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1
Berger, Amy White. "An investigation of adolescents' choice of and identification with their heroes, and how their perceptions change over time." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1994. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Rhodes, Darren. "Bayesian time perception." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6608/.
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Time is an elemental dimension of human perception, cognition and action. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the computational basis for the processing of temporal information remains unknown. This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms underlying the perceived timing of stimuli. We propose a novel Bayesian model of when stimuli are perceived that is consistent with the predictive coding framework – such a perspective to how the brain deals with temporal information forms the core of this thesis. We theorize that that the brain takes prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) and combines it with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate a percept of perceived timing (posterior distribution). In Chapters 2-4, we use human psychophysics to show that the brain may bias perception such that slightly irregularly timed stimuli as reported as more regular. In Chapter 3, we show how an environment of irregularity can cause regularly timed sequences to be perceived as irregular whilst Chapter 4 shows how changes in the reliability of a signal can cause an increased attraction towards expectation.
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Hardie, Beth Nicole. "Why monitoring doesn't always matter : the situational role of parental monitoring in adolescent crime." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269284.
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Parental monitoring of settings is not always relevant for the prevention of adolescent crime because adolescents with strong personal moral rules and the ability to exercise self control are unlikely to offend even when they are unsupervised and know that their parents have little knowledge about their activities. Parental monitoring, commonly operationalised as parental supervision or parental knowledge, is often shown to have a negative relationship with crime involvement. However, research often ignores both the mechanism by which these relationships occur and the conditions under which they might (and might not) be found. This thesis uses specialist Space-Time Budget data (from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study) to allow the comparison of adolescent crime rates in settings characterised by the of convergence of i) the physical presence or absence of parents and other guardians, ii) the psychological presence or absence of parents (represented by adolescent-perceived generalised parental knowledge of the circumstances of unsupervised activity) and iii) personal crime propensity (moral rules and ability to exercise self control). The conclusion derived from the results is that the physical presence of parents and other guardians in settings reduces the rate of adolescent crime committed in those settings; and the psychological presence of parents reduces the criminogenic impact of unsupervised time. Crucially however, these effects of parental monitoring are almost irrelevant for adolescents with a lower personal crime propensity, who are not likely to offend in settings irrespective of the physical or psychological absence of parents and other guardians. These findings provide support for person-environment interactions inherent in the causal model of Situational Action Theory, and provide a novel addition to evidence that could be used in future to inform policy-relevant recommendations concerning parenting behaviour and adolescent offending. Although this thesis provides new evidence about the relationship between parental monitoring and crime, the bulk of its contribution is relevant to a much wider audience. It contributes to the debate on approaches to the study of crime and crime prevention, adds clarity to key concepts and develops theoretical arguments in the field of parental monitoring and crime, develops a novel application of Situational Action Theory, extends theoretical and methodological discussions surrounding situational analysis, applies novel data and analytical methods to the study of the psychological and physical presence of guardians, generates and situates unique findings about the situational role of aspects of parental monitoring and crime, and makes some policy recommendations and suggestions about the nature and direction of future research.
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Lewis, Penelope A. "Neural mechanisms of time perception." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394035.
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Alexander, Iona. "Neural aspects of time perception." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418556.
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Liu, Chong. "Reinforcement learning with time perception." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reinforcement-learning-with-time-perception(a03580bd-2dd6-4172-a061-90e8ac3022b8).html.
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Classical value estimation reinforcement learning algorithms do not perform very well in dynamic environments. On the other hand, the reinforcement learning of animals is quite flexible: they can adapt to dynamic environments very quickly and deal with noisy inputs very effectively. One feature that may contribute to animals' good performance in dynamic environments is that they learn and perceive the time to reward. In this research, we attempt to learn and perceive the time to reward and explore situations where the learned time information can be used to improve the performance of the learning agent in dynamic environments. The type of dynamic environments that we are interested in is that type of switching environment which stays the same for a long time, then changes abruptly, and then holds for a long time before another change. The type of dynamics that we mainly focus on is the time to reward, though we also extend the ideas to learning and perceiving other criteria of optimality, e.g. the discounted return, so that they can still work even when the amount of reward may also change. Specifically, both the mean and variance of the time to reward are learned and then used to detect changes in the environment and to decide whether the agent should give up a suboptimal action. When a change in the environment is detected, the learning agent responds specifically to the change in order to recover quickly from it. When it is found that the current action is still worse than the optimal one, the agent gives up this time's exploration of the action and then remakes its decision in order to avoid longer than necessary exploration. The results of our experiments using two real-world problems show that they have effectively sped up learning, reduced the time taken to recover from environmental changes, and improved the performance of the agent after the learning converges in most of the test cases compared with classical value estimation reinforcement learning algorithms. In addition, we have successfully used spiking neurons to implement various phenomena of classical conditioning, the simplest form of animal reinforcement learning in dynamic environments, and also pointed out a possible implementation of instrumental conditioning and general reinforcement learning using similar models.
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Katzenmeyer, Lynn M. "Adolescent bereavement and social support perception of need according to gender." Online version, 2001. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2001/2001katzenmeyerl.pdf.
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Berge, Håvard. "Time-variable scene quality perception tests." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9011.
