safety, quality and efficacy. Drug storage is closely related to drug expiration which includes Expiry Date (ED) and Beyond Use Date (BUD). The aim of this research was to measure the level of knowledge of Pharmacy students at Gadjah Mada University regarding drug storage and drug expiration. This research uses a designcross-sectional study with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The sample was UGM Pharmacy Students taken randomlyconvenience sampling, in the data collection period October-November 2023, there were 132 respondents. A questionnaire covering sociodemographic data, storage domains and drug expiration time, was distributedgoogleform. Data were analyzed descriptively and with statistical testsChi-square with p<0.05. The results of the study showed that 87.88% (N= 116) of UGM Pharmacy Students had a good level of knowledge about drug storage, and 85.85% (N= 112) had a poor level of knowledge about drug expiration. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.307); age (p=0.639); semester (p=0.791); monthly income (p=0.897); parents' field of work (p=0.155); and current state of residence (p=0.904) with knowledge of drug storage. There is a relationship between age (p value 0.012); semester (p=0.015); and current state of residence (p=0.019) with knowledge of drug expiration. It is necessary to increase pharmacy students' literacy about drug expiration to ensure drug safety.
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Parkes, M. J., J. P. Lara‐Muñoz, P. N. Izzo, and K. M. Spyer. "Responses of ventral respiratory neurones in the rat to vagus stimulation and the functional division of expiration." Journal of Physiology 476, no. 1 (1994): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020117.
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In anaesthetized rats, extracellular and intracellular recordings were taken from 106 respiratory neurones in the intermediate region of the nucleus ambiguus. We observed unprovoked shortening of expiratory time accompanied, in all classes of respiratory neurone, by the elimination of the changes in membrane potential that were characteristic of stage II expiration. The demonstration of the elimination of stage II expiration in both the rat and cat strongly supports the functional division of expiration into stage I expiration (post‐inspiration) and stage II expiration. In order to identify the neurones in the rat that receive inputs from vagal afferents and modulate the central respiratory rhythm, we examined whether any respiratory neurones responded to stimulation of the vagus nerve. Some post‐inspiratory and stage II expiratory neurones responded. The short latency (< 2 ms) of four of the responses indicates that some vagal afferents act on post‐inspiratory neurones via a disynaptic pathway. While repetitive stimulation of the vagus nerve could inhibit the phrenic rhythm, it appears that most inspiratory neurones in the intermediate region of the nucleus ambiguous complex are not directly involved in integrating the information from vagal afferents with the central respiratory rhythm.
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Roslyakov, A. V., and D. A. Efremov. "DEVICE FOR AUTOMATED CONTROL OF EXPIRATION DATES OF FOODSTUFFS, STORED IN REFRIGERATOR." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 231 (September 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2023.09.pp.043-050.
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One of the main problems of storing food (especially perishable) in refrigerators is compliance with their expiration dates. To solve it, it is necessary to constantly monitor and promptly notify food consumers about the approaching expiration of these deadlines. At present, this problem is solved mainly manually by checking the expiration date information printed on food packaging visually or using a hand-held scanner. At the same time, time is spent on checking, there is a high probability of untimely consumption of the food product or even its spoilage, which leads to certain financial losses. Today, given the development of Internet of Things technologies, it is possible to simply and cheaply automate the process of monitoring the expiration dates of food products stored in refrigerators and having a corresponding label on the packaging. Since 2021, Russia has introduced mandatory labeling of dairy products using the 2D Data Matrix code, which allows you to obtain data on expiration dates from the Chestny Znak state labeling and tracking system. Currently, the industry is already producing smart household refrigerators that can be connected to the Internet to transmit various information to the user. However, the common disadvantages of the known designs of smart refrigerators are their high cost, design complexity and the impossibility of working with 2D Data Matrix code labels applied to food packaging. A solution is proposed in the form of a stand-alone wireless smart device that allows you to simply and economically implement automatic notification of users about the approaching expiration date of food stored in the refrigerator, thereby eliminating the possibility of untimely consumption and spoilage. The proposed device does not require structural changes to the equipment of the refrigerator, has a low cost and ease of installation and use, and allows you to turn an ordinary refrigerator into a smart one.
