Journal articles: 'Tin ore deposit'

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Cheng, Yong Sheng. "Lead Isotope of Sulfide Minerals from Dachang Ore Field of Guangxi (South China): Characteristic and Implication." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1399.

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In the Danchi mineralization belt of Guangxi province, south China, the Dachang tin-polymetallic ore deposit is one of the largest Sn ore deposits in this world. But about the genesis and the ore source, there have been some disputes. In terms of the Dafulou deposit, the mineralization model and deposit mechanism is rather illegibility. By analysing and comparing the lead isotope of three ore deposit (the Changpo, the Lamo and the Dafulou), it show that the correlations of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb of sulfide minerals demonstrate obvious excellent linear relation. So, it is also suggested that the eastern mineralization belt, the middle mineralization belt and the western mineralization belt shared the same ore source. And, according to the features of no.22 ore body, the Dafulou deposit is characterized with the characteristics of the Sedimentary Exhalative Deposit (SEDEX).

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Li, Ying Shu, Yan Cai, Jiao Jiao Chen, Nan Chen, Lun Wang, Yi Ke Zhang, and Da Qing He. "Isotopic Dating and Geological Significance of Stratiform Orebody in Gejiu Tin Deposit, Yunnan, China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.43.

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Gejiu tin ore deposit is a famous tin-polymetallic deposit in the world because of its enormous metal reserves. Besides tin, there are copper, lead, zinc, silver, iron, sulphur, tungsten, bismuth, indium and rare earth elements. It was believed that there mainly are skarn-type tin deposit, stratiform tin deposit and basalt-type copper deposit in Gejiu tin orefield. The stratiform tin deposit are distributed in Lutangba, Malage and Huangmaoshan, which are hosted by carbonate rocks of Gejiu formation in Middle Triassic Series. 40Ar-39Ar dating of cassiterite from the sratiform tin deposit in Lutangba yields plateau age of 202.18±2.35Ma and isochron age of 206.81±3.23 Ma respectively. The ages are obviously older than those of the ore of the skarn type deposit of the Yanshanian epoch．The mineralization is the seabed exhalative hydrothermal sedimentary mineralization of the Indosinia epoch.

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Li, Ying Shu, Yan Cai, Nan Chen, Jiao Jiao Chen, Lun Wang, Yi Ke Zhang, and Da Qing He. "Source of Tinny Granite in Gejiu Tin Ore Deposit in Yunnan Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3493.

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It had been believed that the genesis of tinny granite in Gejiu tin ore deposits were hydrothermal mineralization in granite of Yanshanian epoch by most researchers for a long time. However, according to the form, attitude and sulphur isotope in the ore of the oreboby, the authors believe the genesis of the tin ore deposit is relict body of granitic superimposed ore-forming of the Yanshanian epoch after the basic volcano ore-forming of the Indo-Chinese epoch. It’s proved that the form and attitude of the oreboby is basically consistent with the form and attitude of the basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch. Because sulphur isotope in pyrite of the ore is from 0.21 per thousand to 4.4 per thousand, feature of source of the mantle sulphur isotope is reflected.

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Jiménez-Franco, Abigail, Pura Alfonso, Carles Canet, and Juan Elvys Trujillo. "Mineral chemistry of In-bearing minerals in the Santa Fe mining district, Bolivia." Andean Geology 45, no. 3 (June 6, 2018): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov45n3-3052.

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The Santa Fe mining district is located in the Central Andean tin belt of Bolivia and contains several Sn-Zn-Pb-Ag deposits. From the economic point of view, the most important deposits of the district are Japo, Santa Fe and Morococala. Beyond the traditional metal commodities, the Central Andean Tin Belt could become an exploration target for indium, owing to the potential of the ore-bearing paragenesis with high concentrations of this technology-critical element. In the Santa Fe mining district, the ore occurs as two main types: (a) Sn-rich cassiterite-quartz veins, and (b) Zn-Pb-Ag veins with sphalerite, galena and stannite mineral phases. The In content in igneous rocks is between 1.5 and 2.5 ppm, whereas in the ore concentrate it attains up to 200 ppm. The 1,000×In/Zn ratio in concentrate ranges from 25 up to 4,000. Exceptionally high In values were found in sakuraiite from Morococala deposit (2.03 wt%). Sakuraiite in this deposit shows evidences for a link between stannite and kësterite trend of solid solutions. There is a noteworthy exploration potential for strategic metals in this district and even in similar deposits elsewhere in the Central Andean tin belt.

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Cheng, Yong Sheng. "Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry of Sn–Polymetallic Depositsin Dafulou District of Guangxi Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1345.

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The Dachang tin-polymetallic ore deposit is one of the largest Sn ore deposit in the world. For a long time, the Danchi mineralization belt was studied from different perspective, i.e., the mineralization age, the ore source, the deposit model, etc. In fact, the contradistinction of the three mineralization belts has an important macroscopic significance for deepen the genetic mechanism of the Danchi mineralization belt. In the Changpo ore deposit of the west mineralization belt, besides three δ34S values (+4.794, +2.31, +2.6), the δ34S values belong to negative value, yet in the Lamo ore deposit of the middle mineralization belt, most of the δ34S values show positive besides two sulfur isotope sample (δ34S=－0.36, －1.6). But in the Dafulou ore deposit of the east mineralization belt, the δ34S values range from negative value to positive value. So there are only same ore resource partly for the Lamo ore deposit and the Changpo ore deposit. Overall, the ore source of the Dafulou ore deposit is more extensive than other ore deposit, and shares the same ore source with the other ore deposit.

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Liu, Si Qing, Min Zhang, Bao Xu Song, and Wan Ping Wang. "Beneficiation of a Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulphide Ore." Advanced Materials Research 511 (April 2012): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.511.134.

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Situated in Honghe municipality China, Tianfang tin deposit is characterized by Cu-Sn polymetallic constituents. Due to the complex mineral composition in the ore, a joint process of flotation and gravity concentration was used to process the ore. Beneficiation results show that, a tin concentrate and a tin middlings can be obtained, assaying 37.12% Sn and 4.95% Sn at the recovery of 40.91% and 22.96% respectively; a copper concentrate assays 15.21% Cu at a recovery of 78.21%, when the raw material assays 0.42% Cu and 1.90% Sn.

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Li, Xiu Juan, Si Qing Liu, Yang Zhao, and Ting Ting Li. "Tin Recovery from a Cassiterite-Bearing Magnetite Refractory Ore." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3721.

