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1
Arachchige Saliya, Candauda. "Time as Currency: The Role of Timing and Value in Finance, Wellness, and Decision-Making." Journal of Investment, Banking and Finance 3, no. 1 (2025): 01–04. https://doi.org/10.33140/jibf.03.01.08.
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Time is an invaluable resource, often equated with money, wellness, and success across various life domains. This paper explores the multifaceted role of time, focusing on the principles of the "Time is Money" concept, the Time Value of Money (TVM), timing in mental health recovery, knowledge testing under time constraints, and decision-making in both personal and business contexts. Originating from Benedetto Cotrugli's 15th-century writings and later popularized by Benjamin Franklin, the "Time is Money" concept underscores the financial and personal repercussions of time's effective or ineffective use. The TVM principle further illustrates how immediate financial value supersedes delayed monetary gains, shaping investment strategies and global economic frameworks. Within the realm of mental health, time is examined as a therapeutic resource in overcoming depression, where structured, gradual timelines support recovery. Time-limited knowledge assessments reveal the balance needed to test competency without inducing undue stress. Additionally, life and business decisions, such as career transitions and market entries, demonstrate that optimal timing can enhance positive outcomes. The research incorporates the 10Ps iterative research model, promoting a flexible, integrated approach for reassessing tasks to maximize time’s value. This paper argues that effective time management and strategic timing are essential for achieving success and wellbeing, advocating for a deeper appreciation of time as a critical factor across financial, personal, and professional domains.
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Butorina, Oksana, and Yulia Starodumova. "Monetary and informational form of capital as the basis of investment support for the inter-phase transition to an innovative economy." SHS Web of Conferences 116 (2021): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111600028.
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Within the framework of the identified predominant processes that form the uniqueness of inter-phase transitions, the article highlights the accumulating processes of system transformation. At the same time, within the framework of the transition from the neo-industrial to the digital economy, informatization as a conjunctural process, based on the mass introduction of digital technologies, contributes to the formation of the monetary and information form of capital. Based on the analysis of the definitions of monetary and informational forms of capital, two approaches can be identified. The first of them is narrow, from his point of view, the MIFC is investment resources in real assets through digital and IT technologies. The second approach is broad, it allows us to interpret MIFC as an independent form of capital associated with the self-increasing cost of investments in the development of information and labor resources to create new high-tech products that can increase surplus value at each intra-phase transition of the post-industrial megacycle.
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Goi, Vasyl, Kostiantyn Mamonov, and Ihor Burvikov. "GEO-INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE PROCESS OF REGULATORY MONETARY ASSESSMENT OF LANDS BEYOND POPULATED POINTS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES." Spatial development, no. 10 (November 29, 2024): 427–40. https://doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2024.10.427-440.
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The article examines the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in the process of normative monetary valuation of lands outside the borders of settlements and evaluates the possibilities of GIS for the integration of various information about land resources, which allows creating databases for further analysis and modeling of land use scenarios. It was determined that the main capabilities of GIS are mapping, spatial analysis and combining data of various types, from cadastral plans to information on the ecological state of territories. A comprehensive approach to the monetary assessment of land outside settlements was formed, taking into account numerous parameters, such as relief, distance from infrastructure, availability of natural resources and legal restrictions. It was noted that GIS is a leading tool, as it allows for a detailed analysis of land plots and takes into account all factors that can affect their value. The use of GIS provides an increase in the accuracy and objectivity of the monetary assessment of land. The article developed recommendations on the use of cartographic analysis to take into account the features of land plots, which allows to standardize the process of data processing and increase the transparency of the assessment, and comprehensively investigated the impact of GIS on the efficiency of real-time assessment of land plots and the possibility of a quick reaction to market changes. The study emphasizes the aspect of using modern GIS technologies for dynamic monitoring of land resources and maintaining the relevance of data. A conclusion was formed about the need to integrate GIS into the practice of monetary valuation of land, which will contribute to increasing the accuracy, objectivity and efficiency of the valuation process, as well as the adoption of effective management decisions in the field of land relations. The key direction of further research is the improvement of using methodology of monetary valuation of land taking into account modern GIS capabilities, which will involve the development of new approaches to spatial data processing, modeling of various land use scenarios and assessment of the impact of various factors on the value of land plots.
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Tsoy, Marina Petrovna. "PROFITABILITY AND RISKS OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS." Science technology&Digital finance 1, no. 1 (2023): 18–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8208099.
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Knowledge of the essence and understanding of modern features of the financial market, the time value of cash resources is currently a necessary condition for long-term business planning and its success. Unlike countries with developed economies, countries with weak economies are characterized by weak and unstable currencies, high risks. At the same time, despite the relatively low interest income in developed countries, financial assets generate more
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Bouwer, Rinus, Richard Hendrick, Megan Taylor, and Andre Kruger. "An assessment of the feasible application of environmental valuation methods on Rand Water open-space." Acta Structilia 15, no. 1 (2008): 39–71. https://doi.org/10.38140/as.v15i1.188.
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Rand Water has contracted University of South Africa (UNISA) to develop a monetary valuation method for its open spaces and its inherent ecological functions. This article begins by reviewing existing contemporary definitions for open space in South Africa and then identifies the key characteristics thereof. Open Spaces in the Gauteng urban environment is in a crisis and factors such as open space coverage standards, sale of open space, crime and the impact of the apartheid legacy are briefly examined. Rand Water’s open space contributes to the total open space stock of Gauteng province. Any shortage of open space and threats to the sustainable management and expansion of the open space network of the province therefore has a direct bearing on howRand Water views and manages its open space resources. Environmental resource economics provides economists and environmentalists with various instruments to place a monetary value on the environment. The available valuation instruments are briefly reviewed and questionnaires are developed from this to determine whether it can be applied by Rand Water staff to obtain values at a minimal cost, in a short space of time, and whether it assesses the various use and non-use values.
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Facchinetti, Emanuele, Beni Rohrbach, Gerko van der Wel, and Andrew Bollinger. "Monetary Value of a District’s Flexibility on the Spot- and Reserve Electricity Markets." Buildings 8, no. 12 (2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120181.
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In the future, advanced multi-energy systems are expected to handle an increasing share of fluctuating renewable energy generation through the management of multiple advanced energy conversion and storage technologies operating across different energy carriers. The market diffusion of such concepts of Local Energy Management—the management of energy supply, demand, and storage within a given geographical area—is expected to provoke a fundamental reorganization of the power generation sector. This work contributes to this topic by estimating the maximum potential economic value attained from using the flexibility of a district to take advantage of operating within multiple electricity markets at the same time. The study is based on the measured demand and production data of a newly built suburban residential district located in Central Switzerland. The actual configuration of the district and the resulting flexibility, as well as an extension with a battery storage system, is used to estimate the economic value of the flexibility. Then, an optimization algorithm manages flexible demand, production, and storage capacities in order to alternatively maximize the revenues/cost savings, self-sufficiency, or share of renewable resources of the district’s energy supply. In this vein, the impact of the way the system operates in the markets regarding the degradation of the battery is assessed and its pay-back-time is estimated. The analysis revealed a considerable profit potential associated with the district thermal and electricity storage flexibility, in particular, when operating on both the spot and reserve electricity markets. Firstly, it was shown that overall energy costs can be minimized through an optimal management of energy conversion and storage systems. Secondly, complementing the infrastructure with batteries and trading flexibility on the spot market would decrease costs by about 43%, while an additional 20% cost decrease could be captured by including trading on the reserve market. Thirdly, it has been shown that operation on the spot- and reserve market does not seem to degrade the battery more than solely operation on the spot market. However, when operating on the spot- and reserve markets, battery amortization would still take about 10 years.
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Qiang, Wenli, Shuwen Niu, Xiang Wang, Cuiling Zhang, Aimin Liu, and Shengkui Cheng. "Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010192.