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Plan and carry out perception tests of time-varying scene composition, spatial and temporal resolution of scene objects, respectively, as defined in DMP. Base the time-variation on short time intervals of only tenths of milliseconds. Use and extend test setup as in 'The Hems Lab - Perceptual test of scene objects with variable temporal resolution' project, autumn 2008. Find an economic model that can be used to help businesses assess market potential of new technology (software, hardware) and show how this can be used in a DMP setting.
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Jia, Lina. "Crossmodal emotional modulation of time perception." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-165138.
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The thesis that consists of three studies investigated how visual affective stimuli or action as contexts influence crossmodal time processing, particularly on the role of the crossmodal/sensorimotor linkage in time perception. By using different types of emotional stimuli (e.g., threat, disgust, and neutral pictures) and manipulating the possibility of near-body interactions, three studies disassociated the impacts of embodied action from emotional dimensions (arousal and valence) on crossmodal emotional modulation in time perception. The whole thesis thus offered the first behavioral evidence that embodied action is an important factor that expands subjective tactile duration and facilitates tactile selection (modality-specific temporal processing) in emotion and action contexts. Moreover, subjective expansion of duration by threat and action contexts may reflect the evolutionary coupling of our perceptual and motor systems to adapt to the specific environments for survival and success.
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Quinn, Sandra. "The perception of time in music." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17763.
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This thesis is concerned with the perception of time in music with emphasis on tempo, emotion and time perception in music. Three studies were conducted to assess whether listeners were able to make consistent judgements about tempo that varied from piece to piece. Listeners heard short extracts of Scottish music played at a range of tempi and were asked to make a two alternative forced choice of 'too fast' or 'too slow' for each extract. The responses for each study were plotted as proportion too fast responses as a function of tempo for each piece, and cumulative normal curves were fitted to each data set. The point where these curves cross 0.5 is the tempo at which the music sounds right to the listeners, referred to as the optimal tempo. The results from each study show that listeners are capable of making consistent tempo judgements and that the optimal tempo varies across extracts. The results also revealed that rhythm plays a role, but not the only role in making temporal judgements. In the previous studies, it is possible that listeners might be using an average tempo from previously heard extracts to make every subsequent response. We wanted to assess this by presenting a single stimulus per participant and therefore remove any effects of the context on participant's responses. Using this technique we shall show that listeners can make 'too fast' and 'too slow' responses that are independent of previously heard extracts. In addition the data reveal similar results to those found in the first experimental chapter. The 3rd chapter deals with the effect of changes in the tempo of music on the perception of happy and sadness. Listeners heard short extracts of music that varied in tempo and were asked to make a 2AFC of happy or sad for each extract. Separate psychometric functions were obtained for each extract of music, and the points where these crossed 83% and 17% happy were calculated, and treated as happy tempo and sad tempo respectively. The results show that most extracts can be perceived as both happy and sad just by varying the tempo. However, the tempo at which extracts become happy or sad varies widely from extract to extract. We show that the sad and happy tempi are related to the size of the intervals (pitch changes) in the extract. In considering what might be involved in the perception of time in music we wanted to assess what effect small changes to a stimulus would have on perceived duration. We presented 2 auditory stimuli and show that the perceived duration of the test stimulus with a change in pitch increased as the size of the pitch change increased. The results are explained in terms of event strength where strong events cause perceived duration to increase whilst weak events are perceived to be shorter by comparison.
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Ayhan, I. "Vision-based mechanisms of time perception." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/623426/.
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Perceived duration of brief intervals can be altered in a specific spatial location in the visual field by adaptation to oscillatory motion or flicker (Johnston et al, 2006, 2008). In the first experiment here, the spatial tuning of adaptation-based temporal distortions was investigated by varying the spatial separation of adaptor and test. It was found that adaptation-based apparent duration compression is tightly tuned to the location of the adaptor and that the effects of adaptation on perceived duration are dissociable from those on temporal frequency although the spatial tuning of these effects was similar. In a second experiment, the frame of reference (retinotopic versus spatiotopic) of adaptation effects was investigated using pursuit and saccadic paradigms. It was observed a robust time compression following a purely retinotopic adaptation. In two different saccadic paradigms, no significant effect was observed after spatiotopic adaptation. No interocular transfer was found. In a third experiment, the effect of the luminance signal on adaptationbased duration compression was investigated using luminance-modulated and isoluminant stimuli. It was shown that the apparent duration compression following temporal frequency adaptation is specific to luminance-modulated stimuli and that the effect disappears at isoluminance. The differences in visibility between luminance-modulated and isoluminant stimuli could not explain the discrepancy. At isoluminance, duration compression was recovered for chromatic backgrounds. The final experiments investigated the effect of simultaneous surrounds on the perceived duration of inner patches. It was found that perceived duration of a mid-temporal frequency counterphase modulated flicker is almost significantly expanded if embedded within a high temporal frequency context; whereas a low temporal frequency context can only induce a mild expansion. In an adaptation paradigm, counterphase modulated flicker was found to induce smaller duration compression compared to drifting stimuli. These results provide further evidence for a difference between mechanisms modulating duration and temporal frequency.
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Milan, Stephen. "Children's perception and understanding of time." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.561120.