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Yang, Euphoria, Qing Yang, Brett Troemper, and Jianying Zhang. "Investigation on Bacterial Growth and pH in Milk after the Expiration Date." Scientific World Journal 2023 (October 26, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9982886.
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Food waste is a serious national and global problem. Milk is one of the most frequently wasted food items. This study aims to determine how long postexpiration-pasteurized milk may still be safe to consume and what is the relationship between bacterial growth from the milk and time after expiration. The experiments were carried out by incubating milk with agarose gel. The results showed that the bacterial growth was relatively low for at least the first few days after expiration. The more the days passed after the expiration date, the more the bacteria grew from the milk. There was no significant difference in the bacteria colony numbers in the whole milk samples opened either on day 0 or day 5 of expiration. None of the fat-free milk samples collected on the later (1–10) days showed any statistically significant difference in bacterial growth compared to the samples collected on the day after expiration (day 0). The bacterial growth increased with the increasing fat content of the milk. In addition, the rate of bacterial growth from the milk correlated with the acidity of the milk that is measured by pH. No significant sensory changes could be detected in any of the milk samples immediately after opening on the day of expiration or for up to 10 days after expiration when the unopened cartons were kept refrigerated. However, within 24 hours of opening the carton, whole milk that has expired for 6 or more days and 2% milk that has expired for 8 or more days developed a sour taste and mildly pungent smell. This sensory change was accompanied by the formation of lumps and fat-water separation. Fat-free milk samples remained unchanged under the same conditions. The experimental results suggest that whole and 2% skim milk may be safe for consumption up to 5-6 days after expiration. Fat-free milk may be safe for consumption up to 10 days after expiration, possibly longer. This study devised a way to show that milk is still safe for consumption after expiration; it will help reduce food waste.
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Srivastava, Prakash, and Rakesh Kumar. "An Efficient QoS Routing Protocol for Real Time Applications in MANET." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 11, no. 2 (2015): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2015070104.
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Multimedia applications over Internet are rising day by day hence stringent requirements of bandwidth and delay is an important issue. This paper is focused on QoS aware routing which provides optimal routes as a function of parameters like bandwidth, delay, packet loss etc. Thea authors' approach involves estimation of node bandwidth, delay and link expiration time at every node. The link expiration time metric is also considered for efficient route discovery to determine forecasting of route stability in near future and hence reliable route is identified. Existing link failure strategy involves frequent route discoveries which incurs high routing overhead and increased end-to-end delay. In this paper, efficient link failure strategy is also incorporated by utilizing multiple alternate paths in case of link failure which is determined with the help of signal intensity level to provide prediction before link break up. Performance of proposed approach is analyzed through simulation and validated analytically. Results show that the authors' approach has been found outperforming to existing approaches.
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Grant, B. J., J. M. Fitzpatrick, and B. B. Lieber. "Time-varying pulmonary arterial compliance." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 2 (1991): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.575.
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We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary arterial compliance (Ca) varies during the ventilatory cycle. Pressure and flow in the main pulmonary artery were measured in open-chest dogs under chloralose anesthesia (n = 12) with a positive-pressure volume-cycled ventilator. Input impedance was calculated from the pressure and flow waves of heart cycles obtained immediately after the start of inspiration (SI) and immediately after the start of expiration (SE). A lumped parameter model was used to calculate Ca from the input impedance spectrum of the main pulmonary artery. Three levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were used before and after meclofenamate (n = 6) or vagotomy (n = 6). Ca was significantly greater at SE than at SI at each level of PEEP. PEEP increased Ca at SE but not at SI. None of these changes was altered by meclofenamate or vagotomy, suggesting that these differences of Ca were due to passive mechanical effects rather than an active neurohumoral mechanisms. We conclude that Ca is time varying during the ventilatory cycle because it is altered by the dynamic increase of lung volume between SI and SE, but not with the quasi-static increase of lung volume induced by raising the level of PEEP. These changes of Ca were unaffected by vagal feedback or inhibition of cyclooxygenase. We suggest that the increased Ca just after the start of expiration may result from dynamic shifts of blood volume from the extra-alveolar to the alveolar vessels.
