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Journal articles on the topic 'Tin(IV) complex'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 8 July 2025

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1

Lahcini, Mohammed, Minna T. Räisänen, Pascal M. Castro, Martti Klinga, and Markku Leskelä. "Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)tin(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (2007): m2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807050507.

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The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the title compound, [Sn(C8H5)4], consists of one fourth of a discrete tin complex and one half of another which both possess nearly ideal tetrahedral symmetry; the site symmetries of the two Sn atoms are \overline4 and 2. The bond angles at all acetylide C atoms are almost linear. The Sn—C distances [2.076 (6) and 2.065 (6)–2.069 (6) Å in the two complexes) are short when compared to the sum of the covalent radii of C and Sn (2.177 Å), but consistent with another tetrakis(alkynyl)tin complex. The acetylenic bond distances [1.196 (7) and 1.183 (7)–1.207 (7) Å] are consistent with a triple C[triple-bond]C bond. Therefore, despite the short Sn—C distances, the ligands are mainly σ-bonded to the metal. In the solid state, these complexes form a three-dimensional network via agostic C—H interactions as a phenyl proton in the ortho position interacts with the acetylenic carbon in the α position to the tin center.

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2

Nørby, Peter, Jacob Overgaard, Bo Iversen, and Simon Johnsen. "Expanding the Chemical Versatility of Thiostannate Anions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094443.

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Soluble tin(IV) chalcogenide complexes play a major role in solution processing synthesis of macroelectronic tin(IV) chalcogenide based devices, e.g. thin film transistors (TFTs) and the technological interesting photovoltaic material, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS). The synthesis and study of new soluble thiostannate(IV) complexes without electronic impurity atoms and with low decomposition temperature are of key importance for the further development of tin(IV) chalcogenide based devices. We have from the same aqueous ammonium tin(IV) sulfide solution, synthesized and characterized four new crystal structures with different sized thiostannate(IV) complexes (i.e. monomeric [SnS4]4-, dimeric [Sn2S6]4-, pyramids of [Sn3S9]6- and the linear chain [SnS3]2-). Hirshfeld surface analysis for the anionic dimeric [Sn2S6]4- complex in (NH4)4Sn2S6·3H2O shows that water bound hydrogens interact equally well as the ammonium bound hydrogens with the anionic complex. The elongation of the terminal Sn-S bond depends only on the number of hydrogen atoms which interact with the sulfur atom (regardless of the hydrogen atom is bound in water molecules or in ammonium cations). We present the results for the application of the as-synthesized thiostannate(IV) crystals in solution processing of SnS2 thin films. Crystallographic and electron microscopic methods have established that all films are highly textured with the high mobility ab-plane parallel to the substrate surface. This is ideal for e.g. TFT devices where high mobility is required parallel to the substrate surface.

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3

Olijve, Luuk L. C., Ethan N. W. How, Mohan Bhadbhade, et al. "Structural, electrochemical and photochemical investigation of the water-soluble tin(IV) tetrakis(2-N-hydroxyethyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin photocatalyst." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 11n12 (2011): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611004312.

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The water-soluble tin(IV) tetrakis(2-N-hydroxyethyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin 1 photocatalyst was synthesized in good yield and its structure determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical measurements on tin(IV) porphyrin 1 reveal a range of complex redox processes that are highly dependent on the pH and electrode used. The cathodic processes at ca. -0.6 to -0.8 V were assigned to electrochemical processes on the pyridyl moiety following differential pulse voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical investigation into the electrochemical properties of tin(IV) porphyrin. Photocatalytic experiment on tin(IV) porphyrin 1 under anaerobic conditions using triethanolamine (TEAO) as a sacrifical donor reveal a phlorin species as the main product which rapidly disappears upon exposure to oxygen. These results suggest that tin(IV) porphyrin π-radical anion is perhaps not the species responsible for the apparent ability tin(IV) porphyrins to photocatalytically reduce various substrates, including water to hydrogen.

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4

Delledonne, D., G. Pelizzi, and C. Pelizzi. "Structure of a seven-coordinated tin(IV)–hydrazone complex." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 43, no. 8 (1987): 1502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270187091303.

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5

Khan, Malik Dilshad, Muhammad Aamir, Manzar Sohail, et al. "Bis(selenobenzoato)dibutyltin(iv) as a single source precursor for the synthesis of SnSe nanosheets and their photo-electrochemical study for water splitting." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 15 (2018): 5465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00285a.

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6

T., S. BASU BAUL, and L. BASAIA WMOIT W. "Complexes of Tin( IV) Halides with Substituted Arylazo-2-pyridine." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 70, Feb 1993 (1993): 151–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6033937.

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Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Department of Physics, North-Eastern Hill University, Bijni Complex, Shillong-793 003 Manuscript received 13 April 1992, accepted 22 December 1992 Complexes of Tin( IV) Halides with Substituted Arylazo-2-pyridine

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7

Hennings, Erik, Horst Schmidt, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Crystal structure of tin(IV) chloride octahydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 12 (2014): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814024271.

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The title compound, [SnCl4(H2O)2]·6H2O, was crystallized according to the solid–liquid phase diagram at lower temperatures. It is built-up of SnCl4(H2O)2octahedral units (point group symmetry 2) and lattice water molecules. An intricate three-dimensional network of O—H...O and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds between the complex molecules and the lattice water molecules is formed in the crystal structure.

