Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tin(IV) complex

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Tin(IV) complex'

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Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 8 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tin(IV) complex"

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Lahcini, Mohammed, Minna T. Räisänen, Pascal M. Castro, Martti Klinga, and Markku Leskelä. "Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)tin(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (2007): m2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807050507.

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The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the title compound, [Sn(C8H5)4], consists of one fourth of a discrete tin complex and one half of another which both possess nearly ideal tetrahedral symmetry; the site symmetries of the two Sn atoms are \overline4 and 2. The bond angles at all acetylide C atoms are almost linear. The Sn—C distances [2.076 (6) and 2.065 (6)–2.069 (6) Å in the two complexes) are short when compared to the sum of the covalent radii of C and Sn (2.177 Å), but consistent with another tetrakis(alkynyl)tin complex. The acetylenic bond distances [1.196 (7) and 1.183 (7)–1.207 (7) Å] are consistent with a triple C[triple-bond]C bond. Therefore, despite the short Sn—C distances, the ligands are mainly σ-bonded to the metal. In the solid state, these complexes form a three-dimensional network via agostic C—H interactions as a phenyl proton in the ortho position interacts with the acetylenic carbon in the α position to the tin center.
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Nørby, Peter, Jacob Overgaard, Bo Iversen, and Simon Johnsen. "Expanding the Chemical Versatility of Thiostannate Anions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094443.

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Soluble tin(IV) chalcogenide complexes play a major role in solution processing synthesis of macroelectronic tin(IV) chalcogenide based devices, e.g. thin film transistors (TFTs) and the technological interesting photovoltaic material, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS). The synthesis and study of new soluble thiostannate(IV) complexes without electronic impurity atoms and with low decomposition temperature are of key importance for the further development of tin(IV) chalcogenide based devices. We have from the same aqueous ammonium tin(IV) sulfide solution, synthesized and characterized four new crystal structures with different sized thiostannate(IV) complexes (i.e. monomeric [SnS4]4-, dimeric [Sn2S6]4-, pyramids of [Sn3S9]6- and the linear chain [SnS3]2-). Hirshfeld surface analysis for the anionic dimeric [Sn2S6]4- complex in (NH4)4Sn2S6·3H2O shows that water bound hydrogens interact equally well as the ammonium bound hydrogens with the anionic complex. The elongation of the terminal Sn-S bond depends only on the number of hydrogen atoms which interact with the sulfur atom (regardless of the hydrogen atom is bound in water molecules or in ammonium cations). We present the results for the application of the as-synthesized thiostannate(IV) crystals in solution processing of SnS2 thin films. Crystallographic and electron microscopic methods have established that all films are highly textured with the high mobility ab-plane parallel to the substrate surface. This is ideal for e.g. TFT devices where high mobility is required parallel to the substrate surface.
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Olijve, Luuk L. C., Ethan N. W. How, Mohan Bhadbhade, et al. "Structural, electrochemical and photochemical investigation of the water-soluble tin(IV) tetrakis(2-N-hydroxyethyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin photocatalyst." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 11n12 (2011): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611004312.

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The water-soluble tin(IV) tetrakis(2-N-hydroxyethyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin 1 photocatalyst was synthesized in good yield and its structure determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical measurements on tin(IV) porphyrin 1 reveal a range of complex redox processes that are highly dependent on the pH and electrode used. The cathodic processes at ca. -0.6 to -0.8 V were assigned to electrochemical processes on the pyridyl moiety following differential pulse voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical investigation into the electrochemical properties of tin(IV) porphyrin. Photocatalytic experiment on tin(IV) porphyrin 1 under anaerobic conditions using triethanolamine (TEAO) as a sacrifical donor reveal a phlorin species as the main product which rapidly disappears upon exposure to oxygen. These results suggest that tin(IV) porphyrin π-radical anion is perhaps not the species responsible for the apparent ability tin(IV) porphyrins to photocatalytically reduce various substrates, including water to hydrogen.
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Delledonne, D., G. Pelizzi, and C. Pelizzi. "Structure of a seven-coordinated tin(IV)–hydrazone complex." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 43, no. 8 (1987): 1502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270187091303.

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Khan, Malik Dilshad, Muhammad Aamir, Manzar Sohail, et al. "Bis(selenobenzoato)dibutyltin(iv) as a single source precursor for the synthesis of SnSe nanosheets and their photo-electrochemical study for water splitting." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 15 (2018): 5465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00285a.

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T., S. BASU BAUL, and L. BASAIA WMOIT W. "Complexes of Tin( IV) Halides with Substituted Arylazo-2-pyridine." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 70, Feb 1993 (1993): 151–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6033937.

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Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Department of Physics, North-Eastern Hill University, Bijni Complex, Shillong-793 003 Manuscript received 13 April 1992, accepted 22 December 1992 Complexes of Tin( IV) Halides with Substituted Arylazo-2-pyridine
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Hennings, Erik, Horst Schmidt, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Crystal structure of tin(IV) chloride octahydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 12 (2014): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814024271.

