To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Time metaphors.
Journal articles on the topic 'Time metaphors'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Time metaphors.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Xu, Xiaobing, and Rong Chen. "Time metaphor and regulatory focus." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 8 (2020): 1865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2018-0575.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Two time metaphors are often adopted to express the passage of time: the ego-moving metaphor that conceptualizes the ego as moving toward the stationary event (e.g. we are approaching the holiday) or the event-moving metaphor that conceptualizes the event as moving toward the stationary ego (e.g. the holiday is approaching us). This paper aims to investigate the influence of the time metaphor on regulatory focus, as well as its downstream marketing implications. Design/methodology/approach Five studies were conducted. Studies 1a–1c examined the moderating effect of the valence of events on the relationship between time metaphors and regulatory focus. Studies 2–3 investigated the downstream marketing implications of the above effects. Findings The findings indicated that compared to the event-moving metaphor, the ego-moving metaphor is more likely to evoke a promotion focus when consumers anticipate a positive event. However, when the event is negative, the ego-moving metaphor is more likely to evoke a prevention focus compared to the event-moving metaphor. Research limitations/implications This research extends the previous literature on regulatory focus activation by showing that time metaphors affect regulatory focus, and that event valence plays a critical moderating role in the relationship. Practical implications Many companies rely on positive events (e.g. holidays, anniversaries) to market their products. The findings of this research suggest that companies promoting products with promotion-related benefits or products with higher risks should adopt an ego-moving metaphor to describe the coming of the event. In contrast, companies promoting products with prevention-related benefits or products with low risks should adopt an event-moving metaphor to describe the coming of the event. Originality/value This research showed that the effects of time metaphors on consumers’ regulatory focus depend on the valence of the events. It also demonstrated the downstream implications of time metaphors by showing that time metaphors influence consumer product choices and financial decisions.
2
Lambkin, Brian. "Migration as a metaphor for time." Metaphor and the Social World 4, no. 2 (2014): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.2.05lam.
Full textAbstract:
A previous article about the use of migration as a metaphor was concerned particularly with migration as a metaphor for metaphor (Lambkin, 2012). Here the concern is with migration as a metaphor for time, particularly as a metaphor for accessing the past and the future from the present. Two related dominant or guiding metaphors are identified: the past/future is a foreign country and the past/future is a lost /undiscovered world. The procedure adopted is to look first at how the novelist L.P Hartley and the historian Peter Laslett respectively developed these metaphors in “The Go-between” (1953) and “The World we have Lost” (1965). Then consideration is given to the analysis of the discourse in which these metaphors are used by the cultural geographer David Lowenthal, particularly in his “The Past is a Foreign Country” (1985). Finally, the metaphors of travelling between present and past and travelling between present and future are discussed in relation to the discipline of migration studies and a proposal is made for re-framing time past, present and future, in terms of migration.
3
Vaivadaitė-Kaidi, Eglė. "Conceptual metaphors of TIME in translation: The Seasons by Kristijonas Donelaitis." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 4 (March 5, 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17471.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on conceptual TIME metaphors in Kristijonas Donelaitis’s The Seasons in order to supplement a so far scarce research in Lithuania of conceptual metaphors in translation, as time metaphors constitute fundamental aspects of culture and communication (Lakoff, Turner 1989). The present research aims to 1) analyze conceptual time metaphors in The Seasons and systemize them; 2) determine whether the metaphors are preserved in the translations of The Seasons: into Spanish (Caro Dugo 2013), English (Tempest 1985) and German (Passarge 1999).Text fragments were selected from The Seasons with hyponyms of the time concept which were analyzed based on the methodology of conceptual metaphors. Linguistic aspects of conceptual metaphors were compared with the mentioned translations. All the examples were analyzed based on the methodology of translation of linguistic aspects of conceptual metaphors as specified by Kövecses (2005).The following conceptual time metaphors were found in The Seasons: TIME IS OBJECT, TIME IS VOLUME, TIME IS LIMITED RIGHTS, TIME IS PLANT, TIME IS FOOD, TIME IS FESTIVAL, TIME IS MOVING OBJECT, TIME IS CHARACTER, TIME IS HUMAN, TIME IS ANIMAL.By comparing the linguistic aspects of the conceptual time metaphors in The Seasons by Donelaitis and the way they are rendered across several languages, it was determined that most often the conceptual metaphor in translation is preserved, i.e. the conceptual metaphor as well as its literal and figurative meaning are the same in both the original text and the translation. Only one case was found when the literal meaning and the underlying conceptual metaphors were different in the original and all three translations; however, the figurative meaning is maintained. In some cases the conceptual metaphor and its linguistic expression are different in the original text and the translation. Such cases probably occur due to the fact that the translator chooses a different source domain, which changes the conceptual metaphor and the mappings. Another reason could be concerned with the translator’s decision to distance himself/herself from the original due to linguistic and cultural aspects or text-specific factors.
4
Gallini, Joan K., Michael A. Seaman, and Suzanne Terry. "Metaphors and Learning New Text." Journal of Reading Behavior 27, no. 2 (1995): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969509547877.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we investigated the influence of metaphors on text processing. Sixty-two graduate students were randomly assigned to three conditions that varied in the degree of explicitness provided between a metaphor and new information, both presented in the text. Differences in comprehension and overall number of ideas recalled were trivial among the three groups. In addition, there was a lack of total change in recall over time. However, a significant effect was found for the time by group interaction. In addition, both type of idea (main and minor, and metaphoric-linked and non-linked) by group interactions were significant, with the metaphor groups recalling more. Text supplements, such as metaphors, can direct the reader's attention to certain types of ideas.
5
Chattopadhyay, Arka. "Pinter in the Time of Pandemic." Harold Pinter Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/haropintrevi.5.2021.0004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This article examines the power dynamic in the clinical communication between the doctor and the patient in Harold Pinter's play A Kind of Alaska (1982). It approaches the medical metaphors that go back and forth between Hornby and Deborah to comment on the politics of these metaphors, situating the doctor's diagnostic metaphor as well as the patient's self-expressive metaphor as a critique of the doctor's domination. The article thus speaks to the urgent relevance of Pinter in our pandemic-infested times.
6
Boroditsky, Lera. "Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors." Cognition 75, no. 1 (2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6.
Full text
7
STITES, LAUREN J., and ŞEYDA ÖZÇALIŞKAN. "Developmental changes in children's comprehension and explanation of spatial metaphors for time." Journal of Child Language 40, no. 5 (2012): 1123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000384.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTTime is frequently expressed with spatial motion, using one of three different metaphor types: moving-time, moving-ego, and sequence-as-position. Previous work shows that children can understand and explain moving-time metaphors by age five (Özçalışkan, 2005). In this study, we focus on all three metaphor types for time, and ask whether metaphor type has an effect on children's metaphor comprehension and explanation abilities. Analysis of the responses of three- to six-year-old children and adults showed that comprehension and explanation of all three metaphor types emerge at an early age. Moreover, children's metaphor comprehension and explanation vary by metaphor type: children perform better in understanding and explaining metaphors that structure time in relation to the observer of time (moving-ego, moving-time) than metaphors that structure time without any relation to the observer of time (sequence-as-position-on-a-path). Our findings suggest that children's bodily experiences might play a role in their developing understanding of the abstract concept of time.
8
Bingyu, Tang. "Analysis of Political Metaphors in Donald J. Trump’s State of the Union Address in 2020." English Literature and Language Review, no. 74 (December 3, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.74.69.73.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, this paper conducts a cognitive analysis of conceptual metaphors in Donald J. Trump’s State of the Union Address in 2020, aiming to explain the metaphors in the State of the Union Address, reveal the political intentions hidden behind the metaphors, and construe the relationship between politics and metaphor. It is found that the metaphors in this State of the Union Address are: CONFLICT metaphors, BUILDING metaphor, JOURNEY metaphors, ORIENTATIONAL metaphors, and PLANT metaphors. Through the analysis, this paper concludes that conceptual metaphor has the function of persuading the masses and shaping the image of politicians. At the same time, this paper also finds that politics restricts the choice and application of metaphor.