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Empirical work investigating children's temporal representations has included investigations of children's awareness of the past, present and future; their understanding of temporal order and their representation of duration. Previous work on children's temporal awareness leads to the question of whether children can access cognitive representations of durations in situations where the temporal aspects of the task are not made directly apparent either in the information given prior to stimulus presentation or in the subsequent question. There is very little evidence to indicate whether these representations might be accessed in the absence of any specific reference to the temporal aspects of the procedure. The empirical work in this thesis focuses on children's developing representation of duration in a procedure that avoids making specific reference to the temporal aspects of the task, in a context more closely analogous to their real world experiences where durations occur in the absence of salient prompts and cues. Results Data from over three hundred children who participated in the seven experiments in this series are encouraging and suggest that by the age of six years children do become able to differentially represent durations of 10 and 25 seconds in a procedure where no explicit reference was made to the temporal aspects of the experience, and the ability to differentially represent durations of 25 and 40 seconds, in this context, emerges later in development, at around eight years of age. 2 Conclusions This series 0 xperiments indicates that by six years of age children are able to represent durations in the absence of explicit reference to the temporal aspect of the task, and they are able to differentially represent durations of 10 and 25 seconds. Around eight years of age they are able to differentially represent durations of 25 and 40 seconds However whilst these findings indicate that children of six years and above may be able to differentially represent durations in this range.the inconsistencies in performance in the series of experiments suggest that the ability may be fragile. Whilst children in this age range are able to demonstrate the ability to code durations the limiting factors on their ability to do so in real world contexts remain unclear. Short abstract. Word count: 363.
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Agostino, Camila Silveira. "Time-intervals perception in intertemporal choice." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Cheng, Hon-kwong Christopher. "The self-conceptions of Hong Kong adolescents : conceptual, measurement, and process perspectives /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18598213.
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Lundgren, Caroline. "Adolescents' Perceptions of English Outside of School - A Study of Four Young People's Thoughts on English in Their Spare Time." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-32842.
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I denna studie undersöks ungdomars uppfattningar och tankar om engelska utanför skolan. Nu för tiden kommer ungdomar i kontakt med engelska överallt och engelska har blivit mer av ett andraspråk än ett främmande språk i dagens samhälle. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse i vad ungdomar tänker om den engelska som de möter på sin fritid. Fyra niondeklassare har intervjuats och de har svarat på frågor om var de möter engelska på sin fritid, hur de använder språket och hur de lär sig engelska utanför skolan. Deras svar visar att ungdomar kommer i kontakt med engelska genom olika källor, de använder språket beroende på deras intressen och de lär sig engelska på olika sätt utanför skolan.This study investigates adolescents’ perceptions and thoughts on English outside of school. Adolescents come in contact with English everywhere these days and English has become more of a second language than a foreign language in today’s society. The purpose of this study is to get a deeper understanding of what young people think about the English they meet in their spare time. Four young people who are all ninth-graders were interviewed for the study. They were asked questions about where they meet English in their spare time, how they use the language and how they learn English outside of school. Their responses show that adolescents come in contact with English through different sources, they use the language according to their interests and they all go about learning English in different ways.
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Woods, Lance Gregory 1945. "Sex-role attributes, self-perception and predisposition to depression in early adolescence." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288838.
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This study investigated the relationship of sex-role attributes, self-perception, and predisposition to depression in early adolescence. 235 students from middle schools in Dade County, Florida were asked to complete three instruments; the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, the Perceived Competence Scale, and the Children's Depression Inventory. The study was designed to determine the effects of sex-role attributes on self-perception and predisposition to depression in early adolescence. More specifically, the study asked whether instrumental attributes were implicated in higher levels of perceived competence and lower depressive symptomatology while the reverse was true for those with expressive attributes. The results of the study confirmed that instrumentality and perceived competence appear to inoculate against depression. Instrumentality for the entire sample was, in fact, significantly correlated with higher overall perceived competence and significantly inversely correlated with depressive symptomatology. Contrary to the initial hypotheses, however, expressive traits were also positively correlated with higher perceived competence and lower levels of depressive symptomatology in the entire sample. Within the sample, though, those designated as expressive individuals did report a positive but nonsignificant relationship between expressive traits and increased depression measures. Instrumental males and androgynous females reported the lowest percentages of elevated depression scores while undifferentiated males and females reported the highest percentage. While both perceived competence and instrumental attributes were found to have a significant inverse relationship with depression, the hypothesis that instrumental traits mediated the relationship between perceived competence and depression was not borne out with both perceived competence and instrumentality maintaining significant contributions to overall levels of depressive symptoms. The same was not true for expressive attributes as they related to the mediation of perceived competence and depression. When both perceived competence and expressivity were considered expressivity failed to maintain a significant relationship with levels of depressive symptoms. The study also reflected sex role attributes as coping styles similar to problem focused and emotion focused approaches and also suggested an awareness that a coping style other than the individual's predominant style seemed to exist.
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Karanka, Joni. "Learning in binocular time-to-contact perception." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54808/.
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Time-to-contact (TTC) is defined as the remaining time for an object to reach the observer. This is an important quantity for timing an action such as hitting or catching a ball. This thesis deals with learning processes in TTC perception when binocular vision is available. Chapter 1 studies the learning of TTC in relative discrimination tasks. We did not find learning in this task, but we found that simple correlates of TTC explained the judgments made by the participants. Chapter 2 studies the learning of TTC in absolute estimation tasks. We found that the variable and constant error of the responses reduced with training. Chapter 3 studied the use of feedback in calibrating the timing of TTC estimates. We found that biased timing produced changes in the constant error, suggesting that TTC calibration is guided by feedback. Chapter 4 studied if the reduction of variable error was due to an increased perceptual sensitivity to TTC. However, we failed to find transfer from the absolute estimation tasks to relative discrimination tasks, suggesting that the learning found in Chapter 2 might not be of perceptual origin. In Chapter 5 we studied a large group of participants in laboratory tasks and a natural hitting task. We found that the performance in relative discrimination and absolute estimation tasks could be used to predict hitting skill. This suggests that the perception of TTC can be linked with interceptive timing. Taken together, these results suggest that perceptual sensitivity to TTC changes slightly -if at all- with training, but changes in perceptuo-motor mapping and calibration of the estimates that increase interceptive performance do take place.