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The title compound, [SnCl4(H2O)2]·6H2O, was crystallized according to the solid–liquid phase diagram at lower temperatures. It is built-up of SnCl4(H2O)2octahedral units (point group symmetry 2) and lattice water molecules. An intricate three-dimensional network of O—H...O and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds between the complex molecules and the lattice water molecules is formed in the crystal structure.
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(MISS), SUDHA SINGH, P. SINGH R та D. GUPTA V. "Trifluoro-β-diketonates of Tin(IV)". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 70, Nov-Dec 1993 (1993): 939–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5930316.

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Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005 <em>Manuscript received 31 August 1993</em> Ad ducts and substituted products of tin tetrachloride and monoorganotin trichloride with unsymmetrical trifluroro- ,<em>&nbsp;&beta;</em>-diketones, CF<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub>COR (LH) (R =Me, Et, i-Pr and Ph) have been prepared and characterised. Ir spectra of adducts, SnCl<sub>4</sub>.LH are consistent with the enolic form of the chelating diketone leading to an octahedral structure. X-ray crystal and molecular structure of complex, SnCI<sub>2</sub>(CF<sub>3</sub>COCHCOPh)<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;confirms <em>cis-trans</em>-<em>cis</em> stereochemistry. <sup>1</sup>H nmr spectra suggest these to be fluxional in solution. For organotin complexes, only tentative structures could be proposed from the limited spectral data.
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Sousa, Gerimário F. de, Jesús Valdés Martínez та Simón Hernández-Ortega. "A seven-coordinated tin(IV) complex: dichloro[2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(S-benzyldithiocarbazato-κ5S,N,N′,N′′,S′]tin(IV)". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 61, № 9 (2005): m1810—m1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536805025493.

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Chen, Shao-Wen, Han-Dong Yin, and Da-Qi Wang. "Dimethyl(2-oxido-1-naphthaldehydeisonicotinoylhydrazonato)tin(IV) methanol solvate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 4 (2006): m836—m837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806009962.

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In the molecular structure of the title complex, [Sn(CH3)2(C17H11N3O2)]·CH3OH, the Sn atom is in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coodination, with Sn—O distances of 2.099 (6) and 2.128 (6) Å. A methanol solvent molecule is O—H...N hydrogen bonded to the complex molecule.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tin(IV) complex"

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Nunes, Rafael Saraiva. "Estudos de complexos de estanho (IV) contendo ligantes ALQUIL, cloro ou hidróxido em reações de obtenção de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1893.

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In order to produce alternative fuels derived from renewable resources (biomass) and environmentally friendly, it was investigated in this work the catalytic activity of three metal complexes showing Lewis acid character: Butyltin chloride dihydroxide (BCDH-Sn), Butyltintrichloride (BTC-Sn) and dibutyltin dichloride (DBDC-Sn).These complexes were tested for catalytic soybean oil methanolysis and esterification of oleic acid in order to obtain a mixture of Fatty Acid Alkyl-Esters, when it is used as a fuel known as biodiesel. In methanolysis experiments, the reactions were performed in a glass reactor equipped with a reflux condenser or a closed reactor. The reactions were performed at temperatures ranging from 80 ° C, 120 ° C and 150 ° C, and the reaction time ranged from 15 minutes to 10 hours. The reaction products, obtained by transesterification, were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In case of esterification of the oleic acid, was subjected to the same conditions of methanolysis using only the closed reactor. In this case, monoester analysis content was determined by acid-base titration. For characterization of catalysts, spectroscopic techniques were used in infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance. To determine reaction mechanism (trans) esterification, a set of reactions were made with subsequent NMR study 1H and 119Sn. In transesterification, the sequence in terms of catalytic efficiency was: BTC-Sn>BCDHSn>DBDC-Sn. In the esterification, the sequence was: BTC- Sn> DBDC -Sn>BCDHSn. These reactive differences were attributed to factors such as steric hindrance, catalyst solubility in reaction environment, interactions between the catalyst and substrate reaction and the acid strength of the catalysts. RMN's results of 1H and 119Sn indicated that the reactions of transesterification and esterification using three organometallic complexes of tin occur through Lewis´s acid-base mechanism.<br>No intuito de produzir combustíveis alternativos oriundos de recursos renováveis (biomassa) e ambientalmente corretos, foi investigada neste trabalho a atividade catalítica de três complexos organometálicos exibindo caráter ácido de Lewis: n-butilclorodihidróxiestanho (BCDH-Sn), nbutiltricloroestanho (BTC-Sn) e di n-butildicloroestanho (DBDC-Sn). Esses complexos foram testados na metanólise do óleo de soja e na esterificação do ácido oléico visando obtenção de uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos (biodiesel). Nos experimentos de metanólise, as reações foram realizadas em um reator de vidro acoplado a um condensador de refluxo ou num reator fechado. As reações foram realizadas em temperaturas de 80 °C, 120 ºC e 150 °C, e o tempo reacional variou de 15 min a 10 h. Os produtos reacionais, obtidos por transesterificação, foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG-FID). No caso da esterificação do ácido oléico, foram empregadas as mesmas condições da metanólise empregando apenas reator fechado. Nesse caso, a análise do teor de monoéster foi determinada por titulação ácido-base. Para caracterização dos complexos, foram usadas técnicas de espectroscopia no infravermelho e ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio. A fim de estabelecer o mecanismo reacional de transesterificação e esterificação, foi realizado um conjunto de reações com acompanhamento por espectroscopia de RMN de 1H e 119Sn. Na transesterificação, a seqüência em termos de eficiência catalítica foi: BTC-Sn>BCDH-Sn>DBDC-Sn. Já na esterificação, a seqüência foi: BTC-Sn>DBDC-Sn>BCDH-Sn. Essas diferenças reacionais foram atribuídas a fatores como impedimento estéreo, solubilidade do catalisador no meio reacional, interações entre o catalisador e o substrato na reação e força ácida dos catalisadores. Resultados de RMN´s de 1H e 119Sn indicaram que as reações de transesterificação e esterificação usando os 3 complexos organometálicos de estanho ocorrem através de mecanismo ácido-base de Lewis.
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Aziz, Y. F. A. "The metal complexes of 3-hydroxyflavone and tin(IV) complexes of catechol and substituted catechol." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233191.

