Journal articles: 'Time Synchronization'

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Feijiang, Huang, Li Xiaoyong, Sun Liping, Sheng wang, Zhang Wenxi, and Liu Guangcan. "Design of Layered Aerospace Time Synchronization Architecture and Time Synchronization Links Budget Comparison." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2013): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2013.6.6.06.

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Zhao, Hui, Lixiang Li, Haipeng Peng, Jinghua Xiao, Yixian Yang, and Mingwen Zheng. "Fixed-time synchronization of multi-links complex network." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 02 (January 20, 2017): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500087.

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In the paper, the fixed-time and finite-time synchronizations of multi-links complex network are investigated. Compared with finite-time synchronization, the settling time of fixed-time synchronization is independent of initial conditions. For uncertain multi-links complex networks, this paper further analyzes synchronization mechanism and unknown parameters based on the drive-response concept and finite-time stability theory. Novel synchronization control criteria and the result of parameters identification are, respectively, obtained in a finite time by utilizing Lyapunov function and linear matrix inequality (LMI). Besides, we give other two versions of finite-time synchronization and parameters identification for uncertain multi-links complex network with impulsive control input. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.

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Ke Zhang, Ke Zhang, Decai Zou Ke Zhang, Pei Wang Decai Zou, and Wenfang Jing Pei Wang. "A New Device for Two-Way Time-Frequency Real-Time Synchronization." 網際網路技術學刊 24, no. 3 (May 2023): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642023052403024.

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The netted wireless sensor nodes or coherent accumulation processing in multistatic radar imaging requires high accuracy time synchronization. Although GNSS timing can also be used as a time synchronization method to serve the applications above, its timing accuracy will be limited. In this context, we present the hardware implementation for Two-Way Time-Frequency Real-Time Synchronization (TWTFRTS) with an automatic adaptive jitter elimination algorithm based on Kalman and PID, which is implemented in a real-time, low-cost, portable Xilinx ZYNQ device. A short (2 km) baseline TWTFRTS experiment was done with a pair of devices composed of a master device and a slave device. The result shows a high precision of time synchronization performance with the standard deviation (1 σ) better than 1 ns.

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SURESH, R., D. V. SENTHILKUMAR, M. LAKSHMANAN, and J. KURTHS. "GLOBAL AND PARTIAL PHASE SYNCHRONIZATIONS IN ARRAYS OF PIECEWISE LINEAR TIME-DELAY SYSTEMS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 22, no. 07 (July 2012): 1250178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127412501787.

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In this paper, we report the phenomena of global and partial phase synchronizations in linear arrays of unidirectionally coupled piecewise linear time-delay systems. In particular, in a linear array with open end boundary conditions, global phase synchronization (GPS) is achieved by a sequential synchronization of local oscillators in the array as a function of the coupling strength (a second order transition). Several phase synchronized clusters are also formed during the transition to GPS at intermediate values of the coupling strength, as a prelude to full scale synchronization. On the other hand, in a linear array with closed end boundary conditions (ring topology), partial phase synchronization (PPS) is achieved by forming different groups of phase synchronized clusters above some threshold value of the coupling strength (a first order transition) where they continue to be in a stable PPS state. We confirm the occurrence of both global and partial phase synchronizations in two different piecewise linear time-delay systems using various qualitative and quantitative measures in three different frameworks, namely, using explicit phase, recurrence quantification analysis and the framework of localized sets.

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Liu, Dehui, Tianzeng Li, and Xiliang He. "Fixed-Time Multi-Switch Combined–Combined Synchronization of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems with Uncertainties and External Disturbances." Fractal and Fractional 7, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7040281.

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In this paper, the fixed-time multi-switch combination–combination synchronization (FTMSCCS) of fractional-order chaotic systems with uncertainties and external disturbances is studied. The appropriate sliding mode surface and controller are proposed based on a Lyapunov theorem, and fixed-time multi-switching combination–combination synchronizations between four fractional-order chaotic systems are realized. The Lyapunov function is designed to prove the feasibility of the controller theoretically, and the effectiveness and robustness of the synchronization mechanism are further verified by numerical simulations. The advantage of this article is that it extends fixed-time synchronization to multi-switch combination–combination synchronization, enabling synchronization for a limited time, while increasing the complexity of the synchronization mechanism and improving its confidentiality in communication applications.

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Khan, Asma, Aftab Ahmed Memon, and Abdul Aziz Memon. "Time Synchronization for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering 6, no. 2 (2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcee.2014.v6.806.

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Drake, Carolyn, Amandine Penel, and Emmanuel Bigand. "Tapping in Time with Mechanically and Expressively Performed Music." Music Perception 18, no. 1 (2000): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285899.