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Corvi, Andrea P. "Subjective Time Perception Predicts Delay of Gratification." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1291765358.
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Kwok, Chung Tin. "Robust real-time perception for mobile robots /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7017.
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MOSCATELLI, ALESSANDRO. "Behavioural studies on the perception of time." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/209165.
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Il comportamento umano e animale presuppone una precisa stima temporale degli eventi esterni e
degli atti motori. Il successo in compiti quali afferrare una palla, suonare uno strumento o giudicare
il movimento di un ballerino dipende dalla capacità del sistema nervoso di processare
l’informazione temporale. Oggetto di questa tesi è la stima temporale di stimoli visivi della durata
di centinaia di millisecondi. Lo studio sulla discriminazione temporale è strettamente legato alla
codifica del movimento nel sistema nervoso. Pur essendo in grado di stimare la durata temporale di
un oggetto statico, nella nostra vita quotidiana la variabile tempo acquista importanza soprattutto
quando ci troviamo ad interagire con un oggetto in movimento. In una serie di esperimenti ho
testato su soggetti sani volontari come il movimento influenza la percezione del tempo. In
particolare il capitolo 1 riguarda il movimento di un oggetto inanimato sottoposto all’azione del
campo gravitazionale; il capitolo 2 il movimento di una figura umana (movimento biologico).
Non sempre è necessario che lo stimolo visivo sia effettivamente in moto per trasmettere ad un
osservatore una sensazione di movimento. Ad esempio la fotografia di un atleta che corre può
trasmettere un senso di movimento, questo fenomeno è conosciuto nella letteratura delle
neuroscienze come movimento implicito. Il capitolo 3 mostra come il movimento implicito
modifichi la durata percepita di una immagine. La codifica di una informazione temporale è
rilevante sia nei compiti percettivi che in quelli motori. Si pensi a titolo di esempio al pattinaggio in
coppia: ciascuno dei due atleti deve eseguire il proprio movimento ad un tempo preciso e altresì
stimare in modo accurato il movimento del compagno. Come mostrato nel capitolo 2, è possibile
mettere in relazione il tempo dell’atto motorio con quello del giudizio percettivo.
Il lavoro sperimentale è stato integrato da uno studio metodologico (statistico) sull’utilizzo dei
modelli stratificati (GLMM) nelle neuroscienze comportamentali. Una breve sintesi di questo studio
viene fornita nell’introduzione generale. Il modello in oggetto è stato altresì applicato all’analisi dei
dati riportati nel capitolo 2.
Gli studi esposti in questa tesi contribuiranno ad una migliore comprensione della codifica
dell’informazione temporale nei compiti percettivi e motori.The behaviour of humans and animals requires a precise timing of events and actions. Catching a falling body, playing a piano or judging the movements of a dancer are all tasks that may fail or not depending on the precision and the accuracy the temporal processing. In this thesis, I studied the timing of visual stimuli in the scale of hundreds of milliseconds. Time perception of visual stimuli is tightly entangled with visual motion. Subjects are capable of judging the duration of a stationary flash, as tested in many psychophysical experiments. Nevertheless, in our daily life, a fine temporal discrimination is usually required when the target stimulus changes its position over time. I studied in several experiments how does the temporal processing change in relation to either biological or inanimate, gravity-accelerated motion. These two issues are discussed in chapter 1 (gravitational motion) and chapter 2 (biological motion). Motion perception goes beyond the real displacement of the target. The still image of a body in motion evokes in most of people a sense of movement, a phenomenon known as implied motion. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of implied motion on the perceived duration of the stimulus. Timing is relevant in both sensory and motor processing. Think for example to pair skating: each athlete need to execute her/his own movement with a precise time and to estimate the duration of the movement of the partner as well as. As shown in chapter 2, it is possible to relate the motor timing with the perceived duration of a stimulus. I integrated my experimental studies with a methodological research on the usage of hierarchical models (also called mixed models) in psychophysics. I provide a brief resume about this issue in the general introduction of this thesis. Mixed models were applied for data analysis of the experiments discussed in chapter 1. The studies that are discussed in this thesis will contribute to a further understanding of the temporal processing in the sensory and motor behaviour.
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Huang, Harriette Yung-Wei Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Clock time: process and representation." Ottawa, 1992.
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Lee, Mee-ling Louisa. "Perception of control, family and peers in adolescents' coping." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1947099X.
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Buote, Carol Anne. "Relations of autonomy and relatedness to school functioning and psychological adjustment during adolescence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/NQ56515.pdf.
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Gay, Jennifer D. "Prolonged Development of Temporal Processing in Adolescence." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1595372610901194.
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Zoelle, Ben. "Nutrition, perception of nutrition, and academic performance in ninth grade students." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998zoelleb.pdf.
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Aleong, Rosanne. "Body image during adolescence : behavioural and neuroimaging studies." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115680.
