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1

Fouad Naghi, Monia, and Rashad A. Abdel-Baky. "Timelike sweeping surfaces and singularities." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 18, no. 01 (2020): 2150006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887821500067.

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We consider a timelike sweeping surface with rotation minimizing frames in Minkowski 3-Space [Formula: see text]. We introduce a new geometric “invariant”, which demonstrates the geometric properties and local singularities of the surface. Subsequently, we give the sufficient and necessary conditions for this surface to be a developable ruled surface. Finally, the singularities of these ruled surfaces are investigated.
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2

Abdel-Baky, Rashad A., Nadia Alluhaibi, Akram Ali, and Fatemah Mofarreh. "A study on timelike circular surfaces in Minkowski 3-space." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 17, no. 06 (2020): 2050074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887820500747.

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This paper studies a smooth one-parameter family of standard Lorentzian circles with fixed radius. Such a surface is called a timelike circular surface with constant radius. We call each circle a generating circle. A new type of timelike circular surfaces was identified and coined as the timelike tangent circular surface. The new timelike tangent circular surface has the property of all generating circles being lines of curvature and its Gaussian and mean curvatures being independent of the geodesic curvature of the spherical indicatrix.
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3

Ersoy, Soley, and Kemal Eren. "Timelike Tangent Developable Surfaces and Bonnet Surfaces." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6837543.

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A criterion was given for a timelike surface to be a Bonnet surface in 3-dimensional Minkowski space by Chen and Li, 1999. In this study, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a timelike tangent developable surface to be a timelike Bonnet surface by the aid of this criterion. This is examined under the condition of the curvature and torsion of the base curve of the timelike developable surface being nonconstant. Moreover, we investigate the nontrivial isometry preserving the mean curvature for a timelike flat helicoidal surface by considering the curvature and torsion of the base
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4

Mert, Tugba, and Baki Karlıga. "Constant angle spacelike surface in de Sitter space S₁³." Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática 35, no. 3 (2017): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5269/bspm.v35i3.24398.

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In this paper; using the angle between unit normal vector field of surfaces and a fixed spacelike axis in R₁⁴, we develop two class of spacelike surface which are called constant timelike angle surfaces with timelike and spacelike axis in de Sitter space S₁³.
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5

Bektaş, Burcu, and Uğur Dursun. "Timelike rotational surfaces of elliptic, hyperbolic and parabolic types in Minkowski space E41 with pointwise 1-type Gauss map." Filomat 29, no. 3 (2015): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1503381b.

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In this work, we focus on a class of timelike rotational surfaces in Minkowski space E41 with 2-dimensional axis. There are three types of rotational surfaces with 2-dimensional axis, called rotational surfaces of elliptic, hyperbolic or parabolic type. We obtain all flat timelike rotational surface of elliptic and hyperbolic types with pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the first and second kind. We also prove that there exists no flat timelike rotational surface of parabolic type in E41 with pointwise 1-type Gauss map.
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6

Önder, Mehmet, and Zehra Ekinci. "On the kinematic interpretation of timelike ruled surfaces." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, no. 10 (2015): 1550127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815501273.

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Timelike ruled surfaces are studied in dual Lorentzian space [Formula: see text] by considering E. Study Mapping and Blaschke frame. A reference timelike ruled surface is considered and associated surfaces are defined. First, it is shown that the surface generated by the instantaneous screw axis (ISA) is a Mannheim offset of reference surface. Later, the kinematic interpretations between these surfaces are introduced by means of Blaschke invariants.
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7

Ekici, Cumali, Yasin Ünlütürk, Mustafa Dede, and B. S. Ryuh. "On Motion of Robot End-Effector Using the Curvature Theory of Timelike Ruled Surfaces with Timelike Rulings." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2008 (2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/362783.