9
Goh, Huishan A. "Moving forward in time." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.01goh.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is primarily concerned with the use of spatiotemporal metaphor in English. In particular, the interpretations of spatiotemporal metaphors in a nativized variety of English, Singapore English, will be examined. On the basis of morphosyntax, Singapore English and English spatiotemporal metaphors do not differ. The difference is only apparent in the usage of these terms. This paper examines Chinese influence in the temporal interpretations of English and show that there is substrate influence from Chinese languages on the interpretations of Singapore English spatiotemporal terms.
10
DUFFY, SARAH E., and VYVYAN EVANS. "The top trumps of time: factors motivating the resolution of temporal ambiguity." Language and Cognition 9, no. 2 (2016): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2016.8.
Full textAbstract:
abstractWhat factors motivate our understanding of metaphoric statements about time? English exhibits two deictic space–time metaphors: the Moving Ego metaphor conceptualizes the ego as moving forward through time, while the Moving Time metaphor conceptualizes time as moving forward towards the ego (Clark, 1973). In addition to earlier research investigating spatial influences on temporal reasoning (e.g., Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002), recent lines of research have provided evidence that a complex of factors, such as personality differences, event valence, lifestyle, and emotional experiences, may also influence people’s perspectives on the movement of events in time – providing new insights on metaphor and its ability to reflect thought and feeling (e.g., Duffy & Feist, 2014; Duffy, Feist, & McCarthy, 2014; Margolies & Crawford, 2008; Richmond, Wilson, & Zinken, 2012). Probing these findings further, two studies were conducted to investigate whether the interpretation of a temporally ambiguous question may arise from an interaction between the valence of the event and aspects of the personality (Experiment 1) and lifestyle (Experiment 2) of the comprehender. The findings we report on shed further light on the complex nature of temporal reasoning. While this involves conceptual metaphor, it also invokes more complex temporal frames of reference (t-FoRs) (Evans, 2013), which are only partially subserved by space-to-time conceptual metaphors.
11
Al-Abdullah, Mufeed. "Conceptual Metaphors of Time in the Sonnets of Shakespeare: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach." English Language and Literature Studies 10, no. 2 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v10n2p1.
Full textAbstract:
The article studies the conceptual metaphors of time in the sonnets of Shakespeare in light of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) presented in their book, Metaphors We Live By, and Kovecses’ (2002) informative views in his book, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. The extracted metaphors selected from a variety of sonnets that tackle the theme of time will be divided into three sub-categories: structural, ontological, and orientational. Under ontological metaphors, the study addresses metaphors in the forms of personification, metonymy, and synecdoche. Using the cognitive approach to understand the abstract concept of time in terms of a variety of concrete concepts with experiential dimension enables the reader to perceive this concept from different perspectives. The study hopes to show that the cluster of source domains Shakespeare provides in the metaphors maps an association of multidimensional possibilities that improve our understanding of time. Also, this consortium of possibilities points to the creativity and the wide scope of Shakespeare’s vision. The study hopes to add another vantage point from which to view Shakespeare’s presentation of time in light of modern progress in the studies of conceptual metaphors and cognitive poetics.
12
Taylor, Charlotte. "Metaphors of migration over time." Discourse & Society 32, no. 4 (2021): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926521992156.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to cast light on contemporary migration rhetoric by integrating historical discourse analysis. I focus on continuity and change in conventionalised metaphorical framings of emigration and immigration in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800 to 2018. The findings show that some metaphors persist throughout the 200-year time period (liquid, object), some are more recent in conventionalised form (animals, invader, weight) while others dropped out of conventionalised use before returning (commodity, guest). Furthermore, we see that the spread of metaphor use goes beyond correlation with migrant naming choices with both emigrants and immigrants occupying similar metaphorical frames historically. However, the analysis also shows that continuity in metaphor use cannot be assumed to correspond to stasis in framing and evaluation as the liquid metaphor is shown to have been more favourable in the past. A dominant frame throughout the period is migrants as an economic resource and the evaluation is determined by the speaker’s perception of control of this resource.
13
Tay, Dennis, and Robert A. Neimeyer. "Making meaning with metaphor in grief therapy." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 8, no. 1 (2021): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00070.tay.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Metaphors play an important role in contemporary approaches to grief therapy by helping clients (re)construe their continuing relationship with the deceased. Relevant studies have illustrated the substantive elements of metaphors (i.e. sources, targets, and mappings) in this regard, often focusing on localized bursts of intense metaphoric activity. This paper highlights the extended nature of metaphoric conceptualizations and their relationship with key meaning-making processes, following the principle of ‘correspondent analysis’ as a collaborative move between language analysts and therapy practitioners. Three specific phenomena are detailed through a mixed methods analysis of 18 motivated segments in a single session of grief therapy: (i) sporadic sources, (ii) persistent sources, and (iii) metaphor ‘chaining’ across embodied and verbal activity. Their respective links to treatment objectives and processes demonstrate how metaphor theoretic constructs dovetail with therapeutic work, and suggest future avenues for modeling unfolding metaphoric activity as a time series.
14
MOORE, KEVIN EZRA. "Elaborating time in space: the structure and function of space–motion metaphors of time." Language and Cognition 9, no. 2 (2016): 191–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2016.6.
Full textAbstract:
abstractThis paper studies the principles according to which spatial and motion concepts metaphorically structure temporal concepts in some languages. There are two types of space–motion metaphor of time, distinguished by whether or not the metaphor is structured by a person’s perspective. “Christmas is approaching” and “We are approaching Christmas” are perspectival. “New Year’s follows Christmas” is not. This contrast in deixis and frame of reference is linguistically relevant whether the contrast has to do with imagination or external reality. Study of experiential motivations and analysis into primary metaphors helps reveal the particular ways spatial and motion concepts function in each type of metaphor. One focus is accounting for the contrasting temporal meanings that words for in-front and behind can have. For example, “Ahead of us” is later than Now, while “ahead of Christmas” is earlier than Christmas. We find that the temporal ‘directions’ expressed in the contrasting frames of reference are not opposites. Rather, they are motivated by different kinds of temporal experience. This project investigates the fundamental spatial relations that structure temporal concepts; for example co-location vs. separation. But since motion involves time, purely spatial structure is limited. Conceptual blending analysis reveals that the source and target frames of the perspectival metaphors share an aspectual – i.e., temporal – generic structure. Thus a dichotomy between ‘space’ and ‘time’ is of limited utility in describing space–motion metaphors of time. Instead, the analysis has to deal with the specific spatial and temporal concepts that function in each metaphor.
15
de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco J. Ruiz, and María Asunción Barreras Gómez. "Time and Cognition in Marvell’s “To his Coy Mistress”." Cognitive Semantics 1, no. 2 (2015): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00102004.
Full textAbstract:
Andrew Marvell’s poem “To his coy mistress” has generally been taken as one more example of thecarpe diemtradition in literature. This tradition makes use of time metaphors, especially time is a resource. However, we find that Marvell exploits this and other time metaphors in ways that go beyond the traditional understanding of thecarpe diemmotif. We first give an overview of the treatment of the notion of time within Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which is then applied to the understanding of central thematic and structural aspects of the poem. We stress the importance of the metaphorstime is a resource, time moves, events are actionsand a cluster of metaphors revolving around thecarpe diemmotif. Finally, the paper discusses how Marvell imaginatively organizes what otherwise would be considered mere stock metaphors into an intricate logical network specifically tailored to sustain an argumentative line.