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We investigate how the presence of performance microstructure (small variations in timing, intensity, and articulation) influences listeners' perception of musical excerpts, by measuring the way in which listeners synchronize with the excerpts. Musicians and nonmusicians tapped on a drum in synchrony with six musical excerpts, each presented in three versions: mechanical (synthesized from the score, without microstructure), accented (mechanical, with intensity accents), and expressive (performed by a concert pianist, with all types of microstructure). Participants' synchronizations with these excerpts were characterized in terms of three processes described in Mari Riess Jones's Dynamic Attending Theory: attunement (ease of synchronization), use of a referent level (spontaneous synchronization rate), and focal attending (range of synchronization levels). As predicted by beat induction models, synchronization was better with the temporally regular mechanical and accented versions than with the expressive versions. However, synchronization with expressive versions occurred at higher (slower) levels, within a narrower range of synchronization levels, and corresponded more frequently to the theoretically correct metrical hierarchy. We conclude that performance microstructure transmits a particular metrical interpretation to the listener and enables the perceptual organization of events over longer time spans. Compared with nonmusicians, musicians synchronized more accurately (heightened attunement), tapped more slowly (slower referent level), and used a wider range of hierarchical levels when instructed (enhanced focal attending), more often corresponding to the theoretically correct metrical hierarchy. We conclude that musicians perceptually organize events over longer time spans and have a more complete hierarchical representation of the music than do nonmusicians.

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Park, Hyun Jae, Cheol-woong Lee, Taeyoung Shin, Byeong-hee Roh, Soo Bum Park, and Jungwook Choi. "Implementation of Embedded Testbeds Using USRP and GNU-Radio for Performance Measurement and Analysis of PPS and PCO-Based Time Synchronizations." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2021010103.

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In wireless networks, time synchronization is one of the key functions for the MAC and the physical layer because it is important to accurately transmit data by maintaining the order and consistency of transmission between nodes. The time synchronization can be divided into centralized and distributed methods and there are many synchronization schemes. However, there are little testbeds for comparing and analyzing various time synchronization schemes in a real environment. Most papers analyze the proposed time synchronization algorithm by simulation, and some testbeds are also configured for the proposed scheme only. In this paper, the authors build embedded testbeds using USRP and GNU-Radio. The two typical methods of the centralized and decentralized time synchronizations, PPS, and PCO-based schemes, respectively, are implemented on the testbeds and their performances are measured and analyzed in the real environment.

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9

Phipps, Thomas E. "Proper time synchronization." Foundations of Physics 21, no. 9 (September 1991): 1071–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00733386.

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Li, Fei, Wenyi Liu, Yueyan Qi, Qiang Li, and Gaigai Liu. "An Enhanced Method for Nanosecond Time Synchronization in IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol." Processes 11, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051328.

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The performance of time-critical systems depends heavily on time synchronization accuracy. Therefore, it is crucial to have a synchronization method that can achieve high time synchronization accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new underlying transmission architecture and new synchronization messages. On the basis of these, aiming at the time error problem of the slave clock, we propose an enhanced time synchronization method based on new synchronization messages. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the enhanced time synchronization method on the OMNeT++ simulator. In addition, we compare the impact of different crystal oscillator accuracies and different crystal oscillator frequencies on time synchronization accuracy, respectively. Simulation results show that the time offset is at most ±1 clock period using the enhanced time synchronization method. We realize the purpose of timing the master clock and the slave clock by counting the period of the clock signal. Therefore, we needed to round down the time count to an integer. This is the reason why −1 and 1 appear at the same time. When the crystal oscillator frequency used is 80 MHz, the system can achieve a time synchronization accuracy of ±12.5 ns; that is, a nanosecond-level time synchronization accuracy can be achieved. With the reduction of the crystal oscillator accuracy of the slave clock, the synchronization accuracy of ±1 clock period can still be achieved. With the increase in the crystal oscillator frequency, the time synchronization accuracy that can be achieved also improves. The method proposed in this paper provides a new way of thinking and has certain guiding significance for improving the time synchronization accuracy of time-critical systems.

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Sheltami, Tarek R., Danish Sattar, Elhadi M. Shakshuki, and Ashraf S. Mahmoud. "Real-Time Performance Evaluation for Flooding and Recursive Time Synchronization Protocols over Arduino and XBee." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/652041.

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Time synchronization is a crucial part of distributed systems. It is often required for data reliability and coordination in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks have three major goals: time synchronization, low bandwidth operation, and energy efficiency. Different time synchronization algorithms are aimed at achieving these objectives using various methods. This paper presents performance evaluation of two state-of-the-art time synchronization protocols, namely, Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol and Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol. To achieve time synchronization in wireless sensor networks, these two protocols make use of broadcast and peer-to-peer mechanisms. Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol uses the former mechanism, while Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol uses the latter mechanism. To perform the performance evaluation, three performance metrics are used including synchronization message count per cycle, bandwidth, and convergence time. Arduino is used as a micro-controller and XBee as transceiver to verify these metrics by utilizing different topologies.