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The trajectory of a robot end-effector is described by a ruled surface and a spin angle about the ruling of the ruled surface. In this way, the differential properties of motion of the end-effector are obtained from the well-known curvature theory of a ruled surface. The curvature theory of a ruled surface generated by a line fixed in the end-effector referred to as the tool line is used for more accurate motion of a robot end-effector. In the present paper, we first defined tool trihedron in which tool line is contained for timelike ruled surface with timelike ruling, and transition relations
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8

Turhan, Essin, and Talat Körpinar. "On Characterization Canal Surfaces around Timelike Horizontal Biharmonic Curves in Lorentzian Heisenberg Group Heis3." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 66, no. 6-7 (2011): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2011-6-709.

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In this paper, we describe a new method for constructing a canal surface surrounding a timelike horizontal biharmonic curve in the Lorentzian Heisenberg group Heis3. Firstly, we characterize timelike biharmonic curves in terms of their curvature and torsion. Also, by using timelike horizontal biharmonic curves, we give explicit parametrizations of canal surfaces in the Lorentzian Heisenberg group Heis3
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9

Körpinar, Talat, and Essin Turhan. "Tubular Surfaces Around Timelike Biharmonic Curves in Lorentzian Heisenberg Group Heis3." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Matematica 20, no. 1 (2012): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10309-012-0029-0.

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Abstract In this paper, we describe a new method for constructing a tubular surface surrounding a timelike biharmonic curve in the Lorentzian Heisenberg group Heis3. Firstly, we characterize timelike biharmonic curves in terms of their curvature and torsion. Also, by using timelike biharmonic curves, we give explicit parametrizations of tubular surfaces in the Lorentzian Heisenberg group Heis3.
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10

Önder, Mehmet, and H. Hüseyin Uğurlu. "On the invariants of Mannheim offsets of timelike ruled surfaces with spacelike rulings." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 08, no. 01 (2015): 1550009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557115500096.

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In this paper, we give the characterizations for Mannheim offsets of timelike ruled surfaces with spacelike rulings in dual Lorentzian space [Formula: see text]. We obtain the relations between terms of their integral invariants and also we give new characterization for the Mannheim offsets of developable timelike ruled surface. Moreover, we find relations between the area of projections of spherical images for Mannheim offsets of timelike ruled surfaces and their integral invariants.
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11

Önder, Mehmet, and H. Hüseyin Uğurlu. "Dual Darboux Frame of a Timelike Ruled Surface and Darboux Approach to Mannheim Offsets of Timelike Ruled Surfaces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 83, no. 2 (2013): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40010-013-0067-7.

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12

Ali, Ahmad Tawfik. "Non-lightlike ruled surfaces with constant curvatures in Minkowski 3-space." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 04 (2018): 1850068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818500688.

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We study the non-lightlike ruled surfaces in Minkowski 3-space with non-lightlike base curve [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are the tangent, principal normal and binormal vectors of an arbitrary timelike curve [Formula: see text]. Some important results of flat, minimal, II-minimal and II-flat non-lightlike ruled surfaces are studied. Finally, the following interesting theorem is proved: the only non-zero constant mean curvature (CMC) non-lightlike ruled surface is developable timelike ruled surface generated by binormal vector.
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13

Jerrard, Robert L., Matteo Novaga, and Giandomenico Orlandi. "On the regularity of timelike extremal surfaces." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 17, no. 01 (2014): 1450048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199714500485.

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We study a class of timelike weakly extremal surfaces in flat Minkowski space ℝ1+n, characterized by the fact that they admit a C1 parametrization (in general not an immersion) of a specific form. We prove that if the distinguished parametrization is of class Ck, then the surface is regularly immersed away from a closed singular set of Euclidean Hausdorff dimension at most 1 + 1/k, and that this bound is sharp. We also show that, generically with respect to a natural topology, the singular set of a timelike weakly extremal cylinder in ℝ1+n is one-dimensional if n = 2, and it is empty if n ≥ 4.
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14

TÜKEL, Gözde Özkan, and Ahmet YÜCESAN. "A Curvature Energy Problem on a Timelike Surface." International Electronic Journal of Geometry 11, no. 2 (2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36890/iejg.545141.

