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Journal articles on the topic 'Tip wear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Marinello, Francesco, Enrico Savio, and Leonardo De Chiffre. "Control of AFM tip wear." International Journal of Precision Technology 2, no. 2/3 (2011): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijptech.2011.039464.

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2

Fedorovych, Ya T., M. M. Liakh, V. V. Mykhailiuk, R. O. Deineha, and B. I. Koval. "SIMULATION OF WEAR OF THE CHRISTMAS TREE CHOKE ELEMENTS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 1(46) (June 26, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2019-1(46)-53-61.

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The effectiveness of the use of machinery and equipment in the oil and gas industry is impossible without solving the problems associated with improving the wear resistance of their components and parts. One of the types of equipment that is subject to intensive wear is the elements of the gushing fittings (valves, chokes, etc.). During operation, the throttle locking elements (tip and nozzle) are subject to the destructive influence of the working environment, as a result of which hydro and gas-dynamic wear of the tip and nozzle occurs. As a result, it becomes impossible to control the flow of a well. The aim of the work is to use simulation modeling to study the wear process of the elements of the choke of the Christmas tree fittings to determine the areas that are the most worn, taking into account the size of abrasive particles in the gas stream. According to the results of simulation, it was found that the size and place of maximum wear of the throttle elements is different, depending on the size of the grains of sand. The amount of wear on the throttle tip is 15 mm/year, and most of all, it is not the tip that wears, but the nozzle (46 mm / year). It was also found that the amount of wear of the surfaces located in front of the nozzle, compared with the wear of the tip and the nozzle, is much less, and is 3 mm/year. Based on the above simulation algorithm and the obtained results, the model of an adjustable choke can later serve as a basis for its subsequent research, namely: optimizing the tip cone to reduce the amount of wear of the tip itself; studies of the effect of speed and pressure drop on the amount of wear of the throttle elements; design optimization.

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3

Tiganesteanu, Constantin, Lucian Capitanu, and Virgil Florescu. "Conical Tip Wear in Transition Deformation – Wear Map Construction under Cyclic Impact of Hardness Ceramic Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.804.

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Penetrator tip wear was investigated on an apparatus testing the impact on hard ceramic materials. The experimental tests were done on a vertical impact computerized test bench of original conception. Tapered diamond and carbide-metal pins were used as penetrators. It was noticed that in some situations the tip of the penetrator remained stuck in its target, acting as a Morse cone, due to the friction force between the penetrator and its target being higher than the reaction force of the collision between the two objects. This has led us to choose an angle of 1060 at the tip of the penetrator cone. For most tests we used a maximum strength of 40 N and a sintered carbide impact pin with a 1150 HV 30/15 hardness. For the study of the penetrator tip wear we have used a granite tile that owing to its high hardnes has enabled a noticeable wear of the tip. We have established a method and an algorithm for calculating the tip wear, based on images captured under a microscope after testing. A general finding is that in all tests, besides the cyclical impact deformation and the wear of coating that were tested, the wear of the tip of the pin which applies the impacts is also noticeable regardless of its shape (spherical, conical, etc), so much so that for a large number of cyclical impacts the pin tip wear must be taken into account. Variation curves are presented in the volume of wear material and of the maximum pressure p0 at the tip of the impactor, depending on the number of impacts. From the variation curve of the wear volume of material according to the number of impacts we’ve established an analytical relationship for the wear of the tip. A logarithmic formula allows for a relative assessment of the extent to which the tip is worn, as a function of the total number of incurred impacts.

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4

He, X. L., Jin Xie, H. F. Xie, and J. L. He. "Effect of Cutter Rake Angle on Cutter V-Tip Wear and Micro-Groove Quality in Micron-Scale Turning of Steel." Key Engineering Materials 499 (January 2012): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.499.211.

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In mechanical micro-grooving, cutter V-tip shape and wear greatly influence the generation of micro-groove on workpiece surface. Hence, cutter V-tip wear and micro-groove shape were observed in micro-grooving experiments. The objective is to understand the generation mechanism of micro-grooves. First, the high-speed steel cutter was ground to be a V-tip whose tip radius is 5 m; then a turning experiment was performed to pattern the micro-grooves on steel surface using the cutter V-tip; then the cutter tip wear and the machined micro-groove shape were measured and evaluated; finally, the effect of cutter rake angle was investigated on cutter tip wear and micro-groove quality. It is shown that the machined groove tip radius is much larger than the sharpened cutter tip radius due to the rapid cutter tip wear during grooving. On increasing cutter rake angle, the cutter V-tip wear decreases, thus leading to the improvement of form accuracy and surface roughness of machined micro-grooves are both improved.