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Serra, Tatiana Maciel. "Desenvolvimento de catalisadores a base de estanho(IV), para produção de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, via transesterificação e esterificação." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/412.

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The catalytic activity of metal complex exhibiting Lewis acid character (dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, butylstannoic acid and di-n-butyl-oxostannane) was investigated. These catalytic complexes have been tested in the alcoholysis of soybean and castor oils, aiming to obtain a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, called biodiesel. In the transesterification experiments of vegetable oils, the reactions were performed using three types of reactors. The first one consisted in a glass reactor connected to a reflux condenser (RVCR). The second device consisted of a stainless steel reactor (RP), hermetically sealed, fitted with a pressure gauge and a temperature controller. The third one was adapted to be used on a microwave system. On the last two reactor systems, the alcoholysis of triglycerides was also developed at vigorous conditions, at temperatures ranging from 80 °C and 150 °C. Comparing all reactions, the results show that the most reactive catalysts using the RVCR on the methanolysis of soybean oil are DBTDA and DBTDL with comparable performances. However, in the same reaction conditions, very low yields were observed using castor oil, and no generalizations could be pointed out. When RP were employed, better yields were obtained. When the temperature raise from 80 to 150 ºC, all catalytic systems display similar performances, indicating that temperature and solubility have significant influences on these type of catalytic systems. Very low reaction yield were observed when the microwave reactor was employed. This observation must be due to the very low rate of stirring performed on this type of reactor. In a second part of this work, it was evaluated the performance of catalysts based on tin oxide (SnO2), sulfated or not, in transesterification or esterification reactions of soybean oil and its fatty acids derivatives, respectively, in the presence of methanol. The low activity verified on these systems must be related to their structural characteristics.<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Neste trabalho foi investigada a atividade catalítica de quatro complexos metálicos exibindo caráter ácido de Lewis: dibutildiacetato de estanho, dibutildilaurato de estanho, óxido de dibutil estanho e ácido butilestanóico. Esses complexos catalíticos foram testados na alcoólise do óleo de soja e de mamona, visando a obtenção de uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos, denominada biodiesel. Nos experimentos de transesterificação dos óleos vegetais, as reações foram realizadas em três tipos de reatores. O primeiro equipamento foi composto de um reator de vidro acoplado a um condensador de refluxo (RVCR). O segundo equipamento foi composto de um reator de aço inox (RP), hermeticamente fechado, equipado com um manômetro e um controlador de temperatura. O terceiro reator empregado era adaptado para ser utilizado em um sistema de microondas. Nos dois últimos sistemas de reatores, a alcoólise dos triglicerídeos foi desenvolvida em condições mais enérgicas de reação, em temperaturas que variaram entre 80 °C e 150 °C. Comparando-se todas as reações, os resultados obtidos indicam que o emprego do RVCR na metanólise do óleo de soja, os catalisadores mais ativos são o DBTDA e o DBTDL com desempenhos comparáveis. Por outro lado, empregando-se o óleo de mamona, nessa condição reacional, os rendimentos foram muito baixos, não permitindo obter generalizações. Quando do uso do RP, rendimentos superiores aos observados com o RVCR são obtidos e à medida que a temperatura aumenta de 80 a 150 ºC as reatividades dos sistemas catalíticos tornam se bastante semelhantes, indicando que fatores como temperatura e solubilidade têm influência significativa nesse tipo de sistemas catalíticos. Com o emprego do reator microondas, os rendimentos reacionais foram inferiores, provavelmente devido à baixa velocidade de agitação que tal reator pode realizar. Numa segunda parte do trabalho, foi realizado um estudo do desempenho de catalisadores a base de óxido de estanho (SnO2), sulfatado ou não, em reações de transesterificação ou esterificação de óleo de soja e seus ácidos graxos, respectivamente, na presença de metanol. A baixa atividade dos catalisadores foi relacionada às características texturais dos mesmos.
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Smith, Suzanne Watson. "Synthesis of tin(IV) complexes for use as potential catalysts for polyurethane formation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263805.