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8

(MISS), SUDHA SINGH, P. SINGH R та D. GUPTA V. "Trifluoro-β-diketonates of Tin(IV)". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 70, Nov-Dec 1993 (1993): 939–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5930316.

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Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005 <em>Manuscript received 31 August 1993</em> Ad ducts and substituted products of tin tetrachloride and monoorganotin trichloride with unsymmetrical trifluroro- ,<em> β</em>-diketones, CF<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub>COR (LH) (R =Me, Et, i-Pr and Ph) have been prepared and characterised. Ir spectra of adducts, SnCl<sub>4</sub>.LH are consistent with the enolic form of the chelating diketone leading to an octahedral structure. X-ray crystal and molecular structure of complex, SnCI<sub>2</sub>(CF<sub>3</sub>COCHCOPh)<sub>2</sub> confirms <em>cis-trans</em>-<em>cis</em> stereochemistry. <sup>1</sup>H nmr spectra suggest these to be fluxional in solution. For organotin complexes, only tentative structures could be proposed from the limited spectral data.

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9

Sousa, Gerimário F. de, Jesús Valdés Martínez та Simón Hernández-Ortega. "A seven-coordinated tin(IV) complex: dichloro[2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(S-benzyldithiocarbazato-κ5S,N,N′,N′′,S′]tin(IV)". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 61, № 9 (2005): m1810—m1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536805025493.

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10

Chen, Shao-Wen, Han-Dong Yin, and Da-Qi Wang. "Dimethyl(2-oxido-1-naphthaldehydeisonicotinoylhydrazonato)tin(IV) methanol solvate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 4 (2006): m836—m837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806009962.

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In the molecular structure of the title complex, [Sn(CH3)2(C17H11N3O2)]·CH3OH, the Sn atom is in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coodination, with Sn—O distances of 2.099 (6) and 2.128 (6) Å. A methanol solvent molecule is O—H...N hydrogen bonded to the complex molecule.

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11

Basu, Arghya, Motoki Kitamura, Shigeki Mori, Masatoshi Ishida, Yongshu Xie, and Hiroyuki Furuta. "Near-infrared luminescent Sn(IV) complexes of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin: Effect of axial anion coordination." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (2015): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615500212.

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Novel tin(IV) halo complexes of an N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin with different axial ligands have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic methods including X-ray crystallographic analysis. The molecular structures of the dichloro and dibromo derivatives possess perfect octahedral geometries, which are nearly comparable to the corresponding regular porphyrin complexes. In contrast, the iodide/triiodide complex obtained by a same reaction manner, demonstrated that the tin(IV) cation is slightly displaced towards axially coordinated iodide anion, giving rise to the different electronic structure due to the tautomeric form of N-confused porphyrin ligand. These structural differences reflected to the distinct photophysical and electrochemical properties. The Sn(IV) complexes are near IR luminescent, however the unsymmetrical axial coordination of iodide and triiodide anions in the tin(IV) N-confused porphyrin complex allows, in particular, the longer emission lifetimes and a smaller singlet-triplet energy gap, which were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies as well as theoretical calculations.

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12

RANJBAR, Maryam, Hossein AGHABOZORG, and Abolghasem MOGHIMI. "Crystal Structure of a Binuclear Seven-Coordinate Tin(IV) Complex." Analytical Sciences: X-ray Structure Analysis Online 19 (2003): x71—x72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analscix.19.x71.

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13

ZHANG, Yuexia, Teng ZHU, and Guanhua YUE. "Adsorptive Complex Wave of Tin(IV) with Some Thiazine Dyes." Analytical Sciences 12, no. 2 (1996): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.12.295.

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14

Pozas-Tormo, Rafaela, Laureano Moreno-Real, María Martínez-Lara, and Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón. "Ion exchange reactions of n-butylamine intercalates of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate and hydrogen uranyl phosphate with cobalt(III) complexes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 1 (1986): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-008.

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The ion exchange reactions of n-butylamine intercalates of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate and hydrogen uranyl phosphate towards carbonatotetraamminecobalt(III), chloropentaamminecobalt(III), and hexaamminecobalt(III) have been investigated. Independent of the complex cation charges, the amounts of Co(III) complex exchanged by the n-butylamine intercalate of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate are practically the same. With the n-butylamine intercalate of hydrogen uranyl phosphate, the ionic exchange was completed and the composition was fixed by the exchanged Co(III) complex. The layer charge densities of these phosphates justify the different ionic exchange behaviour observed towards the large complex cations. All the products were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.

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15

Ng, Seik Weng, Chen Wei, V. G. Kumar Das, Jean-Pierre Charland, and Frank E. Smith. "Six-coordinate tin in a dialkylchlorooxinatotin(IV) complex: skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal bis(2-carbomethoxyethyl)chloro(quinolin-8-olato)tin(IV)." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 364, no. 3 (1989): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(89)87143-8.

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16

Diop, Tidiane, Adrienne Ndioléne, Mouhamadou Birame Diop, et al. "Synthesis, spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C) studies, and crystal structure of [(2,6-CO2)2C5H3NSnBu2(H2O)]2·CHCl3." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 76, no. 2 (2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2020-0195.