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Global agricultural trade plays an essential role in balancing supply and demand regarding agricultural products worldwide. Based on complex network theory, two types of agricultural trade networks weighted by the physical quantity and monetary value were built. In both networks, eight groups of agricultural products showed diverse variation in time and space. During 1986 to 2016, the total physical trade increased by 2.55 times with a gradual growth process, and total monetary value increased 1.98 times with fluctuation. The cumulative distribution of node degree and strength followed power-law distribution. Scale expansion and structure complexity of both networks reflected heterogeneity between nodes and the trend of agricultural economic globalization. Meeting demand and seeking greater returns are the main drivers of global agricultural trade development. Mainly developed countries occupied the important positions in the global agricultural trade network, but some emerging economies such as China, Brazil, and India became important sources of demand and supply. China not only needs to fully use international resources to meet demand for agricultural products, but also needs to ensure its own food security through multiple countermeasures.
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Zalizko, V. D., R. H. Dobrowolski, Y. I. Myskin, O. M. Sokolova, and S. A. Diachenko. "Definlandization and the new economic policy of Ukraine in the post-war period." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-2/184.
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Purpose. To investigate the genesis and key historical aspects that have led to the popularization of the concept of “definlandization” in scientific literature, as well as the strategic priorities of the formation of the Marshall Plan within the framework of a possible military and economic union between Great Britain, Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic countries. To propose optimal ways of neutralizing economic threats and to determine probable scenarios of the post-war reconstruction of the infrastructure of the national economy of Ukraine. Methodology. The article uses a combination of correlation and SWOT analysis, which made it possible to calculate the value of natural wealth in the post-war period based on SPSS Data Analysis Software. The used economic-mathematical methods made it possible to form an algorithm for calculating the cost of restoring Ukraine’s total resource losses from Russian aggression in monetary terms and to establish mutually unambiguous correlations with the value of gold using Pearson criterion. Findings. The authors’ spectrum of factors influencing the New Economic Policy in the post-war period has been systemized to determine the estimated amount of necessary resources for the post-war restart of the national economy of Ukraine. For the first time, the need to abandon the Finlandization policy has been scientifically proven, as domestic resources and funds from reparations will not be sufficient for the sustainable development of Ukraine. It was established that the main guarantee of investing in the Ukrainian economy is the high value of natural resources in all regions of Ukraine, which is estimated in monetary terms at approximately 4 trillion hryvnias and the innovative architecture for the “Marshall Plan” of the post-war reconstruction of the infrastructure of Ukraine is given. Originality. The used analytical-mathematical methods made it possible to establish correlations in the regional distribution of the value of natural wealth. In contrast to existing studies, this article not only objectively determined the number of losses in monetary terms but also proposed specific ways of their compensation in the context of the formation of a new economic policy of definlandization of Ukraine on the basis of economic and mathematical modelling of a typical scenario of recovery of the national economy. Practical value. The conducted study on potential ways of definlandization of the national economy was provided for study at the Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2022, Lugano, Switzerland). In particular, the authors of the report justified the economic feasibility of moving European production facilities (Robert Bosch GmbH, Siemens, Schneider Electric, SKF, Renault, BMW Group, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Volvo Group, etc.) from the territory of the Russian Federation, which would facilitate the remigration of Ukrainians and accelerated development of Ukraine based on the principles of decentralization, subsidiarity and definlandization.
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Bala R., Venkataraman R., and Ravichandran S. "Comparative Analysis of Cost and Efficiency in Water Use of Groundwater Market Participating and NonParticipating Farms in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.059.
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Crop production and human survival primarily depends on available freshwater resources, where upto 70% of the resource is used for irrigation purpose either as surface water or groundwater. Lack of surface water resources increases the dependence on groundwater. Ground water is the backbone of available fresh water resources. Country’s economic growth is always dependant on high market opportunity and in-order to boom agricultural economy of our country, groundwater market plays a vital role. This is a highly sensitive market as it has multiple dependant factors like growing population, effective water usage, availability, water restoration which changes demand and decides the role of water market. Although water market is an informal structure, the demand and availability leads the exchange of water for monetary value charged on the basis of area, volume and time. Due to increase in demand and decrease in availability which is caused by various environmental factors, water market plays a vital role in overall contribution towards agrarian economy. This study tries to compare the cost and water use efficiency between water participating and non-participating farms in cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu.
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Nordström, Maria, Sven Ove Hansson, and Muriel Beser Hugosson. "Let Me Save You Some Time... On Valuing Travelers’ Time in Urban Transportation." Essays in Philosophy 20, no. 2 (2019): 206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/1526-0569.1640.
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Systems of urban transportation are largely shaped through planning practices. In transport economics, the benefits of infrastructure investments consist mainly of travel time savings calculated using monetary values of time. The economic interpretation of the value of travel time has significantly shaped our urban environment and transportation schemes. However, there is often an underlying assumption of transferability between time and money, which arguably does not sufficiently take into account the specific features of time. In this paper, we analyze the various properties of time as an economic resource using findings in behavioral economics and psychology. Due to limitations in the standard model, it is proposed that an alternative model value should be investigated in which time rather than money is the primary carrier of and the basic features of such a model are outlined. An improved understanding the nature of time as a source of utility puts us in a better position to determine what aspects of time matter. Additionally, the analysis can be applied to further develop modeling where value of time plays a significant role; such as new models for the planning of urban transport.
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Steen, Bengt. "Calculation of Monetary Values of Environmental Impacts from Emissions and Resource Use The Case of Using the EPS 2015d Impact Assessment Method." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 6 (2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p15.
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<p>Monetary values of environmental impacts from emissions and from use of natural resources help in understanding the environmental significance of human activities. It is however a complicated and time consuming task to determine these values, and the values are easy to uncritically accept without understanding the many ways they may be determined, the many preferences they may represent and the different contexts for which they may be relevant.</p><p>This article aims at increasing the usefulness of monetary valuation and decreasing some of its shortcomings by demonstrating a way to model and calculate monetary values of environmental impacts from emissions and use of natural resources, highlight subjective choices that have to be made in modelling and calculations, and discuss how some of them influence the values assessed.</p><p>The method we use is based on the principles of the EPS default impact assessment method, which comply with the requirements of the ISO 14044 life cycle assessment standard.</p><p>Monetary values for 98 endpoint category indicators are determined, and calculations of characterization factors are demonstrated for CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, and NO<sub>x</sub>.</p>Two methodological choices have proven particularly important for the values obtained. One is the long term perspective and intergenerational equity. The other is the approach to uncertainty. Both is important for what is included in the assessments and to what extent.
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A., Syed Beer. "EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON INVESTMENT PATTERN OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN IN UDUMALPET, TAMILNADU." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (2017): 5–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.266614.
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Investment is employment of funds with the aim of the achieving additional income growth in value. The essential qualities of and investment are that it involves waiting for a reward. It involves the commitment of resources, which have been saved or put away from current consumption in the hope that some benefits will accrue in future. Investment is the allocation of monetary resources to assets that are expected to yield some gain or positive return over a given period of time. Investment is the sacrifice of certain present values for the uncertain future reward. Investment entails arriving at numerous decisions relating to type, mix, amount, timing and grading of investment. An investment decision is a tradeoff between risk and return. All investment choices are made in accordance with the personal investment ends and in contemplation of an uncertain future.
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M., I. Kapitsa, and S. Hryshechkina T. "Rational recovery model of depot processing equipment at the industrial enterprise." Science and Transport Progress, no. 4(52) (August 25, 2014): 60–66. https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2014/27319.