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15

Altay Suroǧlu, Gülden. "Some New Characterizations Of Parallel Translation Surface According To Bishop Frame With Timelike M1 In Minkowski 3-Space." ITM Web of Conferences 22 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182201030.

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In this paper we consider parallel translation surfaces, which are generated by spacelike curves, according to Bishop frame with timelike M1 in Minkowski 3- space. Then, we obtain some characterizations of these surface.
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16

ALLEN, PAUL, LARS ANDERSSON, and JAMES ISENBERG. "TIMELIKE MINIMAL SUBMANIFOLDS OF GENERAL CO-DIMENSION IN MINKOWSKI SPACE TIME." Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 03, no. 04 (2006): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891606000963.

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We consider the timelike minimal surface problem in Minkowski spacetimes and show local and global existence of such surfaces having arbitrary dimension ≥ 2 and arbitrary co-dimension, provided they are initially close to a flat plane.
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17

Maitra, Mousumi, Debaprasad Maity, and Bibhas Ranjan Majhi. "Diffeomorphism symmetries near a timelike surface in black hole spacetime." Classical and Quantum Gravity 38, no. 14 (2021): 145027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac0765.

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18

Sahiner, Burak, Mustafa Kazaz, and Hasan Ugurlu. "A study on motion of a robot end-effector using the curvature theory of dual unit hyperbolic spherical curves." Filomat 30, no. 3 (2016): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1603791s.

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In this paper we study the motion of a robot end-effector by using the curvature theory of a dual unit hyperbolic spherical curve which corresponds to a timelike ruled surface with timelike ruling generated by a line fixed in the end-effector. In this way, the linear and angular differential properties of the motion of a robot end-effector such as velocities and accelerations which are important information in robot trajectory planning are determined. Moreover, the motion of a robot end-effector which moves on the surface of a right circular hyperboloid of one sheet is examined as a practical
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19

Ilarslan, Kazim, and Emilija Nešović. "On Bishop frame of a null Cartan curve in Minkowski space-time." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 08 (2018): 1850142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818501426.

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In this paper, we define the Bishop frame of a null Cartan curve in Minkowski space-time [Formula: see text]. We obtain the Bishop’s frame equations of a null Cartan curve which lies in the timelike hyperplane of [Formula: see text]. We show that a null Cartan cubic lying in the timelike hyperplane of [Formula: see text] has two Bishop frames, one of which coincides with its Cartan frame. We also derive the Bishop’s frame equation of the null Cartan curve which has the third Cartan curvature [Formula: see text]. As an application, we find a solution of the null Betchov-Da Rios vortex filament
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20

Doğan, Fatih, and Yusuf Yaylı. "Isophote curves on spacelike surfaces in Lorentz–Minkowski space." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 14, no. 10 (2021): 2150180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557121501801.

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An isophote curve consists of a locus of surface points whose normal vectors make a constant angle with a fixed vector (the axis). In this paper, we define an isophote curve on a spacelike surface in Lorentz–Minkowski space [Formula: see text] and then find its axis as timelike and spacelike vectors via the Darboux frame. Besides, we give some relations between isophote curves and special curves on surfaces such as geodesic curves, asymptotic curves or lines of curvature.
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21

ENGİN, AS, and SARIOĞLUGİL AYHAN. "On integral invariants of ruled surface generated by the Darboux frame of the transversal intersection timelike curve of two timelike surfaces in Lorentz-Minkowski 3-space." African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Research 7, no. 2 (2014): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmcsr2013.0517.

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22

Chen, Liang. "Singularities of lightcone pedals of spacelike curves in Lorentz-Minkowski 3-space." Open Mathematics 14, no. 1 (2016): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2016-0072.

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AbstractIn this paper, geometric properties of spacelike curves on a timelike surface in Lorentz-Minkowski 3-space are investigated by applying the singularity theory of smooth functions from the contact viewpoint.
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23

Kong, Lingling, and Donghe Pei. "Singularities of tangent lightcone map of a timelike surface in Minkowski 4-space." Tohoku Mathematical Journal 61, no. 4 (2009): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2748/tmj/1264084494.