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12

Liu, Yihong, and Yeguo Sun. "Finite-Time Adaptive Synchronization and Fixed-Time Synchronization of Fractional-Order Memristive Cellular Neural Networks with Time-Varying Delays." Mathematics 12, no. 7 (April 7, 2024): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12071108.

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Asymptotic synchronization requires continuous external control of the system, which is unrealistic considering the cost of control. Adaptive control methods have strong robustness to uncertainties such as disturbances and unknowns. On the other hand, for finite-time synchronization, if the initial value of the system is unknown, the synchronization time of the finite-time synchronization cannot be estimated. This paper explores the finite-time adaptive synchronization (FTAS) and fixed-time synchronization (FDTS) of fractional-order memristive cellular neural networks (FMCNNs) with time-varying delays (TVD). Utilizing the properties and principles of fractional order, we introduce a novel lemma. Based on this lemma and various analysis techniques, we establish new criteria to guarantee FTAS and FDTS of FMCNNs with TVD through the implementation of a delay-dependent feedback controller and fractional-order adaptive controller. Additionally, we estimate the upper bound of the synchronization setting time. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the validity of the finite-time and fixed-time stability theorems.

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13

Huang, Fei Jiang, Xiao Chun Lu, Jun Yang, Qing Xiao Shan, and Yong Bin Zhou. "Study on Aerospace Layering Time Synchronization Architecture and Time Synchronization Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1614.

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The rapid development of various kinds of aerospace application systems requires the appropriate high-accuracy time and frequency standard. This problem can be effectively solved by establishing suitable time and frequency standard in aerospace. Based on the establishment of aerospace satellite visual model, the simulation of satellite visual time on 3-layer constellation structure, including GEO satellite, IGSO satellites and MEO satellites, has been conducted. The visual features of this constellation have been gained. Combining with the major influencing factors of satellite clock correction error, aerospace time synchronization architecture on the basis of layering has been proposed. The time synchronization algorithm in line with this architecture has been researched. The results show that aerospace time frequency standard established based on this layering time synchronization architecture can meet the demand on high-accuracy time frequency of future aerospace application systems.

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14

Weng, Ying, and Yiming Zhang. "A Survey of Secure Time Synchronization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 3923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063923.

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Today, the use of wireless sensor networks has grown rapidly; however, wireless sensor networks are prone to receiving cyber-physical attacks. Time synchronization is a fundamental requirement for protocols in wired and wireless sensor network applications; hence, secure time synchronization is also crucial. This paper presents an introduction to time synchronization, including the concepts, challenges, and requirements of time synchronization protocols. The scope of the paper includes both software- and hardware-based protocols. Then, different time synchronization methods are analyzed. Moreover, research progress in secure time synchronization is reviewed. The survey also discusses the weaknesses of current secure time synchronization protocols and provides suggestions for future research directions. This survey aims to highlight research progress and trends in time synchronization and secure time synchronization.

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Padron, Joel Perez, Jose Paz Perez, José Javier Pérez Díaz, and Atilano Martinez Huerta. "Time-Delay Synchronization and Anti-Synchronization of Variable-Order Fractional Discrete-Time Chen–Rossler Chaotic Systems Using Variable-Order Fractional Discrete-Time PID Control." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172149.

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In this research paper, we solve the problem of synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems described by discrete and time-delayed variable fractional-order differential equations. To guarantee the synchronization and anti-synchronization, we use the well-known PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control theory and the Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability theory for discrete systems of a variable fractional order. We illustrate the results obtained through simulation with examples, in which it can be seen that our results are satisfactory, thus achieving synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems of a variable fractional order with discrete time delay.

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Zhang, Hao, Xingyuan Wang, Jun Zhang, and Pengfei Yan. "Multi-switching combination synchronization of spatiotemporal coupled chaotic systems with complexities." International Journal of Modern Physics C 30, no. 09 (September 2019): 1950067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183119500670.

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In this paper, multi-switching combination synchronization for spatiotemporal coupled systems are studied. For the local system in spatiotemporal coupled systems, different local dynamic behaviors are taken into consideration. With the Backstepping method, synchronization controllers are designed for different possible combined errors and corresponding theorems are derived according to the Lyapunov stability theory. In the stability design, multi-switching combination synchronizations can be translated into corresponding combination projective synchronization with different projective factors. In addition, complexities including time delays are considered in the synchronization process. At last, simulation results show the robustness and effectiveness of our methods.

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Schmid, T., Z. Charbiwala, R. Shea, and M. B. Srivastava. "Temperature Compensated Time Synchronization." IEEE Embedded Systems Letters 1, no. 2 (August 2009): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/les.2009.2028103.

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Jun, Xue, Fang Qian, and Mao Nanping. "Research on Time Synchronization between Shore and Ship based on Two-way Time-frequeny Transmission." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012045.