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The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate body image at both the behavioural and neural levels. We describe three studies aimed at: (1) developing a novel digital methodology with which to assess perceptual aspects of body image during adolescence; (2) investigating perceptual accuracy and sensitivity to changes in the size/shape of body images among healthy adolescents; and (3) identifying the neural mechanisms of body perception using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A novel library of digital images of adolescent bodies was created and used to characterize natural covariations in body size and shape using principal components analysis. Identified principal components were used to morph body images in a realistic manner to generate larger or smaller bodies. These morphed body-image stimuli were then used in a behavioural investigation of self body-image perception among adolescents. Male and female adolescents overestimated the size of their bodies. When compared with males, females overestimated their body size to a greater extent and showed greater sensitivity in detecting changes in body size. Overestimation of body size and detection sensitivity increased with subject age. Detection sensitivity decreased as a function of subjects' body mass index (BMI). In order to identify the underlying neural mechanisms of these effects, functional block-design and fMR-adaptation experiments were completed in healthy young adults. During both experiments, females, and not males, showed greater fMR signal in the right versus left hemisphere in the extrastriate body area (EBA) and fusiform body area (FBA). During the block-design experiment, females also demonstrated greater right EBA response compared with males. Observer BMI modulated the EBA hemispheric effect in both experiments. A significant recovery from adaptation was found in EBA and FBA with body-image morphing, indicating that both regions were sensitive to body-size changes. Ultimately, we demonstrated the successful use of a novel body-morphing method for the assessment of body image, established that sex, age, and BMI modulate accuracy of self body-size estimation and detection of changes in body size, and described evidence of EBA and FBA as the likely neural substrates of these behavioural effects.
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Cheng, Hon-kwong Christopher, and 鄭漢光. "The self-conceptions of Hong Kong adolescents: conceptual, measurement, and process perspectives." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893855.
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Heffernan, Dorothy Dagmar. "Perceptuo-motor calibration and the perception of affordances following rapid growth in adolescence." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24310.
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Adolescence is usually considered to be a time of transition from child to adult. However, studies of perceptuo-motor control have tended to focus on infants and young children or on adults, despite indications that the actions of adolescent children are poorly coordinated. This thesis examines the adolescent growth spurt and resulting recalibration of perceptuo-motor control with respect to the coordination of movement. The first four experiments compared the performance of boys aged 12 and 13 (the age when a growth spurt is most likely to be in progress) with older (aged 14 and 15) and younger (aged 10 and 11) boys on tasks where their knowledge of their ability to perform certain actions was observed. These tasks examined actions ranging from placing objects on surfaces in front of them, reaching up to place objects on high shelves, stepping across gaps and walking along balance beams. In agreement with previous research, the younger children tended to overestimate their ability more than the older children. However, overall the poorest match between predictions and actual actions was observed in the 12 and 13 year old boys. In particular, they appeared to have a problem identifying the critical point beyond which they could no longer maintain balance during an action. This was linked to complex changes which take place in conjunction with height increases at adolescence: moments of inertia of body segments change and this must be taken into account when planning actions. The last three experiments examined the relationship between growth and performance on forward and upward reach as well as on a task where children used long sticks to increase their forward reach. In this case, the performance of boys aged 12 and 13 who had grown substantially over the previous six months differed substantially from that of boys of the same age who had grown only a small amount. Again, differences were most notable when it was necessary to identify the critical point beyond which balance could not be maintained: this was particularly apparent when reaching with long sticks. The High Growth boys greatly overestimated their ability in comparison to the Low Growth boys. The results of the thesis highlight the perceptuo-motor changes which accompany rapid growth and demonstrate that adult patterns of movement are unlikely to be in place until the child has learned to take account of changes in height, limb length and the moments of inertia of their body and limb segments. Until this has happened, it is likely that the adolescent will occasionally perform poorly planned and coordinated movements, especially in unfamiliar situations.
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Brown, Stephanie Vivian. "Learning adolescence : producing the family and the self in an expert culture /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Adams, Philippe. "Structural and evaluative aspects of the self-concept in the development of depression in adolescence." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115669.
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Rates of depression have been observed to increase markedly during adolescence. In addition, depression rates for adolescent girls have been reported to be up to twice those of boys. A wide variety of factors have been proposed to account for these changes, including psychological factors derived from cognitive theories of depression. Such theories have often awarded an important contributory role to a negative self-concept. In the meantime, research in child and adolescent development has revealed that the self-concept undergoes profound changes during adolescence, and that these changes affect boys and girls differently. Thus the significant sex difference in rates of depression occurring in adolescence appear to develop against the backdrop of significant structural and evaluative developmental changes in the self-concept that appear to differentially affect adolescent girls and boys. The current research project was aimed at examining the roles of two aspects of the self-concept proposed to be involved in the development of depressive symptoms and clinically significant episodes of depression in adolescence, namely: self-complexity and contingency of self-worth. These constructs were selected based on their empirically demonstrated relationship with depression in youth or adults, as well as their relationship with changes occurring in the self-concept during early adolescence. In order to examine the roles of self-complexity and contingency of self-worth, a large community sample of early adolescents was recruited and followed for a period of two years. During this period, participants were contacted to monitor changes in depressive symptoms, the occurrence of negative life events, and the onset of clinically significant episodes of depression. Results reveal that self-complexity best predicted depressive outcomes when deconstructed into its positive and negative components. Moreover, negative self-complexity successfully predicted the prospective onset of clinically significant episodes of major depression. In regards to the contingency of self-worth, results supported a previous self-worth contingency model of depression, but suggest that this conceptualization cannot account entirely for the phenomenology of depression in adolescence. Two additional conceptualizations of contingent self-worth were proposed and supported. Sex differences were observed. Results were interpreted within a cognitive vulnerability framework.