16
Johansson Falck, Marlene. "What trajectors reveal about TIME metaphors." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21, no. 1 (2016): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.1.02fal.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is an analysis of trajectors (i.e. located entities) in language about fixed durations of TIME. More specifically, trajectors in instances including the English prepositions in or on, or their Swedish equivalents i or på, are analyzed. On the structure of the inverse Moving Observer/Moving Time metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson 1999) instances such as these should be construed relative to a Moving Observer, and trajectors people that move relative to fixed durations of TIME (as reflected in e.g. when we come to launching the 4th edition in early 1990). My analysis, however, suggests that our understanding of TIME through SPACE is more nuanced than suggested by these metaphors. In this specific context, trajectors are not typically people in motion, but rather events or processes located in, or on, unit of time landmarks. My study emphasizes the need to test the systematicity of the mappings proposed by Conceptual Metaphor Theory.
17
Alcaraz Carrión, Daniel, and Javier Valenzuela. "Time as space vs. time as quantity in Spanish: a co-speech gesture study." Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2021.17.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThere is a distinction between languages that use the duration is length metaphor, like English (e.g., long time), and languages like Spanish that conceptualise time using the duration is quantity metaphor (e.g., much time). The present study examines the use of both metaphors, exploring their multimodal behaviour in Spanish speakers. We analyse co-speech gesture patterns in the TV news setting, using data from the NewsScape Library, that co-occur with expressions that trigger the duration is quantity construal (e.g., durante todo ‘during the whole’) and the duration is length construal in the from X to Y construction (e.g., desde el principio hasta el final ‘from beginning to end’). Results show that both metaphors tend to co-occur with a semantic gesture, with a preference for the lateral axis, as reported in previous studies. However, our data also indicate that the direction of the gesture changes depending on the construal. The duration is quantity metaphor tends to be performed with gestures with an outwards direction, in contrast with the duration is length construal, which employ a left-to-right directionality. These differences in gesture realisation point to the existence of different construals for the concept of temporal duration.
18
Hidalgo-Downing, Laura, Blanca Kraljevic Mujic, and Begoña Nuñez-Perucha. "Metaphorical creativity and recontextualization in multimodal advertisements on e-business across time." Metaphor and the Social World 3, no. 2 (2013): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.3.2.05hid.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we explore the creative recontextualization of JOURNEY, WAR, RACE and SPORTS metaphors and discuss their manifestations in multimodal ICT advertisements across time. Our objectives are to discuss (i) the choices of metaphors and related source domains used to describe (e)businesses in two different time periods, (ii) how the highlighting and hiding of features of the source domains remain constant or change, (iii) the relations between modes, and (iv) the discursive strategies for metaphorical creativity. The results of our analysis reflect an interesting shift in the highlighting and hiding of features of the main metaphors and related sources across the two time periods, thus revealing variations in emergent metaphors across time. We argue that these results reflect ongoing social changes which illustrate the contextual basis and motivation of metaphor as a linguistic form of action and creative communication in advertising discourse.
19
Sobol-Kwapinska, Malgorzata, and Piotr K. Oles. "On Measuring Time Metaphors." Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (2007): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.244-246.
Full textAbstract:
Referring to the 2005 article by Wittmann and Lehnhoff, the problem of using time metaphors for measuring awareness of time is posed. Starting from clarification of meaning, the Metaphors Slowness scale which was not homogeneous, an alternative interpretation of the result was proposed, given that metaphors refer to two separate aspects of time speed, an ongoing passage of time, and ex post reflection on passage of time that has already passed. The former refers to the judgment of an ongoing passage of time, and the latter to the judgment of passage of past time from a particular point in the past till now. Time perception is multifaceted and perhaps ambiguous. This particular aspect of time perception is covered by a notion of a “dialectical time,” when opposite aspects of time are combined, e.g., pleasant and unpleasant ones.
20
Chimbi, Godsend T., and Loyiso C. Jita. "Emerging Trends in Metaphoric Images of Curriculum Reform Implementation in Schools: A Critical Literature Review." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 20, no. 6 (2021): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.6.10.
Full textAbstract:
Curriculum reform is often difficult to conceive, disseminate, and implement, resulting in the use of metaphors to make sense of how changes initiated at national level are enacted in schools. This theoretical paper, which employs Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), constructs an account of emerging trends in metaphoric language to unlock the complexity of reform implementation. A deductive critical review of literature was adopted as the qualitative design to glean insights into how metaphors have been used to shape mental images of curriculum reform across time and space. Findings indicated converging and diverging trends in metaphoric semantics. While some studies have equated curriculum change to a battlefield and a ghost of control, others have likened reform implementation to driving through the fog or wearing a donated gown of the wrong size. School reform has also been portrayed as a journey, a jigsaw puzzle, and a gardening project demanding meticulous planning and concentration. The unique contribution of this research is the clustering of reform metaphors into a three-tiered spectrum of pessimism, ambiguity, and optimism, thereby extending insights into the dynamics of curriculum enactment. Strategic implementation is recommended so that curriculum reform may be couched in metaphors of hope instead of anger and confusion.
21
Rupp, Nathan Black. "The rise and fall of metaphor: A study in meaning and meaninglessness." Semiotica 2016, no. 213 (2016): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0131.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractI propose the specific words used by a community define that community, yet at the same time the community is defined by those words. This ever-changing lexicon of communal metaphor is the storehouse of all the meanings and their usages used by a given group. By looking at the metaphors that permeate any communal language, we see that all language is metaphoric. With the use of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory, I investigate how new meanings enter our lexicon and become social meaning. This investigation also provides a closer understanding of “literal” meanings. We come to see they are just stale metaphors or neglected blendings devoid of potency. The process by which meanings are created illuminates how they become “literal.” Thus, showing us the danger that accompanies us in the modern, literal age.
22
Moore, Kevin Ezra. "Moving Time vs. Frame-relative motion." Constructions and Frames 12, no. 2 (2020): 272–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00042.moo.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract There is an elaborate analogy between Moving Time (composed of primary metaphors; e.g. Christmas is approaching) and Frame-relative Fictive Motion (e.g. Your destination is approaching). It has been suggested that this analogy could be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. However, a semantic frame analysis that includes all stages of the motion event shows that this analogy could not be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. It is further argued that Moving Time and Frame-relative Fictive Motion are instances of different types of cognitive-semantic structure. Moving Time is a selective integration of concepts from frames that do not share elements with each other, whereas Frame-relative Fictive Motion presupposes a single semantic frame. For the purpose of distinguishing fictive motion from primary metaphor (e.g. Moving Time), Coextension-path and Pattern-path fictive motion are studied in addition to Frame-relative. These three types of fictive motion can be distinguished from primary metaphor because they involve the integration of concepts from frames that share specific structure, whereas primary metaphor involves frames that do not share specific structure. In a preliminary classification of fictive motion as a type of metaphor, all three types of fictive motion discussed may be classified as resemblance-based metaphors. Coextension-path and Frame-relative fictive motion are also motivated by correlations in experience. These correlations, however, are different in kind from those that motivate primary metaphor.
23
HUUMO, TUOMAS. "Moving along paths in space and time." Journal of Linguistics 54, no. 4 (2017): 721–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226717000366.