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s. Situated in Honghe Municipality of China, a magnetite-bearing cassiterite ore deposit is characterized by iron and tin minerals association in the oxide ores. Magnetite is the main iron mineral containing fine-sized cassiterite that should be recovered. Except for the complex mineral composition, the valuable minerals are finely disseminated in the ore, a joint process of magnetic and gravity concentration was used to process the ore. Results show that, a tin concentrate and a tin middlings can be obtained in processing the tailings of Low-intensity magnetic separation (LIMS), assaying 31.76% Sn and 1.98% Sn at the recovery of 46.18% and 13.36% respectively. The results provide some valuable reference in utilization of the tailings of the ore.

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Slack, John F., Leonid A. Neymark, Richard J. Moscati, Heather A. Lowers, Paul W. Ransom, Robert L. Hauser, and David T. Adams. "Origin of Tin Mineralization in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit, British Columbia: Constraints from Textures, Geochemistry, and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Geochronology of Cassiterite." Economic Geology 115, no. 8 (August 24, 2020): 1699–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4761.

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Abstract Textural, geochronological, and geochemical data are presented here for cassiterite from the giant (149.7 million tonnes [Mt]) Mesoproterozoic Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, which has been subjected to several tectonothermal events. These data provide constraints on the age and origin of the tin concentrations and new insights into related base metal mineralization. Sullivan is rare among sediment-hosted, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in having high tin contents in ore (up to 2.5 wt %; avg 310 ppm Sn). Cassiterite occurs in all facies of this deformed and metamorphosed deposit, including (1) high-grade veins with arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite, (2) bedded Pb-Zn-Ag ores, (3) massive pyrrhotite, (4) footwall and hanging-wall tourmalinites, and (5) other altered wall rocks. New in situ U-Pb dates for Sullivan cassiterite obtained by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are modeled by a multicomponent-based algorithm that yields three age peaks: 1475 ± 4 Ma (51% of the data), 1366 ± 10 Ma (25%), and 1074 ± 7 Ma (24%). These dates are attributed, respectively, to primary tin mineralization at ca. 1475 Ma, the East Kootenay orogeny at ca. 1370 to 1300 Ma, and the Grenvillian orogeny at ca. 1100 to 980 Ma. Based on the presence and local abundance of cassiterite in all ore and ore-related rocks at Sullivan, the U-Pb date of 1475 ± 4 Ma reported here represents the first direct age for ore mineralization in the deposit. Occurrence of texturally discordant rims on Sullivan cassiterite grains having U-Pb dates coeval with the East Kootenay and Grenvillian orogenies suggests that these young dates reflect dissolution-reprecipitation processes associated with channelized metamorphic fluid flow. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dates obtained on low-U (<10 ppm) cassiterite also indicate that U-Pb dates for cassiterite from other metamorphosed deposits should be viewed with caution and not assumed to record an age of primary tin mineralization. Aqueous transport conditions for tin are evaluated to gain insights into the cassiterite mineralization at Sullivan. Based on fO2-pH topology of aqueous tin species at 250°C, tin transport was dominated by an SnCl3− complex at fO2 of about –40 and pH of <4.0, conditions that were constrained, respectively, by widespread occurrence of pyrrhotite in deep footwall siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks of the host Aldridge Formation and by release of CO2 from shallow mafic sills and resulting formation of carbonic acid in condensed brine. The low fO2 value also reflects inferred production of CH4 from heating of organic matter in the sediments during emplacement of these sills. Based on a fluid pH restriction of <4.0 and a requirement for sparse or no K-feldspar in the source, the tin likely derives from previously altered Lower Aldridge strata. This model relies on the early diagenetic dissolution of K-feldspar from these sediments by basinal brines, followed by interaction with a later, more acidic hydrothermal fluid generated during the emplacement of large mafic sills in the shallow subsurface that leached tin from accessory minerals such as titanite in siliciclastic sediments of the Lower Aldridge Formation. Mass balance calculations suggest that derivation of the tin from this sedimentary source (avg 2.0 ppm Sn) required ~40 km3 and a cylinder diameter of 3.2 km (height 5.0 km) in order to supply the 0.1 Mt of tin contained in the deposit. The presence of mafic sills in the footwall of several other tin-bearing, sediment-hosted, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag deposits and in modern, tin-rich, sediment-hosted sulfide deposits in the northeast Pacific Ocean suggests that siliciclastic marine basins that contain mafic sills—with or without stratiform sulfide deposits—should be evaluated for possible tin mineralization.

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Deng, Xiao Hu, Shou Yu Chen, and Shi Li Liao. "Quantitative Study of Elements Migration during the Wall Rock Alteration Process for Gejiu Copper-Polymetallic Deposit inside Rock." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 1138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.1138.

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With continuous consumption of proven resources, people have to turn to new resources or find new ways for prospecting. As to Yunnan Gejiu Tin and copper polymetallic deposit, deep ore prospecting may be the solution. The newly discovered copper-polymetallic deposit inside the rock of Tangzi’ao depression zone, which located in western part of Yunnan Gejiu east tin mine area, is a new type of deposit in deep ore prospecting. This kind of deposit produced in the alkali-rich, oxidizing environment, potash feldspathization is an important sign of prospecting, and a variety of metallic elements can be comprehensive utilization. It is special that potash feldspathization zone and epidotization zone alternating with each other; the phenomenon may caused by multi-period of hydrothermal fluids. By quantitative calculating the results of altered rocks and original rock samples, the author find out the migration laws of the constant elements and the main ore-forming elements and their associated elements, which provide a basis for prospecting in the future.

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10

Ngadenin, Ngadenin, Frederikus Dian Indrastomo, Adhika Junara Karunianto, and Ersina Rakhma. "Geologi dan Identifikasi Cebakan Bijih di Daerah Batubesi, Belitung Timur." EKSPLORIUM 38, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2017.38.1.3376.

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ABSTRAKWilayah Batubesi di Belitung Timur berada di zona bagian timur dari granit jalur timah Asia Tenggara sehingga diduga merupakan daerah yang sangat potensial bagi terbentuknya cebakan bijih seperti besi dan timah bersama dengan monasit dan mineral asesoris lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tataan geologi dan mengidentifikasi keterdapatan cebakan bijih dan mineral ikutan radioaktif di daerah Batubesi. Metodologi dalam penelitian ini adalah pemetaan geologi, pengukuran kadar uranium dan thorium, analisis petrografi, mineragrafi, dan butir. Daerah penelitian tersusun atas satuan granit dan metabatupasir. Granit diidentifikasi sebagai granit biotit dan granit hornblenda. Struktur geologi yang berkembang adalah sesar sinistral berarah barat daya – timur laut dan sesar dekstral berarah tenggara – barat laut. Cebakan bijih yang terbentuk di merupakan cebakan bijih besi primer tipe skarn iron tin polymetallic dengan magnetit sebagai mineral utama dan monasit serta zirkon sebagai mineral ikutan radioaktif . Mineral ikutan lainya adalah hematit, ilmenit, kasiterit, dan rutil. ABSTRACTThe Batubesi area in Belitung Timur is located in the eastern part of the Southeast Asian granites tin belt zone, so that it expected as a potential area for the occurence of ore deposit such as iron and cassiterite associate with monazite and other accessories minerals. The study aimed to understand the geological setting and to determine the occurrence of primary ore deposit and its radioactive accessories minerals. The methodologies in this research are geological mapping, uranium and thorium grade measurement, petrography, mineragraphy and grain counting analysis. The area composed by granite and metasandstone units. Types of granites are biotite and hornblende granites. The geological structures founded in this area are SW-NE sinistral and NW-SE dextral faults. Ore deposit in the area is primary iron ore deposits of skarn iron tin polymetallic type where magnetite is the main mineral while monazite and zircon are radioactive accessories minerals. The other accessories minerals are hematite, ilmenite, cassiterite, and rutile.