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24

Kong, De-Xing, and Chang-Hua Wei. "Lifespan of smooth solutions for timelike extremal surface equation in de Sitter spacetime." Journal of Mathematical Physics 58, no. 6 (2017): 061502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984308.

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25

Dorfmeister, Josef F., Walter Freyn, Shimpei Kobayashi, and Erxiao Wang. "Survey on real forms of the complex A2(2)-Toda equation and surface theory." Complex Manifolds 6, no. 1 (2019): 194–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/coma-2019-0011.

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AbstractThe classical result of describing harmonic maps from surfaces into symmetric spaces of reductive Lie groups [9] states that the Maurer-Cartan form with an additional parameter, the so-called loop parameter, is integrable for all values of the loop parameter. As a matter of fact, the same result holds for k-symmetric spaces over reductive Lie groups, [8].In this survey we will show that to each of the five different types of real forms for a loop group of A2(2) there exists a surface class, for which some frame is integrable for all values of the loop parameter if and only if it belong
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26

PYO, JUNCHEOL, and KEOMKYO SEO. "SPACELIKE CAPILLARY SURFACES IN THE LORENTZ–MINKOWSKI SPACE." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 84, no. 3 (2011): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972711002528.

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AbstractFor a compact spacelike constant mean curvature surface with nonempty boundary in the three-dimensional Lorentz–Minkowski space, we introduce a rotation index of the lines of curvature at the boundary umbilical point, which was developed by Choe [‘Sufficient conditions for constant mean curvature surfaces to be round’, Math. Ann.323(1) (2002), 143–156]. Using the concept of the rotation index at the interior and boundary umbilical points and applying the Poincaré–Hopf index formula, we prove that a compact immersed spacelike disk type capillary surface with less than four vertices in a
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27

CAPRI, A. Z., and S. M. ROY. "COORDINATE-INDEPENDENT DEFINITION OF TIME AND VACUUM IN CURVED SPACE–TIME." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 08 (1994): 1239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9400056x.

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We propose a definition of time and of the vacuum such that they are intrinsic to a given globally hyperbolic 1 + (n − 1)-dimensional space–time geometry and independent of the choice of coordinates. To arrive at this definition we use the new physical principle that a 1 + 1-dimensional Poincaré algebra, including Killing conditions on the generators, should be valid on the hypersurface of instantaneity. Given a timelike vector at a point (an observer's velocity) we define "an instant of time" to be the spacelike surface of geodesics which pass through that point and are orthogonal to that tim
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28

GOLDMAN, WILLIAM M., and FRANÇOIS LABOURIE. "Geodesics in Margulis spacetimes." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 32, no. 2 (2011): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385711000678.

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AbstractLet M3 be a Margulis spacetime whose associated complete hyperbolic surface Σ2 has a compact convex core. Generalizing the correspondence between closed geodesics on M3 and closed geodesics on Σ2, we establish an orbit equivalence between recurrent spacelike geodesics on M3 and recurrent geodesics on Σ2. In contrast, no timelike geodesic recurs in either forward or backward time.
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29

Romanov, V. G. "Stability estimate for the solution to the elasticity equations with data on a timelike surface." Doklady Mathematics 74, no. 2 (2006): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562406050103.

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30

Bektaş, Özcan, and Süleyman Şenyurt. "On Some Characterizations of Ruled Surface of a Closed Timelike Curve in Dual Lorentzian Space." Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras 22, no. 4 (2012): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00006-012-0327-7.

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31

Lai, Ningan, and Jianli Liu. "Global weak and smooth solutions of the equation for timelike extremal surface in Minkowski space." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 428, no. 2 (2015): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.02.088.

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32

Bas, Selçuk, and Talat Körpınar. "Inextensible flows of spacelike curves with timelike principal normal according to Darboux frame in M₁³." Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática 31, no. 2 (2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5269/bspm.v31i2.15754.