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5

Strahlendorff, Timo, Gaoliang Dai, Detlef Bergmann, and Rainer Tutsch. "Tip wear and tip breakage in high-speed atomic force microscopes." Ultramicroscopy 201 (June 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.03.013.

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6

KARASAWA, Hirokazu, Koji SUZUKI, and Koji TAKAHASHI. "Investigation of Tip Wear on Percussion Bits." Journal of MMIJ 128, no. 12 (2012): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.128.620.

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7

Bassani, R., and M. D'Acunto. "Nanotribology: tip–sample wear under adhesive contact." Tribology International 33, no. 7 (July 2000): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-679x(00)00028-1.

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8

Zhang, Jin, Peng Xian Zhang, and Xiang Jian Xu. "A Model for Predicting the Wear Degree of Electrode Tip." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.292.

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A new method is put forward to predicting the degree of electrode tip wear based on a laser measurement and digital image of the surface joint indentation. First, in order to monitoring the degree of electrode tip wear, the decline altitudes of sphere ΔH that can indicate variation of electrode tip shape are measured by means of the laser measurement system. Second, through the correlation analysis between the parameters S0, S1, S, K1 reflecting digital image characteristic of joint indentation and the decline altitudes of sphere ΔH, S0, S, K1 are extracted as characteristic parameters of monitoring electrode tip wear. At last, a model of support vector machine (SVM) for predicting the degree of electrode tip wear is established between the parameters S0, S, K1 as the input vector and ΔH as the target vector. Test result shows, the correlation coefficient between model prediction and actual measured values are 0.9907. The prediction model can realize estimating the degree of electrode tip wear.

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9

Dickinson, J. T., L. Scudiero, N. S. Park, M. W. Kim, and S. C. Langford. "A Mechanism for Mechanochemical Wear of Model Systems: Nano-Tribology Studies of Carbonate and Phosphate Single Crystal Surfaces in Aqueous Media." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013301.

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In several mechanical wear situations, e.g., those involving biomaterials and applications of mechanochemical polishing, a surface experiences simultaneous tribological loading and corrosive chemical exposure; the combination can greatly increase wear rates. We examine the exposure of single crystal calcite [CaCO3], dolomite [MgCa(CO3)2], and brushite[CaHPO4.2H2O] to buffered aqueous solutions and mechanical stimulation with an Scanning Force Microscope (SFM) tip. Silicon nitride tips are used with applied normal loads from 0-300 nN, tip radii ∼30 nm and tip velocities from 1-200 μm/s. We present the influence of normal force, tip velocity, and solution chemistry on the rates of corrosive wear of calcite and dolomite. Images of the wear of atomic steps can be used to examine the wear rates and propagation of dissolution around the stimulated region. Mechanical stimulation includes small area scans, linear reciprocation, and indentation. A diagram of wear by linear reciprocation of the SFM tip and typical results on single crystal calcite are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.

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10

Zhao, Guoyong, Yu Su, Guangming Zheng, Yugang Zhao, and Chunxiao Li. "Tool tip cutting specific energy prediction model and the influence of machining parameters and tool wear in milling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 10 (April 13, 2020): 1346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420911298.

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Most of the existing energy-consumption models of machine tools are related to specific machine components and hence cannot be applied to other machine tools with different specifications. In order to help operators optimize machining parameters for improving energy efficiency, the tool tip cutting specific energy prediction model based on machining parameters and tool wear in milling is developed, which is independent of the standby power of machine tools and the spindle no-load power. Then, the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is verified with dry milling AISI 1045 steel experiments. Finally, the influence of machining parameters and tool wear on tool tip cutting specific energy is studied. The developed model is independent of machine components, so it can reveal the influence of machining parameters and tool wear on tool tip cutting specific energy. The tool tip cutting specific energy reduces with the increase in the cutting depth, side cutting depth, feed rate, and cutting speed, while increases linearly as the tool wears gradually. The research results are helpful to formulate efficient and energy-saving processing schemes on various milling machines.