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Liu, Shiyu, Yuping Liu, Lin Ye, Chen Wei, Yi Cai, and Weihong Chen. "Genesis of Dulong Sn-Zn-In Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, South China: Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Ages and Trace Element Compositions." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020199.

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The Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit in the Yunnan province, SW China, hosts a reserve of 5.0 Mt Zn, 0.4 Mt Sn, and 7 Kt In. It is one of the most important polymetallic tin ore districts in China. Granites at Dulong mining area include mainly the Laojunshan granite (third phase), which occurs as quartz porphyry or granite porphyry dikes in the Southern edge of the Laojunshan intrusive complex. Granites of phases one and two are intersected at drill holes at depth. There are three types of cassiterite mineralization developed in the deposit: cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide ore (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II) within the proximal skarn in contact with the concealed granite (granites of phases one to two and three), and cassiterite-quartz vein ore (Cst III) near porphyritic granite. Field geology and petrographic studies indicate that acid neutralising muscovitization and pyroxene reactions were part of mechanisms for Sn precipitation resulting from fluid-rock interaction. In situ U–Pb dating of cassiterite samples from the ore stages of cassiterite-sulfide (Cst II) and Cassiterite-quartz vein (Cst III) yielded Tera-Wasserburg U–Pb lower intercept ages of 88.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 82.1 ± 6.3 Ma, respectively. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Laojunshan granite (75.9–92.9 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal link between Sn-Zn(-In) mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICPMS trace element study of cassiterite indicates that tetravalent elements (such as Zr, Hf, Ti, U, W) are incorporated in cassiterite by direct substitution, and the trivalent element (Fe) is replaced by coupled substitution. CL image shows that the fluorescence signal of Cst I–II is greater than that of Cst III, which is caused by differences in contents of activating luminescence elements (Al, Ti, W, etc.) and quenching luminescence element (Fe). Elevated W and Fe but lowered Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta concentrations of the three type cassiterites from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit are distinctly different from those of cassiterites in VMS/SEDEX tin deposits, but similar to those from granite-related tin deposits. From cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II), to cassiterite-quartz vein ore-stage (Cst III), high field strength elements (HFSEs: Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) decrease. This fact combined with cassiterite crystallization ages, indicates that Cst I–II mainly related to concealed granite (Laojunshan granites of phases one and two) while Cst III is mainly related to porphyritic granite (Laojunshan granites of phase three).

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Li, Ying Shu, Yan Cai, Nan Chen, Jiao Jiao Chen, Lun Wang, Yi Ke Zhang, and Da Qing He. "The Simevariogram and its Application in a Tin Ore Deposit of China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.481.

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Simevariogram can preferably reflect basic characteristics of regionalized variables of one orebody in geology, especially it can reflect structrural change of the variables by random change of the variables. It’s proved that using ordinary kriging method and a traditional method are generally coincident and the deposit in China undergoes early biochemical sedimentary mineralization and later granitic superimposed mineralization.

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Zhao, Yuehua, Shouyu Chen, Yuqiang Huang, Jiangnan Zhao, Xiang Tong, and Xingshou Chen. "U-Pb Ages, O Isotope Compositions, Raman Spectrum, and Geochemistry of Cassiterites from the Xi’ao Copper-Tin Polymetallic Deposit in Gejiu District, Yunnan Province." Minerals 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9040212.

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: The Xi’ao Cu-Sn polymetallic deposit is located in the inner alteration zone of the Laoka granite. The ore bodies extend to 400 m in the granite rock and primarily occur with fluorite and potassic alterations. Two cassiterite samples of altered rock-type ore and one tourmaline vein-type ore in the Xi’ao Cu-Sn polymetallic deposit yielded U-Pb ages of 83.3 ± 2.1 Ma, 84.9 ± 1.7 Ma, and 84.0 ± 5.6 Ma, respectively. The Raman spectrum peak values of A1g were shifted to a lower frequency, possibly due to the substitution of Sn with Nb, Ta, Fe, and Mn. Measured δ18O values of cassiterite samples and calculated δ18OH2O values for the ore-forming fluid indicate that the latter was mostly derived from magma. The high Fe and Mn abundances for cassiterite are consistent with those of hydrothermal origin. The Nb, Ta, and Ti contents indicate that cassiterites in the Xi’ao deposit likely formed in a metallogenic environment that was largely affected by granitic magmatism. Therefore, we conclude that the Xi’ao deposit is a magmatic hydrothermal deposit.

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Gaspar, O., and A. Pinto. "The ore textures of the Neves-Corvo volcanogenic massive sulphides and their implications for ore beneficiation." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 380 (September 1991): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.380.11.

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AbstractThe Neves-Corvo mine opened officially in December 1988 and it is already the biggest producer of copper in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Tin production started in 1990. The ore deposits of the IPB are related to felsic submarine volcanism which developed during the lower Tournaisian to the middle Visean. At the end of the first phase of Hercynian deformation in the middle Westphalian, the ore deposits were affected by low-pressure metamorphism producing schistosity and prehenite-pumpellyite greenschist facies assemblages in the volcanogenic sediments of the IPB.The unique nature of the mineralogy of the Neves-Corvo deposit compared with other IPB deposits is mainly a result of the introduction of later Cu-rich hydrothermal solutions to the primitive ore pile and the presence of tin mineralisation. The cupriferous ores are rich in tetrahedrite-tennantite, stannite, kesterite, stannoidite and mawsonite.Cassiterite occurs in Neves-Corvo: (a) as thin layers of euhedral crystals in cupriferous ores, partially replaced by chalcopyrite; (b) in the schistosity of a banded black shale chalcopyrite hanging wall formation; (c) as metre-sized lenses of massive cassiterite overlying the cupriferous ores.The ore textures at Neves-Corvo are complex, due to intergrowths of fine colloform pyrite with the base metal minerals. Because of the low grade of metamorphism, colloform, geopetal and soft-sediment diagenetic features are preserved in the ‘complex ores’. These ‘complex ores’ have contents of 0.5% Cu, 1% Pb and 5.5% Zn. In copper-rich ores (7.9% Cu and 1.4% Zn), replacement of the primary ore by chalcopyrite has obliterated most of these textures and produced fine chalcopyrite-tetrahedrite-pyrite intergrowths. The textures clearly indicate the genesis of these ores but they impose a practical problem in recovery of the metals. There is no clear correlation between these textures and the ore classification used at the mine, but an understanding of the textures is vital since the ‘complex ores’ require fine grinding to achieve liberation and the fine grinding adversely affects the froth flotation processing of the ore.The implications of the complex sulphide textures for ore beneficiation have been studied using reflected light microscopy, with determination of modal analyses and grain-size distributions of free particles and middlings from concentrates and tailings.The outcome of a one-year intensive study is that the ore microscopy laboratory at the mine now produces daily information about the textures of the feed ores so that metallurgical engineers can optimise the performance of the ore dressing plant.