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Mendonça, Daniel Ribeiro de. "Emprego de catalisadores de estanho(IV) em reações de transesterificação: obtenção de biodiesel." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/407.

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In this work we have investigated the catalytic activity of four metal complexes which exhibit Lewis acid character: dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, butylstannoic acid and di-n-butyl-oxo-stannane. With the aim to obtain a mixture of fatty acid esters, called biodiesel, these catalysts have been tested in alcoholysis of soybean and castor oils. Transterification experiments of the vegetable oils have been carried out using two types of apparatus. The first was a glass reactor connected to a reflux condenser. The second was a pressurized container (inoxidable steel reactor), containing a manometer and a temperature controller. In all transterification experiments carried out, the use of the steel reactor were more efficient face to the analogous reactions carried out with the glass reactor. The alcoholysis were also carried out in more severe conditions. The reactions were carried out at higher temperatures, from 80 to 150°C. It was observed that the reaction yield increases, increasing the reaction temperature. In a second stage of this work, the transesterification reaction of the soybean oil was carried out employing methylic, ethylic, iso-propylic, n-butylic and iso-butylic alcohols. The effect of the different type of alcohols in the reaction yield were evaluated. It was remarked that higher yields were obtained with long chain alcohols (butanol and isobutanol) which were similar to that observed with conventional ones (methanol and ethanol). Finally, the use of metal complexes of tin(IV) as catalysts for transterification reactions of vegetable oils to obtain biodiesel seems to be very promising. The experimental data, discussions, and conclusions are described on this dissertation.<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Neste trabalho investigou-se a atividade catalítica de quatro complexos metálicos exibindo caráter ácido de Lewis: dibutil diacetato de estanho, dibutil dilaurato de estanho, óxido de dibutil estanho e ácido butil estanóico. Estes catalisadores foram testados na alcoólise do óleo de soja e de mamona para a obtenção de uma mistura de ésteres de ácidos graxos, denominada biodiesel. Nos experimentos de transesterificação dos óleos vegetais, as reações foram realizadas em dois tipos de equipamentos. O primeiro equipamento era composto de um reator de vidro acoplado a um condensador de refluxo. O segundo equipamento foi composto de um reator de aço inox, hermeticamente fechado, equipado com um manômetro e um controlador de temperatura. Em todos os experimentos de transesterificação realizados o uso do reator aço inox mostrou-se mais vantajoso frente ao reator de vidro com condensador de refluxo. A alcoólise dos triglicerídeos também foi desenvolvida em condições mais enérgicas de reação. As reações foram realizadas em temperaturas que variaram entre 80 °C e 150 °C. Observou-se que o aumento da temperatura geralmente favorece o aumento no rendimento da reação. Em outra etapa deste trabalho a transesterificação do óleo de soja foi realizada empregando-se os álcoois metílico, etílico, isopropílico, butílico e isobutílico. Os efeitos dos diversos tipos de álcoois no rendimento final da reação foram observados e avaliados. Destacaram-se nesses experimentos os altos rendimentos obtidos com os álcoois de cadeias longas (butanol e isobutanol) quando comparados com os álcoois convencionais (metanol e etanol). Por fim, o uso de complexos metálicos a base de estanho(IV) mostrou-se promissor na reação de transesterificação de óleos vegetais visando a obtenção de biodiesel. Os dados relativos aos experimentos, a discussão dos resultados e as conclusões estão descritas nessa dissertação.
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Books on the topic "Tin(IV) complex"

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Andrews, David L., Enrique Jose Galvez, and Jesper Glückstad. Complex light and optical forces IV: 27-28 January 2010, San Francisco, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). SPIE, 2010.

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name, No. Complex mediums IV: Beyond linear isotropic dielectrics :4-5 August 2003, San Diego, California, USA. SPIE, 2003.

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Graeme, Dewar, McCall Martin W, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Complex mediums IV: Beyond linear isotropic dielectrics : 4-5 August, 2003, San Diego, California, USA. SPIE, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tin(IV) complex"

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Beng, Teo Soon, Teoh Siang Guan,, and Yeap Guan Yeow. "Organotin and inorganic tin complexes of some aromatic Schiff bases." In Chemistry and Technology of Silicon and Tin. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198555803.003.0045.

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Abstract Organotin(IV), inorganic tin(II), and tin(IV) derivatives of 2-hydroxy- 1-naphthaldehyde- or salicyldehyde-substituted aniline Schiff bases have been prepared. The 1/1 and 1/2 molecular adducts have been characterized by elemental analyses, and by IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques, which indicate that coordination to tin occurs through the hydroxyl oxygen or the azomethine nitrogen, or through both these atoms. The crystal structure of the 1:2 diphenyltin dichloride adduct with 1-(4-methoxyphenylimino) methyl-2-naphthol is reported.
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Mikami, K., Y. Matsumoto, and T. Shiono. "Titanium(IV)–Arene Complexes by Cationic Complex Formation." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00584.

