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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Time rates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Dew-Becker, Ian. "Essays on Time-Varying Discount Rates." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10284.

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2

Kwon, Heon-Chul. "The time variant term premium of interest rates." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1278525146.

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3

Rakshit, Atanu. "Three Essays in Applied Time Series Econometrics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51233.

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This dissertation is comprised of four chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to<br />Economic application of time series analysis and discusses the topics covered in each of the following chapters along with some main results therein. <br /> In Chapter 2, I construct a measure of information asymmetry in the financial markets in U.S., by estimating an index of agency cost pertaining to U.S. manufacturing firms. The cyclical behavior of the unobservable agency cost is derived by a novel application of the Kalman filter within a Bayesian framework, using firm level data from 1984-2006.

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4

Caldwell, Erik R. (Erik Russell), and Bryan C. Fisher. "The impact of lead time on truckload transportation rates." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45252.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-81).<br>The objective of this thesis was to analyze truckload shipment transactions in order to determine if rates are impacted by tender lead time, which is the amount of time between when a carrier is offered a load to when the load needs to be picked up. The research specifically focused on how tender rejections by carriers are the ultimate driver of transportation cost variances since most rates are contractually fixed in advance. The d

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5

Leymon, Mark Gregory Hannon 1979. ""Fixed" sentencing: The effects on imprisonment rates over time." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10906.

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xvii, 232 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.<br>Beginning in the 1970s, states adopted sentencing reforms as a response to a growing number of concerns in the criminal justice system. These reforms included sentencing guidelines, statutory presumptive sentencing, determinate sentencing, truth in sentencing, and three strikes laws. Each reform has become an important part of the judicial system. These "fixed" reforms shifted sentencing from the indeterminate-rehabilitation sentencing model to

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6

Sparling, Steven J. "A time series analysis of U.S. Army officer loss rates." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FSparling.pdf.

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7

Gin, Stephen. "Large deviations rate function for the distribution of finite-time shear rotation rates of â„‹." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479211.

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8

Spear, Scott A. "Essays in finance and time series econometrics /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9804535.

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9

Choi, Ji Won. "The maximum time interval of time-lapse photography for monitoring construction operations." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2753.

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Many construction companies today utilize webcams on their jobsites to monitor and record construction operations. Jobsite monitoring is often limited to outdoor construction operations due to lack of mobility of wired webcams. A wireless webcam may help monitor indoor construction operations with enhanced mobility. The transfer time of sending a photograph from the wireless webcam, however, is slower than that of a wired webcam. It is expected that professionals may have to analyze indoor construction operations with longer interval time-lapse photographs if they want to use a wireless webcam

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10

DeWald, Edward T. "A time series analysis of U.S. Army enlisted force loss rates." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA326760.

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11

Garg, Ankita. "Forecasting exchage rates using machine learning models with time-varying volatility." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79053.

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This thesis is focused on investigating the predictability of exchange rate returns on monthly and daily frequency using models that have been mostly developed in the machine learning field. The forecasting performance of these models will be compared to the Random Walk, which is the benchmark model for financial returns, and the popular autoregressive process. The machine learning models that will be used are Regression trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Bayesian Additive Regression trees (BART). A characterizing

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12

Wooster, Roland Peter. "Optimizing Response Time, Rather than Hit Rates, of WWW Proxy Caches." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36638.

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This thesis investigates the possibility of improving World Wide Web (WWW) proxy cache performance. Most published research on proxy caches is concerned only with improving the cache hit rate. Improving only the hit rate, however, ignores the actual retrieval times experienced by WWW browser users. This research investigates removal algorithms that consider the time to download a file as a factor. Our experiments show that a removal algorithm that minimizes only the download time yields poor results. However, a new algorithm is investigated that does provide improved performance over common r

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13

Liu, Te-Ru. "An analysis of multivariate time series models of U.S. exchange rates /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487694702784766.