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Abstract Di-n-butyltin(IV) 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate [(2,6-CO2)2C5H3NSnBu2(H2O)]2·CHCl3, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The title complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ‾ $P&#x203e;{1}$ ; with a = 9.2330(4), b = 10.4790(5), c = 20.2489(8) Å, α = 89.439(4), β = 87.492(3), γ = 85.888(4)°, V = 1951.96(15) Å3, and Z = 2. In this complex, the 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate groups are tetradentate, chelating, and bridging ligands for the tin(IV) atoms. NMR spectra showed that the ligands bind to the tin(IV) center in the anionic (COO−) form. In the asymmetric unit of the dimeric complex, the monomer is composed of an n-Bu2Sn unit bonded to one 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate group through one nitrogen and two oxygen donor atoms. It is also coordinated by a water molecule. In the dimer formed by carboxylate bridging, a trans-heptacoordinated geometry around the tin(IV) atom is established. The chloroform molecule is connected to the dimer by C–H···O contacts. Compound exhibits extended O–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonding networks leading to a supramolecular layer topology.

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17

Reuter, Hans, Natalia Röwekamp-Krugley, Marius Imwalle, Simona Keil, and Martin Reichelt. "Crystal structure of a one-dimensional coordination polymer of tin(IV) bromide with 1,4-dithiane." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 12 (2015): m267—m268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015023932.

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The title compound, [SnBr4(C4H8S2)] {systematic name:catena-poly[[tetrabromidotin(IV)]-μ-1,4-dithiane-κ2S:S′]}, represents the first 1,4-dithiane complex with tin as coordination centre. The asymmetric unit consist of half a formula unit with the tin(IV) atom at the centre of symmetry at 0,0,1/2 (Wyckoff symbolb) and a centrosymmetric 1,4-dithiane molecule with the centre of symmetry in 1/2,0,1 (Wyckoff symbolc). The tin(IV) atom is coordinated in a distorted octahedral manner by the four bromine atoms and two sulfur atoms of two 1,4-dithiane molecules in atrans-position. Sn—Br [mean value: 2.561 (5) Å] and Sn—S distances [2.6546 (6) Å] are in the typical range for octahedrally coordinated tin(IV) atoms and the dithiane molecule adopts a chair conformation. The one-dimensional polymeric chains propagate along the [101] direction with weak intermolecular Br...Br [3.5724 (4) Å] between parallel chains and weak Br...H interactions [2.944–2.993 Å] within the chains.

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18

Okio, Coco K. Y. A., and Nivaldo L. Speziali. "Redetermination of tetrakis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)tin(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 6 (2009): m675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809018522.

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The crystal structure of the title compound, [Sn(C5H10NS2)4], was originally determined by Harreld & Schlemper [Acta Cryst.(1971), B27, 1964–1969] using intensity data estimated from Weissenberg films. In comparison with the previous refinement, the current redetermination reveals anisotropic displacement parameters for all non-H atoms, localization of the H atoms, and higher precision of lattice parameters and interatomic distances. The complex features a distorted S6octahedral coordination geometry for tin and acisdisposition of the monodentate dithiocarbamate ligands.

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19

Janzen, Michael C., Michael C. Jennings, and Richard J. Puddephatt. "Self-assembly using stannylplatinum(IV) halide complexes as ligands for organotin halides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 11 (2002): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-093.

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The possibility of forming extended structures by self-association using transition metal halides as donors to organotin acceptors has been investigated. The stannylplatinum(IV) complex [PtClMe2(SnMe2Cl)(bu2bpy)] forms a 1:1 adduct [PtClMe2(SnMe2Cl)(bu2bpy)]·Me2SnCl2 with Me2SnCl2 in which the organoplatinum complex acts as a donor to the organotin halide. Similarly, [PtClMe2(SnMeCl2)(bu2bpy)] forms adducts [PtClMe2(SnMeCl2)(bu2bpy)]·MeSnCl3 or [PtClMe2(SnMeCl2)(bu2bpy)]·Me2SnCl2, and [{PtClMe2(bu2bpy)}2(µ-SnCl2)] forms [{PtClMe2(bu2bpy)}2(µ-SnCl2)]·Me2SnCl2. Structure determinations on selected compounds show that the donor is the Pt-Cl group and the acceptor tin centre is 5-coordinate. In the similar bromo complex [PtBrMe2(SnMeBr2)(bu2bpy)]·Me2SnBr2 both the Pt-Br and PtSn-Br groups coordinate to the Me2SnBr2 acceptor with short (3.14 or 3.29 Å) and long (3.99 or 4.05 Å) contacts, respectively, so that the acceptor tin centre adopts distorted octahedral stereochemistry in the solid state and a folded polymeric structure is formed. Reaction of [{PtClMe2(bu2bpy)}2(µ-SnCl2)] with AgO3SCF3 yields the complex [{PtClMe2(bu2bpy)}(µ-SnCl2){PtMe2(bu2bpy)O3SCF3}], which is fluxional in solution.Key words: platinum, tin, self-assembly, coordination chemistry, organometallics.

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20

Sun, Junshan, Chunlin Ma, and Rufen Zhang. "Dimethyl(1,10-phenanthroline)bis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoato)tin(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (2007): m2691—m2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807048362.