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Cheung, Siu-kau. "Depressive experiences and perception of self : a longitudinal study on Chinese early adolescents /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B16539473.
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Labbé, Daniel. "Measures of Working Memory, Motivation, and Time Perception." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6362.
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Recent studies have indicated a further need to investigate the role of motivation in workingmemory (WM) training and that time perception affects motivation. We addressed whethersubjectively perceived time on task in reference to objective time on task could serve as animplicit measure of motivation, while controlling for individual differences in timeperception. Here, the relationship between different measures of time perception, WM, andmotivation was explored in healthy children. Fifty children in three natural groups (ages: 6-7,8-9, 10-11) at a Swedish school participated. WM scores changed with age as expected.However, the absence of correlations between WM performance and intrinsic motivationwere inconsistent with previous findings, presumably due to the low statistical sensitivity.Nevertheless, time perception accuracy (r=0.318, p=0.043) and state motivation (r=0.434,p=0.005) correlated with performance on task interference, but not WM. With somereservations due to low sensitivity, time perception accuracy appears to be linked tocoordinative capacity required for shifting attention, but to a lesser degree sequential working memory capacity.
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Hodgson, Anthony Malcolm. "Time, pattern, perception : integrating systems and futures thinking." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16878.
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Fein, Zachery E. "The Aesthetic of Decay: Space, Time, and Perception." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1305892741.
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Nordin, Aliimran. "Immersion and players' time perception in digital games." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7553/.
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Immersion is a commonly used term by players, designers and reviewers of digital games to describe their experience of playing digital games. It represents the cognitive sense of 'being in the games'. One of its consequences is players are losing track of time. However, little has been done to further investigate the effect of immersion on players' time perception whilst playing digital games. This thesis describes a series of experimental investigations to discover the relationship between immersion on players' time perception during a gaming session. The first five experimental studies are focused on manipulating immersion to test its effect on players' time perception. The next six experiments are focused on manipulating players' time perception to test its effect on immersion whilst gaming. The results from these experiments are rather inconsistent. Immersion in some experiments was successfully manipulated it but there were no significant effects on players' time perception. Similarly, in the other experiments players' time perception was manipulated but there were no significant effects on their immersion experience. To further consolidate these findings, a meta-analysis was conducted to produce the single estimate effect on players' time perception during the experimental investigations. The result suggests that participants either overestimate or underestimate time whilst playing. Further, there is substantial heterogeneity across experiments suggesting that the experimental manipulations affect players' time perception differently depending on the experiments. Together, the evidence suggests both immersion and players' time perception are rather sensitive. The manipulation of either one of them could also affect the other but not in a consistent manner. Moreover, there are clear challenges in studying this phenomenon in the lab context. Furthermore, considering the literature on time in digital games environment, the final qualitative study is conducted using grounded theory to understand how players perceive time whilst playing digital games. The theory suggests that players are aware of time but they give themselves a ``self-consent" to ignore it during the gaming session. However, when they evaluate about their playing time they realise that they have spent a lot of time and they use statements such as losing track of time to justify why they have been playing for so long. Many research opportunities open from here. Measuring players' time perception whilst being immersed in digital games in the lab settings is complicated. However, other techniques available in the area of HCI can be applied to measure players' time perception specifically in the context of digital games. This is essential because time is needed for gaming and by understanding how digital games players perceive time allows game designers to better understand player experience.
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Zuk, Nathaniel J. "Neural coding of time-varying interaural time differences and its relation to perception." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107286.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 124-130).
In natural environments, sounds are often not static. Usually, moving objects require the most attention, e.g. for identifying the presence and direction of a moving vehicle, or detecting and tracking the trajectory of a predator or prey. Faster time-varying location cues can occur in acoustic environments containing many spatially distributed sound sources, like at a cocktail party. In this case, we can identify the locations of the sources by "glimpsing" at short-duration localization cues when the sound energy from one source dominates the mixture. Even faster time-varying spatial cues result from reverberation in an echoic environment and we perceive them as spatially diffuse. We qualitatively perceive motion, a cocktail party, and reverberation differently, and these three percepts are determined by how quickly the spatial cues are moving. How these percepts come about in the auditory system is unknown. Here, we studied how neurons encode time-varying location cues and how the neural code relates to perception. Our focus was on time-varying interaural time differences (ITD), one of the main cues for localizing sounds in the horizontal plane. We recorded from single neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) in the auditory midbrain of unanesthetized rabbits. The IC is the site of an obligatory synapse in the auditory pathway and one of the first stages of processing following the initial extraction of spatial cues in the brainstem. We hypothesized that the IC exhibits limitations in its ability to encode time-varying ITD that give rise to these different percepts. First, we show that IC neurons are more "sluggish" on average at synchronizing to the time-varying ITD than to amplitude modulations presented at a static ITD. Binaural sluggishness has been proposed based on human psychophysics but never validated neuro physiologically in the IC. Second, we show that most neurons are unable to synchronize to the time-varying ITD at speeds where humans no longer perceive fluctuations. Instead, neurons exhibit a change in average firing rate that corresponds to binaural decorrelation of the noise for very fast time-varying ITD, and this may explain the percept of a spatially diffuse sound at these speeds. We further recorded neural responses to slow-moving ITDs in opposite directions within the range of perceived motion. Using a generalized linear model to parse the neuron's response into ITD-following and direction selectivity components, we show that the responses of IC neurons are dominated by their ability to follow the ITD more than direction selectivity. In parallel experiments, we asked human participants to either identify the motion direction or detect the slow-moving ITD in the same stimuli and determined the threshold durations for direction identification and for detection for each participant. Direction identification threshold durations were larger than detection threshold durations. We then implemented neural classifiers that either identified the motion direction or detected the slow-moving ITD based on single-neuron responses to the stimuli, and we found that the classifier exhibited duration thresholds that matched human thresholds on both tasks. Together, these results suggest that temporal limitations of neural responses in the IC may give rise to the limiting speeds of time-varying localization cues where we perceive motion, "glimpse" the position of a source amidst a mixture, and perceive a spatially diffuse background in a reverberant environment.