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11

Zhang, Hai Jun, and Ming Zhou. "Tool Wear in Diamond Cutting Sinusoidal Microstructured Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 431-432 (March 2010): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.431-432.94.

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Tool wear in diamond cutting sinusoidal mircostructured surfaces may be quite different from that in conventional diamond turning as the sharp point tip tool is used and the depth of cut changes cyclically along the profile of the cutting surfaces. In present paper, the diamond tool geometry requirements for cutting sinusoidal microstructured surfaces were analyzed. A series of controlled cutting tests of LY12 were executed on a 2-aixs bench type ultra-precision turning machine which equipped a fast tool servo (FTS). Tool wear patterns were investigated with varied feed speed in diamond cutting sinusoidal microstructured surfaces. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination results of tool wear showed that the visible wear was occurred after a short cutting distance. The gradual wear around tool tip and along cutting edges was predominant wear pattern with a low feed speed. The catastrophic fracture wear at tool tip was happened with a high feed speed and the wear of sharp point tip of tool was more serious than that of cutting edges of tool.

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12

Watson, Michael, and Matthew Marshall. "Wear mechanisms at the blade tip seal interface." Wear 404-405 (June 2018): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.03.009.

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13

Greenfield, Leonard O. "Canine tip wear in male and female anthropoids." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107, no. 1 (September 1998): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199809)107:1<87::aid-ajpa7>3.0.co;2-a.

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14

Luo, Ping, Shi Jie Dong, Zhang Qiang Mei, and Zhi Xiong Xie. "Strengthening Mechanism of TiB2-TiC Complex Phases Coated Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.251.

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TiB2-TiC complex phases coating deposited onto the surface of electrodes by electro-spark deposition (ESD) in order to prolong the life of single phase coated electrode (TiB2 or TiC) during resistance welding of galvanized steels. The microstructures and TiB2-TiC complex phases coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The results indicate that life of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is prolonged significantly than life of single-phase coated electrode （TiB2 or TiC ）, failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is mainly wear to cause diameter increase on electrode tip, which results in lower current density during welding process, and then nugget size cannot satisfy the requirement of resistance spot welding. The failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is obviously different from uncoated electrode, the failure mechanism of uncoated electrode is wear and alloying between electrode tip surface and molten Zn on galvanized steel weld surface.

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15

Wang, Nan Nan, Ran Feng Qiu, Shuai Ma, Kai Huang, and Ning Wang. "Analyses of Electrode Tip Wear Mechanism and Restraint during Resistance Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.281.

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Aiming at the electrode tips wear problem during resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy, the authors analyze electrode tip wear processes during resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy, and then propose the resistance spot welding with cover plates to be used to weld aluminum alloy. Since the electrode tip do not contact with aluminum alloy sheet, the electrode tip service life can be lengthened.

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16

Katsuki, Futoshi. "Single asperity tribochemical wear of silicon by atomic force microscopy." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0024.

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Measurements of single asperity wear on oxidized silicon surface in aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) using atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the single crystal silicon tip was used both to tribologically load and image the surface, is presented. AFM was also operating in the lateral (frictional) force mode to investigate the pH dependence of kinetic friction between the tip and the SiO2 surface. It was shown that the Si tip wear amount strongly depended on the solution pH value and was at a maximum at around pH 10. It was also found that the Si removal volume in mol was approximately equal to that of SiO2 irrespective of the solution pH value. This equality implies that the formation of the Si–O–Si bridge between one Si atom of the tip and one SiO2 molecule of the specimen at the wear interface. The surface of the Si tip is then oxidized. Finally, the bond rupture by the tip movement will occur, the dimeric silica (OH)3Si–O–Si(OH)3, including the Si–O–Si bridge, is dissolved in the KOH solution. The frictional signal is also sensitive to the pH values of the solution and peaked at around pH 10. These results indicate that the removal behavior of the Si tip and SiO2 surface would be affected by the frictional force between the Si and the SiO2, because of an increased liquid temperature and a compressive stress in Si and SiO2 networks. Strong influence is observed by the pH of the ambient solution confirming the important role of the OH− in the wear mechanism. Pressure dependence of the microwear behavior under aqueous electrolyte solutions has also been investigated. A microscopic removal mechanism, which is determined by interplay of the diffusion of water in Si and SiO2, is presented.

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17

Lu, C. J., Zhaoguo Jiang, D. B. Bogy, and T. Miyamoto. "Development of a New Tip Assembly for Lateral Force Microscopy and Its Application to Thin Film Magnetic Media." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831237.