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The title compound, [Sn(CH3)2(C7HF4O2)2(C12H8N2)], was synthesized by the reaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride and disodium 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoate in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. In the complex, the SnIV ion is coordinated by three O atoms of two tetrafluorobenzoate ligands, two N atoms of a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two methyl groups in a distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal coordination. The axial positions are occupied by the methyl groups. In the crystal structure, C—H...F and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into cyclic centrosymmetric dimers.

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21

Affan, M. A., B. A. Fasihuddin, Y. Z. Liew, S. W. Foo, and J. Ismail. "Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Organotin(IV) Complexes Containing Hydrazone Ligand: X-ray Single Crystal Structure of [n-Bu₂Sn(H₂PAI).H₂O]." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (2009): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1775.

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Five new organotin(IV) complexes with pyruvic acid isonicotinoyl hydrazone [H4PAI (1)] of the general formula [Me2Sn(H2PAI)] (2), [R2Sn(H2PAI).H2O] [R=n-Bu, (3) or Ph, (4)], [RSnCl(H2PAI).H2O] [R=Me (5) or Ph (6)] have been synthesized in the presence of base in absolute methanol in 1:2:1 mole ratio (metal:base:ligand). All organotin(IV) complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance values, UV-Visible, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. The crystal structure of organotin(IV) complex (3) has also been determined by X-ray crystallography diffraction analyses. Complex [n-Bu2Sn(H2PAI).H2O] (3) is orthorhombic with space group P2(1)/c with a=27.517(5), b=9.6574(18), c=15.742(3) Å, α=90°, β=90°, γ=90°, V=4183.4(13) Å3, Z=8 and Dcalc=1.448 mg m-3. The complex [n-Bu2Sn(H2PAI).H2O] (3) shows a distorted octahedral geometry with coordination for the central tin(IV) atom and exhibits two monomeric structures in one unit cell. In the complex (3), the pyruvic acid isonicotinoyl hydrazone ligand is coordinated to the tin(IV) as dinegative tridentate chelating agent via the carboxylic-O, enolic-O and imine-N atoms. Hydrazone ligand (1) and its organotin(IV) complexes have also been screened for their antimicrobial activities and found to be relatively active.Keywords: Organotin(IV) complexes; Hydrazone ligand; Spectral studies; Crystal structure; Antibacterial activity.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1775

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22

S.C., Chaudhry, Bandna Kumari, S. Bhatt S., and Sharma Neeraj. "Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of dichloro bis(4-methoxyphenoxo)tin(IV)." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 86, Jun 2009 (2009): 633–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5811821.

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Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla- 171 005, Himachal Pradesh, India <em>E-mail :</em> scchaudhry@sancharnet.in <em>Manuscript received 2 September 2008, accepted 26 February 2009</em> The dichloro bis(4-methoxyphenoxo)tin(IV) complex of composition SnCI<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OMe-4)<sub>2</sub> has been synthesized In quantitative yield by the reaction of tin tetrachloride with bimolar amount of 4-methoxyphenol in benzene under reflux and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurement molecular weight determination, IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and FAR-mass spectral techniques. The thermal behaviour of the complex has been studied by TG-DTA techniques. The reactions of parent complex with nilrogenous bases viz. diethylamine, triethylamine, imidazole, benzimidazole (L), 2,2<em>'-</em>bipyridyl and 1,10-phenanthroline (B) yielded addition compounds of composition SnCl<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OMe-4),2.L and SnCl<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OMe-4)<sub>2</sub>.B characterized by physicochemical and IR spectral data.

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23

Holeček, Jaroslav, Antonín Lyčka, and Roland Wagener. "The 119Sn and 15N NMR spectral study of the chelate formation in the triphenyltin(IV) oxinate." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 10 (1986): 2116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19862116.

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The 119Sn and 15N NMR spectra of triphenyltin(IV) oxinate and (therewith isoelectronic compound) 1-naphthoxide have been measured in the media of a non-coordinating solvent - deuteriochloroform - and two coordinating solvents - pyridine and hexamethylphosphoramide - in the temperature region from 240 to 370 K. The values of parameters of the 119Sn and 15N NMR spectra and their temperature dependences and comparison of the parameters of the 119Sn NMR spectra of the two isoelectronic compounds indicate that, in the non-coordinating solvent (deuteriochloroform), the triphenyltin(IV) oxinate forms a chelate complex with bidentate function of the oxinate ligand and with cis-trigonally bipyramidal geometry around the penta-coordinated central tin atom, whereas the triphenyltin(IV) 1-naphthoxide forms a simple compound with pseudo-tetrahedral arrangement of the substituents around the tetra-coordinated central tin atom. In both coordinating solvents chemical reactions take place which produce complexes of triphenyltin(IV) compounds with one molecule of the solvent and with trans-trigonally bipyramidal structure around the penta-coordinated central tin atom. The temperature dependences of δ(119Sn) chemical shifts have been used for estimation of the basic thermodynamic parameters of formation of these complexes which confirm that the formation of the complexes with coordinating solvents is - in the case of triphenyltin(IV) oxinate - connected with an exchange equilibrium consuming the original cis-chelate complex (the coordination number 5 of the central atom does not change), whereas with the 1-naphthoxide the reaction consists in a simple formation of the complex with an increase in the coordination number of the central atom (from 4 to 5).

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24

Mohammed Hussein, Alaa Adnan Rashad, Hamsa Thamer, Alaa Mohammed, Ali H. Jawad, and Emad Yousif. "Synthesis and Diagnosis New Metallotropic LCs from Organotin (IV) Complex." Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science 26, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.1.1163.