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<strong>Purpose</strong>. The problem of the maximum resources recovery of rolling stock repair depot of industrial enterprise with limited resources consumption, which are used in the system is today’s topical question.The main factors that affect the repair depot operation of industrial enterprise are reviewed. The most significant factors, affecting the quality of the repair depot, are emphasized for further study, specifically - the state of the major repair equipment of a sector. There is a need to minimize the impact of the unsatisfactory state of this factor. <strong>Methodology</strong>. The formed task of major equipment rational repairing in the mathematical sense is based on the solution of a vector optimization problem. In this case the target functions are the monetary funds spending and time expenditure for repairing. <strong>Findings</strong>. The mathematical model of optimal equipment maintainability of the repair department at the industrial enterprise was developed by the authors. On the example the choice model of optimal path for equipment repairing of enterprise repair department is described. <strong>Originality</strong>. As a result of the conducted research the repairing system of major equipment of industrial enterprise sectors was improved. As the mathematical model of rational system recovery of industrial enterprise repair depot we recommend apparatus of class problems of vector optimization. <strong>Practical value</strong>. Using the proposed model of major equipment repair system of the repair depot at the industrial enterprise will improve the quality of the department by increasing the efficiency of primary resources - time and monetary funds - which are spent by the sector in order to repair its techniques.
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Qwader, Amjad S. "Analyzing the Impact of Quality of Public Governance on the Market Value of Companies Listed on the Amman Stock Exchange." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 14, no. 1 (2024): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.15371.
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This study aimed to examine the impact of public governance quality on the market value of companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange from 2002 to 2021. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze slow-moving distributed time series. The findings indicated a significant and positive correlation between various indicators of quality of public governance, such as voting and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, and organizational quality, with the market value of the listed companies. These results align with economic theory assumptions. However, in terms of Monetary freedom, another important indicator of the quality of public governance, the study found no statistically significant relationship with the market value of the listed companies at a significant level. This observation may be attributed to the government's limited capacity to manage the country's public financial resources efficiently and effectively, particularly regarding transparent and responsible administration of taxation, debt, and government expenditure.
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Farooqui, Shamim Ahmad. "“Digital Currencies ” an unsecure and unclear economic window, need to regulate or to ban in India." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 1 (2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i01.008.
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In the never-ending evolving information technology era, this paper provides a review and insights of the significant contemplations that have been related with the market for digital currencies forms since their advancement as a monetary resource in 2009. Notwithstanding amazing value appreciation lately, computerized monetary forms or digital currencies have been exposed to allegations of estimating bubbles key to the trilemma that exists between regulatory oversight, the potential for illegal use through its obscurity inside a youthful immature trade framework, and infrastructural breaks affected by the development of digital guiltiness. Each impact the view of the job of advanced monetary standards as a trustworthy venture resource class and authentic of worth. In a limited ability to focus time, central banks have quickly increased their innovative work exertion on central bank digital currencies (CBDC’s). A developing group of financial examination illuminates these exercises, frequently zeroing in on the "saves for all" part of CBDC’s for retail use. In any case, CBDC’s ought to be considered in the full setting of the computerized economy and the centrality of information, which raises worries around contest, installment framework honesty and security. This paper gives a directed visit through the developing writing on CBDC’s on the microeconomic contemplations connected with functional structures, innovations and security, and the macroeconomic ramifications for the monetary framework, monetary dependability and financial arrangement.
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Yaremenko, Oleh. "Identity and sovereignty in the system of institutional resources of the nationally rooted economic development of Ukraine." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2023, no. 3 (2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2023.03.071.
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The author shows that identity as a historically given social reality develops under the inverse influence of the entire set of value-institutional resources of society generated by it, including its active subjectivity, integrating potential of national interest, process sovereignty, stable institutional structure and dynamic factor of exogenous reforms. The conclusion is substantiated that the imprint of relevance on the historical essence of the national identity adapts it to today’s needs, but at the same time there are limits of adaptation that the society cannot cross without losing its identity. Based on such an understanding, the author proves the possibility of consistently developing criteria for the coordinated use of internal trust tools as those that should be directly correlated with national identity: stability of the monetary unit, stability of the tax regime, stimulating state investment policy, social guarantee policy, and foreign economic strategy. This provides an opportunity to significantly increase the degree of coherence of the main areas of state regulatory policy.
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Bizoola, Gandaa, Z,. "Evaluating Willingness to Sell Vegetation in the White Volta Basin in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 7 (2024): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74269.
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Concepts of ecosystem services have been developed to make explicit connections between human welfare and ecological sustainability for policy, development, and conservation initiatives. Economic concepts such as the distinction between prices and values, and the acknowledgment of their values are context-specific which may change across space and time. Contingent valuation is a survey-based economic technique for valuing non-market resources, such as vegetation. This method is often used to establish the amount people are willing to be compensated for maintaining the existence of an environmental feature such as a tree, shrub, or grass. The level of importance attached to provisioning services as well as cultural services and cultural heritage differ in the rural communities hence different cash values attached. It is often perceived that rural community members do not put monetary value on vegetation, the study is therefore aimed at establishing monetary value rural communities have value for vegetation. The study was conducted in two irrigated and two unirrigated landscapes consisting of about 54 communities and comprising 240 respondents. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools were used. Random Utility Theory was applied and used for the analysis. The willingness to sell vegetation was significant at a 5% confidence level concerning native, sex, age, education, and household head. Marital status was, however, not significant in all the landscapes. The price trend is observed to be across a landscape, from the catchment to the downstream ecosystem.
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Yuan, Mengqi, Fang Han, Xuankai Ma, Tian Wang, and Qixiang Liang. "Recreational Ecosystem Services in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau National Park Group: Mapping, Monetization, and Evaluation." Land 13, no. 5 (2024): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13050682.
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Recreational ecosystem services (RESs) are the subset of ecosystem services (ESs) that contribute to human society through recreation, recreation opportunities, and experiences. Existing RESs mostly focus on a single recreational landscape; alternatively, when mapping RESs, multiple types of landscapes are often drawn together, ignoring the differences in recreational landscape (RL) types and affecting the accuracy of the mapping. At the same time, quantifying the monetary value of RESs has been a challenge due to the lack of market substitutes that can approximate the prices associated with these non-excludable goods. This study used the MaxENT model, then classified and used recreational resource POI data, combined with environmental data on the existence or generation of different types of RL, mapped RES from the perspective of RL supply, and conducted monetization and evaluations of RL. The results show that the models’ AUC values are all greater than 0.7, and the distribution of RL supply can be drawn relatively accurately. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau National Park Group (QTPNPG) has the largest high-quality geomorphic recreational landscape (69,081.02 km2), followed by a high-quality biological recreational landscape (59,348.65 km2) and a high-quality hydrological recreational landscape (33,251.20 km2). The national parks in the eastern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau have a larger proportion of high-value areas of the RES. The total monetary value of the RES is CNY 8.323 billion, and the average monetary value of RES per unit area is CNY 20,200/km2. Our study optimizes the method of mapping RESs and provides a new way of quantifying the monetary value of RESs. The results can provide a reference for the recreational development of THE QTPNPG and its contribution to regional sustainable development.
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Beltrán, Arlette, and Pablo Lavado. "The Use of Time in Peru: A Scarce and Unvalued Resource in the National Economy." Latin American Research Review 56, no. 4 (2021): 864–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25222/larr.1172.
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Conventional measures of economic well-being, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and poverty, do not consider the goods produced within the household or the unpaid work done at home. This study analyzes the quantification of the value added generated within a Peruvian household based on the recalculation of the average wage of domestic workers. It proposes measure that complements monetary poverty by considering the time requirements for household production: the poverty of time. The calculation of this time shows that 43.7 percent of the population in 2010 was poor, that is, 12.62 percentage points above the official poverty rate. Thus, the vulnerability of 12.62 percent of the population is hidden when the conventional measure of poverty is used, which does not consider the time poverty of the people.
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Krutikov, V. N., and V. V. Okrepilov. "Money metrology." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 12 (2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-12-42-50.