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In a Lateral Force Microscope (LFM), appropriate spring constants of the tip assembly are essential for obtaining proper normal loads for wear or scratch tests and good lateral force signals. We developed a new tip assembly design for which the lateral and normal springs can be changed independently. It was installed on a LFM where two optical heads are used to detect the lateral and normal deflections of the tip assembly for simultaneous measurements of the surface topography and friction force. Reliable calibration procedures for the LFM are presented. The LFM was used to measure the lateral forces in wear tests under various normal forces for thin film magnetic disks with and without a carbon overcoat. The friction coefficient is constant in the load range where there is no wear and increases with normal load after the tip starts to damage the surface. The carbon-coated disk has a lower friction coefficient and can support larger normal loads without wear.

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18

Khurshudov, Andrei G., Koji Kato, and Hiroyuki Koide. "Wear of the AFM diamond tip sliding against silicon." Wear 203-204 (March 1997): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(96)07447-9.

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19

YAMAGUCHI, Mizuho, Shuichi KAJITANI, Naoya OSONE, Masaaki KATO, and Masaaki TAKAHARA. "513 A study of wear of spray nozzle tip." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2006 (2006): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2006.127.

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20

Sun, Jian Wei, Li Qin Wang, and Le Gu. "Modeling and Simulation of Wear in PTFE Lip Seals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.196.

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Radial lip seals made from PTFE composites are used more frequently for sealing of crank shafts in automotive and aerospace industries. Due to the seal loses materials and finally fails. Through experiment on a test rig, the tribology performance of seal can be predicted. Because of the non-linear elasto-viscoplastc material properties of PTFE composites, the finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted. A modified iterative remeshing method is adopted in wear process. The lip wears out according to the contact pressure of the node on the contact surface. Comparisons between numerical simulation and short-term service are made. The results show that the maximum of contact pressure decreased and width increased with wear time added, and the maximum of contact pressure moves toward the lip tip. Finally, it reaches lip tip, the phenomenon of uneven contact pressure was disappeared.

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21

Yang, Li, Jian Qin, and Bai Ke Zhao. "Determine the Geometry of Tip in Humidity-Dependent Adhesion Force Measurements with Atomic Force Microscope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1248.

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The changes of the tip geometry due to the tip wear can completely alter the variation of the adhesion force dependence on the humidity. In this paper, we propose a simple method to calculate the width of tip wear using the adhesion force at inflection point of the experimental adhesion force versus humidity curves. Theoretical results show that the turning point of the adhesion versus humidity curve is closely correlated with the width of the worn tip, which can be precise calculated. The validity of the proposed method is proved by the agreement of our calculate results and the existing experimental data.

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22

Islam, Sumaiya, Raafat N. Ibrahim, and Raj Das. "Study of Abrasive Wear Mechanism through Nano Machining." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.931.

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The objective of this paper is to understand the abrasive wear mechanism for producing a nano scale groove on a bulk material through nano machining. A nano indenter equipped with a nano scratching attachment was used for nano machining operation and in situ observation of the machined surfaces. Two different tools (Berkovich and Conical) with the same tip radius (100nm) but different edge geometries were used to machine both Copper and Nickel coatings. It was found that the percentage of elastic recovery was lower for Cu than Ni during this nano machining operations. Hence, the deformation mechanism in nano machining operation was identified as elasto-plastic in nature as opposed to the well established completely plastic mode of conventional machining operations. The pile up volume due to plastic deformation was utilized to distinguish between the ploughing and cutting modes of abrasive wear mechanisms. The results reveal that the ploughing mechanism was dominant for Cu and the cutting mechanism was dominant for Ni machining. Moreover, both mechanisms ploughing and cutting were the dominant modes of abrasive wear using the Berkovich tip compared to the Conical tip for producing a nano scale groove through nano machining.

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23

Brand, Uwe, Min Xu, Lutz Doering, Jannick Langfahl-Klabes, Heinrich Behle, Sebastian Bütefisch, Thomas Ahbe, et al. "Long Slender Piezo-Resistive Silicon Microprobes for Fast Measurements of Roughness and Mechanical Properties inside Micro-Holes with Diameters below 100 µm." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061410.