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Organotin (IV) complex is part of the organometallic chemistry and in recently decades have a variety of interesting and application used it. A new class of metallomesogens LC (A) Ph3Sn(VAL), (B) Bu3Sn(VAL), (C) Ph2Sn(VAL)2 and (D) Bu2Sn(VAL)2 was synthesis through the reaction of valsartan ligand with (di- or tri- butyl tin chloride salt) and (di- or tri- phenyl tin chloride salt) in methanol solvent. 1H NMR,119 Sn NMR, FTIR and CHN elemental analyses were measure and the liquid crystalline properties were study by POM. The mesophase in all organotin (IV) carboxylate complexes are thermotropic nematic phase. In complexes (A, C) the optical textures of A show a typical droplet texture and thread shape LC phase transition between (400-440⁰C) higher than mesophase textures in C between (230 -250⁰C). In complexes (B, D) the optical textures of B appearance a thread shape and the LC phase transition temperature between (200 -400⁰C) and in D thread shape and the transition temperature beginning up to 280⁰C. From a temperature of phase transition show that the complexes (C, D) are start liquid crystal mesophase in lower than complex (A, C) because effect of R-group and types which due to an asymmetric arrangement of the molecule and a geometry was calamitic in which the length of the molecule is major in compare with its diameter.

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25

Kim, Soo Hyun, Hyunuk Kim, Kimoon Kim, and Hee-Joon Kim. "The first tin(IV) porphyrin complex with chiral amino acid ligands: synthesis, characterization and X-ray crystal structure of trans-bis(L-prolinato)[5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-pyridyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV)." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13, no. 07 (2009): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842460900098x.

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The tin(IV) porphyrin complex with chiral amino acid ligands trans-bis(L-prolinato)[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) (1) was synthesized and fully characterized. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of 1 reveals that the Sn(IV) center is octahedrally coordinated by the porphyrin occupying the square base and axial coordination of two L-prolinate ligands in trans-position with respect to each other. The pyrrolidine rings of the L-prolinate ligands in 1 exhibit a Cs-Cβ -exo envelope conformation with Cs symmetry. The non-classical hydrogen bonding interactions mainly contribute to assemble 1 into a one-dimensional packed structure.

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26

Shee, Nirmal Kumar, and Hee-Joon Kim. "(trans-Dihydroxo)Sn(IV)-[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)porphyrin]." Molbank 2023, no. 2 (2023): M1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1669.

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Sn(IV)-porphyrin complex with trans-dihydroxo axial-ligands and 2-pyridyl peripheral substituents, namely (trans-dihydroxo)[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) was synthesized and fully characterized by various techniques such as elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy.

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27

Chegerev, M. G., A. G. Starikov, and А. V. Piskunov. "MECHANISM OF INTERACTION OF TIN(IV) BIS-O-IMINOBENZOQUINONE COMPLEX WITH ALLYL IODIDE." Science in the South of Russia 13, no. 1 (2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-0640-2017-13-1-29-34.

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Shee, Nirmal Kumar, and Hee-Joon Kim. "trans-Dihydroxo[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-pyridinium)porphyrinato]tin(IV) Nitrate." Molbank 2025, no. 2 (2025): M2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/m2014.

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The treatment of trans-dihydroxo[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-pyridyl)porphyrinato]Sn(IV) or [Sn(OH)2(TPyP)] with 1% nitric acid in a mixture of water and acetone resulted in the formation of an ionic complex 1 [Sn(OH)2(TPyHP)](NO3)4. Complex 1 was fully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed that each peripheral pyridyl N atom is protonated to form tetra-cationic species {Sn(OH)2(TPyHP)}4+ stabilized by four NO3− counter anions. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between axial hydroxo ligands leads to the formation of a 1D porphyrin array. Nitrate anions also involve hydrogen bonding interactions with axial hydroxo ligands and the peripheral pyridinium groups.

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29

Ghani, Hassan, Emad Yousif, Mohammed Kadhom, Waled Abdo Ahmed, Muhammad Rahimi Yusop, and Muna Bufaroosha. "Improving the Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Using 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide Tin Complex." Science Letters 16, no. 1 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/sl.v16i1.16865.

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The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation. The photostabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) film filled with an organotin complex in its structure was examined and compared with the blank PVC film. The organotin (IV) complex that contains 4-(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a ligand was synthesized and applied as a PVC photostabilizer. The impact of the complex on the polymer was assessed by comparing the properties of the films with and without the complex, before and after irradiation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, viscosity change, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results showed that the complex film had lower weight loss, gel content, and molecular weight deterioration than the plain PVC film. Also, surfaces of the complexes-filled films were smoother, less lumpy, and more homogeneous. These findings were obtained via the FE-SEM and light microscope images and confirmed by measuring the roughness factor. The organotin (IV) complex proved its activity in delaying the photo-degradation of PVC by several mechanisms. Ultimately, the Tin complex has effectively protected the PVC film against irradiation.

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30

Shee, Nirmal Kumar, Min Kyoung Kim, and Hee-Joon Kim. "Fluorescent chemosensing for aromatic compounds by a supramolecular complex composed of tin(iv) porphyrin, viologen, and cucurbit[8]uril." Chemical Communications 55, no. 71 (2019): 10575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05622j.