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MURAO, SATOSHI, and SOEY H. SIE. "PIXE AS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR RARE METAL BENEFICIATION AND EXPLORATION." International Journal of PIXE 05, no. 02n03 (January 1995): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083595000137.

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We have examined tin-polymetallic ore, a complex mixture of cassiterite (SnO2) and sulfides, by micro-PIXE. Tin-polymetallic ore is one of the major sources of technologically important “rare metals”, especially of indium and bismuth, usually as trace elements. In addition to such rare metals, silver is another important trace component in the ore. But the trace elemental distribution of tin-polymetallic deposit has not well been described due to the small size of constituent minerals, complex ore texture, and lack of analytical method to detect trace elements in a small area. PIXE with a proton microbeam could be an effective tool to solve this problem by delineating the distribution of these trace elements among carrier minerals with the required sensitivity. Thus we have applied PIXE with the CSIRO’s proton microprobe to a tin-polymetallic ore from Canada. The result showed that micro-PIXE is an essential tool to study trace element distribution in such a complex ore.

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Cheng, Yong Sheng. "Geological Characteristics of the Dafulou Tin–Polymetallic Sulfide Deposits in Guangxi, South China." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1350.

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The Danchi mineralization belt is an important ore district in southern China. According to the tectonic characteristics, the Danchi mineralization belt could be devided into three mineralization belts, such as the east mineralization belt, the west mineralization belt and the middle mineralization belt. The Dafulou deposit, which belongs to the east mineralization belt, is located in the eastern flank of the NNW–SSE-trending Danchi anticlinorium. The key structures in the Dafulou ore district are the NW-trending faults, which developed parallel with the axis of the Dachang anticlinorium. In the Dafulou ore district, the Devonian stratum has a closed contact with the Sn–polymetallic deposits. In the Danchi mineralization belt, the granite belongs to alkali-calcium rock series or near to the alkali rock series. There are four different types of hydrothermal alteration, including silicification, carbonation, pyritization and pyrrhotitezation.

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Zhao, Kui-Dong, Shao-Yong Jiang, Yao-Hui Jiang, and Ru-Chen Wang. "Mineral chemistry of the Qitianling granitoid and the Furong tin ore deposit in Hunan Province, South China: implication for the genesis of granite and related tin mineralization." European Journal of Mineralogy 17, no. 4 (July 25, 2005): 635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0635.

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Petrochenkov, D. A. "COLLECTION AND JEWELLERY CASSITERITES OF THE IULTIN DEPOSIT." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 1 (April 22, 2018): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-1-76-80.

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The large crystals of the collection and jewellery quality (including the crystals unique by size) have been found at the Iultin deposit (Eastern Chukotka). The jewellery ones are connected with veined morphological type of the ore bodies and located in the mineralized cavities and muscovite fringes. A black colour of cassiterite is conditioned by large number of the zones of the growth which absorb passing light. Significant by volume colourless and different-coloured fragments can be found in crystals. They can be used for faceting of high quality. The cassiterite of collection and jewellery quality is an important factor of profitability's raising in exploitation of tin deposits.

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CHENG, Yong-sheng, and Cheng PENG. "Ore-forming material of Dachang tin deposit in Guangxi, China: Lead isotope evidence." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24, no. 11 (November 2014): 3652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(14)63511-1.

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WANG, Yu Wang, Jing Bin WANG, Takeshi UEMOTO, and Li Juan WANG. "Geology and Mineralization at the Dajing Tin-polymetallic Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China." Resource Geology 51, no. 4 (December 2001): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2001.tb00104.x.

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Abramov, Bair N. "Khapcheranginsky tin-polymetallic deposit: geochemical features, probable sources of ore material (Eastern Transbaikalia)." Geosfernye issledovaniya, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/25421379/18/1.

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Ryabchenko, V. M., V. G. Gonevchuk, N. V. Gorelikova, and G. A. Gonevchuk. "Explosion breccias of the Vysokogorskoe tin–porphyry deposit: Genesis and role in ore formation (Kavalerovo ore district, Primorye)." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 11, no. 3 (May 2017): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714017030046.

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Khanchuk, A. I., V. V. Ivanov, E. K. Ignatiev, S. V. Kovalenko, and D. V. Semenova. "Alb-Cenomanian granitoid magmatism and copper ore genesis of the Sikhote-Alin." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524883298-302.

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Late Albian-early Cenomanin epoch of Au-Cu porphyry mineralization has been distinguished within the Sikhote-Alin. It is associated with the Alb-Cenomanian granitic rocks which emplacement coincided with the processes of orogeny and neoformation of continental lithosphere caused by compressive stress in the setting of transform continental margins of that time. The intrusion of the granitic magma into the crust of Jurassic accretionary wedge terranes and Early Cretaceous terrane of epicontinental turbidite basin provoked development of Au-Mo-Cu and Cu-Au-W ore genesis, respectively. U-Pb dating of zircons from host granites of the Malmuzh Au-Cu deposit yielded Alb-Cenomania age of 100-95 Ma. This age harmonizes with the age data reported by other researchers on the granitic rocks of East and Southeast Asia which are productive for hydrothermal mineral deposits of copper, gold, tin and other metals. Such age consistency suggests that there is Albian-Cenomanian metallogenic megabelt extending throughout the entire East Asian continental margin.

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Mao, Wei, Hong Zhong, Jiehua Yang, Yanwen Tang, Liang Liu, Yazhou Fu, Xingchun Zhang, et al. "Combined Zircon, Molybdenite, and Cassiterite Geochronology and Cassiterite Geochemistry of the Kuntabin Tin-Tungsten Deposit in Myanmar." Economic Geology 115, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4713.