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Chandra, Shubhra, S. Gioskos, R. J. Magee,, and B. D. James. "Studies on some triphenyltin(IV) complexes containing potentially bidentate, biologically-active anionic groups." In Chemistry and Technology of Silicon and Tin. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198555803.003.0050.

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Abstract Triphenyltin(IV) derivatives have been synthesized which contain anions from various biologically-active acids which include: dithio- and monothiocarbamates (DTC and MTC), phthalic acid (PTA), salicylaldehyde (SAL), phenoxyacetic acid (PAA), imidazole (IMI), 2-mercaptoethanol (MET), 2-aminoethanethiol (AET), 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (PNO) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The coordination about the tin atom was investigated by IR, Sn NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopic methods. The triphenyltin cation with S-bonding groups generally acquires a fourcoordinated structure (MTC, OTC, MET, AET, PNO). On the other hand, combination with 0-bonding groups can produce several structural possibilities: four-coordinate (ASA), five-coordinate cis trigonal bipyramid (SAL) and six-coordinate, and polymeric (IMI, PTA, PAA). The tolerance of eight plant-pathogenic fungi to the compounds was investigated by growth-inhibition tests. Although some influence of the chelating anionic group has been reported previously, no systematic dependence of fungitoxicity on the coordination number of tin was observed with these complexes.
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Mikami, K., Y. Matsumoto, and T. Shiono. "Tetraaryltitanium(IV) Complexes by Reaction of Titanium(IV) Complexes with Grignard Reagents." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00727.

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Schweitzer, George K., and Lester L. Pesterfield. "The V–Cr–Mn Group." In The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393354.003.0016.

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The three elements to be treated in this chapter (V, Cr, Mn) are the third, fourth, and fifth members of the first transition series. The first two members (Sc, Ti) have been treated in previous chapters (Chapters 12 and 13). The ten elements of this first transition series (Sc through Zn) are characterized by electron activity in the 3d–4s levels. All elements in the 3d transition series are metals, and many of their compounds tend to be colored as a result of unpaired electrons. Most of the elements have a strong tendency to form complex ions due to participation of the d electrons in bonding. Since both the 4s and the 3d electrons are active, most of the elements show a considerable variety of oxidation states (Sc and Zn being exceptions). For the first five (Sc through Mn), the maximum oxidation number is the total number of electrons in the 4s and 3d levels. Complexing is often so strong that the most stable oxidation state for simple compounds may differ from that for complex compounds. a. E–pH diagram. The E–pH diagram in Figure 14.1 shows V in oxidation states of 0, II, III, IV, and V. This diagram, which involves vanadium at 10−3.0 M is somewhat oversimplified in that there are some isopolyanions present in the 4–6 pH regions. The prevalence of isopolyanions increases as the V concentration increases. This is illustrated in Figure 14.2 which has V at 10−1.0 M. Further, the cations V+2, V+3, VO+2, and VO2+ are probably aquated to satisfy a coordination number of six, and the V(OH)3 may actually be hydrated V2O3. Note that the soluble solution chemistries of V(IV) and V(V) are dominated by the VO+2 and VO2+ complex ions. Three of these cations (III, IV, V) are subject to hydrolysis, the processes setting in around pH values of just under 3, 3, and 2. The E–pH diagram indicates that elemental V is very active, but a thin coat of oxide protects it from all except strong action.
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Mikami, K., Y. Matsumoto, and T. Shiono. "Reaction between Tetraalkoxytitanium(IV) or Tetraamidotitanium(IV) ­Complexes and Cyclopentadienes." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00617.

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Negishi, E. i., and T. Takahashi. "Bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)hydridometal(IV) Complexes." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00833.

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Dac Hoanh, Trinh, and Burm-Jong Lee. "ZINC (II), IRIDIUM (III) AND TIN (IV) COMPLEXES FOR NANOSCALE OLED DEVICES." In Nanoscale Interface for Organic Electronics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322492_0005.

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Mikami, K., Y. Matsumoto, and T. Shiono. "Hydridotitanium Complexes by Reduction of Alkyltitanium(IV) Complexes by Silanes." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00626.

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Mikami, K., Y. Matsumoto, and T. Shiono. "Alkynyltitanium Complexes by Reaction of Titanium(IV) Complexes with ­Alkynes." In Compounds of Groups 7-3 (Mn..., Cr..., V..., Ti..., Sc..., La..., Ac...). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-002-00725.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tin(IV) complex"

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Hassan, Safaa, and Rania Shallan. "Antibacterial and molecular studying of thiourea derivative ligand and its Dimethyl tin(IV) complex with the superior of its Copper(II) complex as a hepatocellular antitumor drug." In The 23rd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. MDPI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-23-06485.

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Gauru, Imanuel, and Fahimah Martak. "Synthesis and toxicity test of tin(IV) pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate complexes." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062237.

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Sironi, Tommaso. "Multilayer and multifield analysis of origami deployable structures." In IV Aerospace PhD-Days. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903193-36.