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31

Umedov, Shodruz T., Anastasia V. Grigorieva, Alexey V. Sobolev, et al. "Controlled Reduction of Sn4+ in the Complex Iodide Cs2SnI6 with Metallic Gallium." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (2023): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030427.

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Metal gallium as a low-melting solid was applied in a mixture with elemental iodine to substitute tin(IV) in a promising light-harvesting phase of Cs2SnI6 by a reactive sintering method. The reducing power of gallium was applied to influence the optoelectronic properties of the Cs2SnI6 phase via partial reduction of tin(IV) and, very likely, substitute partially Sn4+ by Ga3+. The reduction of Sn4+ to Sn2+ in the Cs2SnI6 phase contributes to the switching from p-type conductivity to n-type, thereby improving the total concentration and mobility of negative-charge carriers. The phase composition of the samples obtained was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). It is shown that the excess of metal gallium in a reaction melt leads to the two-phase product containing Cs2SnI6 with Sn4+ and β-CsSnI3 with Sn2+. UV–visible absorption spectroscopy shows a high absorption coefficient of the composite material.

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32

Zhu, Xian Feng, Li Zhi Zhang, Min Yang, Yan Ke Li, and Ming Xue Li. "Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Cytotoxicity of a 7-Coordinate Diorganotin(IV) Complex of 2-Acetylpyrazine N4-Methylthiosemicarbazone." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 67, no. 2 (2012): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2012-0206.

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The diorganotin(IV) complex [Ph2Sn(L)(CH3COO)] (1), where HL = 2-acetylpyrazine N4-methyl thiosemicarbazone, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 contains mononuclear neutral molecules composed of one N2S tridentate anionic thiosemicarbazone ligand, one acetato group, and one Ph2Sn(IV) group with a seven-coordinated tin atom. In vitro biological studies have indicated that complex 1 shows effective cytotoxicity with IC50 = 5.4 μM against the K562 leukaemia cell line.

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33

Baral, Ek Raj, Dongwook Kim, Sunwoo Lee, Myung Hwan Park, and Jeung Gon Kim. "Tin(IV)-Porphyrin Tetracarbonyl Cobaltate: An Efficient Catalyst for the Carbonylation of Epoxides." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040311.

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Cationic tin(IV) porphyrins with tetracarbonyl cobaltates were synthesized, exhibiting bifunctional catalytic reactivity. The Lewis acidic tin-porphyrin center activated epoxides; concurrently, cobalt carbonyl anions efficiently opened epoxides and delivered carbonyl moieties. Thus, a series of β-lactones with a high synthetic value were obtained. This catalytic system showed excellent efficiency exceeding a turnover number of one thousand with a broad substrate scope. In addition, the presented tin porphyrin-based catalyst exhibited exclusive chemoselectivity to terminal epoxides over internal ones. The selective carbonylation of di-epoxides demonstrated the usefulness of these catalysts in the synthesis of complex molecular structures.

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34

Khene, Samson, Andrew N. Cammidge, Michael J. Cook, and Tebello Nyokong. "Electrochemical and photophysical characterization of non-peripherally-octaalkyl substituted dichlorotin(IV) phthalocyanine and tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin compounds." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, no. 10 (2007): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000886.

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Three non-peripherally substituted tin(IV) macrocylic compounds, octahexylphthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (3a), octahexyltetrabenzo-5,10,15- triazaporphyrinato dichlorotin(IV) (3b) and octadecylphthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (3c) were synthesized and their photophysical and electrochemical behavior studied. Complex 3b, containing a CH group in place of one of the aza nitrogen atoms of the phthalocyanine core, shows a split Q-band due to its lower symmetry. The triplet state quantum yields were found to be lower than would be expected on the basis of the heavy atom effect of tin as the central metal for phthalocyanine derivatives (3a and 3c). In contrast, 3b shows a triplet quantum yield Φ T = 0.78. The triplet state lifetimes were solvent dependent, and were higher in tetrahydrofuran than in toluene. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry of the complexes revealed only ring-based redox processes.

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35

Tarassoli, Abbas, and Ziba Khodamoradpur. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Phosph(V)azane-Tin(IV) Complex." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 180, no. 2 (2005): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104265090517253.

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36

Jia, Lei, Hongming Zhang, and Narayan S. Hosmane. "Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tin(IV) bent-sandwich complex." Organometallics 11, no. 9 (1992): 2957–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00045a001.

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37

Batsanov, Andrei S., Judith A. K. Howard, Martyn A. Brown, Bruce R. McGarvey, and Dennis G. Tuck. "Molecular structure of diphenylbis(9,10-phenanthrenesemiquinonate)tin(iv), an organometallic diradical complex." Chemical Communications, no. 7 (1997): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a608391i.

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38

Gutierrez, A. M., M. V. Laorden, A. Sanz-Medel, and J. L. Nieto. "Spectrophotometric determination of tin(IV) by extraction of the ternary tin/iodide/5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol complex." Analytica Chimica Acta 184 (1986): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86499-5.

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39

Barbe, Jean-Michel, Gérald Morata, Enrique Espinosa, and Roger Guilard. "Synthesis of new singly metal-metal-bonded heterobinuclear complexes involving a porphyrin and a corrole: X-ray structure of the rhodium tetraphenylporphyrin-tin(2,3,7,13,17,18-hexamethyl-8,12-diethylcorrole) complex." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 07, no. 02 (2003): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424603000161.