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14

Khundkar, Lutfur Rahman Zewail Ahmed H. Zewail Ahmed H. "Microcanonical rates of unimolecular reactions studied by time-resolved photofragment spectroscopy /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1988. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-04042008-083918.

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15

Brown, Pearley Leroy III. "A Comparison of Burnout Rates between Part-Time and Full-Time Postsecondary Educators at a Community College." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1239389945.

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16

Stringer, Bobbi Rhe. "Nonverbal Immediacy as a Predictor of Student Retention Rates Among Full-time/part-time Community College Faculty." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278524/.

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17

Costantini, Mauro, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, and Jaroslava Hlouskova. "Can Macroeconomists Get Rich Forecasting Exchange Rates?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4181/1/wp176.pdf.

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We provide a systematic comparison of the out-of-sample forecasts based on multivariate macroeconomic models and forecast combinations for the euro against the US dollar, the British pound, the Swiss franc and the Japanese yen. We use profit maximization measures based on directional accuracy and trading strategies in addition to standard loss minimization measures. When comparing predictive accuracy and profit measures, data snooping bias free tests are used. The results indicate that forecast combinations help to improve over benchmark trading strategies for the exchange rate against the U

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18

Pakyardim, Yusuf Kenan. "Dynamic Switching Times For Season And Single Tickets In Sports And Entertainment With Time Dependent Demand Rates." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613659/index.pdf.

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The most important market segmentation in sports and entertainment industry is the competition between customers that buy bundle and single tickets. A common selling practice is starting the selling season with bundle ticket sales and switching to selling single tickets later on. The aim of this practice is to increase the number of customers that buy bundles, to create a fund before the season starts and to increase the load factor of the games with low demand. In this thesis, we investigate the effect of time dependent demand on dynamic switching times and the potential revenue gain over the

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19

Dzulkafli, Zamros. "The impact of oil prices on interest rates, exchange rates and prices : a comparison between discrete and continuous time models." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442509.

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20

Böhme, Christiane. "Decay rates and scattering states for wave models with time-dependent potential." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-70939.

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Viele Problemstellungen der Naturwissenschaften führen zur Betrachtung von nichtlinearen Wellengleichungen. Dabei ist von großem Interesse, ob zu vorgegebenen kleinen Daten Lösungen eindeutig existieren und ob diese stetig von den Daten abhängen. Hilfsmittel für diese Probleme sind Aussagen über lineare Wellengleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden lineare Klein-Gordon Gleichungen, also Wellengleichungen mit Potentialterm, mit zeitabhängiger Masse bzgl. des Verhaltens ihrer Lösungen untersucht. Von speziellem Interesse sind Resultate mit Bezug auf verallgemeinerte Energieerhaltung und s

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21

Sykes, Alethia Joan. "Forcible rape arrest rates by age, time period and cohort (1965-1984)." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1612.

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This thesis examines the relationship of forcible rape to three variables: age, time period and cohort over a 20-year period, 1965-1984. The study also tested Richard Easterlin's cohort hypothesis utilizing forcible rape arrest-rate statistics from the U.S. Uniform Crime Reports. Easterlin's hypothesis suggests that crime rates will fluctate according to the relative size of age cohort. In short, large cohorts generate higher arrest rates than small cohorts. We tested this hypothesis as it is applied to forcible rape arrest rates. The findings disclosed that both age and cohort, but not time p

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22

Vatsa, Puneet. "Essays On Interrelationships Among Economic Time Series." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1879660401&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2009.<br>"Department of Economics." Keywords: Cointegration, Common cycles, Common trends, Exchange rates, Monetary policy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-152). Also available online.

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23

Hyung, Namwon. "Essays on panel and nonlinear time series analysis /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9958858.

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24

Goncalves, Fernando D. "Characterizing the Behavior of Magnetorheological Fluids at High Velocities and High Shear Rates." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26142.