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The purpose is to study the application of two-way time comparison method for time synchronization on motion platforms such as ships. Firstly, the one-way time comparison method and the two-way time comparison method are analyzed, and the characteristics of the two methods are compared. Combined with the influence of the motion platform on the time synchronization during movement, an improved two-way comparison time synchronization method suitable for the motion platform is proposed. The time synchronization technique of bidirectional comparison based on carrier ranging principle is discussed, and the conclusion of two-station time synchronization based on carrier bidirectional time comparison under weak relative motion is obtained.

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Soundarapandian, Karthik, and Ashok Kumar Ambrose. "Clock Synchronization using Truncated Mean and Whale Optimization for Clustered Sensor Networks." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 13, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2021.13304.

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Clock synchronization is an important component in many distributed applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The deprived method of clock offset and skew estimation causes inaccuracy, synchronization delay, and communication overhead in the protocols. Hence, this paper exploits two techniques of variation truncated mean (VTM) and whale optimization (WO) to enhance the synchronization metrics. Sensor nodes are grouped into several non-overlapped clusters. The cluster head collects the member nodes’ local time and computes the synchronization time 𝑆𝑍𝑡 using the truncated mean method. Nodes with a high variation in the timings compared to a preset value are truncated. The head node broadcasts the 𝑆𝑍𝑡 in which the whale optimization is aiming at each node to reduce the synchronization error. The intra and inter-cluster synchronizations are accomplished through the multihop message exchange approach. The theoretical analysis is validated, and the simulation outcomes show that the performance metrics in the proposed work are better than the conventional methods by achieving minimum error value.

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Zhang, B., T. Tao, and J. Zhu. "Design considerations for hardware implementation of nanoseconds time synchronization low-cost system based on precise time protocol." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): T12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/t12006.

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Abstract Precise time synchronization is the key for coordinating every node of the distributed system to complete tasks. The widespread use of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in distributed nodes has a positive effect on improving time synchronization accuracy. Although the use of FPGA could significantly improve time synchronization accuracy, there is not a universal design guideline. This work has analyzed and summarized three factors that should be considered when building a low-cost clock synchronization system using FPGA: where the timestamp should be generated, the calculation and correction of time offset, and how to handle Precise Time Protocol (PTP) messages. Based on these design considerations, the time synchronization system intellectual property (IP) core was constructed. The synchronization accuracy experiments have been performed on Zynq system-on-chip (SoC) evaluation boards of different architectures. The experimental results demonstrated that the time synchronization system constructed in this article could achieve nanoseconds accuracy.

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Xiao, Meng, Weigang Sun, and Fangyue Chen. "Synchronization between Two Discrete-Time Networks with Mutual Couplings." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/167198.

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We investigate synchronization between two discrete-time networks with mutual couplings, including inner synchronization inside each network and outer synchronization between two networks. We then obtain a synchronized criterion for the inner synchronization inside each network by the method of linear matrix inequality and derive a relationship between the inner and outer synchronization. Finally, we show numerical examples to verify our theoretical analysis and discuss the effect of coupling strengths, node dynamics, and topological structures on the inner and outer synchronization. Compared to the inner synchronization inside each network, the outer synchronization between two networks is difficult to achieve.

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Liu, Ying, Fei Chen, Bin Yang, Xin Wang, and Weiming Wang. "Finite-Time Synchronization for a Class of Multiweighted Complex Networks with Markovian Switching and Time-Varying Delay." Complexity 2020 (April 28, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6819289.

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In this paper, we investigate the finite-time synchronization control for a class of nonlinear coupled multiweighted complex networks (NCMWCNs) with Markovian switching and time-varying delay analytically and quantitatively. The value of this study lies in four aspects: First, it designs the finite-time synchronization controller to make the NCMWCNs with Markovian switching and time-varying delay achieve global synchronization in finite time. Second, it derives two kinds of finite-time estimation approaches by analyzing the impact of the nonlinearity of nonlinear coupled function on synchronization dynamics and synchronization convergence time. Third, it presents the relationship between Markovian switching parameters and synchronization problems of subsystems and the overall system. Fourth, it provides some numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

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Li, Li, Zhiguo Zhao, and Huaguang Gu. "Bifurcations of Time-Delay-Induced Multiple Transitions Between In-Phase and Anti-Phase Synchronizations in Neurons with Excitatory or Inhibitory Synapses." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 29, no. 11 (October 2019): 1950147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127419501475.