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Abstract The Kuntabin Sn-W deposit, located in southern Myanmar, is characterized by abundant greisen-type and quartz vein-type cassiterite and wolframite mineralization. We have conducted multiple geochronological methods and isotope and trace element analyses to reveal the age and evolution of the Kuntabin magmatichydrothermal system. Zircon U-Pb dating of the two-mica granite yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 90.1 ± 0.7 Ma. Cassiterite U-Pb dating provided a lower intercept age of 88.1 ± 1.9 Ma in the Tera-Wasserburg U-Pb concordia diagram. Molybdenite Re-Os dating returned a weighted mean model age of 87.7 ± 0.5 Ma and an isochron age of 88.7 ± 2.7 Ma. These ages indicate a genetic relationship between granite and Sn-W mineralization in the Kuntabin deposit and record the earliest magmatism and Sn-W mineralization in the Sibumasu and Tengchong terranes related to subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab. Three generations of cassiterite have been identified with distinctive cathodoluminescence textures and trace element patterns, indicating the episodic input of ore-forming fluids and distinctive changes in the physical-chemical conditions of the Kuntabin magmatichydrothermal system. Sudden changes of fluid pressure, temperature, pH, etc., may have facilitated the deposition of Sn and W. Rhenium contents of molybdenite from the Kuntabin deposit and many other Sn-W deposits in Myanmar are characteristically low compared to porphyry Cu-Mo-(Au) deposits worldwide. In combination with zircon Hf isotope signatures, we infer that granites associated with Sn-W deposits in Myanmar were predominantly derived by melting of ancient continental crust and contain minimal mantle contribution. Subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab from west of the West Burma terrane reached beneath the Sibumasu terrane and led to magmatism and Sn-W mineralization at ~90 Ma when the Kuntabin deposit was formed. The Paleoproterozoic Sibumasu crust was activated during the subduction-related magmatism to form predominantly crust derived melts. After a high degree of fractional crystallization and fluid exsolution, physical-chemical changes of the hydrothermal fluid resulted in Sn and W precipitation to form the Kuntabin Sn-W deposit.

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Sapinov, R. V., N. A. Kulenova, M. A. Sadenova, P. S. Varbanov, and J. J. Klemeš. "State and prospects of processing tin-containing raw materials in Kazakhstan." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 317, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.16.

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The article discusses the current state-of-the-art in the tin industry and the prospects of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The evaluation is performed in terms of the development of domestic tin production for the growing global demand and the development of the domestic high-tech industry. The study includes the main domestic sources of the raw material base of the tin, which includes mineral raw materials, anthropogenic and secondary waste. Since the most important for the contemporary tin industry are mineral raw materials, the possibility of complex processing of ore from the Syrymbet deposit was studied. Based on the results of the studies performed, it was found that the mineral tin-containing raw materials of the Syrymbet deposit, in addition to cassiterite, also contain acid-soluble tin-containing minerals (stannin, etc.). At the stage of gravity concentration, the most efficient extraction performance of tin into concentrate was found for the gravity separator – amounting to 34.2%. At the leaching stage, the most efficient extraction of tin (1,543 μg/L) showed an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 100 g/L, at a temperature of 45 °C.

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Morishita, Yuichi, and Yoshiro Nishio. "Ore Genesis of the Takatori Tungsten–Quartz Vein Deposit, Japan: Chemical and Isotopic Evidence." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070765.

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The Takatori hypothermal tin–tungsten vein deposit is composed of wolframite-bearing quartz veins with minor cassiterite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and lithium-bearing muscovite and sericite. Several wolframite rims show replacement textures, which are assumed to form by iron replacement with manganese postdating the wolframite precipitation. Lithium isotope ratios (δ7Li) of Li-bearing muscovite from the Takatori veins range from −3.1‰ to −2.1‰, and such Li-bearing muscovites are proven to occur at the early stage of mineralization. Fine-grained sericite with lower Li content shows relatively higher δ7Li values, and might have precipitated after the main ore forming event. The maximum oxygen isotope equilibrium temperature of quartz–muscovite pairs is 460 °C, and it is inferred that the fluids might be in equilibrium with ilmenite series granitic rocks. Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of the Takatori ore-forming fluid range from +10‰ to +8‰. The δ18O values of the fluid decreased with decreasing temperature probably because the fluid was mixed with surrounding pore water and meteoric water. The formation pressure for the Takatori deposit is calculated to be 160 MPa on the basis of the difference between the pressure-independent oxygen isotope equilibrium temperature and pressure-dependent homogenization fluid inclusions temperature. The ore-formation depth is calculated to be around 6 km. These lines of evidence suggest that a granitic magma beneath the deposit played a crucial role in the Takatori deposit formation.

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Bortnikov, N. S., L. Ya Aranovich, S. G. Kryazhev, S. Z. Smirnov, V. G. Gonevchuk, B. I. Semanyak, E. O. Dubinina, N. V. Gorelikova, and E. N. Sokolova. "Badzhal tin magmatic-fluid system (Far east, Russia): the transition from the granite crystallization to the hydrothermal ore deposition." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-77706133-30.