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33

Chow, E. W. M., and A. W. C. Lun. "Apparent horizons in vacuum Robinson-Trautman spacetimes." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 41, no. 2 (1999): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000011176.

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AbstractVacuum asymptotically flat Robinson-Trautman spacetimes are a well known class of spacetimes exhibiting outgoing gravitational radiation. In this paper we describe a method of locating the past apparent horizon in these spacetimes and discuss the properties of the horizon. We show that the past apparent horizon is non-timelike and that its surface area is a decreasing function of the retarded time. A numerical simulation of the apparent horizon is also discussed.
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34

Inoguchi, Jun-Ichi, Marianty Ionel, and Sungwook Lee. "Flat Lorentz surfaces in anti-de Sitter 3-space and Gravitational Instantons." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 13, no. 02 (2016): 1650012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887816500122.

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In this paper, we study flat Lorentz surfaces in anti-de Sitter 3-space [Formula: see text] in terms of the second conformal structure. Those flat Lorentz surfaces can be represented in terms of a Lorentz holomorphic and a Lorentz anti-holomorphic data similarly to Weierstraß representation formula. An analogue of hyperbolic Gauß map is considered for timelike surfaces in [Formula: see text] and the relationship between the conformality (or the holomorphicity) of hyperbolic Gauß map and the flatness of a Lorentz surface is discussed. It is shown that flat Lorentz surfaces in [Formula: see text
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35

Mazharimousavi, S. Habib, M. Halilsoy, and S. N. Hamad Amen. "Stability of spherically symmetric timelike thin-shells in general relativity with a variable equation-of-state." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 14 (2017): 1750158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817501589.

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We study spherically symmetric timelike thin-shells in [Formula: see text]-dimensional bulk spacetime with a variable equation-of-state for the fluid presented on the shell. In such a fluid, the angular pressure [Formula: see text] is a function of both surface energy density [Formula: see text] and the radius [Formula: see text] of the thin-shell. Explicit cases of the thin shells connecting two nonidentical cloud of strings spacetimes and a flat Minkowski spacetime to the Schwarzschild metric are investigated.
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36

Izumiya, Shyuichi, Ana Claudia Nabarro, and Andrea de Jesus Sacramento. "Pseudo-spherical normal Darboux images of curves on a timelike surface in three dimensional Lorentz–Minkowski space." Journal of Geometry and Physics 97 (November 2015): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2015.07.014.

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37

Romanov, V. G. "A Stability Estimate for a Solution to the Wave Equation with the Cauchy Data on a Timelike Cylindrical Surface." Siberian Mathematical Journal 46, no. 5 (2005): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11202-005-0089-8.

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38

Romanov, V. G. "A stability estimate for the solution to the problem for the electrodynamic equations with data on a timelike surface." Doklady Mathematics 74, no. 3 (2006): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562406060032.

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39

Babich, V. M. "Unique solvability of the Cauchy problem for a system of Maxwell equations with initial data on a timelike surface." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 83, no. 2 (1997): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02405810.

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40

Berry, Thomas, Alex Simpson, and Matt Visser. "Regularity of a General Class of “Quantum Deformed” Black Holes." Universe 7, no. 6 (2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7060165.

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We discuss the “quantum deformed Schwarzschild spacetime”, as originally introduced by Kazakov and Solodukhin in 1993, and investigate the precise sense in which it does and does not satisfy the desiderata for being a “regular black hole”. We shall carefully distinguish (i) regularity of the metric components, (ii) regularity of the Christoffel components, and (iii) regularity of the curvature. We shall then embed the Kazakov–Solodukhin spacetime in a more general framework where these notions are clearly and cleanly separated. Finally, we analyze aspects of the classical physics of these “qua
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41

PADMANABHAN, T. "ENTROPY OF HORIZONS, COMPLEX PATHS AND QUANTUM TUNNELLING." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 35 (2004): 2637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304015257.