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Time-delay-induced synchronous behaviors and synchronization transitions have been widely investigated for coupled neurons, and they play important roles for physiological functions. In the present study, time-delay-induced synchronized subthreshold oscillations were simulated, and the bifurcations underlying the synchronized behaviors were identified for a pair of coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons. Multiple transitions between in-phase and anti-phase synchronizations induced by the time delay were simulated for the inhibitory and excitatory couplings. Subcritical or supercritical Hopf bifurcations and the stability of the Hopf-bifurcating periodic subthreshold oscillations were acquired using center manifold reduction and normal form theory. The in-phase or anti-phase synchronizations of the stable periodic subthreshold oscillations, which appear for multiple values of the time delay, were interpreted with the related eigenspace. The distributions of the different dynamical behaviors, including the synchronizations and bifurcations in the two-parameter plane of the time delay and coupling strength, were acquired for both types of synapses, and the different roles of the inhibitory and excitatory couplings on the synchronization transitions were compared.

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Pallares Valls, Oriol, Pierre-Jean Bouvet, and Joaquín Del Río. "Hybrid time synchronization for Underwater Sensor Networks." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 3 (September 27, 2015): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i3.254.

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Time synchronization is a critical part of distributed applications over a sensor network. In this work we investigate time synchronization problems over UWSN deployed in shallow water, taking into account all main communication challenges of the water channel and observing its behavior in simulation and real tests. A hybrid frame was proposed based on time synchronization using both LFM and OFDM communication with channel impulse response equalization. Simulation results show how Hybrid synchronization outperforms existing synchronization protocols and how these results are affected in real underwater tests.

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Mukherjee, Atanu, Dibakar Ghosh, and Santo Banerjee. "Synchronization of Time Delayed Systems by Common Delay Time Modulations." ISRN Applied Mathematics 2011 (May 26, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/218458.

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We investigate the synchronization phenomenon between two identical time delayed systems with the common time delay, modulated by a chaotic or random signal. The phenomenon is verified by the conditional Lyapunov exponent. The relation between the present form of synchronization with generalized one is also discussed.

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Zhou, Tiancheng, Tong Liu, and Jie Zhang. "Low-power time synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2517, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2517/1/012001.

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Abstract Time synchronization technology is very significant for wireless sensor networks. A typical time synchronization algorithm is applied to the multi-hop topology network, which has the problems of poor time synchronization accuracy, slow convergence speed, and high power consumption. In this paper, a low-power time synchronization algorithm (LPTSA) is proposed. It is based on clustering in a multi-hop environment and adopts a node hierarchy strategy to reduce the synchronous communication overhead. The synchronization error compensation mechanism is adopted to reduce the impact of algorithm synchronization errors. The clustering algorithm divides the whole network into a primary network and a secondary network. By using different time synchronization algorithms in the primary and secondary networks respectively, unnecessary message overhead is reduced. Simulation shows that the algorithm effectively reduces energy consumption and improves synchronization accuracy.

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Dong, Zi Qi, Yong Chun Liu, Da Lin, and Yun Jin Yang. "Controlled Synchronization of Time-Delayed System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1153.

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The work focuses on synchronization of time-delay chaos systems. A theoretical analysis for time-delayed system is provided. By using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach, a synchronization condition is obtained. Finally, conditions are used for synchronization of time-delay chaos systems, and simulations verify the validity of obtained result.

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Xing, Yulong, Yongrui Chen, Weidong Yi, and Chenghua Duan. "Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Linear Prediction." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/917042.

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Time synchronization is a crucial component in wireless sensor networks (WSN), especially for location-aware applications. The precision of time-based localization algorithms is closely related to the accuracy of synchronization. The estimation of synchronization errors in most of the existing time synchronization algorithms is based on some statistical distribution models. However, these models may not be able to accurately describe the synchronization errors due to the uncertainties in clock drift and message delivery delay in synchronization. Considering that the synchronization errors are highly temporally correlated (short-term correlation), in this paper, we present an adaptive linear prediction synchronization (ALPS) scheme for WSN. By applying linear prediction on synchronization errors and adaptively adjusting prediction coefficients based on the difference between the estimated values and the real values, ALPS enhances synchronization accuracy at a relatively low cost. ALPS has been implemented on the Tmote-sky platform. As experiment results demonstrate, compared with RBS and TPSN, ALPS cuts synchronization cost by almost 50% while achieving the same accuracy; compared with DMTS and PulseSync, ALPS reduces the MSE (mean square error) of synchronization errors by 41% and 24%, respectively, with the same cost.

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Yang, Fan, Wen Wang, Lixiang Li, Mingwen Zheng, Yanping Zhang, and Zhenying Liang. "Finite-time parameter identification of fractional-order time-varying delay neural networks based on synchronization." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 33, no. 3 (March 2023): 033146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0137598.

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We research the finite-time parameter identification of fractional-order time-varying delay neural networks (FTVDNNs) based on synchronization. First, based on the fractional-order Lyapunov stability theorem and feedback control idea, we construct a synchronous controller and some parameter update rules, which accomplish the synchronization of the drive-response FTVDNNs and complete the identification of uncertain parameters. Second, the theoretical analysis of the synchronization method is carried out, and the stable time is calculated. Finally, we give two examples for simulation verification. Our method can complete the synchronization of the FTVDNNs in finite time and identify uncertain parameters while synchronizing.

