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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tin(II) and tin(IV)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Oare, Catriona A. "Mercury (II) and tin (IV) mediated rearrangements of 2,3-epoxy alcohols." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267068.

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2

Jiang, Tong. "Porous tin(IV) sulfide materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/NQ41557.pdf.

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3

Bailey, Craig. "Promoted tin(IV) oxide and cerium (IV) oxide catalysts." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262967.

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4

Lloyd, Nicholas Charles. "Tin(IV) oxide based emission control catalysts." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338436.

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5

Hawley, J. C. "Tin(IV) porphyrins as building blocks for supramolecular chemistry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603869.

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Chapter 1 provides an overview of the properties of metalloporphyrins and an insight into the potential for their use in molecular recognition. A more detailed summary of the chemistry of Sn(II) and Sn(IV) porphyrins is also presented. In Chapter 2 general methods for the preparation of Sn(IV) dihydroxo and dicarboxylate porphyrins, and the synthesis of the Sn(IV) porphyrin host molecules investigated in this study are described. Details of the spectroscopic characteristics of Sn(IV) porphyrins are included. <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy experiments undertaken to gain a greater understanding

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6

Rebello, Alison. "Precipitation and stabilisation of colloidal tin (IV) oxide dispersions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.684998.

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This project involves the precipitation and stabilisation of colloidal tin (IV) oxide dispersions. Colloidal dispersions of tin (IV) oxide of cassiterite structure were prepared by forced hydrolysis of acidic tin (IV) chloride solutions in the presence and absence of urea. The concentration range of tin (IV) chloride investigated was 0.2-0.0005 mol l-1, at a HC1 concentration of 0.3 mol l-1 and, when used, a [urea]:[SnC14.5H2O] ratio of 50: 1. These conditions resulted in the synthesis of nanometre-sized colloidal dispersions of fairly uniform size and shape.

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7

Schleep, Mario [Verfasser], and Ingo [Akademischer Betreuer] Krossing. "Molecular and coordination chemistry of Tin(II)." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143602927/34.

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8

Christoforou, M. "Lone-pair effects in tin (II) materials." Thesis, City University London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233894.

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9

Willett, M. J. "Tin(IV) oxide gas sensors : Surface chemistry and electrical conductance effects." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380189.

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10

Khan, Zahida Ishaq. "Thermal analytical and structural studies of tin(II) compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260470.

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11

Johnston, Simon Richard. "Characterisation of basic lead(II) and tin(II) compounds from aqueous systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294510.

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12

Ahari, Homayoun. "Assembly, phase transitions, order and elemental distribution in microporous tin(IV) chalcogenides." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ35095.pdf.

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13

De, Lima Geraldo Magela. "The synthesis, characterization and reactivity of some tin(II) compounds." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360500.

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14

Guest, A. "Hydrated tin(IV) oxide gel and an infrared analysis of its reaction with carbon monoxide." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353917.

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15

Barkhuysen, Shani. "High resolution 195Pt and 119Sn NMR characterization of platinum(II)-tin(II) complexes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17841.

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16

Torr, Ashley Carl. "Fundamentals underlying the formation of thin films from the thermolysis of selected Group IV organometallic precursors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284049.

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17

Ball, Ian K. "Preparation, characterisation and catalytic testing of vanadium promoted tin(IV) oxide and cobalt promoted cerium(IV) oxide." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364674.

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18

Aziz, Y. F. A. "The metal complexes of 3-hydroxyflavone and tin(IV) complexes of catechol and substituted catechol." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233191.

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19

MacNab, Finlay. "Thin film transistors from II-IV semiconductors on polymer substrates." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101620.

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A chemical bath deposition technique has been used in the fabrication of thin film transistors (TFT), which have been deposited on a 200mum polymer substrate. This thesis documents the chemistry and microfabrication techniques used to create the TFTs. Because TFTs have not been fabricated on plastics in this manner before, insights gained from understanding the mechanical properties of the polymer, and how these interact with those of the inorganic components of the TFTs, were used to guide development of processes specifically suited to adapt the polymer to TFT fabrication.

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20

Smith, Suzanne Watson. "Synthesis of tin(IV) complexes for use as potential catalysts for polyurethane formation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263805.

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21

Chakraborty, Rupak. "Structural defect engineering of tin (II) sulfide thin films for photovoltaics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104128.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 126-137).<br>Tin (II) sulfide (SnS) is a promising Earth-abundant, non-toxic alternative to commercially available thin-film photovoltaic (PV) materials because of its near-ideal bandgap, high absorption coefficient, and potential for facile manufacturing. However

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22

Bassi, Mitchell Brian 1963. "The mechanism of the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone using tin(IV) carboxylates". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291748.