Full textAbstract:
In cognitive linguistics, motion metaphors of time (e.g.Christmas is approaching, We left the crisis behind) have been actively studied during the last decades. In addition to motion verbs, prepositional expressions are an important element in such metaphors. This work combines insights from Cognitive Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor Theory to account for uses of English path prepositions in motion metaphors of time. It is argued that such expressions conceptualize time as a path where amoveris advancing. The nature of themovervaries: it can be an individual entity metaphorically in motion (e.g.We wentTHROUGHa hard winter), an extended period of time (e.g.The period of Daylight Saving Time goes onPASTSeptember), or the temporal profile of a process (e.g.I sleptTHROUGHthe afternoon). The nature of themovercorrelates with the grammatical function of the path expression, which alternates between a complement of a motion verb and a free modifier. Accordingly, the time path can relate with figurative (motion-related) or veridical (duration-related) conceptualizations of time. While a spatial path is direction-neutral, a time path can, with few exceptions, only be scrutinized in the earlier$\rightarrow$later direction.
24
van Weelden, Lisanne, Alfons Maes, Joost Schilperoord, and Marc Swerts. "How Object Shape Affects Visual Metaphor Processing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (2012): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000165.
Full textAbstract:
In order to interpret novel metaphoric relations, we have to construct ad hoc categories under which the metaphorically related concepts can be subsumed. Shape is considered to be one of the primary vehicles of object categorization. Accordingly, shape might play a prominent role in interpreting visual metaphors (i.e., two metaphorically related objects depicted in one visual array). This study explores the role of object shape in visual metaphor interpretation of 10- to 12-year-olds. The experiment shows that participants can produce more correspondences between similarly shaped objects as compared to dissimilarly shaped objects and that they need less thinking time to do so. These findings suggest that similarity in shape facilitates the process of interpreting visual metaphors.
25
Hesabi, Akbar, Mobina Bakhshi, and Pouria Sadrnia. "Metaphors and the Degree of Conventionality in Translation of Prose Fiction: A Fraction of the Whole in Focus." Hikma 20, no. 2 (2021): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v20i2.13369.
Full textAbstract:
The idea of metaphor classification is regarded as how felicitously they are entrenched in everyday language spoken by ordinary people. Metaphor conventionality can be regarded as a scale whose opposite ends constitute conventional and creative metaphors. Logic indicates that the majority of linguistic metaphors are well-worn and conventional rather than novel, since an excess of novel metaphors may remarkably bring about “communicative surprise” (Rabadán Álvarez, 1991) thus increase cognitive processing time and even hinder perceiving. Metaphorical creativity, as the other extreme of the scale of conventionality, can be looked at as the use of conceptual metaphors and/ or their linguistic manifestations that are creative or novel. This study seeks to scrutinize the scale of conventionality in the Persian translation of A Fraction of the Whole. MIP known as Metaphor Identification Procedure put forward by the Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed in the study to identify metaphors. The findings reveal that, sometimes, the metaphors used in L1 are novel or creative, but the translator draws upon conventional or entrenched ones in L2, or vice versa. The aim is to show the translator's choice of metaphor in terms of a conventionality scale using some previous cognitive models in this regard.
26
Nilsson, Anna-Lena. "Embodying metaphors: Signed language interpreters at work." Cognitive Linguistics 27, no. 1 (2016): 35–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0029.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe present study describes how Swedish Sign Language (SSL) interpreters systematically use signing space and movements of their hands, arms and body to simultaneously layer iconic expressions of metaphors for differences and for time, in ways previously not described. This is analyzed as the interpreters embodying metaphors, and each of the conceptual metaphors they embody seems to be expressed in a distinct manner not noted before in accounts of the structure of signed languages. Data consists of recordings of Swedish-SSL interpreting by native SSL signers. Rendering spoken Swedish into SSL, these interpreters produce complex sequences making abundant use of the circumstance that in signed language you can express several types of information simultaneously. With little processing time, they produce iconic expressions, frequently using several underlying conceptual metaphors to simultaneously layer information. The interpreters place individual signs in relation to time lines in order to express metaphorical content related to time, and use movement’s of their bodies to express comparisons and contrasts. In all of the analyzed sequences, the interpreters express the metaphor difference-between-is-distance-between. In addition, they layer metaphors for difference and time simultaneously, in some instances also expressing the orientational metaphor pair more-is-up and less-is-down at the same time.
27
Hajer, Abidi. "Metaphors Trump’s Discourse ‘Lives by’: are they Mere Pervasive Linguistic Clichés or Persuasive Tools?" Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 1 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i1.1-13.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper re-addresses metaphor based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. The metaphors selected pertain to political discourse, precisely Trump’s statements on different occasions and from different sources (Twitter, YouTube). Analyzing metaphors was achieved by recourse to the identification of the source and target domains. It has been found that metaphors, albeit multi-functional persuasive tools, on so many occasions, are based on quibbles and clichéd linguistic expressions trajectories. Additionally, it has been found that metaphors acquire their effectiveness from contextual and lexical cues, in conjunction with the parameter of recipients’ knowledge. Interestingly, in some other cases, the implications of metaphors transcended the target of the speaker or writer to include some more unexpected dimensions of meaning like acquiring positive implications at the time when negative ones are anticipated, in addition to the fact that they are also a matter of feelings.Keywords: critical discourse analysis, conceptual metaphor.
28
Krotenko, Valentyna, and Hanna Naidionova. "METAPHOR AS A METHOD OF CONSULTATIVE WORK OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND SOCIAL TEACHERS WITH PARENTS." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2 (2020): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2020-2-18.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the method of metaphors as a modern effective method that involves neurodynamic mechanisms of personal reflection on current life events. The formation, essence and functions of metaphor in psychological and pedagogical work are analyzed. The genesis of the concept "metaphor" reveals the growing dynamics of its use in the social and psychological sciences. It has been active since the mid-1970s, when metaphors became the independent subject of study. Phenomenologically, metaphor is manifested in all spheres of human activity, but the first sphere of its usage is language. Metaphorical language allows a specialist to convey relevant messages to the client in a fairly secure form and unobtrusively suggest solutions to the problem. It is due to this that it makes sense to use metaphor in consultative psychological and pedagogical work. The authors propose to regard the metaphor as a means of obtaining information about the peculiarities of the relationship in the system "parents - child". Depending on the content of the family life situation, metaphors can perform expressive, dissociative, diagnostic, explanatory functions. They are used in individual or group consultations, one can employ the following options: firstly, reading and discussing metaphors (expressed in parables, instructive stories, etc.) together with parents, which helps to establish the atmosphere of trust between a psychologist and parents, and becomes a starting point for discussion of a specific problem of child-parent relations. Second, discussing drawing with metaphors enables parents to be objectively aware of the problem and then work out possible effective behaviors and corrections. Thirdly, it is possible to work with metaphoric cards "Alphabet of parental love", "The wisest time", "All the facets of harmony", "Steps to wisdom", "Treasures of vital forces" and so on. Understanding the content of a card requires parents to think, feel and remember. In a state of reflexive calm, they can remember life situations, moments of difficulties in the relationship with their child. The article provides examples of metaphors and gives methodological commentary on the work of psychologists and social educators with them. Thus, the competent use of metaphorization in the counseling process can accompany the work of a psychologist and social educator from the moment of gathering information to the implementation of the last behavioral check of the performed intervention
29
Pedersen, Jan. "How metaphors are rendered in subtitles." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 29, no. 3 (2017): 416–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.16038.ped.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Metaphors have been thoroughly studied as translation problems in recent decades. However, they are still under-researched in the subfield of audiovisual translation. This is strange since this mode of translation, particularly subtitling, has very special conditions which complicate the translating of metaphors, such as the interplay between dialogue, image and subtitles, as well as severe time and space constraints. This paper investigates how metaphors in the British sitcom Yes, Prime Minister were subtitled into Swedish. The results show that subtitlers treat metaphors as an important language feature, less prone to omission than other features. Furthermore, monocultural metaphors, which are not shared between cultures, are subtitled using more strategies than transcultural ones. Metaphors are also subtitled differently depending on the degree of entrenchment. Typically for metaphor translation, there is a loss of metaphor force, but more research is needed to ascertain whether this is media-specific or a general translation effect of growing standardization.