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Cheng, Quanxin, and Jinde Cao. "Global Synchronization of Complex Networks with Discrete Time Delays on Time Scales." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2011 (2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/287670.

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This paper studies the global synchronization problem for a class of complex networks with discrete time delays. By using the theory of calculus on time scales, the properties of Kronecker product, and Lyapunov method, some sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure the global synchronization of the complex networks with delays on time scales. These sufficient conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The main contribution of the result is that the global synchronization problems with both discrete time and continuous time are unified under the same framework.

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Jayanthi, N., R. Santhakumari, Grienggrai Rajchakit, Nattakan Boonsatit, and Anuwat Jirawattanapanit. "Cluster synchronization of coupled complex-valued neural networks with leakage and time-varying delays in finite-time." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 1 (2023): 2018–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023104.

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<abstract>In cluster synchronization (CS), the constituents (i.e., multiple agents) are grouped into a number of clusters in accordance with a function of nodes pertaining to a network structure. By designing an appropriate algorithm, the cluster can be manipulated to attain synchronization with respect to a certain value or an isolated node. Moreover, the synchronization values among various clusters vary. The main aim of this study is to investigate the asymptotic and CS problem of coupled delayed complex-valued neural network (CCVNN) models along with leakage delay in finite-time (FT). In this paper, we describe several sufficient conditions for asymptotic synchronization by utilizing the Lyapunov theory for differential systems and the Filippov regularization framework for the realization of finite-time synchronization of CCVNNs with leakage delay. We also propose sufficient conditions for CS of the system under scrutiny. A synchronization algorithm is developed to indicate the usefulness of the theoretical results in case studies.</abstract>

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Suresh, R., K. Srinivasan, D. V. Senthilkumar, K. Murali, M. Lakshmanan, and J. Kurths. "Dynamic Environment Coupling Induced Synchronized States in Coupled Time-Delayed Electronic Circuits." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 24, no. 05 (May 2014): 1450067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127414500679.

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We experimentally demonstrate the effect of dynamic environment coupling in a system of coupled piecewise linear time-delay electronic circuits with mutual and subsystem coupling configurations. Time-delay systems are essentially infinite-dimensional systems with complex phase-space properties. Dynamic environmental coupling with mutual coupling configuration has been recently theoretically shown to induce complete (CS) and inverse synchronizations (IS) [Resmi et al., 2010] in low-dimensional dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations (ODEs), for which no experimental confirmation exists. In this paper, we investigate the effect of dynamic environment for the first time in mutual as well as subsystem coupling configurations in coupled time-delay differential equations theoretically and experimentally. Depending upon the coupling strength and the nature of feedback, we observe a transition from asynchronization to CS via phase synchronization and from asynchronization to IS via inverse-phase synchronization in both coupling configurations. The results are corroborated by snapshots of the time evolution, phase projection plots and localized sets as observed from the oscilloscope. Further, the synchronization is also confirmed numerically from the largest Lyapunov exponents, correlation of probability of recurrence and correlation coefficient of the coupled time-delay system. We also present a linear stability analysis and obtain conditions for different synchronized states.

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Chen, Yun, Xiaofeng Wu, and Qian Lin. "Global Lagged Finite-Time Synchronization of Two Chaotic Lur’e Systems Subject to Time Delay." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 12 (November 2015): 1550161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415501618.

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This paper investigates the global lagged finite-time synchronization of the master-slave Lur’e systems subject to time delay of signal transmission. By designing a variable-substitution and feedback controller, a master-slave finite-time synchronization scheme for the Lur’e systems with time delay is built up. Two delay-independent global lagged finite-time synchronization criteria are proved in the forms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and the corresponding settling time of synchronization is analytically estimated. The obtained LMI criteria are applied to Chua’s oscillators, obtaining some easily implemented algebraic criteria under various single-variable-substitution and feedback controller, which are then optimized to improve their conservative property. Finally, several numerical examples are illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the optimized criteria.

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Mills, D. L. "Internet time synchronization: the network time protocol." IEEE Transactions on Communications 39, no. 10 (1991): 1482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.103043.

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Gang, Hao, and Yi Zhuang. "A Time Synchronization Algorithm Based on Cluster-Tree." Advanced Materials Research 1046 (October 2014): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1046.348.

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Concerning the problem that classical time synchronization algorithms applied to large-scale Wireless Sensor Network have low precision and high energy consumption, this paper proposes a time synchronization algorithm based on cluster-tree. The algorithm can decrease the synchronization hop count by constructing a spanning tree, and uses two-way SRS in inter-cluster and one-way ROS in intra-cluster to reduce the number of messages required for the network synchronization. The experimental results show that the algorithm can keep the network synchronization precision at a higher level and effectively reduce energy consumption of nodes compared with the RBS and TPSN.

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Fu, Jia Bing, and He Wei Yu. "Audio-Video Synchronization Method Based on Playback Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1677.

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This paper proposes an audio and video synchronization method based on playback time. In ordinary playing process, the playback rate of audio is constant, so we can locate the playback time of audio and video by locating the key frame to get synchronization. Experimental results show that this method can get synchronization between audio and video and be achieved simply, furthermore, it can reduce the system overhead for synchronization.

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Chen, Zhenping, Yourui Huang, Zheng Wang, and Feng Tao. "Time synchronization for long-chain-type wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 9 (September 2018): 155014771879782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718797824.

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In view of the requirement on time synchronization for a kind of typical wireless sensor networks with long-chain-type topologies, taking into account the three-dimensional network model currently used by the localization algorithms, one feasible time synchronization algorithm is proposed in this article. Under the three-dimensional topology, nodes in the wireless sensor networks are divided into three kinds: the sensing nodes, the relay nodes, and the measured nodes. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of these three kinds of nodes, with the introduction of the pairwise broadcast synchronization and the series multi-hop synchronization protocol, the estimation of the clock offset and the clock skew of all the nodes in the wireless sensor networks are performed by virtue of the joint maximum likelihood and the least-squares method, thus the time synchronization of the wireless sensor networks with long-chain-type topology is solved. Moreover, the sink node evaluates the network periodically and adjusts the synchronizing cycle based on the difference between the network synchronization error and the given synchronization accuracy. The feasibility and effectiveness of this scheme are analyzed by simulations from the synchronization accuracy, the number of synchronization message, and the synchronizing cycle points of view.

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Guo, Ying, and Yu Tao Liu. "Collision Based Time Synchronization for Underwater Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.806.

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To synchronize nodes’ time in mobile underwater sensor networks, a collision based time synchronization scheme called “Coll-Sync” is proposed, which is a novel time synchronization approach for underwater acoustic environment. Collision has been identified as a major challenge to communication, and current systems implement sophisticated solutions to detect and avoid it. Coll-Sync shows that collision contains highly useful information that can be leveraged to improve time synchronization greatly. It is the first time synchronization algorithm that does not suffer but benefit from collision in underwater acoustic channel. Simulation results show that Coll-Sync has high precision and low energy cost. It significantly outperforms existing time synchronization schemes.

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Jia, Shichao, Cheng Hu, and Haijun Jiang. "Fixed/Preassigned-Time Synchronization of Fully Quaternion-Valued Cohen–Grossberg Neural Networks with Generalized Time Delay." Mathematics 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2023): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11234825.

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This article is concerned with fixed-time synchronization and preassigned-time synchronization of Cohen–Grossberg quaternion-valued neural networks with discontinuous activation functions and generalized time-varying delays. Firstly, a dynamic model of Cohen–Grossberg neural networks is introduced in the quaternion field, where the time delay successfully integrates discrete-time delay and proportional delay. Secondly, two types of discontinuous controllers employing the quaternion-valued signum function are designed. Without utilizing the conventional separation technique, by developing a direct analytical approach and using the theory of non-smooth analysis, several adequate criteria are derived to achieve fixed-time synchronization of Cohen–Grossberg neural networks and some more precise convergence times are estimated. To cater to practical requirements, preassigned-time synchronization is also addressed, which shows that the drive-slave networks reach synchronization within a specified time. Finally, two numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the designed controllers and criteria.

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Kumar, Umesh, Subir Das, Chuangxia Huang, and Jinde Cao. "Fixed-time synchronization of quaternion-valued neural networks with time-varying delay." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2241 (September 2020): 20200324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0324.

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In this article, sufficient conditions for fixed-time synchronization of time-delayed quaternion-valued neural networks (QVNNs) are derived. Firstly, QVNNs are decomposed into four real-valued systems. Then using the available lemmas and by constructing the Lyapunov function, the synchronization criterion for the neural networks is proposed. Activation functions satisfy the Lipschitz condition. A suitable controller has been designed to synchronize the master–slave systems. The effectiveness of the proposed result is validated through a comparison of the settling time obtained by applying two different existing lemmas to a particular problem of synchronization of two identical QVNNs with time-varying delay with the help of suitable controllers.

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Wang, Yue Chao, and Liang Lun Cheng. "Event-Triggered Time Synchronization Algorithm in Medium and High Rate WSN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 65 (June 2011): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.65.307.

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Traditional WSN’s time synchronization does not fit the needs of data fusion and large data transmission in High and Medium Rate WSN (MHWSN). In the structure of fixed network topology, there exists the problem that the synchronization errors between neighbor nodes are relatively large. At the same time, the whole-network synchronization mechanism is not suitable for the case that the data processing cycle of MHWSN is longer. An event-triggered local synchronization mechanism is presented in this paper. Simultaneously, a routing algorithm for synchronization is designed to solve the neighbor synchronization problem. The simulation results show that: The proposed synchronization mechanism reduces the cost of synchronizing in the event area, and the synchronization error between interest nodes is lowered too.

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Li, Ming, Chun Ping Wang, and Zhi Qiang Wang. "LXI Precision Time Protocol Applied Research." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.432.

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In order to meet the real-time demands of some equipment networked test, the time synchronization techniques of ATS based traditional instrument buses are compared with the techniques of LXI ATS. Accordingly,the necessity of LXI ATS time synchronization technique study is put forward. The sorts of time synchronization techniques based on Local Area Network are analyzed. In addition, some methods which could improve the level of LXI data real-time communications are presented. Afterwards, technique realizations of PTP are studied in detail. Local Area Network techniques and IEEE 1588 Precise Time Protocol are adopted in the LXI Automatic Test System which designed in the paper, and the level of time synchronization precision in the system is improved.

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Li, Ming, Chun Ping Wang, and Zhi Qiang Wang. "LXI Precision Time Protocol Applied Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.561.

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In order to meet the real-time demands of some equipment networked test, the time synchronization techniques of ATS based traditional instrument buses are compared with the techniques of LXI ATS. Accordingly，the necessity of LXI ATS time synchronization technique study is put forward. The sorts of time synchronization techniques based on Local Area Network are analyzed. In addition, some methods which could improve the level of LXI data real-time communications are presented. Afterwards, technique realizations of PTP are studied in detail. Local Area Network techniques and IEEE 1588 Precise Time Protocol are adopted in the LXI Automatic Test System which designed in the paper, and the level of time synchronization precision in the system is improved.

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Fan, Denggui, Xinle Song, and Fucheng Liao. "Synchronization of Coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo Neurons Using Self-Feedback Time Delay." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418500311.

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Many neurological diseases are characterized by abnormally synchronous oscillations of neuronal populations. However, how the neurons can synchronize with each other is still not fully understood, which may have potentially hampered the understanding and diagnosis for these dynamical diseases. In this paper, the self-feedback time delay (SFTD) and adaptive control theory are employed to control the onset of synchronization in the coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) neurons. It is found that the larger SFTD can induce the complete synchronization of coupled neuronal system. Further investigation reveals that the reinforcing SFTD can significantly postpone the synchronization onsets. In addition, for the case that synchronization cannot be achieved by adjusting SFTD, the parameter estimation update laws and adaptive controller with respect to SFTD of coupled system are investigated to deduce the sufficient condition for complete synchronization. Simulations are also provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. In particular, we observed the fascinating dynamical synchronization transitions, such as chaotic synchronization and bursting synchronization transitions, as well as the transition from anti-synchronization to complete synchronization.

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Liu, Mei, Binglong Lu, Zhanfeng Li, Haijun Jiang, and Cheng Hu. "Fixed-Time Synchronization Control of Delayed Dynamical Complex Networks." Entropy 23, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121610.

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Fixed-time synchronization problem for delayed dynamical complex networks is explored in this paper. Compared with some correspondingly existed results, a few new results are obtained to guarantee fixed-time synchronization of delayed dynamical networks model. Moreover, by designing adaptive controller and discontinuous feedback controller, fixed-time synchronization can be realized through regulating the main control parameter. Additionally, a new theorem for fixed-time synchronization is used to reduce the conservatism of the existing work in terms of conditions and the estimate of synchronization time. In particular, we obtain some fixed-time synchronization criteria for a type of coupled delayed neural networks. Finally, the analysis and comparison of the proposed controllers are given to demonstrate the validness of the derived results from one numerical example.

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Hoffmann, Hans, and Bob Edge. "Time Labeling and Synchronization (33TS)." SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 119, no. 6 (September 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j12193.

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Grigoraş, Victor, and Carmen Grigoraş. "Discrete-Time Hyperchaotic System Synchronization." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics Section 67, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipie-2021-0016.

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Abstract Nonlinear systems with hyperchaotic dynamical behaviour can be used in signal encryption. The present contribution presents the design of hyperchaotic discrete-time emitter circuit the synchronizing receiver and their dynamics. Possible application in wide-band signal transmission is presented by using error dynamics method.

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Jang, Ung-Jin, Sung-Gu Lee, Jun-Young Park, and Sung-Joo Yoo. "Fault-Tolerant WSN Time Synchronization." Wireless Sensor Network 02, no. 10 (2010): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2010.210089.

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Bünner, Martin J., and Wolfram Just. "Synchronization of time-delay systems." Physical Review E 58, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): R4072—R4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.58.r4072.

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Leschiutta, S. "Time synchronization using laser techniques." Proceedings of the IEEE 79, no. 7 (July 1991): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.84977.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Time Synchronization'

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