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The polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone using tin(IV) carboxylates has been investigated and related to literature research. Polymers with broad MWD were obtained in quantitative yield. At 100% conversion polymer molecular weights ranged from 50,000 to almost 60,000. After an initial induction period, the polymerization shows zero order kinetics with respect to monomer and near first order kinetics with respect to catalyst. The mechanism of the polymerization is coordination-type, and is dependent on the presence of water or an alcoholic initiator. Added water decreases polymer molecular we

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23

Nimitsiriwat, Nonsee. "Novel tin(II), zinc(II) and magnesium(II) initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation of rac-lactide." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424768.

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24

Polizzotti, Alex J. "Improving charge carrier dynamics in tin (II) sulfide through targeted defect engineering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118730.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-151).<br>Tin sulfide is an emerging material for photovoltaics, with the potential for highthroughput manufacturing to combat climate change by displacing fossil fuel generation. However, device efficiencies for SnS have plateaued at below 5% efficiency, making them as yet insufficient for commercial production. Low minority carrier lifetimes of <100 ps have been shown to be the root cause of this low perfo

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25

Jang, Eunseok. "Aspects of the chemistry of tin(IV) chalcogenide cyclic compounds containing sterically demanding amido ligands." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357883.

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26

Deacon, Paul Robert. "The preparation, characterisation and anti-bacterial activity of orally-viable tin(II) salts." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240664.

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27

Birkel, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Tin (IV) oxide nanostructures: controlled synthesis, properties and applications in dye-sensitized solar cells / Alexander Birkel." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022867156/34.

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28

Jollie, David Malcolm. "The pyrolysis of precursors involved in the CVD of films of fluorine-doped tin(IV) oxide." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243471.

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29

Sinsermsuksakul, Prasert. "Development of Earth-Abundant Tin(II) Sulfide Thin-Film Solar Cells by Vapor Deposition." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10987.

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To sustain future civilization, the development of alternative clean-energy technologies to replace fossil fuels has become one of the most crucial and challenging problems of the last few decades. The thin film solar cell is one of the major photovoltaic technologies that is promising for renewable energy. The current commercial thin film PV technologies are based on \(Cu(In,Ga)Se_2\) and CdTe. Despite their success in reducing the module cost below $1/Wp, these absorber materials face limitations due to their use of scarce (In and Te) and toxic (Cd) elements. One promising candidate for an a

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30

Sun, Leizhi. "Improved Thin Film Solar Cells Made by Vapor Deposition of Earth-Abundant Tin(II) Sulfide." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11539.

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Tin(II) sulfide (SnS) is an earth-abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic absorber material for thin film solar cells. SnS films are deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) through the reaction of a tin precursor, bis(N,N'-diisopropylacetamidinato)tin(II), and hydrogen sulfide. The SnS films demonstrate excellent surface morphology, crystal structure, phase purity, stoichiometry, elemental purity, and optical and electrical properties.<br>Engineering and Applied Sciences

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31

Virfeu, Agathe. "Modélisations et caractérisations des propriétés de nouveaux absorbeurs solaires II-IV-N₂ (II = Mg ou Zn, IV = Ge ou Sn)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0006.

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Pour trouver des solutions alternatives à l'utilisation massive des combustibles fossiles et pour satisfaire les besoins énergétiques croissants de la population mondiale, il est indispensable de développer et de démocratiser l’emploi de l’énergie solaire. Dans cet objectif, il convient d’élaborer de nouvelles cellules solaires combinant à la fois une efficacité élevée, un faible coût de production tout en utilisant des éléments chimiques respectueux de l’environnement. Les composés de la famille II-IV-N₂ sont de potentiels candidats puisqu’ils sont constitués d'éléments non toxiques et abonda

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32

Hawkins, Stephen Mark. "Some noble metal chemistry of germanium(II) and tin(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)-amides; and metal amides derived from peri-diaminonaphthalenes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372072.

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33

Brown, Andrew Paul. "Studies of the role of tin(II) in the rhodium(I) chloride catalysed hydrocarbonylation of alkenes." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5532/.

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Batch catalytic and high pressure infra-red studies of catalytic systems have provided detailed information about the homogeneous rhodium-chloride catalysed hydrocarbonylation of ethene to form propanoic acid in CH(_3)COOH/c.HC1 at 180ºC and 60 bar pressure. [Rh(CO)(_2)Cl(_2)]- was shown to be an active catalyst for this process. Tin(ll) chloride as a co-catalyst was shown to have an effect on the rate of propanoic acid production for a rhodium-chloride catalytic process, but a clear promotional effect was only observed for systems employing a Sn:Rh molar ratio of 2: 1. Sn:Rh molar ratios high

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34

Jones, Lynn. "Selective preconcentration of platinum and rhodium from hydrochloric acid media containing tin (II) chloride using polyurethane foam." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17661.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The potentially quantitative and selective sorption of chloro-(trichlorostannato)-platinum(II) and -rhodium (III/I) complex anions by polyurethane foams has been examined. Quantitative separation of platinum(II) from iridium and ruthenium has been achieved. Rhodium( III) is similarly sorbed by polyurethane foam in the presence of sufficient tin(II) chloride and-its clean separation from iridium has been achieved using this method. Ruthenium, although not significantly sorbed under the same conditions as platinum and rhodium, appears to inhibit the extrac

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35

Sizeland, Eliot. "An investigation into the production process controlling the manufacture and operation of thick-film tin (IV) oxide gas sensitive devices." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262085.

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36

Serra, Tatiana Maciel. "Desenvolvimento de catalisadores a base de estanho(IV), para produção de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, via transesterificação e esterificação." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/412.

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The catalytic activity of metal complex exhibiting Lewis acid character (dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, butylstannoic acid and di-n-butyl-oxostannane) was investigated. These catalytic complexes have been tested in the alcoholysis of soybean and castor oils, aiming to obtain a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, called biodiesel. In the transesterification experiments of vegetable oils, the reactions were performed using three types of reactors. The first one consisted in a glass reactor connected to a reflux condenser (RVCR). The second device consisted of a stainless steel react

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37

Karner, Christine. "Thin film characterisation of polycrystalline II-IV display phosphor materials prepared by pulsed laser deposition and RF sputtering." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338313.

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38

Pereira, Camila de Oliveira. "Avaliação de catalisadores à base de estanho visando à produção de biodiesel." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5946.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Atualmente, existe um crescente interesse por fontes de energia renováveis e o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção de biocombustíveis. O biodiesel é uma fonte alternativa de combustível bastante atrativa em relação ao diesel em decorrência de seus benefícios ambientais. A obtenção de biodiesel é geralmente realizada através de reações de transesterificação de óleos vegetais com álcool de cadeia curta. Entretanto, também se pode produzi-lo através da esterificação de ácidos graxos livres utilizando-se matérias-pri

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39

Odenwald, Christina [Verfasser]. "Continuous and wet-chemical synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles in a microreactor : tin(IV) oxide, cesium dihydrogen phosphate and organically modified silica / Christina Odenwald." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1241117292/34.

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40

Santos, Jailma Barros dos. "Conversão catalítica de frutose e glicose em presença de catalisadores de Sn(IV)." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1913.

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Currently, the oil of easy exploration has become increasingly scarce, and it may promote an increase in the prices of its derivatives and/or a possible shortage of raw materials, chemical products of great importance for the chemical industry. In addition, the reduction of dependence on non-renewable resources, such as the ones on petroleum-based, are firmly linked in the yearning of contemporary society, being the concept of "green" chemistry closely associated with the search for products and/or chemical processes that are linked to the use of clean technologies and sustainable development.

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41

Mendonça, Daniel Ribeiro de. "Emprego de catalisadores de estanho(IV) em reações de transesterificação: obtenção de biodiesel." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/407.

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In this work we have investigated the catalytic activity of four metal complexes which exhibit Lewis acid character: dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, butylstannoic acid and di-n-butyl-oxo-stannane. With the aim to obtain a mixture of fatty acid esters, called biodiesel, these catalysts have been tested in alcoholysis of soybean and castor oils. Transterification experiments of the vegetable oils have been carried out using two types of apparatus. The first was a glass reactor connected to a reflux condenser. The second was a pressurized container (inoxidable steel reactor), containi

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42

Lugon, Marcelo di Marcello Valladão. "Determinação de Sn(II) por polarografia: aplicação no controle de qualidade de reagentes liofilizados para radiodiagnóstico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-10102011-141504/.

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Cloreto estanoso (SnCl2.2H2O) é o composto mais utilizado na redução do íon pertecnetato (TcO4-), obtido pela eluição do gerador, para a marcação de reagentes liofilizados para radiodiagnóstico. Estes reagentes liofilizados contêm um ligante, cloreto estanoso, e diferentes excipientes. Muitos métodos analíticos para a determinação de estanho não conseguem distinguir entre os íons estanoso (Sn(II)) e estânico (Sn(IV)) em soluções. Os dois métodos, descritos na literatura, para determinação seletiva de Sn(II) são análise titrimétrica e polarografia. O método mais confiável descrito para a quanti

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43

Wendav, Torsten. "Modeling of SiGeSn-based semiconductor heterostructures for optoelectronic applications." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18139.

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In den letzten Jahren gibt es großes Interesse am SiGeSn Materialsystem aufgrund seines Potentials für die Verwendung in der Optoelektronik, Elektronik und Photovoltaik. Während jedoch die binären Verbindungshalbleiter Si(x)Ge(1-x) und Ge(1-y)Sn(y) schon intensiv untersucht wurden, sind die Materialeigenschaften des ternären Verbindungshalbleiters Ge(1-x-y)Si(x)Sn(y) und Nanostrukturen basierend auf diesem Verbindungshalbleiter noch weitgehend unbekannt. In dieser Arbeit werden drei theoretische/theoretisch-experimentelle Studien zur Untersuchung des SiGeSn Materialsystems vorgestellt. In e

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44

Spinelli, Yariadner Costa Brito. "Avaliação da atividade catalítica de compostos a base de estanho (IV) em reações de alcoólise de ácidos graxos (AG), triacilglicerois (TAG), misturas AG:TAG e na hidrólise de TAG." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/2047.

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The objective of this work is to develop catalysts that are active in simultaneous conversion of triacylglycerides and fatty acids into fatty acid methyl esters. Three Sn(IV) complexes, named butyl stannoic acid (BTA), di-n-butyl-oxo-stannane (DBTO) and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), were initially tested as catalysts for esterification reaction of fatty acids in the presence of methanol as alcoholysis agent. Parameters like reaction time, temperature, and catalyst amount were systematically evaluated in this work. All complexes were active at relative high reaction temperatures, but BTA displa

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45

Pierson, Bruce Gregory. "Chemical reactions at the interfaces of semiconductors and catalysts with solutions: I. Tin-palladium catalysts in electroless copper plating. II. Dissolution of crystalline gallium-arsenide in solutions containing complexing agents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184673.

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The concentration of tin and palladium in catalysts used in electroless copper plating have been determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with high energy (2-5) MeV ⁴He⁺. The tin:palladium ratio in the catalyst decreases when exposed to an alkaline solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has confirmed this result and has shown the palladium in the catalyst is present as palladium metal and the tin is present, probably as an oxidized species, to a depth of about 30 Å. Catalysts for the electroless plating of copper are obtained by the reaction of Pd(II) and Sn(II). The extent of

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46

McGiveron, James Kevin. "Aspects of sol-gel chemistry : the adsorption properties of silica sol-gel monoliths and the preparation of indium(III) oxide and indium(III)/tin(IV) oxide thin films by the inorganic sol-gel process." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294504.

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47

Tallapally, Venkatesham. "Colloidal Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Group IV Alloy and Group IV-V Semiconductors: Ge1-xSnx and Sn-P Quantum Dots." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5568.

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Nanomaterials, typically less than 100 nm size in any direction have gained noteworthy interest from scientific community owing to their significantly different and often improved physical properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) are of great interest to study their tunable optical properties, primarily as a function of size and shape. Accordingly, there has been a lot of attention paid to synthesize discrete semiconducting nanoparticles, of where Group III-V and II-VI materials have been studied extensively. In contrast, Group IV and Group IV-V based n

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48

Nunes, Rafael Saraiva. "Estudos de complexos de estanho (IV) contendo ligantes ALQUIL, cloro ou hidróxido em reações de obtenção de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1893.

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In order to produce alternative fuels derived from renewable resources (biomass) and environmentally friendly, it was investigated in this work the catalytic activity of three metal complexes showing Lewis acid character: Butyltin chloride dihydroxide (BCDH-Sn), Butyltintrichloride (BTC-Sn) and dibutyltin dichloride (DBDC-Sn).These complexes were tested for catalytic soybean oil methanolysis and esterification of oleic acid in order to obtain a mixture of Fatty Acid Alkyl-Esters, when it is used as a fuel known as biodiesel. In methanolysis experiments, the reactions were performed in a glass

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49

Liu, Guoduan. "Fabrication and Characterization of Planar-Structure Perovskite Solar Cells." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/137.

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Currently organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is one kind of promising photovoltaic technology due to low production cost, easy fabrication method and high power conversion efficiency. Charge transport layers are found to be critical for device performance and stability. A traditional electron transport layer (ETL), such as TiO2 (Titanium dioxide), is not very efficient for charge extraction at the interface. Compared with TiO2, SnO2 (Tin (IV) Oxide) possesses several advantages such as higher mobility and better energy level alignment. In addition, PSCs with planar structur

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50

Mončeková, Miroslava. "Možnosti redukce šestimocného chromu při hydrataci portlandského cementu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216811.

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The issue of Hexavalent chromium toxicity to Portland cement hydration is a very actual these days. It takes much effort to obtain a cement containing Cr(VI) less than 2 ppm. The primary objective of this diploma theses is to find appropriate reducing substances and specify their efficiency, as well as to make an attempt to optimize their dosage. As reducing substances there were plumbed sulphites and tin(II) salts. The influence of reducing substances applied to the hydration and cement properties were validated by strenght tests, the calorimetric measurement and the volume-variation measurem

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