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The influence of the provisions of legal metrology on the formation and functioning of the monetary environment in market conditions is studied. It is shown that the use of material (reference) measures for determining the value of goods in monetary units makes it possible to form a stable monetary system, equal for all market participants. This system can reasonably be attributed to information measuring systems. Systems based on the use of constant material measures that determine the value of goods and money in international trade have been formed and functioned for a long time. In the XIX-XX centuries, the monetary system, in which a fixed weight of gold served as the material measure of money, was called the “gold standard”. In the 1970s, this system was abandoned without objective reasons. Nowadays, many people believe that the main reason is the uncontrolled issuance of paper money (US dollars). As a result, the material measure of money was replaced by a monetary measure. The money of a number of selected countries turned out to be a measure of the national currencies of other countries. Then money was made a commodity – an object of market trading, the price of which is determined by supply and demand. Thus, the most important principle of metrology was violated – the invariability (constancy) of the measure of system objects. The resulting monetary system became unstable. This situation has led to an increase in the number of proposals for a return to the gold standard. The analysis carried out in the paper confirmed the relevance of these proposals. At the present stage of development of metrology, it is advisable to explore the possibility of a broader (not only at the expense of precious metals) resource provision of material monetary measures, in particular, to consider the possibility of using materials and (or) goods that are in high demand in the international market as monetary measures.
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Pilukienė, Laura. "Importance of Motivation and Work Pay of Young Employees in the Value Creation Chain of a Business Company: Assessment of Changes in and Formation of Expectations." Business, Management and Education 15, no. 2 (2017): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2017.375.
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As business companies compete in the market and seek to acquire a competitive advantage, one of the most important factors is well-motivated employees who are satisfied with their job. The success of companies operating in various sectors is determined by the quality of products, while the quality is ensured by qualified employees having appropriate skills and knowledge, whose work should be appreciated by monetary work pay established based on reasonable and clear criteria as well as other means of motivation. The process of human resources management in a business company places an ever-growing importance on the development of competences of employees, strengthening of cooperation, empowerment of employees as well as their work pay and motivation in order to achieve an employee’s work quality and productivity, satisfaction of customer needs and successful operation of a company. In the process of the company’s human resources management, special focus should be given to the satisfaction of the expectations and needs of new employees (who are usually young and inexperienced) as well as their integration, which ensures the generation of new and creative ideas in the company and, at the same time, high quality of products and work productivity.
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Ram, Kumar Chaudhary, and Riyasat Ali Dr. "Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's economic views on India's economy and society." International Journal of Trends in Emerging Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2024): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14724164.
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A Lahore-based offshoot of the Arya Samaj, the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal first appeared in 1922. Ambedkar Babasaheb established the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1936. One of the most significant monetary revolutions in India's history took place as a consequence of the Currency Act of 1835. It transitioned India from a bimetallic system, known as the "Double Standard," to a silver standard, which is monometallic. An oversupply of silver caused the Indian rupee's value to decline. Centralized authorities have a hard time using appropriate knowledge and judgement when allocating national resources. An important turning point in Indian financial history occurred because of the Currency Act of 1835. Consequently, the "Double Standard" or bimetallic system came to an end in India, and the country adopted a monometallic silver standard.
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Jayakrishna, Kandasamy, M. Srikrishna, S. Senthilkumar, A. Vinoth Louie, and R. Kamalakannan. "Development of Environmental Value Stream Model for Assessing Sustainability in Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 867 (July 2017): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.301.
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Increasing concern over the resource consumption and utilisation alongside of any manufacturing process decides the sustainability of the product. Many contemporary organisations due to stringent government regulation and policies now focus on management of waste generated across their units. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) generally focuses on reducing task time and thereby reducing monetary over heads. From the environmental perspective, the type of waste produced is important because of the difference in level of toxicity and environmental impact. This work focuses on imbibing environmental waste into the lean method of value stream mapping. The proposed integrated model was implemented in a case organisation and environmental impact was computed. The developed model can be used by stake holders and represent environmental impact at individual process and product levels to align organisation practices with strategic objectives for waste reduction.
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Pouta, Eija, Annika Tienhaara, and Heini Ahtiainen. "Citizens’ preferences for policies to conserve agricultural genetic resources." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 30 (January 31, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75296.
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The intensification of agriculture has led to remarkable changes in the utilization of agricultural genetic resources and many previously common breeds and varieties have become rare or even endangered (FAO 2007, 2010, Drucker, Gomez & Anderson 2001). In Finland, Eastern and Northern Finncattle, the Kainuu Grey Sheep and the Åland Sheep are endangered according to the FAO classification (FAO 2003) and, for example, majority of the old Finnish crop varieties and Finnish landrace pig are already extinct. Making informed decisions on the appropriate focus and extent of conservation of agricultural genetic resources requires information on both the costs and benefits of conservation. Economic analyses involving the valuation of conservation benefits can guide resource allocation of various types of genetic resources and conservation methods (Artuso 1998). The value of genetic resources is not typically revealed by markets, as they are not directly traded in the markets or the prices of agricultural products do not completely indicate their value (Oldfield 1989, Brown 1990, Drucker et al. 2001). Although the importance of economic analyses has been recognized, the literature on the monetary value of genetic resources in agriculture is relatively limited (see e.g. Evenson et al. 1998 and Rege and Gibson 2003, Ahtiainen & Pouta 2011). Currently the conservation policy of farm agricultural genetic resources in Finland is based on international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) and the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic resources (FAO 2007). National genetic resource programs were initiated for plants in 2003 and for farm animals in 2005 to strengthen the conservation of genetic resources in Finland. Although there has been some progress in the implementation of the programs, they have also suffered from shortage of funds and lack of political interest in conservation. To re-evaluate the conservation policy, there is a need to use valuation methods capable of estimating also the non-use value components of genetic resources, i.e. stated preference methods. The choice experiment (CE) method has been found suitable to valuing genetic resources due to its flexibility and ability to value the traits of breeds or varieties and their attributes. Choice experiment makes it possible to value benefits of both plant genetic resources (PGR) and animal genetic resources (AnGR). The terms refer to all cultivated plant species and varieties, as well as all animal species and breeds that are of interest in terms of food and agricultural production. The CE method can also be used to evaluate the means of conservation in situ (live animals and plants) and ex situ (as seeds, cryopreserved embryos and other genetic material). Previous choice experiments have focused on valuing breeds or varieties and their attributes, especially on attributes that are related to the use of the breed or variety in agriculture (Birol et al. 2006, Ouma et al. 2007). In this study we present the results of a choice experiment valuing the benefits of a genetic resource conservation program in Finland. We test the effect of in situ and ex situ conservation on citizen choices between programs. We also analyse whether the plant varieties and animal breeds are perceived equally valuable by citizen. As the conservation of agricultural genetic resources (AgGR) cannot be expected to be equally valuable to all citizens, we analyse the existence of citizen segments that value differently the conservation of genetic resources. We can assume that AgGR is a rather unknown good for some of the respondents of the valuation survey. However, in valuation surveys respondents are assumed to make “informed” choices when responding to value elicitation questions (e.g. Blomquist &Whitehead 1998). Therefore, we offered an opportunity for respondents to obtain further information on AgGR. In our case, the internet-based survey allowed us also to measure how much time respondents took in reading the information and responding to questions. Furthermore, we also measured response certainty and tested the effects of uncertainty and information as reasons for heterogeneity.
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Asma Hashim, Syed Mohammad Faisal, and Ahmad Khalid Khan. "Time-Series Analysis of Economic Growth in the Context of Indian Economy." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 2 (2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.2.11.
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India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.
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Asma Hashim, Syed Mohammad Faisal, and Ahmad Khalid Khan. "Time-Series Analysis of Economic Growth in the Context of Indian Economy." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 2 (2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrasb.2.2.11.
Full textAbstract:
India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.
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Kubakh, T., and Ye Kovalova. "THE MONETARY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM: THE THEORETICAL ASPECT." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2021, no. 4 (2021): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2021.4-16.