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With a view to reveal special characteristics of the transition stage from granite crystallization to rare-metal ore deposition it is studied Badzhal tin-bearing magmatic-fluid system of eponymously-named volcano-plutonic zone of the Middle Priamyrie. For that end the detail research of melt, fluid-melt and fluid inclusions and oxygen isotopes from minerals of granitoids from Verkne-Urmi massif from Badzhal volcano-plutonic zone and also minerals of Sn-W deposits Pravo-Urmi and Blizhnee have been carried out. The formation of greisens and hydrothermal veins were caused by the development of the integrated system associating with establishing of Verkne-Urmi granite massif which is one of a dome fold of Badzhal cryptobatholith. For the first time for tin deposits it has been followed up the transition from the magmatic phase of granite crystallization to the hydrothermal ore formation stage and the evolution of magmatic fluid from its separation from magmatic melt to Sn-W ore deposition. The direct evidence of tin-bearing fluid separation under melt crystallization is combined fluid-melt inclusions. Glass composition in inclusions shows that granites and granite-porphyry were crystallizing from acid and from limited to high-aluminous melts, that is value ASI changes from 0.95 to 1.33 and a content of alkalies varies from 6.02 up to 9.02 mass.%. Cl and F concentrations in glasses are according 0.03–0.14 and 0.14–0.44 mass.% and turned out to be higher of same in the total composition of rocks (0.02 and 0.05–0.13 mass.% in accordance). These differences indicate that Cl and F could be separated from granite melt under its crystallization and degasation. H2O content made from total deficiency electron microprobe analysis is 8–11 mass.%. This evaluation was made inclusive of a probable effect of “Na loss” (Nielsen, Sigurdson, 1981) under aqueous glass crystallization. Considering a high error of a such estimation (Devine et al., 1995), it should take to obtained values as a very approximate evaluation and consider that examined melts contained about 9,5–10,0 mass.% of H2O. The results of melt inclusion examination show that at any rate a part of melt forming magmatic rocks of Badzhal Ore Magmatic System are crystallizing at about T = 650 °C. These melts were acid, limited fluoride and meta- and high aluminous. The reason of low temperatures of its crystallization are likely a high pressure of aqua and also a increased content of F. Most likely that examined inclusions characterize the final stage of establishing of the massif, herewith at the system crystals, residual liquor and magmatic fluid phase coexist. The fluid from which greisens of Pravo-Urmi deposit formed is similar in properties to the supercritical fluid absorbing by magmatic minerals. The salinity of this fluid varying from ~9 to 12 mass.% equiv. NaCl, maximal T = 550 °C (with consideration for the temperature correction of T gom on a pressure ~1 кbar) are similar to such of magmatic fluid, which permit to connect its origin with pluton cooling. The formation of greisens and quartz-topaz veins of Pravo-Urmi deposit is related to fall of temperature of magmatic fluid from 550–450 up to 480–380 °C. The evolution of fluid deposited quartz-cassiterite veins of Blizhnee deposit, which based upon oxygen isotope composition (d18ОН2О ≈ 8.5‰) also separated from magma, was going at more subsurface conditions under much lesser pressure. That led to the gas separation of a fluid with salinity ~13 mass.% equa. NaCl under T = 420–340 °C on thin low salinity vapour and brine with concentration 33.5–37.4 mass.% equiv. NaCl. The research of oxygen isotope system testifies that oxygen isotope composition of ore-forming fluid controlled by equilibrium with granites at wide interval temperatures (from ~700 °С up to the beginning of greisen crystallization). Correspondence of measured and calculation data of the offered model indicates that the considerable volume of external fluid with other isotope characteristics which did not reach the isotope equilibrium with Verkhne-Urmi massif did not come into the magmatic isotope system. The discovered differences of physico-chemical conditions for two studied deposits are not “critical” and support an idea about their formation as the single magmatic-fluid system.

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Guo, Jian, Youyue Lu, Jianming Fu, Zhengwei Qin, Yongyun Ning, and Zunzun Zhang. "Geology and Geochronology of the Maozaishan Sn Deposit, Hunan Province: Constraints from Zircon U–Pb and Muscovite Ar–Ar Dating." Minerals 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120773.

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The Maozaishan Sn deposit, located south of the Dayishan ore field in the Nanling Range, is a newly explored greisen-type Sn deposit. Two muscovite samples from tin-bearing ores yielded 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 154.7 ± 1.1 Ma (Mean standard weighted deviation (MSWD) = 0.48) and 152.6 ± 0.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.25), respectively. Zircon U–Pb dating result of fine-grained biotite monzogranite in the Maozaishan mining area shows that these zircon grains can be subdivided into two populations, with ages of 154.2 ± 2.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.51) and 159.6 ± 1.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.09), respectively, indicating that the monzogranite is formed by a multi-stage magmatic event. It is indicated that formation of the Maozaishan Sn deposit is closely related to the Middle Jurassic granitic magmatism. Based on the trace element compositions of zircon grains, the calculated magma temperatures and oxygen fugacity (log(fO2)) values range from 638 °C to 754 °C (mean = 704 °C) and from −18.9 to −15.8 (mean = −17.1), respectively. In addition, these intrusive rocks in the Dayishan ore field belong to highly fractionated granites and are characterized by low oxygen fugacity and crust–mantle origin, which are consistent to these tin-bearing granites in the Nanling Range and in favor of the Sn mineralization.

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Wagner, T., M. S. J. Mlynarczyk, A. E. Williams-Jones, and A. J. Boyce. "Stable Isotope Constraints on Ore Formation at the San Rafael Tin-Copper Deposit, Southeast Peru." Economic Geology 104, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.2.223.

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CHENG, Yong-sheng. "Geological features and S isotope composition of tin deposit in Dachang ore district in Guangxi." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24, no. 9 (September 2014): 2938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(14)63429-4.

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31

PAN, Yanning, and Guochen DONG. "Heavy Mineral Placer Characteristics and Its Implications for Ore Exploration in Lailishan Tin Deposit, Western Yunnan." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, s2 (December 2014): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12373_22.

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Cai, Minghai, Zhenan Peng, Zhishu Hu, and Ye Li. "Zn, He-Ar and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Tongkeng Tin-polymetallic ore deposit in south China: Implication for ore genesis." Ore Geology Reviews 124 (September 2020): 103605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103605.

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Chikisheva, T. A., S. A. Prokopyev, and E. S. Prokopyev. "Mineralogical evidence of the inevitable losses of tin during ore processing at the Pravourmiysky deposit (Khabarovsk Region)." Vestnik of Geosciences 6 (2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2020.6.3.

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34

Benzaazoua, M., P. Marion, A. Pinto, H. Migeon, and F. E. Wagner. "Tin and indium mineralogy within selected samples from the Neves Corvo ore deposit (Portugal): a multidisciplinary study." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 2003): 1291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.07.008.

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Liu, Xiangchong, Wenlei Wang, and Dehui Zhang. "The Mechanisms Forming the Five–Floor Zonation of Quartz Veins: A Case Study in the Piaotang Tungsten–Tin Deposit, Southern China." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080883.

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It is common among many vein–type tungsten deposits in southern China that the thickness of ore veins increases from <1 cm to >1 m with increasing depth. A five–floor zonation model for the vertical trend of vein morphology was proposed in the 1960s and has been widely applied for predicting ore bodies at deeper levels, but the causative mechanisms for such a zonation remain poorly understood. The Piaotang tungsten–tin deposit, one of the birthplaces of the five–floor zonation model, is chosen as a case study for deciphering the mechanisms forming its morphological zonation of quartz veins. The vertical trend of vein morphology and its link to the W–Sn mineralization in Piaotang was quantified by statistical distributions (Weibull distribution and power law distribution) of vein thickness and ore grade data (WO3 and Sn) from the levels of 676 m to 328 m. Then, the micro–scale growth history of quartz veins was reconstructed by scanning electron microscope–cathodoluminescence (SEM–CL) imaging and in situ trace element analysis. The Weibull modulus α of vein thickness increases with increasing depth, and the fractal dimensions of both vein thickness and ore grade data (WO3 and Sn) decrease with increasing depth. Their vertical changes indicate that the fractures that bear the thick veins were well connected, facilitating fluid focusing and mineralization in mechanically stronger host rocks. Three generations (Q1–Q3) of quartz were identified from CL images, and the CL intensity of quartz is possibly controlled by the concentrations of Al and temperature. From the relative abundance of the Q1–Q3 quartz at different levels, the vertical trend of vein morphology in Piaotang was initially produced during the hydrothermal event represented by Q1 and altered by later hydrothermal events represented by Q2 and Q3. Statistical distributions of vein thickness combined with SEM–CL imaging of quartz could be combined to evaluate the mineralization potential at deeper levels.