30
Chen, Liang, Natalia V. Perfilieva, and Jingzeng Du. "Political Metaphors of the Ancient Chinese Treatise of Confucius “Lun yu”." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 4 (2021): 1094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-4-1094-1106.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the political metaphors of the ancient Chinese philosophical treatise of Confucius Lun yu (The Analects). Confucius often used metaphors for a capacious and figurative presentation of his political views. Translation of Confuciuss political metaphors presents a certain difficulty, since it is necessary to preserve not only the meaning of the statement, but also the imagery. The object of the research is the political metaphors of Confuciuss work Lun yu and their translations into Russian by P.S. Popov, I.I. Semenenko and L.S. Perelomov. The aim of the work is to study the methods of translating political metaphors of the philosophical treatise of Confucius and the possibility of accurately transferring metaphors into Russian. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the translations of Confuciuss political reflections, made by three translators, are analyzed and compared. Political metaphors of the text Lun yu, collected for analysis by the method of continuous sampling, are described and analyzed within the framework of the concept of A.P. Chudinov. Classification of the metaphors of a philosophical treatise into 4 groups - anthropomorphic metaphor , natural morphic metaphor , social metaphor , artifact metaphor - made it possible to identify the peculiarities of translation techniques for different groups of metaphors. The analysis showed that the metaphors of the anthropomorphic group almost always disappear in translations into Russian. On the contrary, natural morphic metaphors, as a rule, are preserved in the translated text. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that at present, the translations of the Chinese philosophical text into Russian have not been sufficiently studied. Analysis of Russian texts Lun yu - Judgments and Conversations (Lunyu) translated by P.S. Popov, I believe in antiquity translated by I.I. Semenenko, Lun yu translated by L.S. Perelomov - made it possible to analyze the techniques of translating metaphors, due to the authors preferences of the translators, as well as the possibility of preserving the original metaphor in translated texts. Three versions of the translation of the title of the ancient Chinese treatise into Russian indicate different approaches to the translation of the text. The conclusion summarizes the results of the study of techniques and methods of transferring political metaphors into Russian.
31
Starr-Glass, David. "First steps into the metaphoric wilderness of macroeconomics." On the Horizon 22, no. 4 (2014): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-11-2013-0060.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyze the decline of two central metaphors of macroeconomics, economics and markets, and suggests ways in which metaphoric vigor can be initiated to promote economic reflection, inter-disciplinary collaboration, and more productive engagement with the broader society. Economics and markets can be described as dead metaphors which have ceased to provide any metaphoric advantage or potential but which nevertheless remain central to economic discourse. At a time when economics is coming under societal scrutiny and being asked to explain its assumptions, predictive ability and social impact, the perceived distance and sterility of economic language presents a significant problem. Design/methodology/approach – The central approach is an analysis of the ways in which metaphor come into being, provide regenerative insights and communicate open and creative discourse. Metaphor theory is introduced, as are theoretical considerations on the decline of conceptual metaphor through over familiarization. Findings – Metaphor in economics is underexplored and this article suggests that a more engaged and creative approach will provide benefit within the discipline and will be necessary to sustain the ongoing discourse with those outside the field. Originality/value – This article provides new insight into the problems associated with the failure to recognize and to resuscitate metaphor in macroeconomics. It provides original perspectives on the problem, and presents novel suggestions for reducing the communication difficulties that metaphor failure has produced, particularly in communicating economic perspectives with the broader society.
32
Kalinin, Oleg I. "The Correlation Between Metaphor Density and the Message Persuasive Power." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2(2020) (June 25, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-2-31-43.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the problem of the communicative power of a metaphor, namely, how the density of metaphors in a message affects the persuasiveness of a given message. The author analyzes the research in the field of the speech impact of metaphorical messages, as well as studies that are aimed at analyzing the density of metaphors in the text. An empirical study based on the original technique checks the hypothesis that a larger number of metaphors in the text increases the power of speech exposure. In this case, the relationship of speech exposure with the metaphor perceived aptness is also investigated. As a research methodology, a survey of 80 respondents is used, who, after reading high-metaphorical, low-metaphorical and non-metaphorical texts, should have made a choice. An important feature of the methodology is the fact that the texts used in the experiment were almost identical in content, but at the same time they were distinguished by metaphor density and perceived aptness. The results showed that metaphorical expressions in all cases were more persistent than non-metaphorical ones. The correlation coefficient between the number of metaphors and the persistence of the message was 0.69, and taking into account perceived aptness - 0.73. The main conclusion of the study is that the higher the density of metaphors in the text, the higher the persuasiveness of a given speech message. However, to achieve a high level of speech exposure, the number of metaphors in the text should be consistent with the perceived aptness, that is, the specific density of metaphors in the text is determined by the genre and style features of the speech message. If the level of perceived aptness of metaphors is low, then increasing the number of metaphors has the opposite effect on persuasiveness. Communication with a low level of metaphor aptness becomes less pervasive, despite the number of metaphors.
33
Blaženović, Nenad, and Emir Muhić. "Once Upon a Time in the Realm of Notions : The Conceptualisation of Novak Djokovic-Inspired Personality Shifts." Freeside Europe Online Academic Journal, no. 11 (2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51313/freeside-2020-2-2.
Full textAbstract:
An analysis was carried out with two interviews given by the tennis-player Novak Djokovic, one of which was in English and the other in his native Serbian. In both instances, Novak Djokovic used many conceptual metaphors throughout his speech, some of which were analysed in more detail. The main premise of the research was that people’s personalities change in accordance with language they speak at any given time and that they use different conceptual metaphors to describe the same events in different languages. The aim of the paper was to investigate whether personality shift in bilingual speakers can be observed through the speaker’s use of conceptual metaphors in different languages. Through the framework of conceptual metaphor theory, it was shown that Djokovic’s personality does change with the language he speaks. This change was shown through the conceptual metaphors, i.e., source and target domains that Djokovic used during the interviews. He does indeed use different source domains to conceptualise the same target domains in different languages.
34
Burgers, Christian, and Kathleen Ahrens. "Change in Metaphorical Framing: Metaphors of TRade in 225 Years of State of the Union Addresses (1790–2014)." Applied Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2018): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy055.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe literature provides diverging perspectives on the universality and stability of economic metaphors over time. This article contains a diachronic analysis of economic metaphors describing trade in a corpus of 225 years of US State of the Union addresses (1790–2014). We focused on two types of change: (i) replacement of a source domain by another domain and (ii) change in mapping within a source domain. In our corpus, five source domains of trade were predominant: (i) PhysicalObject, (ii) Building, (iii) Container, (iv) Journey, and (v) LivingBeing. Only the relative frequency of the Container source domain was related to time. Additionally, mappings between source and target domains were mostly stable. Nevertheless, our analyses suggest that the Trade metaphors in our corpus are related to concreteness in a more nuanced way as typically assumed in conceptual metaphor theory: metaphors high in the concreteness dimension of physicality and low in the concreteness dimension of specificity are likeliest to be used over longer time periods, by providing communicators with freedom to adjust the metaphor to changing societal circumstances.
35
Ralston, Shane J. "Metaphor Abuse in the Time of Coronavirus." Southwest Philosophy Review 37, no. 1 (2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview202137111.