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Magnetorheological (MR) fluids offer solutions to many engineering challenges. The success of MR fluid is apparent in many disciplines, ranging from the automotive and civil engineering communities to the biomedical engineering community. This well documented success of MR fluids continues to motivate current and future applications of MR fluid. One such application that has been considered recently is MR fluid devices for use in impact and other high velocity applications. In such applications, the fluid environment within the device may be well beyond the scope of our understanding for th

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25

Rabbath, Camille Alain. "Sensitivity of the discrete- to continuous-time pole transformation at fast sampling rates." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23267.

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This thesis examines the propagation of small relative errors in poles in discrete-time domains $z, varepsilon={{z-1} over {T}}, z sp prime=z-1, w sp prime={2 over {T}}{{z-1} over{z+1}}$ and z = ${{z-1} over{Tz}},$ where T is the sampling period, to the continuous-time domain. By prescribing pole locations in the discrete-time domains or usable sampling periods in a continuous-time context, sensitivity specifications in time constant of a real pole, natural frequency, damping ratio and uncertain relative region of a complex pole can be achieved. It is shown in this thesis that the alternative

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26

Kenjegaliev, Amangeldi Abdugalievich. "A study in international finance and exchange rates using time-varying coefficients regression." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10813.

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The first essay of the thesis investigates currency misalignments and their magnitude for the Chinese yuan (CNY), the Japanese yen (JPY) and the British pound (GBP). We employ the model-based exchange market pressure. Conversion factors required to estimate the pressure on the currency are computed using a time-varying coefficient regression. We found persistent and significant undervaluation of CNY. For the JPY, the currency pressure shows predominantly low values with occasional high pressure in both directions. And finally, the results indicate very low pressure on the GBP. At the intuitive

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27

Wilson, Angela Denise. "Drug abuse violation arrest rates by age, time period, and cohort, 1965-1984." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/490.

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This thesis examines the relationship of drug abuse violations of three variables: age, time period, and cohort over a 20-year period. By utilizing drug abuse violation statistics from the Uniform Crime Reports, this study tests Richard Easterlin’s cohort hypothesis. Easterlin’s hypothesis suggests that crime rates will fluctuate according to the relative size of age cohorts. That is, large cohorts will generate higher arrest rates than small cohorts. This hypothesis was tested as it applied to arrest rates for drug abuse violations. The findings disclosed that both age and cohort, but not per

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28

Stockel, Jakob. "Time series analysis of repo rates and mortgagecaps eect on house price index." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147373.

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Price trends on the Swedish housing market has risen sharply in recent decades and is at the moment up to the highest price level ever. The sharp price movements have opened up for discussion about a possible housing bubble. To prevent this the Riksbank can change the repo rate, which in turn aects the lenders' lending rates. Finansinspektionen introduced in autumn 2010, a mortgage cap which means that the house will be mortgaged to a maximum of 85 percent of its market value. The purpose of this was to cool the housing market and prevent the unsustainable development of household debt. The pu

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29

Werling, Beverly A. "A comparison of children's heart rates during physical education class and recess time." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041896.

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This study investigated the heart rates of children in the first, third, and fifth grades of two schools during physical education class and recess time. One hundred and nine children (56 females, 53 males) participated in the eight-week study. Each participant wore a Polar Vantage XL receptor strap and watch receiver during physical education class and recess time on the same day. The average heart rates and percentage of time in and above the target heart zone of 150 to 200 beats per minute were recorded. A MANOVA analysis revealed no significant difference between heart rates during physica

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30

Brahimi, Mammar. "Approximating multi-server queues with inhomgeneous arrival rates and continuous service time distributions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254028.

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31

Adamson, Vanessa. "Diversion Programs| Measuring Recidivism Rates for First-Time Offenders In the REACH Program." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13420078.