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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.

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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.

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37

Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.

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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.

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Yu, J. M., and S. Y. Jiang. "Chemical composition of tourmaline from the Yunlong tin deposit, Yunnan, China: implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration." Mineralogy and Petrology 77, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2003): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-002-0195-2.

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Zhuwei, Jiang, and Zhou Dapeng. "The Characteristics of Migration of Ore Solutions in No.6 East Tin Deposit of the Songshujiao Orefield, Gejiu." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2, no. 4 (May 29, 2009): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1989.mp2004006.x.

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40

Bannikova, Lubov A., Tatyana M. Sushchevskaya, Michael Yu Spasennykh, and Valery L. Barsukov. "Isotopic and geochemical study of the conditions of tin ore formation of Solnechnoye deposit(Far East of Russia)." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 28, no. 5 (1994): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.28.411.

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41

Zhao, He-Dong, Kui-Dong Zhao, Martin R. Palmer, Shao-Yong Jiang, and Wei Chen. "Magmatic-Hydrothermal Mineralization Processes at the Yidong Tin Deposit, South China: Insights from In Situ Chemical and Boron Isotope Changes of Tourmaline." Economic Geology 116, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 1625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4868.

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Abstract Owing to the superimposition of water-rock interaction and external fluids, magmatic source signatures of ore-forming fluids for vein-type tin deposits are commonly overprinted. Hence, there is uncertainty regarding the involvement of magmatic fluids in mineralization processes within these deposits. Tourmaline is a common gangue mineral in Sn deposits and can crystallize from both the magmas and the hydrothermal fluids. We have therefore undertaken an in situ major, trace element, and B isotope study of tourmaline from the Yidong Sn deposit in South China to study the transition from late magmatic to hydrothermal mineralization. Six tourmaline types were identified: (1) early tourmaline (Tur-OE) and (2) late tourmaline (Tur-OL) in tourmaline-quartz orbicules from the Pingying granite, (3) early tourmaline (Tur-DE) and (4) late tourmaline (Tur-DL) in tourmaline-quartz dikelets in the granite, and (5 and 6) core (Tur-OC) and rim (Tur-OR), respectively of hydrothermal tourmaline from the Sn ores. Most of the tourmaline types belong to the alkali group and the schorl-dravite solid-solution series, but the different generations of magmatic and hydrothermal tourmaline are geochemically distinct. Key differences include the hundredfold enrichment of Sn in hydrothermal tourmaline compared to magmatic tourmaline, which indicates that hydrothermal fluids exsolving from the magma were highly enriched in Sn. Tourmaline from the Sn ores is enriched in Fe3+ compared to the hydrothermal tourmaline from the granite and displays trends of decreasing Al and increasing Fe content from core to rim, relating to the exchange vector Fe3+Al–1. This reflects oxidation of fluids during the interaction between hydrothermal fluids and the mafic-ultramafic wall rocks, which led to precipitation of cassiterite. The hydrothermal tourmaline has slightly higher δ11B values than the magmatic tourmaline (which reflects the metasedimentary source for the granite), but overall, the tourmaline from the ores has δ11B values similar to those from the granite, implying a magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids. We identify five stages in the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the system that led to formation of the Sn ores in the Yidong deposit based on chemical and boron isotope changes of tourmaline: (1) emplacement of a B-rich, S-type granitic magma, (2) separation of an immiscible B-rich melt, (3) exsolution of an Sn-rich, reduced hydrothermal fluid, (4) migration of fluid into the country rocks, and (5) acid-consuming reactions with the surrounding mafic-ultramafic rocks and oxidation of the fluid, leading to cassiterite precipitation.

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Reiser, Fiona K. M., Diogo R. N. Rosa, Álvaro M. M. Pinto, João R. S. Carvalho, João X. Matos, Fernanda M. G. Guimarães, Luís C. Alves, and Daniel P. S. de Oliveira. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of tin- and germanium-bearing copper ore, Barrigão re-mobilized vein deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal." International Geology Review 53, no. 10 (May 13, 2010): 1212–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206811003683168.

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43

Stemprok, Miroslav. "The origin and mineralization of the tin-bearing granites of the Krusné hory (Erzgebirge) province: A 3-dimensional approach with new data on ore deposit zoning around a granite batholith." Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 8, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2003): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/gtm/8/2003/215.

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Clarke, G. W., R. G. Paterson, and R. G. Taylor. "The nature and origin of brecdation and mineralization at the White Crystal ore deposit, Ardlethan tin mine, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 4 (December 1985): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098508729337.

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Kern, Marius, Julian Kästner, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Tilman Jeske, and Jens Gutzmer. "The inherent link between ore formation and geometallurgy as documented by complex tin mineralization at the Hämmerlein deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany)." Mineralium Deposita 54, no. 5 (August 21, 2018): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0832-2.

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Guang, WU, LIU RuiLin, CHEN GongZheng, LI TieGang, LI RuiHua, LI YingLei, YANG Fei, and ZHANG Tong. "Mineralization of the Weilasituo rare metal-tin-polymetallic ore deposit in Inner Mongolia: Insights from fractional crystallization of granitic magmas." Acta Petrologica Sinica 37, no. 3 (2021): 637–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2021.03.01.

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Harlaux, Matthieu, Kalin Kouzmanov, Stefano Gialli, Oscar Laurent, Andrea Rielli, Andrea Dini, Alain Chauvet, Andrew Menzies, Miroslav Kalinaj, and Lluís Fontboté. "Tourmaline as a Tracer of Late-Magmatic to Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution: The World-Class San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Peru." Economic Geology 115, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1665–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4762.