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Lexchin, Joel. "Time to Marketing of Generic Drugs After Patent Expiration in Canada." JAMA Network Open 4, no. 3 (2021): e211143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1143.
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Windianto, Wiwien, Supeno Djanali, and Muchammad Husni. "OPTIMASI ROUTING PADA PROTOKOL AODV_EXT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN LINK EXPIRATION TIME (LET)." JUTI: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi 13, no. 2 (2015): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24068535.v13i2.a483.
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KRYSIŃSKI, Bogdan. "INCOMPATIBILITIES OF AMMUNITION PRIMERS AFTER EXPIRATION OF GUARANTEED TECHNICAL LIFE TIME." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 169, no. 2 (2024): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.6674.
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Primers can be found in almost every type of ammunition. Depending on the purpose of a primer, it can be installed in the outer wall of the product (e.g. small arms ammunition) or in its interior (e.g. fuses). Their physicochemical parameters change during the storage process as a result of the natural aging of the materials from which they are made, the impact of environmental factors, as well as various mechanical forces accompanying the process of their exploitation. Due to the role of primers in the operation of ammunition, their technical condition is subject to periodic inspections. They involve subjecting them to diagnostic tests and, based on the results obtained, making a prognostic decision informing about the method and period of their further operation. The article presents significant incompatibilities of primers found during their testing.
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Wright, Andrew. "‘On the expiration of speech’: children’s spirituality in time of war." International Journal of Children's Spirituality 15, no. 3 (2010): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1364436x.2010.508816.
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Shakhih, Muhammad Faiz Md, Asnida Abdul Wahab, and Maheza Irna Mohamad Salim. "Assessment of inspiration and expiration time using infrared thermal imaging modality." Infrared Physics & Technology 99 (June 2019): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2019.04.012.
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Sari, Yusita Permata. "Ketentuan Daluwarsa Dalam Pertanggungjawaban Notaris Terhadap Akta Notariil Yang Dibuatnya." Jurnal Officium Notarium 1, no. 3 (2021): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jon.vol1.iss3.art16.
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Notaries are responsible for authentic deeds which result in null and void at the end of their term of office. The need for limitations in the matter of the Notary's responsibility is because in civil law there are restrictions on prosecution. Article 1967 of the Civil Code explains that claims in civil law will be deleted after the 30-year time limit has passed. In this case, it creates uncertainty in terms of legal protection for the Notary as a Public Official after the end of his term of office and there is a blurring of norms in terms of determining the expiration time limit of the Notary's responsibility for the agreement he made in terms of Article 65 UUJN-P. There is a legal issue that is studied in this study, namely how the provisions on the expiration date of the Notary's accountability for the Notary deed he made. The author's purpose of doing this research is to identify and to analyze the expiration provisions in the Notary's responsibility for the notarial deed they made. The research method used is normative legal research, using a statutory approach, and a conceptual approach. The conclusion in this study is that UUJN does not regulate expiration, which means the Notary's lifelong responsibility regarding warkah, minutes of deed, and others. The difference between the 30 year expiration is completed with the Notary's accountability. The notary is responsible for being able to prove the truth of the deed in court when asked for information
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SEBEHELA, TUMELLANO. "PORTFOLIO FORMATION MEMORY." Annals of Financial Economics 11, no. 02 (2016): 1650010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201049521650010x.
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Real estate investment trade (REIT) memory as illustrated by variations including their Greeks tend to vary during the [0;[Formula: see text]32] window of portfolio formation, i.e. acquisitions. This is partly due to acquisition activities and intensity which tend to be “higher” during the time to expiration. Prior REIT studies explored variances based on long-term measures without focusing on the discrete nature of variations. This article, empirically presents discrete variations at different points in time. Results illustrate that memory decreases as time to expiration approaches maturity. Given high intensity during acquisitions, one infers that memory illustrated in this paper is likely to be optimal one.
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Albab Al Umar, Ahmad Ulil, Muammar Taufiqi Lutfi Mustofa, Dessy Fitria, Alfia Miftakhul Jannah, and Yusvita Nena Arinta. "Pengaruh Label Halal dan Tanggal Kadaluarsa Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Sidomuncul." Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah) 4, no. 1 (2021): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i1.348.