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Abstract. The research focuses on design of origami deployable structures for space applications. The aim is to acquire new and in-depth knowledge on modeling deployable structures with simple origami folding patterns to enhance the reliability of subsystem design requiring the use of such structures. Mastery of the subject will also enable the analysis of the compatibility of flexible thin structures with electronic components such as flexible rigid PCBs, solar cells, or antennas. The most used method of modelling for the analysis of flexible structures is based on bar-and-hinge models (reduced degree-of-freedom models) which, although accurately describe the macroscopic behavior, are unable to capture local behavior at critical points such as folds and interface points with bonded rigid-flexible elements. Consequently, a refined analysis of the system is carried out by integrating the finite element Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) in the bar-and-hinge model, which allows to reduce the number of degrees of freedom with respect to classical Finite Element Method (FEM). Such formulation is necessary for two main reasons. Firstly, integrating this formulation with classical reduced degrees of freedom models will allow analyzing the local behavior of the deployable structure while still keeping computational costs low. Secondly, the CUF model is well suited for modeling thin multilayer structures, consisting of layers of very different materials, thanks to the possibility of selecting an arbitrary approximation order along the thickness that is independent of the order of the model adopted in the plane. Such a powerful tool will also allow analyzing the behavior at the interface between distinct layers subjected to both mechanical and coupled thermomechanical stresses, a critical condition in space applications. The final step of the modeling involves research on controlled deployment methods, deepened to ensure greater system reliability and morphing capabilities. The developed models will be experimentally validated through test campaigns aimed at verifying that the stress and strain states resulting from the analyses are comparable to those evaluated in experimental tests. These tests will include, among others, deployment tests of structures with origami patterns or classic folding patterns to evaluate opening stresses and cyclic thermal fatigue tests to evaluate thermomechanical stresses at the interface between distinct layers. The comparison will provide the numerical model with additional robustness and make it a tool capable of predicting complex behaviors otherwise investigable only through experimental tests.
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Amabili, M. "Large-Amplitude Vibrations of Thin Panels." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14616.

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Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical panels with different boundary conditions and subjected to harmonic excitation are numerically investigated. The Donnell's nonlinear strain-displacement relationships are used to describe geometric nonlinearity; in-plane inertia is taken into account. Different boundary conditions are studied and the results are compared; for all of them zero normal displacements at the edges are assumed. In particular, three models are considered in order to investigate the effect of different boundary conditions: Model A for free in-plane displacement orthogonal to the edges, elastic distributed springs tangential to the edges and free rotation; Model B for classical simply supported edges; Model C for fixed edges and distributed rotational springs at the edges. Clamped edges are obtained with the Model C for very high value of the stiffness of rotational springs. The nonlinear equations of motion are obtained by the Lagrange multi-mode approach, and are studied by using the code AUTO based on pseudo-arclength continuation method. Convergence of the solution with the number of generalized coordinates is numerically verified. Complex nonlinear dynamics is also investigated by using bifurcation diagrams from direct time integration and calculation of the Lyapunov exponents and the Lyapunov dimension. Interesting phenomena such as (i) subharmonic response, (ii) period doubling bifurcations, (iii) chaotic behavior and (iv) hyper-chaos with four positive Lyapunov exponents have been observed.
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Miao, Cunjian, Haijian Zhong, Guoyang Teng, et al. "Ultrasonic Phased Array Automatic Detection on Weld Seams of Plastic Liner in Type IV Hydrogen Cylinder." In ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2024-123224.

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Abstract On-board 70MPa Type IV hydrogen cylinders predominantly employ an injection-molded plastic liner with a welded design. During the welding sequence, parameters such as temperature, pressure, and duration, coupled with the quality of raw materials, can potentially instigate welding inconsistencies. These aberrations can subsequently compromise the impermeability of the plastic liner. Due to the plastic liner’s relatively thin thickness, the significant acoustic attenuation of the material, and the complex nature of defect formations, conventional ultrasonic inspection methods struggle to effectively detect defects within these liners. An ultrasonic phased array automatic detection technique, tailored for the weld seams of Type IV hydrogen cylinder plastic liners, was introduced. By harnessing the capabilities of water wedge technology, it facilitates the deflection of ultrasonic beams and the transition of waveforms. Employing curved elements for intrinsic self-focusing and array elements for electronic focusing, this technique achieves bidirectional acoustic emission fields. Building upon the foundational insights from this acoustic field simulation, the phased array focusing principle, sensor orientation, array element number, pitch, and operational frequency, among other pivotal inspection determinants, were meticulously optimized and calibrated. A phased array multi-path imaging detection method for the liner’s weld seam was formulated, and an analysis was undertaken to evaluate the detection efficacy and sensitivity across various defect types. Building on the aforementioned research foundation, a specialized ultrasonic phased array immersion C-scan automatic detection system, specifically designed for the weld seams of the plastic liner, was developed. Test sample of the plastic liner weld seam, integrated with artificial defects, were subjected to testing. The results demonstrated that this method could reliably detect artificial defects in the test sample. This methodology was also successfully implemented in the welding production line for inspection of actual plastic liner products, ensuring the integrity of the welding quality.
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Motriuk, Roman W., Timothy Schmidt, John Webster, and Thangavel Thevar. "Determination of Dynamic Velocity and Strain Using Wide Field Holographic Interferometry: Verification." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-276.

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High power and high capacity turbo-compressor systems frequently sustain acoustically induced vibrations. Higher order acoustic modes generated by turbo-compressors often couple selectively with structural pipe resonances producing significant increase in pipe wall vibration. In some instances, these coincidences generate high local stress levels that fatigue pipe shell or pipe attachments. In order to judge the level of dynamic strain and stress in piping systems, elaborate theories are employed. However, these are frequently not practical and relatively difficult to use in industrial applications, for example, in troubleshooting process. First, the accuracy of predicted results depends on assumed boundary conditions. The boundary conditions for on-site cases are rarely known and always difficult to estimate. Second, strains and stresses are complex and often difficult to determine, since they vary in space and time and may be caused by a multimode frequency excitation. Therefore, the strain and stress can only be predicted in reasonable bounds through laborious sensitivity and error analyses, which add further complexity to the already convoluted mathematical predictions. The correct stress level prediction in a structure, by means of directly measured vibrational velocity levels, is very desirable. Therefore, accurate mapping of the vibrational field is necessary. Since the mapping or evaluating of complex vibrational fields is very tedious and expensive using conventional technology (ample number of strain gauges or accelerometers), an alternative technique has been developed: wide field pulsed holographic interferometry. This method provides three dimensional field images of vibrating structures allowing extraction of the actual vibrational responses (displacement and velocity), and calculation of dynamic strain and stress information. These are described by their gradient, peak and phase values obtained from the holograms documenting vibrational fields. This paper describes empirical verification of the wide field pulsed holographic technology which is used to predict a service life of the complex piping structure subjected to multimode frequency excitation. The experimental work was carried out on a sample thin wall vessel, which was either empty or partially filled with water and excited by the hammer or shaker. Through the conversion of vibrational response levels into strain (and stress level), and verification of the conversion against strain gauge measurement results, the technology is proven as a diagnostic tool. It is concluded that there are many advantages of using holography to evaluate complex vibrational fields. They include: i) ‘instant’ results, ii) non-intrusive nature (i.e. the machinery subject to testing can operate without interruptions), iii) satisfactory accuracy, iv) complete and permanent records, and v) significant savings of time and money due to reducing the analysis effort and implementation of suitable recommendations.
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Calle, Valentina Jimenez. "Ex-Hulming The Past : trabajos de la memoria. Archivo y producción audiovisual como metodología de investigación." In IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales. ANIAV 2019. Imagen [N] Visible. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2019.9613.

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La investigación y obra Ex-Hulming the Past, está enfocada en la creación de nuevas narrativas que no hicieron parte de la historia oficial del barrio Hulme ubicado en Manchester durante el periodo de 1972 y 1996. Usando la memoria como materia prima, la investigación articula diferentes tipos de archivos y material audiovisual, haciéndolos dialogar entre ellos al utilizar diversos elementos para representar un pasado común. Esta investigación explora la posibilidades que brinda el ámbito visual, para desentrañar las experiencias y las representaciones de lo que llamamos memoria. En este proceso investigativo se revela el innegable valor agregado que el audiovisual brinda como catalizador, conductor y productor, a un tema tan complejo y amplio como es la memoria. El trabajo investigativo es bastante amplio, sin embargo un punto de inflexión asume una reflexión sobre la imagen construida desde la memoria, que es precedida o antecedida de imágenes fijas. Esta reflexión se desarrolla bajo las bases de que la memoria es una ficción hecha por la experiencia humana, un proceso subjetivo originado por los eventos vividos y por la lectura y relectura de los intervalos entre imágenes como punto de bifurcación. El esfuerzo de reconstruir las imágenes entre imágenes y rescatar los fotogramas entre ellas. La instalación producto de esta investigación, busca ser un catalizador de relatos y memoria en un espacio abierto para el diálogo y momentos de identificación con el público. Se trata de una instalación de vídeos y material gráfico cuyo ensamblaje deja ver cómo la memoria encuentra sus grietas, su naturaleza fragmentaria y se conecta con la ficción.
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Schreiber, Pierre-Edouard, Andrea Osorio Ochoa, Jean-Claude Hild, Catherine Prinet, Marcel Bourgeois, and Amit Kumar. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Water Alternating Gas Recovery Mechanisms in a Giant Middle East Field." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200067-ms.