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The main task of monetary policy is the implementation of management decisions in the direction of regulating the processes in the financial market and the speed of cash flows with the necessary exchange rate or inflation. At the same time, the indirect goal or main task is sustainable economic growth. Accordingly, the study of the principles of operation, features of the application of certain instruments of monetary policy at different stages of development of the financial system and the state of the real sector of the economy determines the importance of transmission (transmission) mechanism. The practical value of the transmission mechanism lies in the reflection of the relationship between monetary policy pursued by the central bank and economic growth of the state. The aim of the research is to analyze the existing approaches to the essence of monetary policy in particular and the transmission mechanism in order to identify the most effective channels for economic growth under the current conditions of the financial system. Methodology and scientific approaches: methods of systematization, comparison, structural analysis, logical generalization, bibliometric analysis were used (using VOSviewer 1.6.15). The analysis of scientific publications allowed to determine the tools and methods of monetary policy, as well as the main transmission channels and directions of their impact on the economy. The results of the study made it possible to assert the lack of a single effective approach to the implementation of monetary policy that would clearly increase the rate of economic growth. A number of measures depend primarily on the targeting regime chosen by the central bank and the stated principles of monetary policy. With the right tool chosen and the channel of influence determined, the state's economy will respond with positive changes, which will be reflected in increasing GDP, welfare, and as a consequence of increasing domestic consumption and increasing the number of investment processes. Intensive development of the economy with parallel targeting of inflation will create additional jobs, increase wages, which contributes to the accumulation of resources for investment in the real sector of the economy. Further empirical research will determine the most effective channels of the transmission mechanism, taking into account the stage of development and strategy of the state, which will allow it to strengthen its position in the global environment and mitigate the impact of negative factors.
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Ghasemi, Sasan, Arash Shahin, and Ali Safari. "Proposing an improved economic value model for human resource valuation." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 67, no. 9 (2018): 2108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-02-2018-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an improved economic value model for human resource valuation. For this purpose, the probability of promoting people to a higher position and the satisfaction coefficient of employees and customers have been computed by competency and Kano models. Design/methodology/approach In order to calculate the probability of promoting people to a higher position, competency model and questionnaire have been used. The satisfaction coefficient of employees and customers has been calculated as a factor influencing the survival of an individual in the organization by using the Kano model. For this purpose, two questionnaires have been designed; one was completed by the employees and the other by the customers. The proposed model has been examined in a consulting company in Iran. Findings The human resource value of the company under study has been estimated over 29bn rials (Iranian currency). The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach as an integrative monetary and nonmonetary measure can remove the limitations of the economic value model. Practical implications The proposed model helps organizations in managing their human capitals more effectively. Originality/value In this study, the Kano and competency models have been integrated with one of the common models of human resource valuation, i.e. the economic value model. The proposed integrated model seems more effective compared to the basic model of economic value model. Application of the proposed model within the context of Iran for the first time would constitute as potential for contribution to the knowledge of human resource management in the developing countries.
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Bolonin, A. I. "On inflation in the Russian economy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-153-157.
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For the economy is very important to have the amount of money in circulation, sufficient to serve the movement of goods and services without generating inflation, indicating an excess of money, so matching the growth rate of monetary and commodity weight control is an important task of the monetary system in all countries. During the time of the gold standard and bimetallism regulation of the economy as a whole was not considered as an important macroeconomic problem. But the economic crisis of 1929 - 1933 forced to reconsider these views and problems of regulation of financial and credit sphere began to be perceived as a function of a stable level of production and employment. The article describes the monetary factors of inflation in the economy and describes the causes, which can lead to programming of monetary growth in the Russian Federation. As the first group of factors impact on the volume of money in circulation in the national economy, the author defined low value added products produced in the country, based on the external market, and the absence, so the room for maneuver of financial resources to stabilize budget revenues with a deterioration in global market conditions. The weakening of the national currency provides large ruble revenues from exports, which reduces the growth of the budget deficit. But the decline of import revenues, which can compensate for the devaluation of the national currency, leads to higher prices in the domestic market due to the prevalence it offers imported goods. The second group of factors linked to the credit activity of banks, which consists in increasing primary issue in lending importers and secondary, which occurs during the formation of foreign exchange reserves by the Bank of Russia. Result of credit activity of banks is to increase money supply growth and the discrepancy between the higher growth of money in circulation and lower growth rates actually created in the production of value added, which leads to the weakening purchasing power of money and rising prices. Each reason has a direct impact on money supply growth and inflation initiates.
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Almashaqbeh, Ghada, Fabrice Benhamouda, Seungwook Han, et al. "Gage MPC: Bypassing Residual Function Leakage for Non-Interactive MPC." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2021, no. 4 (2021): 528–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0083.
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Abstract Existing models for non-interactive MPC cannot provide full privacy for inputs, because they inherently leak the residual function (i.e., the output of the function on the honest parties’ input together with all possible values of the adversarial inputs). For example, in any non-interactive sealed-bid auction, the last bidder can figure out what was the highest previous bid. We present a new MPC model which avoids this privacy leak. To achieve this, we utilize a blockchain in a novel way, incorporating smart contracts and arbitrary parties that can be incentivized to perform computation (“bounty hunters,” akin to miners). Security is maintained under a monetary assumption about the parties: an honest party can temporarily supply a recoverable collateral of value higher than the computational cost an adversary can expend. We thus construct non-interactive MPC protocols with strong security guarantees (full security, no residual leakage) in the short term. Over time, as the adversary can invest more and more computational resources, the security guarantee decays. Thus, our model, which we call Gage MPC, is suitable for secure computation with limited-time secrecy, such as auctions. A key ingredient in our protocols is a primitive we call “Gage Time Capsules” (GaTC): a time capsule that allows a party to commit to a value that others are able to reveal but only at a designated computational cost. A GaTC allows a party to commit to a value together with a monetary collateral. If the original party properly opens the GaTC, it can recover the collateral. Otherwise, the collateral is used to incentivize bounty hunters to open the GaTC. This primitive is used to ensure completion of Gage MPC protocols on the desired inputs. As a requisite tool (of independent interest), we present a generalization of garbled circuit that are more robust: they can tolerate exposure of extra input labels. This is in contrast to Yao’s garbled circuits, whose secrecy breaks down if even a single extra label is exposed. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept implementation of a special case of our construction, yielding an auction functionality over an Ethereum-like blockchain.
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Asma, Hashim, Mohammad Faisal Syed, and Khalid Khan Ahmad. "A Time-Series Analysis of Economic Growth in the Context of Indian Economy." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 2 (2022): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.2.11.
Full textAbstract:
India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.
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Tonta, Yaşar. "Does Monetary Support Increase the Number of Scientific Papers? An Interrupted Time Series Analysis." Journal of Data and Information Science 3, no. 1 (2018): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2018-0002.
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Abstract Purpose One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so. Design/methodology/approach We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science (WoS) database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series (ITS) analysis technique (also known as “quasi-experimental time series analysis” or “intervention analysis”) to test if TÜBİTAK’s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA (1,1,0) model for ITS data and observed the impact of TÜBİTAK’s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 (after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively). The majority of publications (93%) were full papers (articles), which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis. Findings TÜBİTAK’s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TÜBİTAK’s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations Interrupted time series analysis shows if the “intervention” has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the “intervention”, other “event(s)” that might affect the time series data (e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years) should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications TÜBİTAK’s “cash-for-publication” program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as “micropayments.” Originality/value Based on 25 years’ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that “cash-for-publication” policies or “piece rates” paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers’ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs (based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors) and revising their reward policies.
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Beldjebel, Adel, and Abdesselam Hellal. "ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONEY SUPPLY AND EXCHANGE RATE IN ALGERIA USING THE VAR MODEL: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY FOR THE PERIOD 1990-2023." International Journal of Professional Business Review 9, no. 11 (2024): e05148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2024.v9i11.5148.