Full textAbstract:
In the time of Coronavirus, it is perhaps as good a time as any to comment on the use and abuse of metaphors. One of the worst instances of metaphor abuse—especially given the recent epidemiological crisis—is Lynne Tirrell’s notion of toxic speech. In the foregoing reply piece, I analyse Tirrell’s metaphor and reveal how it blinds us to the liberating power of public speech. Lynne Tirrell argues that some speech is, borrowing from field of Epidemiology, toxic in the sense that it harms vulnerable listeners. In this response piece, I summarize the main points of Tirrell’s toxic speech argument, map the underlying conceptual metaphor and pose three objections.
36
Woldendorp, Jan. "“Metaphorically Speaking…”Paradigm And The Use Of Metaphor In Career Conversations." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 25, no. 1 (2019): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/pepsi-2019-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Since theorists like Inkson (2002), Mignot (2004), Amundson (2009) and McMahon & Watson (2012) have introduced metaphor as a valuable component in careers work, not a lot of empirical research has been added. To contribute to the need for empirical research, a qualitative study was performed to explore the actual use of metaphors in career conversations. The main aim of the study is to contribute to the theoretical and empirical knowledge base to enhance professional practices of career development. The research question was how career practitioners and their clients conceptualize careers in career conversations by the use of metaphor. The study also explored the differences in the use of metaphors when looking at the conversational role of the participants. For this purpose, the use of metaphor through two types of career practitioners as distinguished by NICE (career professionals and career advisors) was analysed. By applying the MIPVU metaphor identification procedure, 861 surface metaphors, clustered into 19 metaphor themes were identified in 18 recorded career conversations. All nine metaphor themes as identified by Inkson (2004) were found as well as the Game and Chaos metaphors as described by Prior & Bright (2009). Besides that, seven other metaphor themes were detected: Career as Physics, Liquids, Objects, Views, Constructs, Time(line), Projects and Art. Differences in the use of metaphor themes were found between clients and practitioners and between career advisors and career professionals. Based on the findings, career practitioners are recommended to actively develop awareness of their clients’ and their own paradigmatic thinking (deep metaphors) that is revealed by the use of metaphor. By doing so, they can consciously and instrumentally integrate that awareness in their professional repertoire. The academic field is recommended to expand empirical research on the role of metaphors, the paradigms that are revealed by them and the level of deliberateness and intentionality of metaphor use.
37
Kalinin, O. I. "Metaphor Power of Military Doctrines in Russian, Chinese and American English." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 3 (2021): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-3-110-121.
Full textAbstract:
Metaphor in modern linguistics is understood not only as a means of decorating speech, but also as a means of structuring, transforming and creating new knowledge, evoking emotions, influencing the perception. The article aims to estimate the potential speech impact of the military doctrines’ texts with the help of the metaphor power quantitative index. The methodology is based on calculating the indices of metaphor density (MDI), intensity (MII) and functionality of metaphors in the text (MfPI). The theoretical basis of the research is the conceptual metaphor theory by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, as well as ideas about the metaphor power and the potential persuasiveness of metaphors in the text and discourse, most fully presented in the works on meta-analysis of the metaphor speech impact by P. Sopory and S. van Stee. Thus, we assume that the higher the density of metaphors in the text, the higher is the per-suasiveness of the given speech message. Metaphors of different intensity are based on two different cognitive mechanisms, namely, categorization and comparison, and affect the recipient in different ways, since they are perceived differently by him. Conventional metaphors tend to have a so-called cognitive effect, and new “creative” metaphors, in turn, may have a considerable emotional impact. Different types of metaphors also have different functions: orientational metaphors perform a descriptive function, ontological metaphors are used to explain (translate) complex objects and phenomena, identifying them in the mind of recipients, structural metaphors serve the purpose of restructuring the signified (le signifié in terms of Saussure) of an object or phenomenon, changing the recipient’s point of view on the subject. The material under study includes the latest published doctrinal military documents – the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2014), the White Paper “China’s Defense in the New Era” (2019), and a Summary of the US National Defense Strategy (2020). The empiric results of the study show that the metaphor power of the Chinese text in comparison with American English and Russian is higher in terms of the density and intensity of the metaphors used, which indicates the intention to make the White Paper more convincing and emotionally affecting. “The US National Defense Strategy” is less saturated with novel metaphors, but at the same time it uses a greater number of structural metaphors, which indicates the intention to produce a cognitive declarative impact rather than emotional effect. The text of the Russian Military Doctrine has the lowest indices of the density and intensity of metaphors; the number of structural metaphors found in it was also the smallest, which leads us to conclude that this document highlights the informative function, having the identifying nature. The method of metaphor power analysis proposed and tested in this study allows us to single out two different types of speech impact – emotional and cognitive –, as well as makes it possible to express quantitatively their degree. In addition, the values of the metaphorical indices can be used to specify the genre and style of texts under study.
38
Rodwin, Marc A. "Strains in the Fiduciary Metaphor: Divided Physician Loyalties and Obligations in a Changing Health Care System." American Journal of Law & Medicine 21, no. 2-3 (1995): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009885880000633x.
Full textAbstract:
Owen Barfield, the British solicitor and literary scholar, reminds us that many legal concepts have their origin as metaphors and legal fictions. We often fail to see the nature of legal metaphors, Barfield argues, because over time they ossify and we read them literally rather than figuratively. Look closely at changes in law over time, Barfield advises us, to see how effectively metaphor works in law and language. Many legal categories and procedures we now use had their origin in using a metaphor that revealed a new way of looking at a problem or that helped solve a legal problem. Legal metaphors also help us to identify critical limits and strains in adapting to new facts and circumstances.George Annas has pointed out that our choice of metaphors for medicine can reframe our debates about health policy reform. And Analee and Thomas Beisecker remind us that patient-physician relations have been viewed through many metaphors. These include parent-child relations (paternalism); seller-purchaser transactions (consumerism); teacher-student learning (education); relations among partners or friends (partnership or friendship); or rational parties entering into negotiations or contracts (negotiation or rational contract).
39
Sobol-Kwapinska, Malgorzata, and Czeslaw Nosal. "How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 3 (2009): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0026-y.
Full textAbstract:
How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire Attitude towards time are usually expressed by means of metaphors. This paper presents phases of construction and validation of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire. This is a method for testing conceiving of time. An exploratory factor analyses yielded seven factor scales: Friendly Time, Hostile Time, Rapid Passage of Time, Significance of the Moment, Subtle Time, Wild Time and Empty Time. Results of correlations between scales of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire and with selected methods (Temporal Orientation Scale AION-2000, NEO-Five Factor Inventory) indicate, among other things, an ambivalence of psychological time and an importance of positive evaluation of current moment.
40
Sukhanov, E. P. "Cognitive metaphor as a tool for study of work perception by different professional groups." Social Psychology and Society 7, no. 2 (2016): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070209.
Full textAbstract:
This article contains an analysis of cognitive approach to metaphor and of pos- sibility to use it in researching objects perception by people. Metaphor is considered as a part of thinking process and at the same time as its product, which can be meaning- ful for thinking process analysis itself. The main basics of metaphor were formulated. Methods were modified for creating metaphors. A wide range of respondents were at- tracted to help many of them with creating metaphors as it is too difficult task from their point of view. To open diagnostically potential of cognitive metaphor it was held comparative analysis of metaphors for perception of work among 124 teachers and 52 medicine workers. The result of content analysis helped to find metaphor groups reflecting some patterns of perception of work. It was shown that cognitive metaphor is effective and precise tool which helps to understand characteristic perception people have about their work.
41
Pollock, D. S. G. "Metaphors for time‐series analysis." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 26, no. 4 (1995): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739950260404.
Full text
42
Wang, Juanjuan, and Yi Sun. "How is Chinese English Learners’ L2 Metaphoric Competence Related to That of L1? An E-Prime-Based Multi-Dimensional Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p115.