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During the past decade, piezo-resistive cantilever type silicon microprobes for high-speed roughness measurements inside high-aspect-ratio microstructures, like injection nozzles or critical gas nozzles have been developed. This article summarizes their metrological properties for fast roughness and shape measurements including noise, damping, tip form, tip wear, and probing forces and presents the first results on the measurement of mechanical surface parameters. Due to the small mass of the cantilever microprobes, roughness measurements at very high traverse speeds up to 15 mm/s are possible. At these high scanning speeds, considerable wear of the integrated silicon tips was observed in the past. In this paper, a new tip-testing artefact with rectangular grooves of different width was used to measure this wear and to measure the tip shape, which is needed for morphological filtering of the measured profiles and, thus, for accurate form measurements. To reduce tip wear, the integrated silicon tips were replaced by low-wear spherical diamond tips of a 2 µm radius. Currently, a compact microprobe device with an integrated feed-unit is being developed for high-speed roughness measurements on manufacturing machines. First measurements on sinusoidal artefacts were carried out successfully. Moreover, the first measurements of the elastic modulus of a polymer surface applying the contact resonance measurement principle are presented, which indicates the high potential of these microprobes for simultaneous high-speed roughness and mechanical parameter measurements.

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24

Gutierrez Hancco, Enrique, and ,. Juan Edson Santos Lovatón. "MODIFICACIÓN DE LA FORMA DEL EXTREMO DISTAL DEL PELO (PUNTA DEL CABELLO) DEBIDO AL DESGASTE NATURAL Y/O COTIDIANIDAD, HASTA CIEN DÍAS POSTERIORES AL CORTE." SCIENTIARVM 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26696/sci.epg.0129.

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ABSTRACT: The tips of the hair were morphologically evaluated due to natural wear or daily activities (abrasion) from a young adult male (29 years old), mixed race (South American). Five hair samples were taken from the Frontal, Vertex, Occipital, Temporal (right and left) and Infratemporal (right and left) regions of the head. Daily activities generate wear to the cuticle by different mechanical processes and has greater incidence in the distal end of the hair (hair tip), to differentiate them based on time, and it was done by visual comparison with photography record day by day from the previous day until a rounded wear (blunt) was observed. The degree of wear of the hair tip in the comparative analysis of coeval samples of hairs with forensic interest can be a very relevant characteristic when trying to associate or exclude doubtful samples, with respect to a particular hair source. In this investigation, from the second week on, the narrowing and wear of the tips of the hairs became noticeable, reaching a completely rounded or blunt shape at maximum fourteen weeks. Key words: hair, tip, wear, head, temporal, infratemporal, forensic, rounded.

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25

Fan, Qiuxia, Qianqian Zhang, Guirong Liu, Xin Li, Wei Jia, Zhiwei Guo, and Ruimin Han. "An experimental study on wearing of conical picks interacting with rock." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2018-0225.

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Wearing of conical picks on a coal mining machine and roadheaders are investigated experimentally using a full-scale rotary cutting machine. This study considers three types of conical picks with different tip materials to examine the effects of wear resistance of conical picks and wear characteristics in response to cutting load. The influence of pick wear on the cutting load and pick tip temperature are analyzed, thereby providing an experimental-based guideline for reducing pick wear. The results indicate that the cemented carbide pick has the best wear resistance among the three kinds of picks studied, and the pick life can be significantly extended for picks with a wear-resistant coating surface. It is also found that pick wear has the greatest influence on the normal force. Thermal fatigue and overloading are two factors that cause pick wear failure. The results can also be used to design the conical pick with wear-resistant coating and to validate the numerical models.

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26

Yang, Hai Dong, N. Liu, Z. Ding, Z. G. Zhu, and C. G. Zhang. "Wear Behavior of PCBN Tool in High Speed Turning TC4." Advanced Materials Research 426 (January 2012): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.426.344.

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PCBN tools were used for the turning of TC4. The cutting behavior and wear mechanisms were examined by means of the microscope, SEM and EDS analyses. The results have shown that ,the forms of the tool wear are mainly the rake face wear, flank wear, tip damage ,flaking and tipping; while the wear mechanism are mainly adhesion wear ,diffusion wear, machine wear and oxidation wear.

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27

Mathiszik, Christian, David Köberlin, Stefan Heilmann, Jörg Zschetzsche, and Uwe Füssel. "General Approach for Inline Electrode Wear Monitoring at Resistance Spot Welding." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040685.