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Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between money supply and the exchange rate of the Algerian dinar over the period 1990-2023. It seeks to provide insights into the short- and long-term dynamics between these variables and their implications for monetary policy in Algeria. Theoretical Framework: The research builds on monetary theory and exchange rate economics, exploring how money supply influences exchange rate movements. Concepts such as the Quantity Theory of Money and exchange rate regimes form the foundation of the analysis. Method: The study employs a Structural Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, utilizing time series data on money supply and exchange rates. Stationarity of the data was tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, and the existence of a long-term relationship was examined through Johansen's cointegration test. Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) and Variance Decomposition (VD) analyses were conducted to capture dynamic interactions. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal a significant but limited interaction between money supply and exchange rates. Money supply impacts exchange rates primarily in the short term, with inflationary effects causing initial depreciation of the dinar. The results also highlight the self-driven nature of each variable, with limited cross-variable influence. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of Algeria’s oil-dependent economy and fluctuating exchange rate regimes. Research Implications: The study underscores the need for coordinated monetary policies aimed at stabilizing exchange rates and mitigating volatility. Policymakers should consider both short- and long-term dynamics when adjusting monetary tools, particularly in resource-dependent economies. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the understanding of monetary-exchange rate dynamics in Algeria, offering practical recommendations for enhancing economic stability. It provides a novel perspective on the interplay between internal monetary factors and external economic pressures.
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Näre, Lena, and Elisabeth Wide. "Local loops of care in the metropolitan region of Helsinki: A time-economy perspective." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 5 (2019): 600–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719867788.
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Finland subsidizes caring for young children at home by several cash-for-care schemes. In 2001, it adopted a tax credit for domestic services, including care. This article adopts an everyday perspective to social policies to analyse how Finnish cash-for-care policies produce local care loops using a time-economy approach. It examines the increase in private services alongside public ones through an analysis of the organization of childcare in time and space, paying attention to the micro-mobilities and daily choreographies of care. Drawing on interviews with Finnish employers of privately employed childcarers, our results demonstrate that childcare policies and tax credits are central means through which childcare is increasingly being privatized. We argue that the notion of time as a scarce resource and the organization of care loops in a way that maximizes time available for wage labour and ‘quality time’ point towards the emergence of a classed time discipline. Time becomes a commodity with not only monetary value but also another inherent value, captured in the notion of ‘quality time with children’. Significantly, this quality time does not include time used for other reproductive labour tasks, such as cleaning or cooking.
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Konyagina, M. N., I. R. Meurmishvili, and A. A. Dochkina. "Evaluation of the Impact of the Bank of Russia Key Rate on the Commercial Banks’ Deposit Policy." Administrative Consulting, no. 8 (September 30, 2020): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-8-99-111.
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The monetary policy of the Central Bank is in the sphere of interests of economists of various specializations. Determining the value of money in the economy, the money supply, and ensuring the effective functioning of the national payment system, the regulator has a significant impact on the state of the economy and determines the prospects for its development. One of the most important monetary policy instruments is the key rate. However, the efficiency of its application in different economies at different historical periods is different.At the same time, commercial banks, being the core of the credit system, are extremely dependent on the volume and quality characteristics of accumulated deposits. Private clients’ deposits are an important resource for both short-term and long-term operations of credit organizations. In Russia, banks play a leading role in the financial market. In this regard, the evaluation of the impact of a key rate as an important monetary policy instrument on the banks’ deposit policy is of particular relevance in the current state of the Russian economy. Therefore, determining as an aim of the research the evaluation of the current impact of the Bank of Russia key rate on the Russian credit organizations’ deposit policy, the authors sorted out the necessary relevant data on interest rates and deposit volumes in Russian commercial banks in 2014–2018, assessed the strength of the relationship between the Bank of Russia key rate and banks’ deposit rates and the volume of deposits in the country, identified the problems of implementing monetary policy in Russia and evaluated the effectiveness of the key rate as the monetary policy tool.
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Havenvid, Malena Ingemansson, Håkan Håkansson, and Åse Linné. "Economic deals in the construction industry." IMP Journal 10, no. 3 (2016): 364–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-08-2015-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between social-material interaction and the monetary aspects of business relationships in the construction industry. The authors term the formal financial agreements necessary for such activities “deals”, and this paper seeks to open a research avenue to further investigate the multifaceted interaction processes among business actors. The construction industry is a suitable empirical setting for this purpose; its project-based character and societal position of linking business with the construction of essential community infrastructure imply that different types of money-handling activities need to be managed continuously with both short-term and long-term effects taken into account. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the deals, i.e., the interface between socio-material interaction and the money-handling processes in the construction industry, as well as studying the potential interrelatedness of deals, the authors performed a case study involving three interrelated housing projects in Uppsala, Sweden. Findings The study shows that deals do not only have an intricate relationship to the social-material interaction processes among construction actors, but they also become interrelated in specific ways to form “deal structures” as actors engage in different business relationships over time. This means, for instance, that a single deal can enable several other deals, and involved actors have different abilities in performing deals. Hence, most deals are part of a “broader” interaction pattern of social and material resources spanning the organizational borders of individual companies. Originality/value Within the industrial marketing and purchasing, the socio-material interaction among actors has been well studied, but less attention has been paid to the monetary dimension and its relationship to the socio-material interaction processes. In particular, this study provides an understanding of monetary agreements in the construction industry.
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Bade, Uma Rani, P. Divakara Rao, and B. Ratan Reddy. "A Study on Entrepreneurial Inclination among Students." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 8 (2018): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.166.
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In India, the development of entrepreneurship is becoming more important as it is one of the driving force for achievement of economic development and job creation. Entrepreneurship is the process of creating value by developing the necessary time and effort, assuming the various factors such as financial, physical, and social risks, for rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction The research objective of the study is to investigate the factors associated with entrepreneurial inclination among post graduate students in Indian universities. The paper provides hypotheses about risk aversion, fear of failure, lack of social networking, lack of resources and stress aversion among post graduate students. The proposed hypotheses are tested on a sample of 160 post graduate students. To analyse the data descriptive analysis and regression were employed. The findings help to clarify the reasons for positive entrepreneurial inclination among students to become entrepreneurs. This paper is an attempt to create a better understanding of the factors that account for entrepreneurial inclination among postgraduate students.
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Dalia Saber, Renad Algethami, Rafa Algorashi, et al. "Utilizing industrial engineering methods and strategies to determine optimal inventory levels of spare parts: A review." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 20, no. 1 (2024): 045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.20.1.0123.
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A shortage of maintenance spare parts can lead to significant problems for the company, and sometimes even result in the disruption of operations. On the other hand, excess inventory will lead to increased storage costs and financial losses, as the monetary value over time diminishes due to financial inflation. The aim of this study is to determine the industrial engineering methods and strategies used to improve the effective management of spare parts inventory. To address the challenges and improve the efficient management of spare parts inventory, this study will review various industrial engineering techniques. These may include demand forecasting methods, inventory optimization models, supply chain management strategies, and data analysis techniques. By implementing these approaches, the company aims to achieve a balance between inventory levels and demand variability, thereby minimizing stockouts, reducing excess inventory, and optimizing financial resources. This will lead to improved operational efficiency, cost savings, and increased customer satisfaction by ensuring timely availability of spare parts for maintenance.
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Dalia, Saber, Algethami Renad, Algorashi Rafa, et al. "Utilizing industrial engineering methods and strategies to determine optimal inventory levels of spare parts: A review." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 20, no. 1 (2024): 045–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13694057.
Full textAbstract:
A shortage of maintenance spare parts can lead to significant problems for the company, and sometimes even result in the disruption of operations. On the other hand, excess inventory will lead to increased storage costs and financial losses, as the monetary value over time diminishes due to financial inflation. The aim of this study is to determine the industrial engineering methods and strategies used to improve the effective management of spare parts inventory. To address the challenges and improve the efficient management of spare parts inventory, this study will review various industrial engineering techniques. These may include demand forecasting methods, inventory optimization models, supply chain management strategies, and data analysis techniques. By implementing these approaches, the company aims to achieve a balance between inventory levels and demand variability, thereby minimizing stockouts, reducing excess inventory, and optimizing financial resources. This will lead to improved operational efficiency, cost savings, and increased customer satisfaction by ensuring timely availability of spare parts for maintenance.
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Li, Hua, Shuo Liu, and Tijiu Cai. "Measurement of Forest Ecological Benefits Based on Big Data." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127248.