Full textAbstract:
Even though transfer from L1 to L2 has been repeatedly tested and confirmed, there is little literature and consensus on how and to what extent the L1 metaphoric competence could be related to that of L2. Based on the metaphor acceptability and response time of E-Prime experiments and two written tests of comprehension and production of metaphors on 94 intermediate Chinese-speaking university students of English, this study compares Chinese English learners’ similarities and differences in four dimensions (metaphor acceptability, identification speed, metaphor comprehension, and metaphor production) of metaphoric competence between L1 and L2 (here is Chinese and English). The results demonstrate that: Chinese English learners’ L1 metaphoric competence is significantly better than that of L2; their L2 metaphoric competence is significantly correlated to that of L1, and the regression analysis shows that L1 metaphoric competence has a significant prediction of that of L2. These findings enlighten us to greatly cultivate metaphoric competence in foreign language teaching and help students create connection between L1 and L2 metaphoric competence. This study also provides statistical support for the claim that metaphoric competence is a general trans-language cognitive ability for Chinese English learners.
43
Almalki, Mansoor S. "Conceptualizing Language Learning Metaphors in the Saudi EFL Context: Practicality, Applicability & Appropriacy." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 7 (2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.7p.277.
Full textAbstract:
This paper tries to investigate the trends about the use of metaphors in the Saudi EFL classrooms. The proper implementation of metaphors (i.e. instruction, acquisition, and socialization metaphors) by teachers can be a reason for boosting source in the interactional and instructional patterns of the Saudi EFL classrooms, and the significance of these metaphors at aforementioned settings was investigated in the present study. Focusing upon the perceptive design of the study, a survey was conducted to know the significance of the three metaphors in the interactional settings of the Saudi EFL classrooms. This study targeted Saudi EFL teachers’ attitudes towards the three delimited metaphors.. The respondents consisted of 200 Saudi EFL teachers drawn from the English Language Centers of the Saudi Universities. A 22-item Likert-scale questionnaire was designed to know the opinions of Saudi EFL teachers about the dynamic use of metaphors in the context of the Saudi EFL classroom. The findings of the study reflected that the Saudi EFL teachers represented by the cohort of this study presented a mixed attitudes towards the utilization of the three delimited metaphors. The findings show that a limited exposure of instructional metaphor may be one of the reasons of the poor performance of the Saudi EFL teachers. A limited exposure of acquisition metaphor may also be damaging the dynamics of teacher student interactional and instructional patterns inside the Saudi EFL classrooms. The findings further show that the teachers’ imbalanced use of class time and hardly any reliance on the coordinated interaction might be due to the limited exposure to the latest techniques embedded in the socialization metaphor. Although policy makers do not acknowledge the fundamental role of metaphors into classroom pedagogies, the participant-teachers recommended professional use of all the metaphors to achieve prerequisite dynamics of the EFL classrooms by fully acknowledging the applicability, appropriateness, and practicality of all the variables of acquisition metaphor.
44
Vyshenska, Olga. "THE FUNCTIONING OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN SHORT STORIES OF L. PIRANDELLO (on the material of a collection of short stories "Novelle per un anno")." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 35 (2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.35.11.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the functioning of the conceptual metaphors in the short stories of Luigi Pirandello (on the material of a collection of short stories "Novelle per un anno"). Conceptual metaphor appears as one of the central objects of studies within cognitive linguistics and represents the process of interaction between two conceptual domains, one of which (the source domain) helps to organize another (target domain). The history of the formation of ideas about the concept of metaphor dates back to the time of antiquity, and to this day there is a continuing growing interest of researchers in the functioning of the metaphor in its interrelation with the language. For a long time, the metaphor was one of the central objects of linguistic research, in particular of rhetoric and stylistics, and was considered solely as a way of poetical expression of the surrounding reality. Thus, in the classical sense a metaphor is a figure of speech, in which occurs an implicit comparison of two objects based on their similarity. In the second half of the twentieth century there is a rethinking of the concept of metaphor, in particular, from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics. Linguists perceive the metaphor as an element of the cognitive process and believe that language and thinking are closely interrelated, and that metaphor appears to be a natural factor in the process of expressing thoughts and ideas about the surrounding world. Thinking is therefore considered to be a metaphorical process, and metaphor is considered to be a key factor in the formation of speech. Within the cognitive paradigm, linguists focus on the functioning of a metaphor in the process of thinking, whereas its ornamental and expressive functions become less important. Through the usage of metaphors, people are able to express their ideas about the surrounding world, as well as to recreate their own thoughts and ideas, which form part of their unique world outlook. The process of formation of conceptual metaphors occurs due to the existence of a number of conceptual correspondences between the elements of the source and target domains, or metaphorical mapping. The presence of structural, orientational and ontological metaphors in speech is a direct reflection of how language and thinking interact closely with one another. These metaphors are the reproduction of the universal human experience, as well as they can be determined by the purely individual peculiarities of the cognitive processes of the individual, due to cultural, biological and perceptual experiences. The cognitive function of structural metaphors is that the speaker is able to understand the content of the target domain through the prism of the source domain. This is achieved through means of conceptual metaphorical mapping of both domains. Orientational metaphors, unlike structural ones, do not form one concept in terms of another; they create a whole new system of concepts in relation to another system. Ontological metaphors operate with abstract concepts related to human existence, which are often quite complex in terms of description or explanation. Ontological metaphors in the short stories of L. Pirandello represent the author's perception and description of the human experience of handling material objects, in particular as regards the human body as a container of emotions and feelings and container metaphors in general, as well as the introduction of personification in relation to emotions. Conceptual metaphors in the short stories of L. Pirandello acquire a positive, neutral and negative evaluative component and are the reflection of the writer's thinking and shaping his conceptual image of the world, in particular concerning conceptual metaphors related to emotions, ideas and states. There are numerous orientational metaphors as well as ontological metaphors related to human experience and abstract concepts. Also, in the short stories of L. Pirandello there are structural metaphors, which are often more or less universal in terms of expressing abstract concepts with the help of concrete ones. After analyzing the examples of the functioning of conceptual ontological, orientational and structural metaphors, it is important to note that in the work of L. Pirandello conceptual metaphors are connected with the psychological state of the characters associated with emotions related to the feeling of the existential crisis, and sometimes to the emotions of despair, sorrow, anxiety, pain. Many of the metaphors also have a relatively neutral evaluative meaning and describe the emotional state of the characters immersed in calm, meditative reflection on their lives. Some metaphors have a positive evaluative meaning, thus creating the contrast effect of the transition from one emotional state to another. Exploring the functioning of conceptual metaphors in L. Pirandello's short stories, it is fair to say that they are an important component of the author's discourse and represent the conceptual image of the writer's world. This gives a reason to conclude that the use of a conceptual metaphor in discourse directly influences the way people perceive the surrounding world, therefore conceptual metaphors are part of thought and discourse formation, and are a reflection of the perception of the world.
45
Gibbons, Alison. "Multimodal metaphors in contemporary experimental literature." Metaphor and the Social World 3, no. 2 (2013): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.3.2.04gib.
Full textAbstract:
Multimodal metaphor studies has hitherto neglected one key arena in the creative arts: literature. This article explores four case studies of multimodal metaphor within contemporary experimental literature. In poetry, the metaphor EMOTIONS ARE OBJECTS is discussed within Anne Carson’s (2009) accordion ‘poem in a box’, in which the poet struggles with the death of her brother; in literature, Steve Tomasula and Stephen Farrell’s (1996) fold-out fiction TOC and Mark Z. Danielewski’s (2006) novel Only Revolutions, both thematically interested in time and designed to be rotated in reading, are explored to reveal the metaphor TIME IS CIRCULAR MOTION; and in the graphic novel, analysis of Warren Ellis’ (2011) “SVK”, for which readers use a torch to reveal characters’ thoughts printed in UV ink, exposes the metaphor KNOWLEDGE IS LIGHT. Throughout, it is shown that multimodal metaphors are generated through both the interaction of verbal and visual modes, and through a reader-user’s performative engagement with the text. Moreover, early theorisations of multimodal metaphor in which the two domains (source and target) were required to stem from different modalities, are called into question. Rather, the creative affordances of multimodal literature show such metaphors to be more integrative in nature, both cognitively and semantically.