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Electrodes for resistance spot welding inevitably wear out. In order to extend their service life, the tip-dressing process restores their original geometry. So far, however, the point in time for tip-dressing is mainly based on experience and not on process data. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the in-situ or inline wear during the welding process without using additional sensors, and to base the timing for tip-dressing on continuous process monitoring, extending electrode life even further. Under laboratory conditions, electrode wear is analyzed by topographical measurements deepening the knowledge of the known main wear modes of resistance-spot-welding electrodes, mushrooming and plateau forming, and characterizing an electrode length delta over the number of spot welds. In general, electrode wear results in deformation of the electrode contact area, which influences process parameters and thereby weld quality. The conducted tests show correlation between this deformed contact area and the electrode length delta. The study shows that this electrode length delta is visible in actual process data, and can therefore be used as a criterion to characterize the wear of electrodes. Furthermore, this study gives reason to question commonly used spot-welding quality criteria and suggests different approaches, such as basing spot-welding quality on the possibility of nondestructive testing.

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28

Loubet, J. L., M. Belin, R. Durand, and H. Pascal. "Triboscopic description of local wear phenomena under an AFM tip." Thin Solid Films 253, no. 1-2 (December 1994): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)90319-0.

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29

Sztachó-Pekáry, István. "Influence of Fan Nozzle Tip Orifice Wear on Spray Pattern." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.2.2006.1.2.

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30

Lea, Simon C., Gabriel Landini, and A. Damien Walmsley. "The effect of wear on ultrasonic scaler tip displacement amplitude." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33, no. 1 (January 2006): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00861.x.

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31

Vanegas, Leopoldo García, Milton Carlos Elías Espinosa, Noé López Perrusquia, Marco Antonio Doñu Ruiz, Victor Hugo Olmos Domínguez, Leticia Hernández Ramírez, and Lizbeth Melo-Máximo. "Analysis of the wear mechanisms of the boriding drill tip." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (July 30, 2021): 3406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621011703.

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32

Ctvrtlik, Radim, and Jan Tomastik. "Wear of Human Enamel and Dentin." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.129.

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The wear of human tooth enamel and dentin has been studied and compared using a repetitive constant load scratch test. Depth sensing indentation with spherical tip was used for measurement of hardness and reduced modulus. An analysis of residual wear tracks was performed with scanning laser confocal microscopy. A procedure for evaluation of repetitive scratch test was proposed. Results showed that the microtribological behavior of enamel differs obviously from that of dentin.

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33

Rao, S. B. "Tool Wear Monitoring Through the Dynamics of Stable Turning." Journal of Engineering for Industry 108, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187062.

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This paper describes a microcomputer-based technique for monitoring the flank wear on a single-point tool engaged in a turning operation. The technique is based on the real-time computation of a Wear Index (WI). This WI is a measure of the resistance, at the tool tip-workpiece interface along the flank, to the forced oscillations of the cantilever portion of the tool holder, during machining. Increasing flank wear results in an increasing area of contact between tool tip and workpiece. This translates to an increasing WI, proportional to flank wear-land width and independent of other cutting process variables. This WI, which can be computed on-line as a ratio of the measured dynamic force amplitude to the vibration amplitude, at the first natural frequency of the cantilever portion of the toolholder, forms the basis of the microcomputer system described in this paper for tool wear monitoring.

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Cheng, Fei, and Jingyan Dong. "Data-driven online detection of tip wear in tip-based nanomachining using incremental adaptive support vector machine." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 69 (September 2021): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.08.013.

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James, Sagil, and Murali M. Sundaram. "Modeling of Tool Wear in Vibration Assisted Nano Impact-Machining by Loose Abrasives." International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 2014 (October 20, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/291564.

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Vibration assisted nano impact-machining by loose abrasives (VANILA) is a novel nanomachining process that combines the principles of vibration assisted abrasive machining and tip-based nanomachining, to perform target specific nanoabrasive machining of hard and brittle materials. An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used as a platform in this process wherein nanoabrasives, injected in slurry between the workpiece and the vibrating AFM probe which is the tool, impact the workpiece and cause nanoscale material removal. The VANILA process are conducted such that the tool tip does not directly contact the workpiece. The level of precision and quality of the machined features in a nanomachining process is contingent on the tool wear which is inevitable. Initial experimental studies have demonstrated reduced tool wear in the VANILA process as compared to indentation process in which the tool directly contacts the workpiece surface. In this study, the tool wear rate during the VANILA process is analytically modeled considering impacts of abrasive grains on the tool tip surface. Experiments are conducted using several tools in order to validate the predictions of the theoretical model. It is seen that the model is capable of accurately predicting the tool wear rate within 10% deviation.