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The halal industry is very developed lately. The halal lifestyle that is currently trending in Indonesia consists of the Islamic financial sector, halal food, halal travel, halal clothing, halal recreation, and halal media, halal medicines, halal medical care (hospital), and halal cosmetics. For example, a pharmaceutical industry such as Sidomuncul. Sidomuncul is a company that has the most halal products at this time. This study aims to partially examine the effect of the halal label and the expiration date on purchasing decisions. Then simultaneously analyze the effect of the halal label and the expiration date on Sidomuncul purchasing decisions. This research is quantitative descriptive research. The method in this research uses multiple linear regression with SPSS 25. The population in this study are all people who buy Sidomuncul products, while the sample in this study was determined by 50 respondents. The results of this study resulted in a significant t-test value of 0,000, which means partially the halal label has a significant effect on purchasing decisions, the expiration date resulted in a significant t-test value of 0,006, which means partially expiration date has a significant effect on the Sidomuncul product purchase decision, and simultaneously the halal label and expiration date affect the Sidomuncul product purchase decision.
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Albab Al Umar, Ahmad Ulil, Muammar Taufiqi Lutfi Mustofa, Dessy Fitria, Alfia Miftakhul Jannah, and Yusvita Nena Arinta. "Pengaruh Label Halal dan Tanggal Kadaluarsa Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Sidomuncul." Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah) 4, no. 1 (2021): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i1.348.
Full textAbstract:
The halal industry is very developed lately. The halal lifestyle that is currently trending in Indonesia consists of the Islamic financial sector, halal food, halal travel, halal clothing, halal recreation, and halal media, halal medicines, halal medical care (hospital), and halal cosmetics. For example, a pharmaceutical industry such as Sidomuncul. Sidomuncul is a company that has the most halal products at this time. This study aims to partially examine the effect of the halal label and the expiration date on purchasing decisions. Then simultaneously analyze the effect of the halal label and the expiration date on Sidomuncul purchasing decisions. This research is quantitative descriptive research. The method in this research uses multiple linear regression with SPSS 25. The population in this study are all people who buy Sidomuncul products, while the sample in this study was determined by 50 respondents. The results of this study resulted in a significant t-test value of 0,000, which means partially the halal label has a significant effect on purchasing decisions, the expiration date resulted in a significant t-test value of 0,006, which means partially expiration date has a significant effect on the Sidomuncul product purchase decision, and simultaneously the halal label and expiration date affect the Sidomuncul product purchase decision.
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Chung, Jaekwon. "Effective Pricing of Perishables for a More Sustainable Retail Food Market." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (2019): 4762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174762.
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Developing effective ways to manage perishable foods is crucial for food retailers to survive in the highly competitive retail food industry. Due to the nature of perishability, it is necessary to find an effective selling strategy to reduce waste from unsold perishables. Prior studies have proposed using dynamic pricing to develop an optimal pricing structure that compensates the consumer for the loss of freshness as the expiration date approaches. However, these studies have not considered consumer demand that more consumers are likely to purchase units of perishable products with relatively more or fewer days before expiration. In addition, prior studies have not compared dynamic pricing to a “no discount” policy whereby a retailer only displays those perishables that have the fewest remaining days to expiration, keeping units with a longer time before expiration in a warehouse. The results of this study show the potential impacts of different pricing by considering these issues. This study provides new insights for retailers to manage perishable foods with small and large packages that improve the sustainability of food retailing.
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Thach, B. T., A. P. Menon, and G. L. Schefft. "Effects of negative upper airway pressure on pattern of breathing in sleeping infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 4 (1989): 1599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1599.