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Socioeconomic development combined with the development and utilization of forest resources have resulted in the forest ecological environment becoming more and more valuable, and its impact on the national economy has also increased. Firstly, based on a modern statistical model, the dependent variable and independent variable set of standardized forest ecological benefits were determined, and the seemingly unrelated forest ecological benefit model was established. According to the alternative market method and market approximation theory, the first and second monetary models of forest ecological benefit value were constructed using the market approximation coefficient, the effective area coefficient, and the physical quantity conversion coefficient. Next, the concept of “whole diffusion” was introduced into the establishment of the forest ecological benefit model, and the whole diffusion model was established to estimate the physical amount of forest ecological benefits. The concepts of classical forest ecological benefit and generalized forest ecological benefit were proposed. Forest management survey data were used to measure forest ecological benefit, and classic ecological benefit and generalized forest benefit were integrated into one system for the first time. The economic value is 94.31 million RMB ¥.
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-, Saiddaeni. "Extreme Solution: Menggugat Sistem Moneter (Fiat Currency) Menuntut Keadilan Kemanusiaan." Ekopem: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 6, no. 1 (2024): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jep.v6i1.6352.
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The problem from the 16th century until now was about a very stupid human invention, namely turning checks or bonds into money. Where this check has no intrinsic value in each piece. Even though humans have made very big discoveries using gold and silver coins with standard sizes for transactions. For this reason, this article was written to provide a solution to a monetary system that uses FIATCurrency which is unfair and violates human rights by stealing other people's wealth as the amount of money created increases. Where everyone must get justice and security in terms of the assets they own. This systematic theft must be resolved as soon as possible. This research method is a literature review using primary and secondary sources. The research results show that FIAT's solution to the dangers has been proven to be unjust to humans and detrimental to many people and even countries. The solution is to return to the Barter system. bartering can be a more equitable and sustainable measure for humanity, avoiding dependency and inflation on 'unique pieces of paper' that lose their value over time and restoring more basic values related to life and natural resources.
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Schneiter, Anja, and Annina Sorg. "Kleinflächig spezialisierter, aber weiterhin multifunktionaler Schweizer Wald (Essay) | Typically patchy but multifunctional Swiss forest (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 8 (2008): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0233.
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Forests and forestry in the year 2050 may be described based on social, ecological and economical influence factors and their consequences. Increased pressure through human settlements and a polarized behaviour during leisure time both belong to social developments which are relevant to the forest. Furthermore, the benefits of a forest such as fresh air, clean water and free access may be assigned a monetary value in the future, whereas currently they are not. In the future, the ecological conditions may be strongly influenced by climate change. The Swiss forest as a whole is not currently in danger; however, pronounced climatic extremes may soon cause extended damage. As a result, the management of protection forests may become even more important. Economical developments such as the shortage of oil and the price increase of natural resources will have consequences for the forest management. Thus, the demand for wood as a source of energy and a substitute for other resources will increase. All these changes will increase the conflict of interests in the Swiss forest until the year 2050. This will lead to the fact that the various uses of the forest will be segregated more intensely and its multifunctionality will obtain a more important meaning on a higher level.
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Fürtner, Daniela, Enrique Alejandro Perdomo Echenique, Stefan J. Hörtenhuber, Peter Schwarzbauer, and Franziska Hesser. "Beyond Monetary Cost-Benefit Analyses: Combining Economic, Environmental and Social Analyses of Short Rotation Coppice Poplar Production in Slovakia." Forests 13, no. 2 (2022): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020349.
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Rising demand for bio-based products exerts a growing pressure on natural resources such as wood. Sustainable solutions are becoming increasingly important to meet the demand. In this study, 20-year poplar Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) plantations located in Western Slovakia are investigated with respect to (socio)-economic, environmental and social sustainability. The cost–benefit methodology is applied to assess the economic profitability of a switch from conventional annual crops (corn maize and winter rye) to perennial SRC. To compare economic profitability of the land management, net present value (NPV), payback time (PBT), internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) are calculated. The study was enhanced by adopting the concept of regional value added to indicate the local value creation. The results for the three scenarios yield an NPV equal to 12,156 euros ha−1 for corn maize, 9763 euros ha−1 for winter rye and 2210 euros ha−1 with a PBT of 14.13 years for poplar SRC production. The regional value added for the corn maize scenario was estimated with 10,841 euros ha−1, the winter rye with 7973 euros ha−1 and the poplar SRC with 1802 euros ha−1. To appraise non-monetized social values, semi-structured interviews (N = 4) were conducted among experts familiar with SRC management in Eastern Europe. Non-monetary benefits for the stakeholder groups society, farmers or landowners and the industry were identified in terms of land fragmentation, carbon sequestration and an increase in biodiversity within the plantations, farm diversification and higher independency from wood markets. The relatively poor image of SRC, farmers or landowners having concerns about being tied on long-term contracts and legal restrictions may become obstacles in the establishment of SRC. For estimating the capability of carbon sequestration in SRC plantations the RothC model was utilized, resulting in the potential soil organic carbon (SOC) average increase of 29% during the 20 years. However, a transition in land use patterns must involve thorough considerations of all three pillars of sustainability to ensure long-term viability of the establishment.
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Xulu, Londeka, and Sanjana Brijball Parumasur. "Understanding talent management challenges in changing times and workforces." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 7, no. 2, special issue (2023): 360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv7i2sip14.
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Globalisation, competitiveness, and digitalisation pronounce the need for quantitative analysts, who already represent a scarce skill. Add to this the increased debut of Millennials in the workforce with their own combination of needs and expectations and the need for effective talent management in itself becomes an urgency and a challenge. This paper aims to understand the talent management challenges faced by organisations in dire need of quantitative analysts. A sample of 196 quantitative analysts was drawn from a population of 361 using the simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were respectively used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to assess quantitative data whilst qualitative data was analysed using thematic analyses. The findings exhibit that pivotal to managing talent in the bank are the human resources practices of attraction, recruitment, and employee engagement. Furthermore, for talent management to be effective, there has to be a commitment to the process from all levels of the organisational structure. Also, Millennials value upskilling or development, knowledge management (Naim & Lenka, 2018; Wetprasit, 2016), and work-life balance more than monetary recognition. Recommendations are presented to provide organisations with guidelines on effective talent management models (Younas & Bari, 2020) and how to overcome talent management challenges and enhance the retention of their scarce resources
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Najib, Nu'man, I. Gede Arya Susanjaya, I. Nyoman Suprihanta Candra Negara, Diah Ayu Safitri, and I. Ketut Wija Negara. "Analisis Bioekonomi Perikanan Tuna Sirip Kuning (Thunnus albacares) di Pelabuhan Benoa, Bali." Journal of Marine Research and Technology 5, no. 2 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmrt.2022.v05.i02.p05.
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The fisheries sector survived economic, financial, and monetary crises. Tuna fisheries currently face several challenges: decreased productivity, smaller size, and fishing areas that tend to go to the high seas. This study aimed to analyze the biological and economic aspects of yellowfin tuna fishery resources in the landing area of ??Benoa Harbor, Bali. Data is taken from PSDKP, Benoa-Bali, in the form of a time series from 2015 to 2019, which includes information on ship departures, data on fishing or production results, data on efforts, and data on fish species. The data analysis used the Gordon Schaefer model approach to calculate the CPUE, MSY, MEY, and OAE capture effort. The average CPUE value for yellowfin tuna fisheries for 2015-2019 is around 13.0 tons/gear. In MEY conditions, production (h) is 5.593 tons with an effort (E) of 1.082 trips per year. In MSY conditions, production (h) is 5.754 tons per year, and effort (E) is 1.300 trips per year. In OAE conditions, production (h) is 3.207 tons per year, and effort (E) is 2.165 trips per year. The gain obtained in the MEY condition has a more excellent value than in the MSY condition. MEY's profit earned (?) Rp327.101.497.889 per year, and MSY's (?) Rp313.880.136.037 per year.
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Bulavchuk, Aleksandr M., and Darya V. Semenova. "Resource-constrained project scheduling problem under uncertainty of cash flows." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 59 (2022): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/59/16.