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The nucleophilic attack of a rhodium(I) porphyrin on a chlorotin(IV) corrole yields the heterobinuclear rhodium porphyrin-tin corrole complex where the two metals are bound via a single metal-metal bond. The X-ray structure of the rhodium tetraphenylporphyrin-tin(2,3,7,13,17,18-hexamethyl-8,12-diethylcorrole) complex is reported. The Rh-Sn single bond distance is equal to 2.5069(7) Å and the Rh and Sn atoms are located at 0.076 and 0.793 Å from the porphyrin and the corrole 4N mean planes, respectively.

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40

Ndiolene, Adrienne, Tidiane Diop, Mouhamadou Sembene Boye, and Aminata Diasse-Sarr. "Tetrachloro-(acetylacetonato)stannate(IV) and tri-iodocadmate(II) stabilized by a heptacyclic cation: Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure." European Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 4 (2024): 338–44. https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.15.4.338-344.2593.

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The tin (IV) and cadmium (II) complexes were synthesized in mixture, the ligand 4,4'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(pent-2-en-2-ol), and the halide metal (SnCl2 or CdI2). Complex synthesis involves partial hydrolysis of the ligand followed by condensation cyclization. The new tin complex obtained crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.5468(5) Å, b = 17.9907(9) Å, c = 12.7227(7) Å, β = 94.220(5) °, V = 1950.98(18) Å3 and Z = 4. The asymmetric unit consists of an anion tetrachloro-(acetylacetonato)stannate(IV) and a heptacyclic cation. The geometry of the complex is octahedral with cis coordination of the two oxygens of the acetylacetone. The cadmium complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 14.7395(9) Å, b = 8.5914(5) Å, c = 23.2825(13) Å, V = 2948.3(3) Å3, Z = 8. The geometry around cadmium is a deformed tetrahedron. The heptacyclic cation and the anionic complex are interconnected through hydrogen bonding interactions, specifically N–H···Cl or N–H···I, forming a network.

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41

Momeni, Badri Z., Frank Rominger та Simin S. Hosseini. "Tetrachlorido(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)tin(IV) 1,2-dichloroethane hemisolvate". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, № 6 (2009): m690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809017346.

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The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [SnCl4(C12H8N2)]·0.5C2H4Cl2, contains a tin complex and one disordered half-molecule of the solvent dichloroethane [occupancies 0.71 (2):0.29 (2)]. The six coordinate Sn(IV) atom adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. π–π interactions between adjacent aromatic rings [interplanar distance 3.483 (5) Å] seem to be effective in the stabilization of the crystal packing.

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42

Chandler, CD, GD Fallon, AJ Koplick та BO West. "The Structures of Mono and Bis β-Diketonate Tin(IV) Alkoxide Complexes". Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, № 8 (1987): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871427.

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Tin(IV) alkoxides react with pentane-2,4-dione (acetylacetone) and other β-diketones to yield Sn(OR)3(chel) or Sn(OR)2(chel)2 derivatives. Sn(Opri)3(acac) has been shown to be dimeric in the solid state by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, the tin atoms being linked by two alkoxide bridges. In solution l19sn n.m.r. spectral data show that this single complex rapidly converts into a mixture of tin-containing species followed by slow disproportionation to the bis derivative Sn(OPri)2(acac)2 and Sn(Opri)4. The bis complexes Sn(OR)2(acac)2 appear to exist predominantly in solution with cis arrangements of alkoxide groups even when OBut or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione (dipivaloylmethane) are present.

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43

Prokopchuk, Ernest M., and Richard J. Puddephatt. "Dimethylplatinum(IV) chemistry: Stannyl, hydride, hydroxide, and aqua complexes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 6 (2003): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-028.

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The dimethylplatinum(II) complex [PtMe2(Me3TACN)] (Me3TACN = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) reacts easily with Me3SnCl, Me2SnCl2, or HX (X = CF3CO2, CF3SO3, BF4) to give the thermally stable cationic dimethyl platinum(IV) complexes [Pt(SnMe3)Me2(Me3TACN)]+, [Pt(SnMe2Cl)Me2(Me3TACN)]+, or [PtHMe2(Me3TACN)]+. The complexes [PtMe2(Me3TACN)] and [PtHMe2(Me3TACN)]+ are oxidized by moist air to give the hydroxo complex [PtMe2(OH)(Me3TACN)]+, which can then be protonated reversibly to form the aqua complex [PtMe2(OH2) (Me3TACN)]2+. The structures of the hydroxo complex [PtMe2(OH)(Me3TACN)]+, as both the BF[Formula: see text] or CF3SO[Formula: see text] salt, and of the mixed hydroxo, aqua complex [PtMe2(OH)(Me3TACN)][PtMe2(OH2)(Me3TACN)][BF4]3 have been determined and the complexes are shown to display interesting hydrogen bonding. Key words: platinum, oxidation, organometallic, tin, hydride.

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44

Hadi, Angham G., Khudheyer Jawad, Emad Yousif, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi, and Dina S. Ahmed. "Synthesis of Telmisartan Organotin(IV) Complexes and their use as Carbon Dioxide Capture Media." Molecules 24, no. 8 (2019): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081631.