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Negative upper airway (UAW) pressure inhibits diaphragm inspiratory activity in animals, but there is no direct evidence of this reflex in humans. Also, little is known regarding reflex latency or effects of varying time of stimulation during the breathing cycle. We studied effects of UAW negative pressure on inspiratory airflow and respiratory timing in seven tracheostomized infants during quiet sleep with a face mask and syringe used to produce UAW suction without changing lower airway pressure. Suction trials lasted 2–3 s. During UAW suction, mean and peak inspiratory airflow as well as tidal volume was markedly reduced (16–68%) regardless of whether stimulation occurred in inspiration or expiration. Reflex latency was 42 +/- 3 ms. When suction was applied during inspiration or late expiration, the inspiration and the following expiration were shortened. In contrast, suction applied during midexpiration prolonged expiration and tended to prolong inspiration. The changes in flow, tidal volume, and timing indicate a marked inhibitory effect of UAW suction on thoracic inspiratory muscles. Such a reflex mechanism may function in preventing pharyngeal collapse by inspiratory suction pressure.
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CHERIF, L. HAMZA, and S. M. DEBBAL. "THE IMPACT OF VALVULAR PATHOLOGIES ON HEART RATE, THE SECOND HEART SOUND SPLIT, AND SYSTOLIC PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 01 (2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500082.
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The heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration; the study of this variation and the change of the second heart sound split (a change related to inspiration and expiration) can determine at what time in a cardiac cycle is the inspiration and the expiration. It would also be interesting to study the variation in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) estimated over several cardiac cycles and to understand its evolution as its variation is related to the pulmonary valve, on the one hand, and inspiration and expiration, on the other hand. The algorithm developed based on the Hilbert transform and the energy of Shannon gives the second heart sound split. The SPAP will be estimated from spectral parameters of the second heart S2. The results show an excellent performance of the algorithm proposed to extract different information on the variation of heart rate. The results of the change in pressure and split are encouraging and promising for the use of the proposed method in a clinical context of hypertension in non-invasive pulmonary pathways, for example.
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Wu, Jing, Tie Jun Shao, Zhen Guo Chen, and De Sheng Cao. "Mobile Prediction Idea Based Clustering Algorithm and Related Mathematical Quantitative Description." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.494.
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Mobile prediction idea refers to predicting link expiration time with relative velocity and relative position between different nodes. In ad hoc networks, mobile prediction idea is adopted in MSWCA, and cluster stability is measured by link expiration time. MSWCA only considers on intra-cluster stability, and neglects inter-cluster stability. Aiming at the above problem, MPICA (Mobile Prediction Idea based Clustering Algorithm) was proposed. Firstly, involved concepts were given with mathematical quantitative description. Secondly, the realization process of MPICA was described. Lastly, the complexity of MPICA was analyzed. MPICA considers intra-cluster and inter-cluster stability at the same time, which is in favor of improving cluster stability and reducing cluster maintenance overheads.
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Khanna, Gaurav, S. K. Chaturvedi, and Sieteng Soh. "Reliability evaluation of mobile ad hoc networks by considering link expiration time and border time." International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 10, no. 3 (2019): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-019-00795-9.
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McNamara, J. J., R. G. Castile, G. M. Glass, and J. J. Fredberg. "Heterogeneous lung emptying during forced expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 4 (1987): 1648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1648.
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Several lines of evidence suggest that the healthy mammalian lung empties homogeneously during a maximally forced deflation. Nonetheless, such behavior would appear to be implausible if for no other reason than that airway structure is known to be substantially heterogeneous among parallel pathways of gas conduction. To resolve this paradox we reexamined the degree to which lung emptying is homogeneous, and considered mechanisms that might control differential regional emptying. Twelve excised canine lungs were studied. Regional alveolar pressure relative to pleural pressure was used as an index of regional lung volume. By use of a capsule technique, alveolar pressure was measured simultaneously in each of six regions during flow-limited deflations; flow from the lung was measured plethysmographically. The standard deviation of interregional pressure differences, which was taken as an index of nonuniformity, was 0.0, 0.74, 0.64, and 0.90 cmH2O at mean recoil pressures of 30, 8.4, 4.5, and 2.1 cmH2O (0, 25, 50, and 75% expired vital capacity), indicating that interregional pressure differences increased more rapidly earlier in the deflation. When we examined the time rate of change of regional alveolar pressure as an index of regional flow, we observed an intricate pattern of differential regional behavior that was inapparent in the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve. The most plausible interpretation of these findings is that regions of the healthy excised canine lung empty heterogeneously to a small degree, but in an interdependent compensatory pattern that is inapparent in the configuration of the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve.