Journal articles: 'Time Timers®'

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Devikar, Rohit Nilkanth, Dipak V. Patil, and V. Chandra Prakash. "Impact of MRAI Timer on BGP Updates and Convergence Time." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i2.pp873-882.

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<p>BGP is a vital routing protocol for the communication amongst autonomous systems in the internet and has been broadly applied in all categories of large scale network. The inter-domain routing protocol (BGP) shows slow convergence, which effects on many internet applications due to its high convergence delay. The network operators broadly use different MRAI timers in BGP routers to deal with the issue of growing convergence time of the network. The variation in MRAI timer and its impact on network convergence and update messages has been broadly studied over the years. The increasing size of autonomous systems leads to rise in number of MRAI timers. Hence, the optimum use of MRAI timers can decrease the problem of slow convergence and necessity of huge number of MRAI timers. The proposed system uses the ckle minimum route advertisement interval timer (FMRAI) for fast update of routing table, which leads to reduce the convergence time of a network. In comparison with static MRAI timer of 30s the FMRAI timer leads to better result in terms of convergence time and number of update messages.</p>

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Gregertsen, Kristoffer Nyborg, and Amund Skavhaug. "Execution time timers for interrupt handling." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters 33, no. 2 (November 8, 2013): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2552999.2553009.

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Constant, Charles ffrench. "Developmental Timers: How do embryonic cells measure time?" Current Biology 4, no. 5 (May 1994): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00090-7.

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Iyer, Subramanian, and Siamak Javadi. "Beyond market timing theory." Studies in Economics and Finance 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 458–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-09-2017-0245.

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PurposeThis study aims to examine the behavior of cash raised through market timing efforts and the success of such efforts in creating value to shareholders.Design/methodology/approachIt is shown that in two quarters, subsequent to raising equity, cash balance of market timers is higher but after that, there is no significant difference between timers and non-timers. Results of speed of adjustment regressions indicate that market timers move faster toward their target cash levels.FindingsMarket timers are small firms that suffer from asymmetric information. They have limited access to capital market, and raising external capital is an opportunity that should be timed. The results suggest that, on average, these firms are managed by more able executives, who are 10 per cent more likely to time the market; however, it is found that timing efforts are unsuccessful in creating value to shareholders even after controlling for the mitigating effect of managerial ability. Subsequent to market timing, on average, market timers earn significantly lower abnormal return over different holding periods relative to their comparable non-timer counterparts.Originality/valueOverall, the results undermine the validity of market timing as a value-maximizing financial policy.

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Harbour, Michael González, and Mario Aldea Rivas. "Managing multiple execution-time timers from a single task." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters XXIII, no. 4 (December 2003): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/959221.959228.

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Fröhlich, Antônio Augusto, Giovani Gracioli, and João Felipe Santos. "Periodic timers revisited: The real-time embedded system perspective." Computers & Electrical Engineering 37, no. 3 (May 2011): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.03.003.

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Saptadi, Arief Hendra. "Perbandingan Kecepatan Pencacahan Antara Timer 0 (8 Bit) Dengan Timer 1 (16 Bit) Pada Sistem Mikrokontroler." JURNAL INFOTEL - Informatika Telekomunikasi Elektronika 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v3i2.90.

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The application of timer/counter in microcontroller system had provided advantages in a way that it didn’t put the burden on CPU resources and enabled CPU to perform other tasks. With the availability of 8-bit and 16-bit timer/counter, the problem laid on the selection of the type of timer/counter being used. From the experiments performed, the minimum system of AVR ATmega8535 microcontroller had precisely counted a number using two different timers/counters, namely, Timer/Counter 0 (8 bit) and Timer/Counter 1 (16 bit). The overflow condition achieved on 8-bit and 16-bit counting cycle activated OCR0 and OCR1AL registers, respectively. Output signals from port B.3 (OC0) and port D.5 (OC1A) are then fed to oscilloscope and put into comparison. From the observation of output signals, it could be proven that the two different timers/counters had equal counting speed. Hence, it can be concluded that the selection of timers/counters is more likely based on the flexibility of count range, program size and execution time

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Cherednichenko, Galina A. "Part-Time Learners of Higher Education: Training and After Graduation." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 2 (2019): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.2.6409.

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Analysis based on state statistics and survey data of RLMS for 2016 on 30–39-year-olds with higher education, who completed part-time and completed full-time education in universities, allows to detect the degree of commonality/differences in their socio-demographic characteristics, educational path, employment status and subjective evaluations. “Part-timers” are older, among them the proportion of women, residents of villages and settlements, who are married and have children, is higher. They study more often in rural schools and graduate from 9 rather than 11 grades; more than a half go to university after receiving a secondary vocational education. “Part-timers” are very slightly different from “Full-timers” in main indicators of labor activity: share of employed is slightly higher, one of the unemployed is lower; more often work in formally organized jobs. The first ones are distributed on somewhat lower statuses: the share of highly qualified specialists (which is formally provided by diploma) is lower and the share of workers is slightly higher. There is much more unity than differences in subjective assessments of their work by “Parttimers” and “Full-timers “. Almost three quarters are satisfied with working conditions and 7–10% are not; the ratio of satisfied to unsatisfied wages is 45 to 30%. At the same time, “Part-timers” have a small margin of positive ratings. Ideas about their place in some social hierarchies are also very close in both groups.

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Warren, Tracey. "Women in Low Status Part-Time Jobs: A Class and Gender Analysis." Sociological Research Online 4, no. 4 (February 2000): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.328.

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Why, given all the problems associated with part-time employment in Britain, do women work part-time at all? Does the answer to this question lie in gender-based explanations which focus on womenís caring responsibilities? This paper addresses these issues by focusing on the relative experiences of the largest group of part-timers, women working in low status occupations. It is concluded that a gender-informed analysis of womenís part-time employment is clearly vital, but an awareness of further dimensions of social inequality is required if we are to understand diversity amongst part-timers. Relative to full-timers, part-timers are similar in their life-cycle positions, their marital status and motherhood status. However, incorporating a class analysis shows that part-timers in lower status jobs stand apart in that they are disproportionately likely to have been brought up in working class households and, as adults, they are more likely to be living in very low waged households with partners who are also in low paid manual occupations. It is concluded that women go into the lowest status part-time jobs in specific social contexts and, as a result, we cannot lump together into one unified group, women working part-time in manual and higher status occupations, and then talk sensibly about part-time work and its impact on women. It is essential to examine the interaction of gender and class inequalities to better understand these womenís working lives.

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Whitelaw, Chariotte M., and Margot Nash. "Part‐time medical training: Part‐timers can increase the time in each training position." Medical Journal of Australia 175, no. 5 (September 2001): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143574.x.

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Herisajani, Herisajani, Nasrul Nasrul, and Yandrika Putra. "Merancang Panel Kontrol Untuk Pompa Air dan Motor Pengerak Solar Cell." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 6, no. 1 (September 5, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.6.1.60.

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At this present time increasing electrical energy requirements, and therefore found the latest energy is solar energy. Solar energy can be harnessed as a potential alternative energy source because the energy is very large as well as environmentally friendly. Tool that can be used to convert sunlight directly into electricity is called photovoltaic. On the control panel to control the water pump on the motor control circuit design life turns automatically and manually. To control the timing of the displacement of the pump used to pump two timers. On the control panel of diesel propulsion sell used four times the displacement step. Switching time between steps in the set by a timer. The control panel uses the same circuit with the motor circuit alternating rounds.

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Grudzinsky, S. O., and V. N. Odnoralov. "Impulse Conditioner for Verification (Calibration) of Digital Electronic Stopwatch-Timers." Metrology and instruments, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(1)2020.27-29.

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New upgraded device for digital electronic stopwatch-timers calibration has been developed and researched. Real value of quartz resonator frequency has been measured. New device provides the stopwatch-timers calibration of various models for any frequency spectrum. The device enables to shorten the time for calibration and to reduce the calibration uncertainty. Control procedure for main digital stopwatch-timers characteristics has been described. The procedure doesn’t contain any handmade operations depended on operator reaction. Already there are no necessity to use any mechanic device for start/stop of stopwatch-timers.

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Noh, Hyeran, and Scott T. Phillips. "Fluidic Timers for Time-Dependent, Point-of-Care Assays on Paper." Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 19 (October 2010): 8071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac1005537.

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Lumbers, Melanie. "TIMERS: undertaking wound assessment in the community." British Journal of Community Nursing 24, Sup12 (December 1, 2019): S22—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.sup12.s22.

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Community nurses regularly treat patients with chronic wounds (those persisting over 6 weeks); with the complexity of both the patients' health needs and the wound itself, this often becomes a highly time-consuming task for the nurse. Wound assessment tools are designed to support all qualified nurses, regardless of whether the nurse possesses specialist wound care knowledge or not, in delivering safe and appropriate wound care. The wound assessment tool, using the acronym TIME, has been recently amended to now be known as TIMERS (Tissue, Infection/Inflammation, Moisture, Wound edge, Repair/Regeneration, Social). This article will examine what the newly amended wound assessment tool TIMERS represents, in addition to looking at the practical issues around its implementation in community settings.

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Mao, Fei Xia. "The Design and Realize of Wireless Electronic Timer for Track and Field Base on CC2430." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1034.

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The electronic timer system take CC2430 wireless micro-controller devices and realize time function based on principle of the timer / counter timing and OLED display. Smart network based on zigbee has obvious advantages. Zigbee network supports large capacity, low_power consumption, easy to expand and the self-_organizing network. It has designed the hardware and software structure according t o the technical requirement of time.The display time of 0 to 59 minutes 59 seconds 99 milliseconds, the timing accuracy of 0.01 seconds, the correct timing. We obtain the average time by multiple timers wireless networking.

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Shukla, Shipra, and Mahesh Kumar. "Optimized MRAI Timers for Border Gateway Protocol in Large Networks." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 10, no. 4 (October 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2019100103.

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The global routing performance is essential for the services provided by the internet applications on the Internet. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the extensively used routing protocol for the autonomous systems which constructs the internet. The reduction in convergence time is a crucial challenge for BGP. The past studies confirm that the Minimum Route Advertisement Interval (MRAI) decreases the convergence time. However, most of the approaches are focused on finding the optimum MRAI value. The techniques to implement the MRAI timers are less addressed by the researcher in compare to finding the optimum MRAI value. The implementation of reusable MRAI timers for large networks is critical at different load conditions. Therefore, this article presents the novel approach Optimized MRAI timer in a large network which reduces the convergence time. The proposed approach reduces the end-to-end delay, the number of exchanged updates message, and convergence time of BGP events and enhances the number of delivered packets in compare to related techniques.

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Lynn-Senter Wittmer, Jenell, and James E. Martin. "Lessons learned from a part-time worker typology applied to full-timers." American Journal of Business 28, no. 2 (October 21, 2013): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-05-2013-0032.

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Wittmer, Jenell Lynn-Senter, and James E. Martin. "Lessons Learned From a Part-Time Worker Typology Applied to Full-Timers." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 13036. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.13036abstract.

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Johnson, Martin H., and Margot L. Day. "Egg timers: how is developmental time measured in the early vertebrate embryo?" BioEssays 22, no. 1 (January 24, 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(200001)22:1<57::aid-bies10>3.0.co;2-l.

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Mitsudo, Takako, Tsuyoshi Kuroda, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Emi Hasuo, and Yuji Wada. "Possibility of modality-dependent or -independent timers: Trends in multimodal time perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): SS—048—SS—048. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_ss-048.

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Nelen, Annemarie, and Andries de Grip. "Why Do Part-time Workers Invest Less in Human Capital than Full-timers?" LABOUR 23 (March 2009): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00439.x.

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Raff, M. "The mystery of intracellular developmental programmes and timers." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340663.

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There has been a revolution in understanding animal development in the last 25 years or so, but there is at least one area of development that has been relatively neglected and therefore remains largely mysterious. This is the intracellular programmes and timers that run in developing precursor cells and change the cells over time. The molecular mechanisms underlying these programmes are largely unknown. My colleagues and I have studied such programmes in two types of rodent neural precursor cells: those that give rise to oligodendrocytes, which make myelin in the CNS (central nervous system), and those that give rise to the various cell types in the retina.

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Artho, Paul A., Jason G. Thyne, Barry P. Warring, Chris D. Willis, Jean-Michel Brismée, and Neal S. Latman. "A Calibration Study of Therapeutic Ultrasound Units." Physical Therapy 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/82.3.257.

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Abstract Background and Purpose. Physiological effects of therapeutic ultrasound (US) are dependent on the intensity and duration of application. The purpose of this study was to test US machines used in clinical settings for proper calibration of time and power output. Methods. Measurements of power output and timer accuracy were obtained from 83 US units in clinical use. The machines were tested at 4 intensity settings (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2) using a continuous waveform and a 1-MHz frequency. The measured intensities were converted to percentages of error and compared with the ±20% standard. Results. Of the machines tested, 32 (39%) were outside the calibration standard for at least one output setting. Of these machines, 15 (18%) were above the +20% standard, and 17 (21%) were below the −20% standard for at least one output setting. Of the 32 machines outside the standard, 26 (31%) were outside the standard for 2 or more settings, and 3 (4%) produced no output at any of the settings. Of the mechanical timers tested, 7 (28%) were outside of the ±10% standard for timer accuracy at the 5-minute interval, and 6 (24%) were outside of the standard at the 10-minute interval. All digital timers tested were within the standard. Discussion and Conclusion. More than one third of machines tested in this study were outside the standard for power output, and approximately one fourth of the mechanical timers were outside the standard. Therefore, further improvements in the accuracy of US machine calibration are needed.

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White, Karen N., Katherine B. Gunter, Christine M. Snow, and Wilson C. Hayes. "The Quick Step: A New Test for Measuring Reaction Time and Lateral Stepping Velocity." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 18, no. 3 (August 2002): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.18.3.271.

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The Quick Step measures reaction time and lateral stepping velocity. Upon a visual cue, participants step to the side as quickly as possible. Instrumentation includes floor pads with pressure-sensitive switches and two timers. In all, 109 older adults who had experienced a recent fall, 46 older adult nonfallers, and 24 young adults volunteered for testing. Reliability for reaction time and stepping velocity was good to excellent (intraclass correlation = 0.69–0.85). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between groups, p < 0.01, but not between stepping directions, p = 0.62–0.72, for both reaction time and stepping velocity. Reaction times were different among the three groups, p < 0.01, with the young adults having the fastest times and the older adult fallers having the slowest times. Lateral stepping velocity was faster among the young adults than for the two older groups, p < 0.01, but did not differ between the older adults, p = 0.29. It is concluded that the Quick Step is a simple and reliable tool for determining reaction time and lateral stepping velocity, and that this test can be used to detect a significant difference in reaction time between older adult fallers and nonfallers.

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TAGO, Yoshinori. "A Time-geographical Study of Female Part-timers' Life Change with a New Plant Location." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 46, no. 4 (1994): 372–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg1948.46.372.

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Gregertsen, Kristoffer Nyborg. "Revising the Ada Timers and Group Budgets to Support Execution Time Control for Interrupt Handling." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters 36, no. 1 (July 13, 2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2971571.2971577.

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Peterson, Cassidy D., James Gartland, and Robert J. Latour. "Novel use of hook timers to quantify changing catchability over soak time in longline surveys." Fisheries Research 194 (October 2017): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2017.05.010.

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Khmelinskii, Anton, Matthias Meurer, Chi-Ting Ho, Birgit Besenbeck, Julia Füller, Marius K. Lemberg, Bernd Bukau, Axel Mogk, and Michael Knop. "Incomplete proteasomal degradation of green fluorescent proteins in the context of tandem fluorescent protein timers." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0525.

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Tandem fluorescent protein timers (tFTs) report on protein age through time-dependent change in color, which can be exploited to study protein turnover and trafficking. Each tFT, composed of two fluorescent proteins (FPs) that differ in maturation kinetics, is suited to follow protein dynamics within a specific time range determined by the maturation rates of both FPs. So far, tFTs have been constructed by combining slower-maturing red fluorescent proteins (redFPs) with the faster-maturing superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). Toward a comprehensive characterization of tFTs, we compare here tFTs composed of different faster-maturing green fluorescent proteins (greenFPs) while keeping the slower-maturing redFP constant (mCherry). Our results indicate that the greenFP maturation kinetics influences the time range of a tFT. Moreover, we observe that commonly used greenFPs can partially withstand proteasomal degradation due to the stability of the FP fold, which results in accumulation of tFT fragments in the cell. Depending on the order of FPs in the timer, incomplete proteasomal degradation either shifts the time range of the tFT toward slower time scales or precludes its use for measurements of protein turnover. We identify greenFPs that are efficiently degraded by the proteasome and provide simple guidelines for the design of new tFTs.

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Alroy, John. "A more precise speciation and extinction rate estimator." Paleobiology 41, no. 4 (September 2015): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2015.26.

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AbstractA new turnover rate metric is introduced that combines simplicity and precision. Like the related three-timer and gap-filler equations, it involves first identifying a cohort of taxa sampled in the time interval preceding the one of interest (call the intervalsi0andi1). Taxa sampled ini0andi1are two-timers (t2); those sampled ini0andi2but noti1are part-timers (p); and taxa sampled only in eitheri1,i2, ori3are newly notated here as eithers1,s2, ors3. The gap-filler extinction proportion can be reformulated as (s1−s3)/(t2+p). The method proposed here is to substitutes3with the second-highest of the three counts when the expected orderings1≥s2≥s3is violated. In simulation, this new estimator yields values that are highly correlated with those produced by the gap-filler equation but more precise. In particular, it rarely produces highly negative values even when sample sizes are quite small. It is mildly upwards biased when sampling is extremely poor and turnover rates are extremely low, but it is otherwise highly accurate. Examples of Phanerozoic extinction rates for four major marine invertebrate groups are given to illustrate the method’s improved precision. Based on the results, the procedure is recommended for general use.

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Bekker, R., O. J. Boxma, and O. Kella. "Queues with Delays in Two-State Strategies and Lévy Input." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 02 (June 2008): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200004253.

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We consider a reflected Lévy process without negative jumps, starting at the origin. When the reflected process first upcrosses level K, a timer is activated. After D time units, the timer expires and the Lévy exponent of the Lévy process is changed. As soon as the process hits zero again, the Lévy exponent reverses to the original function. If the process has reached the origin before the timer expires then the Lévy exponent does not change. Using martingale techniques, we analyze the steady-state distribution of the resulting process, reflected at the origin. We pay special attention to the cases of deterministic and exponential timers, and to the following three special Lévy processes: (i) a compound Poisson process plus negative drift (corresponding to an M/G/1 queue), (ii) Brownian motion, and (iii) a Lévy process that is a subordinator until the timer expires.

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Bekker, R., O. J. Boxma, and O. Kella. "Queues with Delays in Two-State Strategies and Lévy Input." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 2 (June 2008): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1214950350.

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We consider a reflected Lévy process without negative jumps, starting at the origin. When the reflected process first upcrosses level K, a timer is activated. After D time units, the timer expires and the Lévy exponent of the Lévy process is changed. As soon as the process hits zero again, the Lévy exponent reverses to the original function. If the process has reached the origin before the timer expires then the Lévy exponent does not change. Using martingale techniques, we analyze the steady-state distribution of the resulting process, reflected at the origin. We pay special attention to the cases of deterministic and exponential timers, and to the following three special Lévy processes: (i) a compound Poisson process plus negative drift (corresponding to an M/G/1 queue), (ii) Brownian motion, and (iii) a Lévy process that is a subordinator until the timer expires.

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Angelo, Faye, and Nell Ann Pickett. "Research Commentary: Technical Writers as Part-Time Teachers in Two-Year Colleges." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qg36-hwlt-fbav-xy65.

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Part-time technical writing teachers who responded to a 1986–87 survey of two-year college technical writing teachers were found to be committed to teaching, well-qualified, experienced, personally involved, and typically employed full time as technical writers or editors. This finding calls into question the unfavorable stereotypical view of part-timers held by individuals and professional organizations. Because of their unique position as full-time practitioners of the skills they teach, part-time technical writing teachers can serve as an important link between teaching technical writing and business/industry.

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Del Chiappa, Giacomo, Cem Tinaz, and Douglas Michele Turco. "Driving first-time and repeat spectators to a motor sport event." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 8, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-03-2014-0023.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the differences in expenditure and satisfaction level between first-time and repeat spectators to a motor sport event, as well as differences in their intention to return and to recommend the host destination. Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire was developed and data were collected on-site during the 2012 Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) World Rally Championship (WRC) in Sardinia via 210 interviews. A series of descriptive analysis, independent t-tests, chi-square tests and regression analysis were run for the purposes of the study. Findings – Findings showed first-timers spend more and are more satisfied than repeaters, even if no significant differences were reported. Repeaters reported to be more willing to return and to recommend, with significant differences, only in the intention to return. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on a convenience sample of a relatively small size, and it might be influenced by the idiosyncratic characteristics of the location. Further, it does not consider the mediating effect that the budget of spectators and their travel/event career ladder can exert over their behaviour. Practical implications – Destination marketers and event organizers need to run their marketing operations to renew their customer mix and/or to increase the standard level of quality to be delivered to repeaters. Further, their marketing and communication strategy should be personalized, and incentives should be given to encourage both groups to purchase multiple products simultaneously. Originality/value – The paper adds to the growing, and often still inconsistent, research aiming to compare first-timers’ and repeat visitors’ behaviours by offering insights from the context of motor sport events, where no published paper exist so far.

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Vera-Pérez, Jose, David Todolí-Ferrandis, Salvador Santonja-Climent, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, and Víctor Sempere-Payá. "A Joining Procedure and Synchronization for TSCH-RPL Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103556.

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Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key enabler for Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications; however, to adapt to the derived robust communication requirements, deterministic and scheduled medium access should be used, along with other features, such as channel hopping and frequency diversity. Implementing these mechanisms requires a correct synchronization of all devices in the network, a stage in deployment that can lead to non-operational networks. The present article presents an analysis of such situations and possible solutions, including the common current approaches and recommendations, and proposes a new beacon advertising method based on a specific Trickle Timer for the Medium Access Control (MAC) Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) layer, decoupling from the timers in the network and routing layers. With this solution, improvements in connection success, time to join, and energy consumption can be obtained for the widely extended IEEE802.15.4e standard.

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Menon, Vikas, Shivanand Kattimani, Siddharth Sarkar, and Kaliaperumal Mathan. "How do repeat suicide attempters differ from first timers? An exploratory record based analysis." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 7, no. 01 (January 2016): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.168435.

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ABSTRACT Background: Evidence indicates that repeat suicide attempters, as a group, may differ from 1st time attempters. The identification of repeat attempters is a powerful but underutilized clinical variable. Aims: In this research, we aimed to compare individuals with lifetime histories of multiple attempts with 1st time attempters to identify factors predictive of repeat attempts. Setting and Design: This was a retrospective record based study carried out at a teaching cum Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Methods: Relevant data was extracted from the clinical records of 1st time attempters (n = 362) and repeat attempters (n = 61) presenting to a single Tertiary Care Center over a 4½ year period. They were compared on various sociodemographic and clinical parameters. The clinical measures included Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Coping Strategies Inventory – Short Form, and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Statistical Analysis Used: First time attempters and repeaters were compared using appropriate inferential statistics. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of repeat attempts. Results: The two groups did not significantly differ on sociodemographic characteristics. Repeat attempters were more likely to have given prior hints about their act (χ2 = 4.500, P = 0.034). In the final regression model, beck hopelessness score emerged as a significant predictor of repeat suicide attempts (odds ratio = 1.064, P = 0.020). Conclusion: Among suicide attempters presenting to the hospital, the presence of hopelessness is a predictor of repeat suicide attempts, independent of clinical depression. This highlights the importance of considering hopelessness in the assessment of suicidality with a view to minimize the risk of future attempts.

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Egli, Martin. "Architecture and mechanism of the central gear in an ancient molecular timer." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 128 (March 2017): 20161065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.1065.

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Molecular clocks are the product of natural selection in organisms from bacteria to human and their appearance early in evolution such as in the prokaryotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus suggests that these timers served a crucial role in genetic fitness. Thus, a clock allows cyanobacteria relying on photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation to temporally space the two processes and avoid exposure of nitrogenase carrying out fixation to high levels of oxygen produced during photosynthesis. Fascinating properties of molecular clocks are the long time constant, their precision and temperature compensation. Although these are hallmarks of all circadian oscillators, the actual cogs and gears that control clocks vary widely between organisms, indicating that circadian timers evolved convergently multiple times, owing to the selective pressure of an environment with a daily light/dark cycle. In S. elongatus , the three proteins KaiA, KaiB and KaiC in the presence of ATP constitute a so-called post-translational oscillator (PTO). The KaiABC PTO can be reconstituted in an Eppendorf tube and keeps time in a temperature-compensated manner. The ease by which the KaiABC clock can be studied in vitro has made it the best-investigated molecular clock system. Over the last decade, structures of all three Kai proteins and some of their complexes have emerged and mechanistic aspects have been analysed in considerable detail. This review focuses on the central gear of the S. elongatus clock and only enzyme among the three proteins: KaiC. Our determination of the three-dimensional structure of KaiC early in the quest for a better understanding of the inner workings of the cyanobacterial timer revealed its unusual architecture and conformational differences and unique features of the two RecA-like domains constituting KaiC. The structure also pinpointed phosphorylation sites and differential interactions with ATP molecules at subunit interfaces, and helped guide experiments to ferret out mechanistic aspects of the ATPase, auto-phosphorylation and auto-dephosphorylation reactions catalysed by the homo-hexamer. Comparisons between the structure of KaiC and those of nanomachines such as F1-ATPase and CaMKII also exposed shared architectural features (KaiC/ATPase), mechanistic principles (KaiC/CaMKII) and phenomena, such as subunit exchange between hexameric particles critical for function (clock synchronization, KaiABC; memory-storage, CaMKII).

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Shusharina, Galina A. "EXPLICATION OF THE AUTHOR'S JUDGEMENT AND EVALUATION IN MASS MEDIA («TIME» AND «THE NEW-YORK TIMES»)." Scholarly Notes of Komsomolsk-na-Amure State Technical University 2, no. 5 (March 31, 2011): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17084/2011.i-2(5).12.

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Paul, Matthew J., Irving Zucker, and William J. Schwartz. "Tracking the seasons: the internal calendars of vertebrates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1490 (August 7, 2007): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2143.

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Animals have evolved many season-specific behavioural and physiological adaptations that allow them to both cope with and exploit the cyclic annual environment. Two classes of endogenous annual timekeeping mechanisms enable animals to track, anticipate and prepare for the seasons: a timer that measures an interval of several months and a clock that oscillates with a period of approximately a year. Here, we discuss the basic properties and biological substrates of these timekeeping mechanisms, as well as their reliance on, and encoding of environmental cues to accurately time seasonal events. While the separate classification of interval timers and circannual clocks has elucidated important differences in their underlying properties, comparative physiological investigations, especially those regarding seasonal prolactin secretions, hint at the possibility of common substrates.

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BONASTRE, O. M., S. NEVILLE, and C. E. PALAU. "MULTICAST CONGESTION CONTROL SRMSH APPROACH USING COMMUNICATING REAL-TIME STATE MACHINES." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 09 (September 2010): 2965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410027519.

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New real-time applications frequently involve timing constraints related to accurate services from communication protocols. Concretely, real-time communication protocols utilize timers to implement these constraints between system event occurrences. In this context, the study of congestion control for Internet reliable multicast is at present an active research field related to real-time protocols. In this paper, the authors present an innovative real-time transport protocol named Scalable Reliable Multicast Stair Hybrid (SRMSH) as new hybrid multiple layer mechanism for multicast congestion control providing detection and recovery loss. This work is focused on formal specification of SRMSH approach using Communicating Real-Time State Machines as a formal method. Besides, SRMSH validation is presented within a formal proof framework in order to check the functional safety and liveness properties. As a result, authors outline a dynamical system framework in order to model behavior of their presented solution.

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Ilsøe, Anna, Trine Pernille Larsen, and Jonas Felbo-Kolding. "Living hours under pressure: flexibility loopholes in the Danish IR-model." Employee Relations 39, no. 6 (October 2, 2017): 888–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2017-0049.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of part-time work on absolute wages. The empirical focus is wages and working hours in three selected sectors within private services in the Danish labour market – industrial cleaning, retail, hotels and restaurants – and their agreement-based regulation of working time and wages. Theoretically, this analysis is inspired by the concept of living hours, which addresses the interaction between working hours and living wages, but adds a new layer to the concept in that the authors also consider the importance of working time regulations for securing a living wage. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds on desk research of collective agreements and analysis of monthly administrative register data on wages and working hours of Danish employees from the period 2008-2014. Findings This analysis shows that the de facto hourly wages have increased since the global financial crisis in all three sectors. This is in accordance with increasing minimum wage levels in the sector-level agreements. The majority of workers in all three sectors work part-time. Marginal part-timers – 15 hours or less per week – make up the largest group of workers. The de facto hourly wage for part-timers, including marginal part-timers, is relatively close to the sector average. However, the yearly job-related income is much lower for part-time than for full-time workers and much lower than the poverty threshold. Whereas the collective agreement in industrial cleaning includes a minimum floor of 15 weekly working hours – this is not the case in retail, hotels and restaurants. This creates a loophole in the latter two sectors that can be exploited by employers to gain wage flexibility through part-time work. Originality/value The living wage literature usually focusses on hourly wages (including minimum wages via collective agreements or legislation). This analysis demonstrates that studies of low-wage work must include the number of working hours and working time regulations, as this aspect can have a dramatic influence on absolute wages – even in cases of hourly wages at relatively high levels. Part-time work and especially marginal part-time work can be associated with very low yearly income levels – even in cases like Denmark – if regulations do not include minimum working time floors. The authors suggest that future studies include the perspective of living hours to draw attention to the effect of low number of weekly hours on absolute income levels.

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Quiney, Matilda. "Women need the work: Why women part-timers must not be branded as stealing full-time work from men." New Economy 1, no. 3 (September 1994): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0041.1994.tb00019.x.

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Ursu, Mircea Petru, and Traian Buidoş. "Experimental Research about Adjusting the Exposure Time and Power Level of Microwaves for Industrial Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.476.

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This paper shows some possibilities to adjust the exposure time and output power of a given microwave device according to the process to be executed, taking into account the special operating conditions of the magnetrons and the efficiency of the microwave device. Since the exposure time is rather easy to set by means of timers, the microwave power level is difficult to modify because of the magnetron requirements voltage, current, magnetic field which must be carefully observed in order to ensure reliable operation. The research has been carried out at the University of Oradea and INCDTIM Cluj-Napoca, during the activities of the Microwave Collective of the University of Oradea and during the preparation of the doctoral thesis of Mr.Ursu.

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Bruns, Friederike, Irune Yarza, Philipp Ittershagen, and Kim Grüttner. "Time Measurement and Control Blocks for Bare-Metal C++ Applications." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 4 (June 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3434401.

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Precisely timed execution of resource constrained bare-metal applications is difficult, because the embedded software developer usually has to implement and check the timeliness of the executed application through manual interaction with timers or counters. In the scope of this work, we propose a combined timing specification and concept for time annotation and control blocks in C++. Our proposed blocks can be used to measure and profile software block execution time. Furthermore, it can be used to control and enforce the software time behavior at runtime. After the application of these time blocks, a trace-based verification against the block-based timing specification can be performed to obtain evidence on the correct implementation and usage of the time blocks on the target platform. We have implemented our time block concept in a C++ library and tested it on an ARM Cortex A9 bare-metal platform. The combined usage of timing specification and our time block library has been successfully evaluated on a critical flight-control software for a multi-rotor system.

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Vinogradov, Aleksandr V., Aleksey V. Bukreyev, Alina V. Vinogradova, and Vadim E. Bol’shev. "Identification of Power Grid Lines with Increased Power Losses Using Mobile Electric Meters and Timers." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-3-31-36.

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Identifying sections of 0.4 kilovolt power grid lines with increased power losses is an urgent task, the solution of which will free up some of the funds spent by power grid companies to compensate for power losses and direct them to the reconstruction and modernization of electric networks. It is necessary to monitor electricity consumption on sections of power grid lines and on the connections of consumers, and compare data on consumption. Existing devices that analyze the quality of electrical energy and can control current and power in the network, such as power quality analyzers, do not have the full necessary qualities, since they are intended for other purposes, and they are also very expensive. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing technical means for identifying sections of 0.4 kilovolt power grid lines with increased power losses, which also allow performing a survey of operating modes of power grid lines. (Materials and methods) The article presents a review of literary sources and an analysis of statistical data. (Results and discussion) The article presents developed technical tools for inspection of power grid lines of 0.4 kilovolts and identification of areas with increased losses of electrical energy, portable single-phase and three-phase electric meter and timer. The single-phase mobile electric meter and timer can be used for the survey of single-phase connections of consumers, three-phase one can be used for the survey of any sections of power lines. Authors also developed a version of the portable electric meter and timer with up to six independent sensors. (Conclusions) It is most rational to use a version of the mobile meter and timer equipped with Wi-Fi data transmission technology to detect power losses on sections of 0.4 kilovolts power grid lines, since in this case simultaneous monitoring of several sections is provided with the possibility of obtaining information from sensors in real time. The data allow to calculate technological and commercial losses on power line sections and draw conclusions about whether they are overstated.

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Hayes, Matthew. "Causing a Ruckus: Complicity and Performance in Stories of Port Moody." Public History Review 24 (January 4, 2018): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v24i0.5442.

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This article is about the suicide of the chief of police of a small Canadian town, which - according to some - did not actually happen. While employed as a researcher and writer with a museum in Port Moody, British Columbia, the author heard this story as one of many told by the ‘old-timers’ who assisted with the writing of a history book. The controversy over the potential suicide provided the means by which this article reflects on issues of ethics, advocacy, and performance when doing public history. The main request of the old-timers was to ‘put the good stories in’ when writing the book. This expectation caused tension between the author and the museum, reflecting the divide between doing ‘history’ and ‘heritage’. This article draws on Anthropological theories of ‘complicity’ and performance in storytelling to make sense of the author’s role within the context of a museum working to record the stories of long-time residents. The stories of the old-timers were filtered through the lens of early 20th century ideas about gender, race, and class, and affected by a lingering frontier mentality. As such, they wished to see their town’s history told in a very specific way. The story of the police chief’s suicide betrayed this intent, allowing for an analysis of how these expectations can affect the way in which public history is done.

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PHILLIPS, ROBERT M. "THE UBITRON REVISITED." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 04, no. 04 (December 1993): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156493000182.

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Whatever became of the ubitron? Old timers in the microwave tube field remember it vaguely as the original fast wave, super power amplifier. Cloaked in military secrecy, it surfaced from time to time with new records for frequency and power, only to drop from sight in the early 1960's. The author, who was the inventor and developer of the ubitron, relates the story of its rise and fall, and its relationship to its now famous and successful descendent, the free electron laser.

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Maliq, Tatang Maulana, Harnen Sulistio, Ludfi Djakfar, and Sonya Sulistyono. "THE EFFECT OF USING A COUNTDOWN TIMER ON THE SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PERFORMANCE IN MALANG CITY." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 2, no. 02 (December 3, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v2i02.6442.