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<p> With the growing popularity of the “get-tough” movement in the early 1990’s, juveniles that were at-risk for offending were deterred by way of formal sanctions. As a result, juveniles were being arrested at a higher rate for nonviolent crimes. Current laws are trying to divert first-time and nonviolent juvenile offenders from the juvenile courts and toward diversion. Diversion programs are designed to give limited interventions to “at-risk” youth with the intention to decrease subsequent offending. Some studies suggest that effective community-based diversion

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32

Tsang, Kwok Ping. "The nominal and real term structures and the macroeconomy /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7468.

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33

Miao, Robin. "Nonlinear time series analysis in financial applications." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558857.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the nonlinear relationships between financial (and economic) variables within the field of financial econometrics. The thesis comprises two reviews of literatures, one on nonlinear time series models andthe other one on term structure of interest rates, and four empirical essays on financialapplications using nonlinear modelling techniques. The first empirical essay compares different model specifications of a Markov switching CIR model on the term structure of UK interest rates. We find the least restricted model provides the best in-sample estimation

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34

Jorda, Oscar. "The econometrics of irregularly spaced time-series data in macroeconomic research /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9732718.

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35

Imara, Nia, Abraham Loeb, Benjamin D. Johnson, Charlie Conroy, and Peter Behroozi. "A Model Connecting Galaxy Masses, Star Formation Rates, and Dust Temperatures across Cosmic Time." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627101.

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We investigate the evolution of dust content in galaxies from redshifts z = 0 to z = 9.5. Using empirically motivated prescriptions, we model galactic-scale properties-including halo mass, stellar mass, star formation rate, gas mass, and metallicity-to make predictions for the galactic evolution of dust mass and dust temperature in main-sequence galaxies. Our simple analytic model, which predicts that galaxies in the early universe had greater quantities of dust than their low-redshift counterparts, does a good job of reproducing observed trends between galaxy dust and stellar mass out to z ap

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36

Newhouse, Charles D. "Corrosion rates and the time to cracking of chloride contaminated reinforced concrete bridge components." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06162009-063230/.

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37

Maiuri, Paolo. "Single-cell and real-time analysis of transcription rates from integrated HIV-1 provirus." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85935.

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Viral RNA biogenesis is a crucial step in the replication of retroviruses that require both the production of a genomic RNA as well as of translation templates. Cellular and viral factors concur in the biogenesis of RNA at the specific sub-nuclear chromatin site where the reaction takes place. The possibility of tracking viral RNA in living cells gives the unique possibility of measuring the kinetic parameters of RNA biogenesis as well as defining the dynamic recruitment of host and viral factors to the site of replication. In order to study the activation of HIV-1 gene expression from the int

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38

Arvidsson, Edvin. "Improving on Inventory Management Using Time Series Forecasting." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451064.

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In this master thesis project, four well known time series forecasting models areconstructed and tuned with the purpose of predicting the future consumption of glueon one of AkzoNobels customers production lines. The goal was to examine thepossibility of utilizing their vastly collected data with these models to improve on theinventory management for both AkzoNobel and their customers. The predictedproduct usage rate would aid in the customers' decision making about when neworders of product should be placed, based on when the current storage tanks areforecasted to be emptied. This information

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39

Arai, Yoichi. "Nonlinear nonstationary time series analysis and its application /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3144311.

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40

Taylor, Bonnie. "Retention Rates and Pre-Matriculation Variables of First-Time, Full-Time Students at Three, Small, Private, Liberal Arts Universities in Georgia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3923.

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The purpose of this non-experimental, correlational, quantitative study was to provide an in-depth understanding of the relationship between pre-matriculation variables on retention of first-year, full-time students from fall-to-fall semesters at three small, private, liberal arts institutions in the Southeast United States. The findings will help to determine the significance of the relationships between retention and pre-matriculation variables on first-year, full-time students who entered each institutions the fall 2017 and fall 2018 semesters. Archival data at the participating institution

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41

Kim, Doo Young. "Statistical Modeling of Carbon Dioxide and Cluster Analysis of Time Dependent Information: Lag Target Time Series Clustering, Multi-Factor Time Series Clustering, and Multi-Level Time Series Clustering." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6277.