46
Bertuol, Roberto. "The Square Circle of Margaret Cavendish: the 17th-century conceptualization of mind by means of mathematics." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 10, no. 1 (2001): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963-9470-20011001-02.
Full textAbstract:
The cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987; Lakoff and Turner, 1989) is the basis in this article for investigating the significance of the use of mathematical language, and in particular of the metaphor to square the circle in Margaret Cavendish's poem The Circle of the Brain Cannot be Squared. In the article I begin by introducing Margaret Cavendish as the first 17th-century female poet writing on scientific topics. I then explain how mathematics in the 17th century influenced people's view of reality and the extent to which this is mirrored in poetic language. The theory of cognitive metaphor provides the framework for the elucidation of mathematical concepts used to explain 'unknown' realities like mind and emotions and, in particular, of the central metaphor to square the circle in Cavendish's poem. A brief overview of the criteria of Lakoff and colleagues for analysing metaphors shows that the apparently extravagant metaphor to square the circle was simply a novel poetic extension of the conceptual metaphor UNIVERSE IS MATHEMATICS that, like other types of metaphors considered by cognitive linguists, is grounded in everyday experience. Further, Werth's (1994) remarks about the reasons behind the poet's use of particular concepts to explain others help highlight another important aspect at the basis of the production of novel metaphors, namely that of 'poetic choice'. Finally, I elaborate on Werth's remarks by drawing attention to what I term cultural choice, that is, to the influence that common knowledge and beliefs shared by the members of a linguistic community exert on the poet's choice of metaphors. The analysis of the poem shows that the topic and language of the poem, as well as the subtext, that is, the length of lines and the stanza form, depend on metaphoric projections from the domain MATHEMATICS. Through the conceptual metaphor NATURE IS MATHEMATICS, Cavendish explains man's attempt to take control over irrationalia such as fancy and female nature. The impossibility of squaring the circle is used as a proof to demonstrate that nature and fancy cannot be restricted and, at the same time, to give Cavendish a hope of acceptance in the male-dominated world.
47
Rusnak, Yulia. "Cognitive nature of metaphor in the language of Olga Kobylyanska's works." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.235.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is to analyze the structural and semantic features of metaphor in the Olga Kobylyanska’s artistic discourse. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of further in-depth study of Olga Kobylyanskaya idiostyle in order to form a cognitive-pragmatic conception of the writer's artistic discourse. The novelty of scientific work is due to the fact that the cognitive nature of metaphor in the language of the O. Kobylyanska’s works is studied for the first time. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural and comparative and historical methods. Conclusions. Olga Kobylyanska's artistic discourse is characterized by the convergence of linguistic means, in particular, her works are full of metaphors of different nature. We recorded one-word and multi-words metaphors. One-word metaphors are dominated by addresses. In multi-words metaphors the semantic load falls on one of the components of the syntactic construction. Many metaphors describe the mental state of human. Often the metaphor is complemented by comparison, inversion, oxymoron etc. In creating of metaphorical constructions the writer uses the following images: soul, heart (to convey the psycho-emotional state of the characters), bread (to denote the property status), lilies (means pure girl’s love), dirty spot (to denote difficult memories), the sun in souls (to depict joyful events). Metaphors contain a number of verbs used figuratively. We distinguish metaphors formed on the basis of interparadigmatic transferred meanings, which come from the artistic (sculpture), musical, theatrical, sacred, financial spheres.
48
Vuković Stamatović, Milica. "Metaphors of parliamentary budget debates in times of crisis." Pragmatics and Society 8, no. 2 (2017): 281–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.2.06sta.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the metaphoric imprint the global financial crisis has left on the discourse of parliamentary budget debates, which are at the intersection of political and economic discourse, as well as the imprint the MPs have tried to leave on the electorate by carefully selecting metaphors to hide agency, disclaim responsibility and project themselves as saviours. We focus both on conceptual and linguistic metaphors, trying, simultaneously, to account for how the metaphors are developed in the debate. The corpus comprises two budget debates held at the time the financial crisis was in full swing (conducted in the Parliament of Montenegro and the UK House of Commons). The recurrent conceptual metaphors related to the economic crisis were analysed for the two parts of the corpus respectively – the results were compared and similarities were observed in terms of the metaphors used and the discourse strategies behind their selection.
49
Dennis, Jeremy. "(Un)Disciplining Interdisciplinarity." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education 8, no. 1 (2019): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jise.v8i1.600.
Full textAbstract:
In interdisciplinary education, metaphors often provide the epistemological clarity that is lacking in our definitions and theories of interdisciplinarity. The problem is that ineffective and unsubstantiated metaphors proliferate. We lack a root metaphor or shared world view of interdisciplinarity. Is it time that we move away from thinking in terms of metaphors? Some instrumentalists in interdisciplinary studies argue yes and propose a pragmatic constructionist approach for interdisciplinary education. This theoretical study determines that this proposal is incomplete. It reveals that an intertextual view of interdisciplinarity is not only more appropriate, but it integrates the competing theoretical and pedagogical approaches in the field. This article also identifies “the matrix” as the metaphor best positioned to sustain this integration and to bridge the widening gap between disciplines.
50
Teresė, Anželika. "Lithuanian Sign Language Poetry: Location as Mean of Expression of Metaphors." Taikomoji kalbotyra 17 (March 29, 2022): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2022.17.1.
Full textAbstract:
In order to solve issues in sign language linguistics, address matters pertaining to maintaining high quality of sign language (SL) translation, contribute to dispelling misconceptions about SL and deaf people, and raise awareness and understand of the deaf community heritage, this article, for the first time in a Lithuanian scientific journal, discusses authentic poetry in Lithuanian Sign Language (LSL) and inherent metaphors that are created by using the phonological parameter – location. The study covered in this article is twofold, involving both the micro-level analysis of metaphors in terms of location as a sub-lexical feature and the macro-level analysis of the poetic context. Cognitive theories underlie research of metaphors in sign language poetry in a range of sign languages. The study follows this practice. In view of the abovementioned reasons, this piece of research is new and relevant to Lithuania. The article covers qualitative analysis of 10 pieces of LSL poetry. The analysis employs ELAN software widely used in sign language research. The target is to examine how specific types of location are used for the creation of metaphors in LSL poetry and what metaphors are created. The results of the study show that LSL poetry employs a range of locations resulting in a host of metaphors created by using classifier signs and by modifying the location of the established signs. The study also reveals that LSL poetry mostly tends to create reference metaphors indicating status and power. As the study shows, LSL poets metaphorically encode status by encoding another meaning in the same sign, which results in creating double metaphors. The metaphor of identity has been determined to consist of chest signing. Notably, the poetic context has revealed that the latter metaphor can also be identified as a metaphor of life. The study goes on to note that deaf poets create metaphors related to the importance of various phenomena, significance of the lyrical subject. Notably, the study has allowed detecting locations never mentioned in previous SL research as used for the creation of metaphors. For instance, previous SL research fails to cover temporal metaphors expressed by signing in central and peripheral areas and attitudinal metaphors represented by signing near the eye. The study has also detected a sign that can be identified as a metaphor of death and that is absent in previous SL research.