by Nathaniel J. Zuk.
Ph. D.
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Wagner, Ryan R. "Body image perceptions of adolescent males." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008wagnerr.pdf.
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Kooiker, Marilyn K. "Seventh and twelfth grade adolescents' perceptions of their risk environment." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998kooikerm.pdf.
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Vaughn, Christy Ann. "The impact of perceived parental criticism on self-schema and depression during adolescence /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3064677.
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Rivera, Monica Alexandra. "Slowing Down Time, studies on spatial time." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33992.
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The experience of time is not fixed by a rigid mathematical measure, instead, it flows at vaying rates.
There are certain occasions in which we would like to extend time with all our force, up to the limit of our stretched arms and further. Conversely there are moments which we'd like to last no more that the sparkle of a flash, but as we all have noticed, those are the longest in our life.
How does the space that we inhabit influence on our perception of time? May we identify especial elements that contribute in one or other sense to accelerate or slowdown the time?
It's said that time and space is an inseparable unity, as two aspects of the same thing. If this is so, then it also must be true that by shaping space in one way or another, we might influence the experience of time through it. Wouldn't it be delightful to believe that we may be magicians of time through manipulation of architecture?Master of Architecture
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Leung, Pui-seung. "Factors affecting Hong Kong students' self-perception on their mathematics performance." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20264331.
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Asbell, Jonathan Clark. "Thresholds in Space and Time." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100920.
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In architecture there is perhaps no better opportunity to capture movement and change than in the design of thresholds. They can be a simple strip of metal beneath a doorway, barely noticed as you pass over it, or a grand atrium that you stop and marvel at on your way into the office. They can manifest as a change of materials or finishes, or of some parameter such as ceiling height. They might even be immaterial altogether, like the boundary between light and shadow.
Thresholds transcend the physical to effect a psychological experience. They can be spatial or temporal or some combination of the two, but whatever form they take, all thresholds can be said to be mediators of our movement from one spatial status to another. Inside to outside, public to private, here to there. Too often our buildings relegate these changes to doors or openings that have little connection to the buildings they are a part of, and so our awareness of passage from space to space is diminished. This thesis explores ways to enrich the architecture of the threshold so that it doesn't merely recede to the bounds of our perception.Master of Architecture
The term "threshold" often brings to mind a strip of material at the base of a doorway, but architecture considers thresholds more broadly as moments of movement or change. This thesis examines such moments in an original building design, proposing several threshold types and exploring their impact on occupants.
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Benne, Marcie. "The perception of two indicators that change in time." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28568.
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Melly, Sara. "Time perception in relation to depressed mood and hopelessness." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396190.
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Alards-Tomalin, Douglas. "Numerical magnitude affects the perception of time and intensity." American Psychological Association, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31033.