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Investment project scheduling problem is an important problem in the field of production management. Determining the optimal start time for activity allows ensuring a higher level of project's profit. The article considers an investment project that involves the implementation of a given number of activities for a certain period of time. Each of the activities is characterized by the duration of its implementation, the cost of resources and the income that it provides. In addition, the technological and organizational relationships between the activities are known. This, in particular, can be expressed in the need to complete one activity before doing another. The sources of project financing are the organization's own funds, as well as income received when performing activities. The article considers a situation when all project resources can be presented in monetary form. The project budget is assumed to be known in advance. The planning of the budget, as well as income and expenses for the project, is carried out by years. The net present value (NPV) was used to evaluate the results of the project implementation. This indicator represents the value of the profit from all planned activities, discounted to the time the investment started. Thus, the investment project scheduling problem that we are considering is to find the optimal start time for each of the activities, at which the restrictions on the sufficiency of funds, the interconnection of activities are met and the maximum NPV is ensured. In the proposed statement of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem, the only parameters expressing the uncertainty of the conditions for the implementation of the project are the components of the payment flow. We considered a situation in which the timing of the project and individual activities, as well as the company's own funds, are not subject to fluctuations. Random project parameters were considered independent. The article presents an overview of approaches to project risk assessment for different ways of taking into account the uncertainty factor. In particular, options for scenario analysis, outcome tree construction and simulation were considered. Using the genetic algorithm developed by the authors, a series of computational experiments was carried out. The analysis was carried out for cases of discrete and continuous distribution of project parameters. Based on the results of the experiments, schedules were found that are optimal for various values of random project parameters. For each schedule, the risk of stopping the project due to lack of funds was determined. The found schedules were compared by average NPV values, as well as by risk level. Conclusions were drawn about the choice of schedule, taking into account the cost of raising borrowed funds.
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Buddo, Igor, Ivan Shelokhov, Natalya Misyurkeeva, Maxim Sharlov, and Yury Agafonov. "Electromagnetic Surveys for Petroleum Exploration: Challenges and Prospects." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249646.
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Transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys constitute an important element in exploration projects and can be successfully used in the search for oil and gas. Different modifications of the method include shallow (sTEM), 2D, 3D, and 4D (time-lapse) soundings. TEM data allow for solving a large scope of problems for estimating resources and reserves of hydrocarbons, discriminating reservoir rocks, detecting tectonic features, and characterizing drilling conditions. TEM surveys are applicable at all stages, from initial prospecting to production, and are especially efficient when combined with seismic surveys. Each stage has its specific objectives: estimation of net pay thickness, porosity, and fluid type during prospecting, optimization of well placement and prediction of drilling conditions in exploration, and monitoring of flooding during production. Electromagnetic soundings resolve permafrost features well and thus have a high potentiality for exploration in the Arctic petroleum province. At the first reconnaissance stage of regional prospecting in East Siberia, electromagnetic and seismic data were used jointly to map the junction of the Aldan basin (part of the Aldan-Maya foredeep) with the eastern slope of the Aldan uplift and to constrain the limits of Neoproterozoic sediments. The TEM-based images revealed reservoir rocks in the Upper and Middle Neoproterozoic strata. TEM data have implications for the amount of in-place oil and gas resources in prospects, leads, and plays (Russian categories D1–3) at the prospecting and exploration stages and contingent recoverable reserves (C2) during exploration (latest stage). The contribution of the TEM survey to oil and gas evaluation is quantified via economic variables, such as the value of information (VOI) and expected monetary value (EMV).
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Akpaetti, Aniekan, Otu Ibok, and Kingsley William. "Is Naira Depreciation Having any Effect on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria? Evidence From 1972-2020." AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61090/aksuja.2024.019.
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The study specifically evaluates the trend and growth rate of naira depreciation and determines the effect of naira depreciation on agricultural productivity for the period under review (1972-2020). Using secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and Nation Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the data were analyzed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen Co-integration test, Error Correction Model (ECM) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression in time series analysis. The result showed a negative trend variable (-0.0407), a negative growth rate (-3.98 %) of the depreciation of the naira, and a decrease in the growth of naira depreciation which indicates that a decrease in the rate at which Naira loses it value positively affect Nigerian agriculture as It would increase exports while decreasing imports. The ECM result shows a positive effect of Government Expenditure and a negative effect of weather on Agricultural productivity. Naira depreciation has led to discouraging investment and increasing the price of agricultural production resources. It has also led to a decrease in export prices, making agricultural products less competitive in both domestic and global markets. The Federal Government alongside the Central Bank of Nigeria should put in place monetary policies that will aid in curtailing the rate at which the country’s currency loses its value.
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R. Lairson, David, Donald R. Staines, and Tegwen Howell. "Meningitis Outbreak Management: Measurement of the Cost of Public Health Intervention in Queensland." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 4 (1996): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96056.
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The aims of this study are to estimate the cost of non-vaccination preventable meningococcal meningitis outbreak management. The ingredients method of cost estimation was applied retrospectively from the perspective of Queensland public health services. Administrative data on resources and their monetary value were collected during a two month period following disease outbreaks in two child care centres. Staff were interviewed to determine their time allocation. Short term hospital cost of treating a case of meningitis was obtained from a hospital clinical costing information system and contrasted with the case-mix payment for the relevant DRG category. A multi-disciplinary public health team identified 48 adults and 240 children who were close contacts of the index cases in the centres. All were counseled, administered an initial dose of chemoprophylaxis, and given followup doses and instructions. The cost of the intervention was about $8,000 for each child care centre. The top three items comprised 88 percent of the cost; 60 percent for health personnel, 16 percent for administration, and 12 percent for the prophylactic agents. The total cost for the public health management of each outbreak is only $500 greater than the estimated cost of a single hospital episode of care for meningitis. The study illustrates a costing method for local public health level services. Cost information assists in identifying areas for efficiency improvement, negotiation of service performance contracts, and economic evaluation for resource allocation and service production decisions.
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VEKLYCH, Oksana. "A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS: A SCIENTIFIC SEARCH FOR NEW TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATION IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 3 (2023): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.03.073.
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For the first time, the concept of payments for ecosystem benefits is represented as a general scientific model that reflects the process of economic formatting into monetary equivalents the value of products (goods, resources) and services generated by ecosystem assets, forming their income contribution to human well-being. In particular, the theoretical and methodological foundations underlying the formation of the concept of payments for ecosystem benefits are elucidated point-by-point; the substantive content of these payments is revealed proving them to be an integrated structural and functional complex of the novel monetary instruments of ecological compensation mechanism, currently formed in foreign practices of financing nature restoration measures. It is shown that the main tools (elements) of payments for ecosystem benefits are: direct payments (payouts) for the provision, consumption, use of ecosystem functions, products (goods, resources) and services generated by ecosystems; payments for priority provision (substitution) of certain types of ecosystem benefits; subsidies for maintaining the productive condition of ecosystems by their owners ("sellers"), including through specially created accumulative financial funds; preferential taxation of nature protection and nature restoration measures by owners ("sellers") of goods generated by territorial ecosystems that belong to them; compensation payments to compensate for damages from the deterioration of condition, quality and production of ecosystem benefits by ecosystems. An example of the implementation of PES/REDD-type payments for provision of climate regulation ecosystem services within the framework of a pilot project in the United States of Mexico convincingly demonstrates that by this precise means –– through the introduction of these environmental compensation mechanism tools –– the settlement of conflicts of interests between different groups of stakeholders regarding the supply, consumption and use of ecosystem benefits is achieved, which contributes to the further orientation of their interests toward preventing the loss of ecosystem services and quality of environment. The ecological and economic significance of creating the conceptual model of payments for ecosystem benefits is shown; the urgency of devising and initiating organizational measures of the highest managerial level for the introduction of this ecological compensation mechanism toolkit into Ukrainian institutional and regulatory base for nature management in the post-war period is proven.