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In any spacetime, it is possible to have a family of observers following a congruence of timelike curves such that they do not have access to part of the spacetime. This lack of information suggests associating a (congruence dependent) notion of entropy with the horizon that blocks the information from these observers. While the blockage of information is absolute in classical physics, quantum mechanics will allow tunnelling across the horizon. This process can be analyzed in a simple, yet general, manner and we show that the probability for a system with energy E to tunnel across the horizon
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42

Yu, Chao, and Jia-Rui Sun. "Note on acoustic black holes from black D3-brane." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 07 (2019): 1950095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819500950.

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Black D3-branes are known to admit an effective hydrodynamic description when low frequency and long wavelength perturbations are introduced into the system. We use this perturbed nonextremal black D3-brane as background metric to study the emergence of acoustic black holes, following the same holographic approach in constructing the acoustic black hole in asymptotically Anti-de-Sitter (AAdS) background spacetime. We show that the acoustic black hole which appears on the timelike cutoff surface in the nonextremal black D3-brane also admits a holographic dual description. The duality includes t
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43

Romanov, V. G. "Estimates of a solution to a differential inequality related to a second-order hyperbolic operator and Cauchy data on a timelike surface." Doklady Mathematics 73, no. 1 (2006): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562406010145.

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44

Bronnikov, K. A., S. V. Bolokhov, and M. V. Skvortsova. "Cylindrical wormholes: A search for viable phantom-free models in GR." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 13 (2019): 1941008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819410086.

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The well-known problem of wormholes in General Relativity (GR) is the necessity of exotic matter, violating the Weak Energy Condition (WEC), for their support. This problem looks easier if, instead of island-like configurations, one considers string-like ones, among them, cylindrically symmetric spacetimes with rotation. However, for cylindrical wormhole solutions, a problem is the lacking asymptotic flatness, making it impossible to observe their entrances as local objects in our universe. It was suggested to solve this problem by joining a wormhole solution to flat asymptotic regions at some
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45

Masa, Angel D. D., Enesson S. de Oliveira, and Vilson T. Zanchin. "New regular black hole solutions and other electrically charged compact objects with a de Sitter core and a matter layer." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 11 (2018): 1843015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818430150.

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The main objective of this work is the construction of regular black hole solutions in the context of the Einstein–Maxwell theory. The strategy is to match an interior regular solution to an exterior electrovacuum solution. With this purpose, we first write explicitly the Einstein field equations for the interior regular region. We take an electrically charged nonisotropic fluid, which presents spherical symmetry and a de Sitter type equation of state, where the radial pressure [Formula: see text] is equal to the negative of energy density [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. Then, two so
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46

Magid, Martin A. "Timelike Thomsen Surfaces." Results in Mathematics 20, no. 3-4 (1991): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03323205.

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Castro, Ildefonso, Ildefonso Castro-Infantes, and Jesús Castro-Infantes. "Curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane with curvature depending on their position." Open Mathematics 18, no. 1 (2020): 749–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2020-0043.

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Abstract Motivated by the classical Euler elastic curves, David A. Singer posed in 1999 the problem of determining a plane curve whose curvature is given in terms of its position. We propound the same question in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane, focusing on spacelike and timelike curves. In this article, we study those curves in {{\mathbb{L}}}^{2} whose curvature depends on the Lorentzian pseudodistance from the origin, and those ones whose curvature depends on the Lorentzian pseudodistance through the horizontal or vertical geodesic to a fixed lightlike geodesic. Making use of the notions of geom
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48

Abdel-All, Nassar H., Rashad A. Abdel-Baky, and Fathi M. Hamdoon. "Ruled surfaces with timelike rulings." Applied Mathematics and Computation 147, no. 1 (2004): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(02)00664-1.

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49

Conrady, Florian. "Spin foams with timelike surfaces." Classical and Quantum Gravity 27, no. 15 (2010): 155014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/27/15/155014.

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50

Akamine, Shintaro, Joseph Cho, and Yuta Ogata. "Analysis of Timelike Thomsen Surfaces." Journal of Geometric Analysis 30, no. 1 (2019): 731–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12220-019-00166-7.

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