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Abstract The world-class San Rafael tin (-copper) deposit (central Andean tin belt, southeast Peru) is an exceptionally large and rich (>1 million metric tons Sn; grades typically >2% Sn) cassiterite-bearing hydrothermal vein system hosted by a late Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) peraluminous K-feldspar-megacrystic granitic complex and surrounding Ordovician shales affected by deformation and low-grade metamorphism. The mineralization consists of NW-trending, quartz-cassiterite-sulfide veins and fault-controlled breccia bodies (>1.4 km in vertical and horizontal extension). They show volumetrically important tourmaline alteration that principally formed prior to the main ore stage, similar to other granite-related Sn deposits worldwide. We present here a detailed textural and geochemical study of tourmaline, aiming to trace fluid evolution of the San Rafael magmatic-hydrothermal system that led to the deposition of tin mineralization. Based on previous works and new petrographic observations, three main generations of tourmaline of both magmatic and hydrothermal origin were distinguished and were analyzed in situ for their major, minor, and trace element composition by electron microprobe analyzer and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, as well as for their bulk Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions by multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A first late-magmatic tourmaline generation (Tur 1) occurs in peraluminous granitic rocks as nodules and disseminations, which do not show evidence of alteration. This early Tur 1 is texturally and compositionally homogeneous; it has a dravitic composition, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.36 to 0.52, close to the schorl-dravite limit, and relatively high contents (10s to 100s ppm) of Li, K, Mn, light rare earth elements, and Zn. The second generation (Tur 2)—the most important volumetrically—is pre-ore, high-temperature (>500°C), hydrothermal tourmaline occurring as phenocryst replacement (Tur 2a) and open-space fillings in veins and breccias (Tur 2b) and microbreccias (Tur 2c) emplaced in the host granites and shales. Pre-ore Tur 2 typically shows oscillatory zoning, possibly reflecting rapid changes in the hydrothermal system, and has a large compositional range that spans the schorl to dravite fields, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.02 to 0.83. Trace element contents of Tur 2 are similar to those of Tur 1. Compositional variations within Tur 2 may be explained by the different degree of interaction of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with the host rocks (granites and shales), in part because of the effect of replacement versus open-space filling. The third generation is syn-ore hydrothermal tourmaline (Tur 3). It forms microscopic veinlets and overgrowths, partly cutting previous tourmaline generations, and is locally intergrown with cassiterite, chlorite, quartz, and minor pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite from the main ore assemblage. Syn-ore Tur 3 has schorl-foititic compositions, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.48 to 0.94, that partly differ from those of late-magmatic Tur 1 and pre-ore hydrothermal Tur 2. Relative to Tur 1 and Tur 2, syn-ore Tur 3 has higher contents of Sr and heavy rare earth elements (10s to 100s ppm) and unusually high contents of Sn (up to >1,000 ppm). Existence of these three main tourmaline generations, each having specific textural and compositional characteristics, reflects a boron-rich protracted magmatic-hydrothermal system with repeated episodes of hydrofracturing and fluid-assisted reopening, generating veins and breccias. Most trace elements in the San Rafael tourmaline do not correlate with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, suggesting that their incorporation was likely controlled by the melt/fluid composition and local fluid-rock interactions. The initial radiogenic Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the three aforementioned tourmaline generations (0.7160–0.7276 for 87Sr/86Sr(i) and 0.5119–0.5124 for 143Nd/144Nd(i)) mostly overlap those of the San Rafael granites (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7131–0.7202 and 143Nd/144Nd(i) = 0.5121–0.5122) and support a dominantly magmatic origin of the hydrothermal fluids. These compositions also overlap the initial Nd isotope values of Bolivian tin porphyries. The initial Pb isotope compositions of tourmaline show larger variations, with 206Pb/204Pb(i), 207Pb/204Pb(i), and 208Pb/204Pb(i) ratios mostly falling in the range of 18.6 to 19.3, 15.6 to 16.0, and 38.6 to 39.7, respectively. These compositions partly overlap the initial Pb isotope values of the San Rafael granites (206Pb/204Pb(i) = 18.6–18.8, 207Pb/204Pb(i) = 15.6–15.7, and 208Pb/204Pb(i) = 38.9–39.0) and are also similar to those of other Oligocene to Miocene Sn-W ± Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposits in southeast Peru. Rare earth element patterns of tourmaline are characterized, from Tur 1 to Tur 3, by decreasing (Eu/Eu*)N ratios (from 20 to 2) that correlate with increasing Sn contents (from 10s to >1,000 ppm). These variations are interpreted to reflect evolution of the hydrothermal system from reducing toward relatively more oxidizing conditions, still in a low-sulfidation environment, as indicated by the pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite assemblage. The changing textural and compositional features of Tur 1 to Tur 3 reflect the evolution of the San Rafael magmatic-hydrothermal system and support the model of fluid mixing between reduced, Sn-rich magmatic fluids and cooler, oxidizing meteoric waters as the main process that caused cassiterite precipitation.

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Melekestseva, I. Yu, V. V. Maslennikov, and S. P. Maslennikova. "Trace-elements in sulfides of the Dergamysh cobalt-bearing massive sulfide deposit, the Southern Urals: Mode of occurrence and matter sources." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-4-499-516.

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Subject of study. The article presents the results of study of trace elements (TEs) in sulfides of the main ore body (borehole 1T) and the northwestern ore body (borehole 200) of the Dergamysh cobalt-bearing massive sulfide deposit hosted in serpentinites (South Urals). Materials and methods. The chalcopyrite-pyrite-marcasite sandstones of the main ore body and pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite “gravelites” of its northwestern satellite were studied with laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma. Results. The TE contents, distribution and mode of occurrence differ in sulfides of the main ore body and its northwestern satellite. In ores of the main ore body, most TEs (Ag, Sn, Mn, As, Co, Ni, Te, Pb, Au) accumulate in pyrite-1, pyrite-marcasite aggregates concentrate Tl and Bi, marcasite is a host to Mo and Sb, and chalcopyrite contains Zn, Se and Cd. Pyrite-2 is depleted in TEs relative to other sulfides. In sulfides of the northwestern satellite, most TEs are related to chalcopyrite (Bi, Te, Zn, Cd, Se, Pb, Au, Tl, Ni, Co). Tin accumulates in cubanite, As and Ni are hosted in pyrite-4, Ag, Mn and Mo are concentrated in pyrrhotite, Sb is typical of pyrite-3, and Co accumulates in pyrite-2. Conclusions. Based on the correlation analysis, it is shown that sulfides of the main ore body and its northwestern satellite are characterized by different mode of TE occurrences. The differences are explained by two main reasons: 1) “mafic” and “ultramafic” metal sources for sulfides of the main ore body and its northwestern satellite, respectively, and 2) different degree of diagenetic alteration of sulfides.

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Simanenko, L. F., V. V. Ratkin, and V. A. Turchin. "Mineral assemblages of the porphyry tin-polymetallic ores of Mount Krasnaya paleovolcano of the Krasnogorsky deposit in the Dal’negorsk ore district." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 9, no. 2 (March 2015): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714015020062.

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HaiRui, SUN, Lü ZhiCheng, HAN ZhiRui, DU ZeZhong, ZHANG XiaoMei, and WANG Hu. "Genesis and geological significance of Late Jurassic high-B ore-bearing A-type granite in the Dayishan tin deposit, Hunan Province." Acta Petrologica Sinica 37, no. 6 (2021): 1749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2021.06.07.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tin ore deposit'

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