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Abstract This paper is based on a study performed on an offshore Middle East field. The field is a giant complex mostly carbonate oil field, which is characterized by a thin oil column, a low permeability associated with fractures, a large transition zone and a lateral variation in fluid properties. Even after an extensive and efficient water-flood development, there are substantial amounts of oil remaining in the reservoir due to the highly oil-wet nature of the rock. Various Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques have been envisaged to enhance oil production. The most mature one is the immiscible hydrocarbon Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection. This High Pressure (HP)-WAG project started in September 2012 after the encouraging results of the continuous Low Pressure (LP) gas injection trial performed in 2008. This paper presents the latest analysis of the performances of this HP-WAG project. The HP-WAG project performances is evaluated through (i) the oil gain (versus a water-flood baseline), (ii) the water injectivity evolution over the WAG cycles, (iii) the gas management and (iv) the well and surface integrity. The paper also aims to share the methodology for analyzing the contribution of the main mechanisms occurring over the WAG cycles: the oil-gas interaction mechanisms and the desaturation mechanisms. The oil-gas interactions that occur in immiscible gas injection cases lead to significant long-lasting WAG effects thanks to both the swelling effects that continue even once the oil is saturated and a permanent mobility ratio improvement. The contribution of both macroscopic and microscopic oil desaturation is also described and quantified in this paper. The work presented in this paper has evidenced the HP-WAG technique benefits and has improved the understanding of the impacts of the main mechanism occurring in the reservoir. This knowledge paved the way towards more extensive WAG deployment on the field. It also emphasized the need of laboratory experiments to calibrate the three-phase models and the absolute need of compositional models to capture the entire WAG benefits even in immiscible gas injection cases.
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Rzepka, Sven, Matt A. Korhonen, Ekkehard Meusel, and Che-Yu Li. "The Effect of Underfill Delamination on the Reliability of Flip Chip Modules." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0502.

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Abstract The stresses occurring in the solder joints during thermal loads have been studied by finite element analysis in order to determine the effect of underfill delaminations on the reliability of FC modules and to evaluate the feasibility of lifetime estimations by the damage integral method. Besides the cases of no underfill and perfect adhesion, underfill delaminations at various interfaces to the solder, to the chip or to the substrate surfaces have been considered. The analysis included four different types of epoxy underfill, three kinds of substrates (alumina, FR-4, and flexboard), and two different tin lead solders (Pb97Sn and eutectic SnPb). The major findings are as follows. (i) The stress analysis has to be based on models that include the inelastic behavior of solder. Otherwise, even the qualitative trends might be wrong. (ii) The major beneficial effect of the underfill is its ability to create a compressive stress within the solder joint that suppresses the tensile stress concentration, which otherwise would lead to opening crack mode conditions at the side of the solder joints. The tensile stress is created by bending, which is a result of the global shear deformation due to the expansion mismatch between chip and substrate. (iii) Since the compressive stress can still be generated, delaminations from solder surfaces are not critical. (iv) When soft underfill is used, an extreme tensile stress concentration is created in the solder at the edge of the bond pad when the underfill is delaminated from the adjacent chip or substrate surfaces. This leads to a complete failure of the FC module very rapidly. (v) Using hard underfill that has a lower CTE than solder, however, the tensile stress in the joint can be kept at a safely low level even when adhesion to chip passivation or substrate is completely lost. Thus, it is possible to design FC modules, for which delaminations are not disastrous. (vi) Since the ultimate failure is always caused by growing of a major crack in the solder or at the underfill/chip interface, the damage integral concept can be applied to all kinds of FC modules, i.e. with or without underfill, to estimate the time to failure.
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James, Peter, David Coon, Colin Austin, et al. "Progress of EASICS Validation Experiments and Code Comparison of R5, RCC-MRX and ASME III Division V." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62845.

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Abstract The “Establishing AMR Structural Integrity Codes and Standards for UK GDA” (EASICS) project was established in 2019 to help support the acceptance of Advanced Modular Reactors, or AMRs, which are typically based on high temperature Generation IV reactors. The EASICS project is aiming to provide guidance on the requirements for codes and standards for the design of AMRs for use in the UK, to ensure that state-of-the art knowledge will be brought to bear on developing the required design and assessment methodologies. The EASICS project started in July 2019 and is looking to complete by December 2021. To support this aim, the work presented in this paper provides an overview of two interacting aspects of the programme. The first is to perform validation tests for high temperature creep-fatigue assessments of a plant relevant component. The second aspect is to use these results, to provide a comparison of internationally recognised approaches for the assessment of high temperature (creep regime) components. This approach will be repeated for two other case scenarios deemed to be plant relevant components. This paper builds upon the initial overview paper presented at the 2020 conference providing an update on progress. One of the cases presented herein, described as the Thin Walled Welded Pipe Test uses specialist testing of a plant relevant component under high temperature loading conditions is underway with some initial results available. The validation testing includes both fatigue tests and creep-fatigue tests on 316H welded thin section tubes. The tubes have been subjected to strain-controlled tension/compression (R-ratio of −1), with some including a displacement controlled dwell. The tests are being conducted at 525°C. An update to the progress of these tests is included herein. To help enhance interaction with the code bodies, and to understand the impact of differences in the approaches, comparative assessments have been performed when adopting R5, ASME Section III Div 5 and RCC-MRx. One comparison will be based around the tests detailed above (tube test). A further assessment comparison will consider the Evasion mock-up tests provided by CEA (sodium based thermal shock tests). The third assessment case is loosely based around a plant relevant assessment within one of the UK Advanced Gas Reactors (AGRs). This paper provides an overview of the results from all these cases using R5, ASME Section III Div 5 and RCC-MRx. The subsequent discussions covers results, differences and potential impact to the codes which will all help to inform a guidance document to support assessing AMRs within a UK regulatory framework.
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