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Novel, porous, highly aromatic organotin(IV) frameworks were successfully synthesized by the condensation of telmisartan and an appropriate tin(IV) chloride. The structures of the synthesized organotin(IV) complexes were elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H-, 13C-, and 119Sn-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the complexes were inspected by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized mesoporous organotin(IV) complexes have a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 32.3–130.4 m2·g−1, pore volume of 0.046–0.162 cm3·g−1, and pore size of around 2.4 nm. The tin complexes containing a butyl substituent were more efficient as carbon dioxide storage media than the complexes containing a phenyl substituent. The dibutyltin(IV) complex had the highest BET surface area (SBET = 130.357 m2·g−1), the largest volume (0.162 cm3·g−1), and was the most efficient for carbon dioxide storage (7.1 wt%) at a controlled temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bars).

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45

Yaman, Hanifi, Mirza Talha Baig, and Asgar Kayan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrasubstituted Porphyrin Tin(IV) Complexes and Their Adsorption Properties over Tetracycline Antibiotics." Reactions 6, no. 1 (2025): 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6010012.

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New tetrasubstituted porphyrin tin complexes (5–14) were prepared in two different ways: In the first preparation procedure, tin porphyrin complexes were prepared by a direct reaction of butyltin trichloride and dibutyltin dichloride with tetra/tetrakis(4-X-phenyl)porphyrins (X = H, F, Cl, Br, CF3, CH3O, and (CH3)2N). In the second procedure, the same tin porphyrin complexes were synthesized from the reaction of butyltin trichloride and dibutyltin dichloride with lithium porphyrinato derivatives. These novel tin complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H, 13C NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Among these complexes, tin porphyrin containing methoxy group [Bu2Sn(TMOPP)] was tested as an adsorbent to remove tetracycline antibiotics from wastewater. The TTC antibiotic removal efficiency (R%) of this complex was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy. After 120 min of equilibration, the final R% and adsorption capacity (qt) were measured at 60.15% and 18.10 mg/g, respectively.

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46

Teo, Soon-Beng, Siang-Guan Teoh, Rosaline C. Okechukwu, and Hoong-Kun Fun. "A dimeric tin(IV) complex derived from the reaction of 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazole with tin(II) chloride." Polyhedron 13, no. 14 (1994): 2223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81507-7.

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47

Grigsby, Warren A., Travis S. Morien, Colin L. Raston, Brian W. Skelton, and Allan H. White. "Coordination Complexes of Tin(IV) Chloride with Unidentate Nitrogen Bases." Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, no. 5 (2004): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch03207.

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A single crystal X-ray study shows the product of reaction between quinuclidine, ‘qn’, and tin(IV) chloride in toluene solution to be, unusually, a five-coordinate neutral complex [qnSnCl4]. Sn—N is 2.282(5) Å in an axial site of a trigonal bipyramidal array, trans to an Sn—Cl bond 2.367(2) with Sn—Cl (equatorial) 2.323(2)–2.333(2) Å. With 1,4-pyrazine, ‘pz’, as adumbrated by earlier spectroscopic work, a 1 : 2 (centro-symmetric) adduct, trans-[pz2SnCl4] is obtained (rather than a pyrazine bridged polymer) [Sn—N 2.246(1), Sn—Cl 2.3883(4), 2.3980(4) Å].

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48

Blázquez-Tapias, Belén, Satyajit Halder, M. Antonia Mendiola, et al. "New Tin (IV) and Organotin (IV) Complexes with a Hybrid Thiosemicarbazone/Hydrazone Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Antiproliferative Activity." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2024 (April 3, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1018375.

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Nowadays, the search for new chemotherapeutic agents with low toxicity and high selectivity is a major concern. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a hybrid thiosemicarbazone/hydrazone ligand in its neutral form (L1H2) and as the chloride salt ([L1H3]Cl)-, three diorganotin (IV) complexes, and one complex with Sn (IV). The compounds have been fully characterized by IR, mass spectra, 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR, 119Sn CP/MAS NMR, and by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The organotin compounds have the empirical formula [SnR2L1] (R = Me, Bu, and Ph), but in the solid state, they are polymeric species with seven coordination number due to weak coordination of the pyridine nitrogen, whereas in solution, the polymeric structure is lost to afford hexacoordinate monomeric species. Reaction with SnI4 yields complex [Sn (L1)2]·EtOH, with the metal in a distorted dodecahedral arrangement. We have evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the two forms of the ligands and the four coordination compounds against MDA-MB-231, HeLa, PC3, and HepG2 cancer cell lines, and WI-38 normal cell line, and all the compounds present higher activity than cisplatin, used as the standard control. To investigate the mode of action, we have selected the most active complex, containing phenyl substituents, and used the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The results show that the complex induces apoptotic cell death promoted by generation of reactive oxygen species and by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential.

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Piskunov, A. V., O. Yu Trofimova, A. V. Cherkasov, and I. V. Smolyaninov. "Redox transformations of a tin(IV) complex with a tetradentate redox-active ligand." Applied solid state chemistry 4 (December 31, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2619-0141-2019-4-9-9-19.

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Singh, Atul Pratap, Bu Bae Park та Hee-Joon Kim. "Facile C–C bond cleavage of β-diketones by tin(IV) porphyrin complex". Tetrahedron Letters 53, № 47 (2012): 6456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.075.

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