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Jin, X., and B. Kasal. "Adhesion force mapping on wood by atomic force microscopy: influence of surface roughness and tip geometry." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 10 (October 2016): 160248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160248.

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This study attempts to address the interpretation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) adhesion force measurements conducted on the heterogeneous rough surface of wood and natural fibre materials. The influences of wood surface roughness, tip geometry and wear on the adhesion force distribution are examined by cyclic measurements conducted on wood surface under dry inert conditions. It was found that both the variation of tip and surface roughness of wood can widen the distribution of adhesion forces, which are essential for data interpretation. When a common Si AFM tip with nanometre size is used, the influence of tip wear can be significant. Therefore, control experiments should take the sequence of measurements into consideration, e.g. repeated experiments with used tip. In comparison, colloidal tips provide highly reproducible results. Similar average values but different distributions are shown for the adhesion measured on two major components of wood surface (cell wall and lumen). Evidence supports the hypothesis that the difference of the adhesion force distribution on these two locations was mainly induced by their surface roughness.

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Zhang, Xiao Bin, Xia Chang, Fu Hui Han, and Wei Jiu Huang. "TiB2 Ceramic Tool Turning 45# Steel Experimental Study." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1067.

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By using ordinary lathe, carried out cutting experimental study with cylindrical turning 45# steel on TiB2 ceramic cutting tool. By using Stereo Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy, recorded cutting tool surface’s friction and wear conditions. The results showed that higher cutting speed could made surface roughness decrease and surface quality better; TiB2 ceramic cutting tool’s wear mechanism was abrasive wear, aoxidation wear; wear of blade tip and main flank face were more serious.

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Walton, D., A. A. Tessema, C. J. Hooke, and J. Shippen. "A Note on Tip Relief and Backlash Allowances in Non-Metallic Gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 209, no. 6 (November 1995): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_169_02.

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Previous work on load sharing in non-metallic gears indicated that the change in operating contact ratio is large enough to cause concern. Tests also show that premature contact between the gear teeth can lead to severe flank wear. This paper shows that predetermined amounts of tip relief are needed to minimize this form of wear from occurring. The tip relief suggested in this paper is compared to recommendations given in the British Standard. Finally, for non-metallic gears, allowances for backlash due to elastic deformation of the teeth are suggested.

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Petzold, Christiane, Marcus Koch, and Roland Bennewitz. "Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO x /Si/Au system." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (June 5, 2018): 1647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.157.

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Friction force microscopy was performed with oxidized or gold-coated silicon tips sliding on Au(111) or oxidized Si(100) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. We measured very low friction forces compared to adhesion forces and found a modulation of lateral forces reflecting the atomic structure of the surfaces. Holding the force-microscopy tip stationary for some time did not lead to an increase in static friction, i.e., no contact ageing was observed for these pairs of tip and surface. Passivating layers from tip or surface were removed in order to allow for contact ageing through the development of chemical bonds in the static contact. After removal of the passivating layers, tribochemical reactions resulted in strong friction forces and tip wear. Friction, wear, and the re-passivation by oxides are discussed based on results for the temporal development of friction forces, on images of the scanned area after friction force microscopy experiments, and on electron microscopy of the tips.

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Kim, Dong-Yoon, In-Sung Hwang, Dong-Cheol Kim, and Moon-Jin Kang. "Wear Resistance Evaluation of Contact Tip according to Flux Cored Wire." Journal of Welding and Joining 31, no. 4 (August 31, 2013): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2013.31.4.42.

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Degiampietro, K., and R. Colaço. "Nanoabrasive wear induced by an AFM diamond tip on stainless steel." Wear 263, no. 7-12 (September 2007): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.10.020.

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adigal, M. Appoothi, and B. K. Raghunath. "Wear characteristics of Mg/Tip composites manufactured through Powder Metallurgy techniques." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 27, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v27p223.

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Nicolet, Anaïs, Alain Küng, and Felix Meli. "Study of sapphire probe tip wear when scanning on different materials." Measurement Science and Technology 23, no. 9 (July 25, 2012): 094016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/9/094016.