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The high growth of the population in Malang will trigger an increase in the activity of its, resulting in increased traffic. Increased traffic demands will add to traffic congestion problems on roads and intersections. One way of traffic engineering to improve signaled intersection performance is to equip traffic signals with countdown timers. This additional instrument serves to inform the duration of the signal setup time. This study aims to determine the effect of countdown timer use on saturation flow, performance and safety factor signalized intersection in Malang. The paired sample t-teste statistical method is used to see the influence of the countdown timer on saturation flow, and the impact on the performance and safety of the intersection arm. The use of countdown timer can increase the value of saturation flow, so the capacity of the intersection also increased 5-22% with decreasing delay time 5-13 sec/smp. But the less positive impact on the safety factor intersection, because there is an increase in the movement of vehicles before the green time. Tingginya pertumbuhan jumah penduduk di Kota Malang akan memicu peningkatan aktifitas penduduk sehingga berdampak pada meningkatnya lalu lintas. Peningkatan tuntutan lalu lintas akan menambah masalah kemacetan lalu lintas pada ruas jalan dan simpang. Salah satu cara rekayasa lalu lintas untuk meningkatkan kinerja simpang bersinyal adalah melengkapi sinyal lalu lintas dengan countdown timer. Instrumen tambahan ini berfungsi menginformasikan durasi waktu pengaturan sinyal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan countdown timer terhadap arus jenuh , kinerja dan faktor keselamatan simpang bersinyal di Kota Malang. Metode statistik paired sample t-teste digunakan untuk melihat pengaruh countdown timer terhadap arus jenuh, dan dampak pada kinerja serta keselamatan lengan simpang. Penggunaan countdown timer mampu meningkatkan nilai arus jenuh, sehingga kapasitas lengan simpang juga mengalami peningkatan 5-22% dengan penurunan waktu tundaan 5-13 detik/smp. Tetapi kurang berdampak positif terhadap faktor keselamatan simpang, karena terjadi peningkatan pergerakan kendaraan sebelum waktu hijau.

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Chin, K. K., W. J. Ng, A. N. Ma, and K. K. Wong. "Treatability Studies of Palm Oil Refinery Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0185.

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Wastewaters from palm oil refineries were treated using physical-chemical and biological treatment systems. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) af ter chemical coagulation and flocculation with lime, alum, and polyelectrolyte removed more than 90% of the influent COD, suspended solids, and oil and grease. Laboratory data compared closely with pilot and full scale plant operating data. Pretreated wastewaters from physical and chemical refining were further treated with the sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The SBRs allow the control of reaction time and the maintenance of biological solids to be accomplished in a single tank. Laboratory and pilot scale studies showed a high degree of BOD and COD removal efficiencies. Microprocessor-based timers were used to control the operating modes. The cycle times used varied from 8 to 24 hours. The process showed stability under wide variations of organic strength (300 to 2500 mg/l BOD) and loading rates (0. 4 to 2. 0 mg COD/mg MLVSS).

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Mortimer, Stefanie A., and Kevin M. Weeks. "C2′-endo nucleotides as molecular timers suggested by the folding of an RNA domain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (August 26, 2009): 15622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901319106.

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A striking and widespread observation is that higher-order folding for many RNAs is very slow, often requiring minutes. In some cases, slow folding reflects the need to disrupt stable, but incorrect, interactions. However, a molecular explanation for slow folding in most RNAs is unknown. The specificity domain of the Bacillus subtilis RNase P ribozyme undergoes a rate-limiting folding step on the minute time-scale. This RNA also contains a C2′-endo nucleotide at A130 that exhibits extremely slow local conformational dynamics. This nucleotide is evolutionarily conserved and essential for tRNA recognition by RNase P. Here we show that deleting this single nucleotide accelerates folding by an order of magnitude even though this mutation does not change the global fold of the RNA. These results demonstrate that formation of a single stacking interaction at a C2′-endo nucleotide comprises the rate-determining step for folding an entire 154 nucleotide RNA. C2′-endo nucleotides exhibit slow local dynamics in structures spanning isolated helices to complex tertiary interactions. Because the motif is both simple and ubiquitous, C2′-endo nucleotides may function as molecular timers in many RNA folding and ligand recognition reactions.

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Ryczkowski, Maciej, and Monika Maksim. "Low wages – Coincidence or a result? Evidence from Poland." Acta Oeconomica 68, no. 4 (December 2018): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.4.4.

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The article evaluates the influence of a wide range of socio-demographic, job and company-related characteristics on the likelihood of low earnings by applying logistic regression on a broad range of Labour Force Survey data. We evidenced that the average impact of the company-related characteristics is three times stronger than the impact of personal characteristics. We also found that working full-time considerably decreases this risk of low wages, but company-related and personal characteristics (except for the kind of company’s economic activity) have not provided a rent (benefit) from working full-time. The underlying conclusion is that reforms decreasing the size of the low-wage sector in the former transition countries should be focused on targeted employment programmes enhancing transitions to more profitable economic activities instead of possibly maintaining the unprofitable industries at all costs. Additionally, the reforms should be concentrated on introducing employment regulations to harmonise the rules of employment among all contract types, which would put the part-timers and the underemployed on a more equal footing with fulltime workers especially in terms of pension schemes and access to training.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Time Timers®'

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