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The relative magnitude of an event (number magnitude) can have direct implications on timing judgments. Previous studies have found that large magnitude numbers are perceived to have longer durations than those of smaller numbers. This bias can be accounted for in several ways; first, the internal clock model theorizes that stimulus magnitude directly interacts with the components of a dedicated cognitive timer by increasing pacemaker speed. Another explanation posits that different quantitative dimensions (space, time, size, intensity and number) are all represented within a common cortical metric thus facilitating interactions within and across dimensions. I have expanded on this framework by proposing that perceived duration is inferred using flexibly applied rules of thumbs (heuristics) in which information from a more accessible dimension (e.g., number magnitude) is substituted for duration. Three paradigms were used to test this theory. First, commonalities in how the intervals separating discrete stimuli of different magnitudes were judged was examined across a variety of quantitative dimensions (number, size, and colour saturation). Perceived duration judgments increased systematically as the magnitude difference between the stimuli increased. This finding was robust against manipulations to sequence direction, and order, suggesting that interval duration was estimated by substituting information regarding the absolute magnitude difference. Second, the impact of number magnitude on sound intensity judgments was examined. When target sounds were presented simultaneously with large digits, they were categorized as loud more frequently, suggesting that participants substituted number magnitude when performing difficult sound intensity judgments in a manner similar to when judging duration. Third, the repetition of magnitude information presented in either symbolic (Arabic digits) or non symbolic (numerosities) formats was manipulated prior to the presentation of a target number, whose duration was judged. The results demonstrated that large numbers were judged to last for longer durations relative to small numbers. Furthermore, context had an effect in which a greater discrepancy in the target’s numerical magnitude from the initial context sequence resulted in a longer perceived duration. The results across all three paradigms suggest that people generally employ information regarding one magnitude dimension (number) when making difficult perceptual decisions in a related dimension (time, sound intensity).February 2016
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Sobolev, D. "Financial applications of human perception of fractal time series." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1461731/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the interaction between people’s financial behaviour and the market’s fractal characteristics. In particular, I have been interested in the Hurst exponent, a measure of a series’ fractal dimension and autocorrelation. In Chapter 2 I show that people exhibit a high level of sensitivity to the Hurst exponent of visually presented graphs representing price series. I explain this sensitivity using two types of cues: the illuminance of the graphs, and the characteristic of the price change series. I further show that people can learn how to identify the Hurst exponents of fractal graphs when feedback about the correct values of the Hurst exponent is given. In Chapter 3 I investigate the relationship between risk perception and Hurst exponent. I show that people assess risk of investment in an asset according to the Hurst exponent of its price graph if it is presented along with its price change series. Analysis reveals that buy/sell decisions also depend on the Hurst exponent of the graphs. In Chapter 4 I study forecasts from financial graphs. I show that to produce forecasts, people imitate perceived noise and signals of data series. People’s forecasts depend on certain personality traits and dispositions. Similar results were obtained for experts. In Chapter 5 I explore the way people integrate visually presented price series with news. I find that people’s financial decisions are influenced by news more than the average trend of the graphs. In the case of positive trend, there is a correlation between financial forecasts and decisions. Finally, in Chapter 6 I show that the way people perceive fractal time series is correlated with the Hurst exponent of the graphs. I use the findings of the thesis to describe a possible mechanism which preserves the fractal nature of price series.
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Dunn, Ruth. "Adolescent views of the world and the relationships between adolescent and parental self efficacy, self esteem and locus of control /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmd923.pdf.
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Melrose, Regalena 1970. "The self-image disparity of maltreated adolescents /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69621.
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The goal of this study was to investigate the real self-image, ideal self-image, and self-image disparity of maltreated adolescents, both acting-out and nonacting-out, as compared to nonmaltreated adolescents. Participants included 58 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 with groups approximately matched for age, IQ, and mental age. The maltreated group consisted of children who had been neglected, physically abused, and/or psychologically abused. Children in both maltreated and nonmaltreated groups were classified as acting-out or nonacting-out based on reports of truancy, substance abuse, disrespect for authority, violent outbursts, and trouble within the legal system. The primary findings of the study were that maltreated as compared to nonmaltreated individuals displayed lower real self-images and larger self-image disparities. However, the lowest real self-image scores were displayed by the acting-out adolescents regardless of their maltreatment status. In a comparison between the acting-out maltreated adolescents and the acting-out nonmaltreated adolescents, the real self-images were comparable, suggesting that the experience of maltreatment does not exacerbate the negative effect of behavioural difficulty. In addition, the acting-out maltreated children displayed higher ideal self-images than the acting-out nonmaltreated children. Both experiences of maltreatment and acting-out behaviours appear to be related to negative effects of self-image in adolescents. This highlights the importance of investigating the influence of experiential factors on self-system processing.
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Duggan, Peter M. "Adolescent invulnerability and personal uniqueness : scale development and initial construct validation." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1203838.
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Two measures, The Adolescent Invulnerability Scale (TAIS) and The Adolescent Personal Uniqueness Scale (TAPUS) were developed to quantify levels of felt invulnerability and personal uniqueness, respectively. The relationship among these two personal fables (invulnerability, personal uniqueness), and mental health variables was assessed in a large sample of adolescents (n = 248, including seventh and eighth grade students). Participants responded to the newly crafted measures of adolescent invulnerability and personal uniqueness, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, three indices of suicidal ideation, an inventory of delinquent risk behaviors, and two subscales from the Self-Image Questionnaire for Young Adolescents. It was predicted that invulnerability would be positively associated with risk behaviors and more prevalent among boys. In addition, personal uniqueness would be positively associated with depression and suicidal ideation, and more prevalent in girls. With respect to personal fable ideation, boys demonstrated higher levels of felt invulnerability and more risk behaviors than girls. In addition, girls reported more feelings of depression than boys, however neither group differed on the amount of reported felt personal uniqueness. The results show that the personal fables of invulnerability and personal uniqueness are differentially linked to indices of mental health within an adolescent population.Department of Educational Psychology
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Hall, Deryck John. "The role of the self-concept in a system of guidance at the level of initial adolescence." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001448.
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Part One I A Perspective on Guidance II Concepts of Self This section is a review and discussion of the two conceptualizations which are fundamental to the research structure: guidance as an overall framework within which procedures are devised for the development of this understanding of the "self" . Part Two • III Didactic Discovery IV The Class Citation Award A way of thinking about an ~ducational approach which could generate a classroom mileu, where the in a practical ongoing process to encourage participation and CCA is the key~ote strategy involve the group in "self" and "other" awareness. Part Three V VI Experiment, Survey, Action Research Results, Reflections and Recommendations The three research methods employed to gather evidence of pupil awareness and its implications, with a discussion patterns of self~knowledge, and its effect on the NOTE: Constant reference to thi s page, and to page xxxii will enable the reader to view the thesis as a whole