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Vargonen, Metin, Yongjian Yang, Liping Huang, and Yunfeng Shi. "Molecular simulation of tip wear in a single asperity sliding contact." Wear 307, no. 1-2 (September 2013): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.09.004.

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Nishio, Junichi, Noritsugu Umehara, and Takayuki Tokoroyama. "611 Wear mechanism of tungsten carbide drill tip in CFRP drilling." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2011.60 (2011): _611–1_—_611–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2011.60._611-1_.

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Kong, Xiangcheng, Jia Deng, Jingyan Dong, and Paul H. Cohen. "Study of tip wear for AFM-based vibration-assisted nanomachining process." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 50 (February 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.12.013.

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TAKEUCHI, Hisaharu, Masaaki KATO, Shuichi KAJITANI, Mizuho YAMAGUCHI, Yuuji AIHARA, and Masaaki TAKAHARA. "C201 A STUDY OF DIESEL NOZZLE TIP WEAR IN THE CASE OF THE FUEL DME(Erosion)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.2 (2009): _2–181_—_2–186_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.2._2-181_.

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Umezaki, Yoji, Yasutsune Ariura, Toshio Suzuki, and Ryohei Ishimaru. "High-Speed Finishing of Hard Gear Teeth with cBN-Tipped Hob." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 5 (September 5, 2008): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0348.

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The hobbing finish of hard gear teeth such as case-hardened gears is anticipated for practical use in high efficiency production. We studied wear and finished surface properties in cutting tests using a cubic boron nitride (cBN) hob cutter in high-speed cutting at 900 m/min of case-hardened steel. The cBN content in tip ingredients is related to wear, and tips high in cBN content are superior in wear resistance. The high thermal conductivity of cBN tips helps transfer cutting temperature heat to chips, melting and adhering them to the relief surface. Flaking may occur on the cutting edge but new chipping does not occur although chipping may exist after grinding. Finished surface roughness is influenced by horning on the cutting edge. Round horning leads to a smooth surface. High-speed finishing with cBN-tipped hobs is analyzed in view of cBN tip grinding and finished surface properties, in addition to wear properties.

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Wu, Shifeng, and H. S. Cheng. "Sliding Wear Calculation in Spur Gears." Journal of Tribology 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2921665.

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In gear applications where precipitous tooth failure mode such as scoring or scuffing has been avoided, “normal” wear becomes a life-determining factor. In this paper, sliding wear in spur gears, including the considerations of gear dynamics and rough-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, is analyzed. Formulas for equivalent wear rate and tooth wear profile along the line of action are derived. Results show that most materials are removed from both the addendum and dedendum tooth surfaces, and that the highest wear occurs at the beginning of an engagement. This high wear region corresponds to the root of the driving (pinion) teeth and the tip of the driven (gear) teeth. These analytical results correlate well with the practical evidences in AGMA documentation.

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Xie, Jin, Y. X. Lu, and Y. W. Zhuo. "Grindability of Micro Pyramid-Structured Surface for Various Hard and Brittle Materials." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.855.

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A novel grinding approach of micro pyramid-structured surface is proposed by using a 60º V-tip of #600 diamond grinding wheel in CNC system. The research objective is to understand the micro grindability of various hard and brittle materials including quartz glass, silicon, SiC ceramics and WC alloy. First, a CNC mutual-wear truing approach was developed to sharpen the wheel V-tip; then, the wheel V-tip was employed to pattern the micro pyramidal array on workpiece surface along CNC tool paths; finally, the machined micro-structured surface and its form accuracy and aspect ratio were investigated. It is shown that this CNC mutual-wear truing approach can not only produce a V-shaped diamond grinding wheel, but also sharpen the diamond grain edges on the wheel V-tip. This wheel V-tip may be used to machine the micron-scale pyramid arrays on silicon, SiC ceramics and WC alloy surfaces with CNC level reticulated cross tool paths, the depth of cut of 1 m and on-machine V-tip form-truing process. Although the average form error of machined micro-structured surface is very small, its pyramidal tops and groove bottoms appear very large form errors, which are dominated by the wheel V-tip sharpness and the grinding conditions, respectively. This leads to a decrease in the aspect ratio by about 38%, 30% and 14% in contrast to the ideal one of 0.87 for silicon, SiC ceramics and WC alloy, respectively.

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