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The current study consists of three major parts. Statistical modeling, the connection between statistical modeling and cluster analysis, and proposing new methods to cluster time dependent information. First, we perform a statistical modeling of the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission in South Korea in order to identify the attributable variables including interaction effects. One of the hot issues in the earth in 21st century is Global warming which is caused by the marriage between atmospheric temperature and CO2 in the atmosphere. When we confront this global problem, we first need to verify what

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42

Farrell, Gregory Noel. "An empirical analysis of South Africa's financial rand exchange rate system, 1985-95." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343878.

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43

Manliguis, Rebecca P. "Slammer Time: A Cost-Effective Analysis of the California State Prison System and Its Impact on Crime." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/82.

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At a time where cutbacks on spending are a huge focal point across all government levels, the prison system, and effectively combating crime, has been intensely focused upon. With the United States having the highest rate of incarceration of any country in the world, the significance of this focus is understandable. Its prison system is much larger compared to that of other nations, and therefore is a high priority for the United States. As stated in The Economist, “No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free.” With such high costs associated with the prison system, und

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44

Krachey, Elizabeth Catherine. "Variations on the Accelerated Failure Time Model: Mixture Distributions, Cure Rates, and Different Censoring Scenarios." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-102357/.

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The accelerated failure time (AFT) model is a popular model for time-to-event data. It provides a useful alternative when the proportional hazards assumption is in question and it provides an intuitive linear regression interpretation where the logarithm of the survival time is regressed on the covariates. We have explored several deviations from the standard AFT model. Standard survival analysis assumes that in the case of perfect follow-up, every patient will eventually experience the event of interest. However, in some clinical trials, a number of patients may never experience such an event

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45

Lvova, Irina. "Application of statistical fractional methods for the analysis of time series of currency exchange rates." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13282.

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46

Bos, Charles Steven. "Time varying parameter models for inflation and exchange rates = Tijdsvariërende parameter modellen voor inflatie en wisselkoersen /." Rotterdam, 2001. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00065297.pdf.

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47

Osborne, Michael James. "The use and meaning of all solutions (interest rates) to the time value of money equation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2010. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7288/.

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The time value of money (TVM) equation is a key equation in economics and finance. It takes the form of an nth order polynomial having n roots. It is usual to calculate and use only one root (interest rate). The remaining (n-1) roots are mostly complex or negative, and are usually discarded. In this thesis it is shown that the unorthodox roots (interest rates) should not be ignored because they have utility and meaning. New expressions are developed for existing concepts in economics and finance. The concepts include duration in bond mathematics, net present value (NPV) in capital budgeting, t

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48

Gebremeskel, Fanos Ashenafi [Verfasser]. "Structural Time Series Modelling of Crime Rates: the Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / Fanos Ashenafi Gebremeskel." München : GRIN Verlag, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1183384556/34.

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49

Canada, Angela F. (Angela Faye). "The Effect of Time on Training Retention Rates of United States Air Force Loadmaster Apprentice Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278257/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if extended periods of time out of the training environment has an effect on the retention of training. The rationale for conducting this study was based on the fact that little research has been done in this area. The findings of the study indicated that extensive periods of time out of training do significantly influence the amount of training retained fromone loadmaster course to the other. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between the number of days out of training and the posttest scores. The optimum training break between cours

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50

Ellwood, P., M. I. Asher, A. W. Stewart, Pacual Chiarella, and ISAAC Phase III Study Group. "The impact of the method of consent on response rates in the ISAAC time trends study." nternational Union against Tubercul. and Lung Dis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625750.

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BACKGROUND: Centres in Phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) programme used the method of consent (passive or active) required by local ethics committees. METHODS: Retrospectively, relationships between achieved response rates and method of consent for 13-14 and 6-7-year-olds (adolescents and children, respectively), were examined between phases and between English and non-English language centres. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 113 of 115 centres for adolescents and 72/72 centres for children. Both age groups: most centres using passiv

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