Academic literature on the topic 'Tipping behaviour'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tipping behaviour"
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Kowalczuk, Iwona, and Jerzy Gębski. "Factors influencing restaurant tipping behaviour – the case of Poland." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-10-2019-0189.
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Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the literature that discusses consumer tipping behaviour in eating establishments. Because there is no detailed research into this issue with regard to consumers in Central and East European countries, the authors conducted research aimed at learning about the tipping behaviour of the Poles. Design/methodology/approach This study was carried out in 2018, using the computer-assisted web interviewing method, for a sample of 1,000 people. Six research questions were asked: How often the Poles give tips in eating establishments? What is an average size of a tip? What determinants influence the frequency and magnitude of tips? Who is likely to give a tip every one to two visits? Who is likely to tip more than the standard 10%? What influences the reasons why Polish consumers tend to tip? Findings The findings show the strong relationships between both a consumers’ tipping frequency and magnitude and the frequency at which these consumers eat out. This study also implicates income and education as essential factors influencing tipping behaviour and the lack of gender effect on consumers’ decision to tip. It was also noticed that such reasons as the quality of service, a taste of the dishes and a belief that it is proper to tip have a significant impact on the frequency of giving the tips. A significant diversity of the reasons’ meaning for tipping among Polish consumers depending upon their age was also stated. Research limitations/implications It would be interesting to compare the results of the current study with studies concerning consumer tipping behaviours in other Central and Eastern European countries historically and culturally similar to Poland to investigate whether the specifics of tipping behaviour noticed in Poland apply elsewhere. Originality/value This study shows the specifics of Polish people’s tipping behaviour and partially fulfills the gap in the knowledge of this aspect of consumers’ from Central and Eastern Europe behaviour. The obtained results suggest that with the increasing incomes and the widespread use of food services, tipping is likely to become more common in Poland. Furthermore, the pragmatic reasons for tipping will become more important than social and psychological motivators.
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Saayman, Melville, and Andrea Saayman. "Understanding Tipping Behaviour — An Economic Perspective." Tourism Economics 21, no. 2 (April 2015): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0448.
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Klose, Ann Kristin, Volker Karle, Ricarda Winkelmann, and Jonathan F. Donges. "Emergence of cascading dynamics in interacting tipping elements of ecology and climate." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 6 (June 2020): 200599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200599.
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In ecology, climate and other fields, (sub)systems have been identified that can transition into a qualitatively different state when a critical threshold or tipping point in a driving process is crossed. An understanding of those tipping elements is of great interest given the increasing influence of humans on the biophysical Earth system. Complex interactions exist between tipping elements, e.g. physical mechanisms connect subsystems of the climate system. Based on earlier work on such coupled nonlinear systems, we systematically assessed the qualitative long-term behaviour of interacting tipping elements. We developed an understanding of the consequences of interactions on the tipping behaviour allowing for tipping cascades to emerge under certain conditions. The (narrative) application of these qualitative results to real-world examples of interacting tipping elements indicates that tipping cascades with profound consequences may occur: the interacting Greenland ice sheet and thermohaline ocean circulation might tip before the tipping points of the isolated subsystems are crossed. The eutrophication of the first lake in a lake chain might propagate through the following lakes without a crossing of their individual critical nutrient input levels. The possibility of emerging cascading tipping dynamics calls for the development of a unified theory of interacting tipping elements and the quantitative analysis of interacting real-world tipping elements.
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Tse, Alan C. "Tipping behaviour: a disconfirmation of expectation perspective." International Journal of Hospitality Management 22, no. 4 (December 2003): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2003.07.002.
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Kruger, M., and M. Saayman. "The dining and tipping behaviour of Black South Africans: a segmentation approach." Southern African Business Review 20, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 336–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/6055.
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The literature on dining and tipping behaviour has focused mostly on the United States of America (USA), while minimal research has been conducted in African countries. While there is a negative and grounded perception surrounding black diners being poor tippers in the USA, hardly any research has focused on the dining or tipping behaviour of this dining market from a developing country perspective. The intention of this exploratory research was to fill the current knowledge gap by segmenting black South Africans on the basis of their motives for dining out and to determine the differences in the dining and tipping behaviour of the different segments. To target potential black diners, a visitor survey was conducted at the Cape Town International Jazz Festival. A total of 256 usable questionnaires were returned and included in the analysis. Socialisation, gastronomy enjoyment, lifestyle and escape and status were identified as the four motives for dining out. Based on these motives, different black dining segments were identified and an OSI (Occasionalists, Socialisers and Indulgers) typology of diners proposed. The dining and tipping behaviour of these dining segments are furthermore influenced by several factors, with clear implications for both the server and restaurateurs. The results shed light on the dining and tipping behaviour of black South African diners and showed that this dining market cannot be regarded as bad tippers.
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Pruitt, Jonathan N., Andrew Berdahl, Christina Riehl, Noa Pinter-Wollman, Holly V. Moeller, Elizabeth G. Pringle, Lucy M. Aplin, et al. "Social tipping points in animal societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1887 (September 19, 2018): 20181282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1282.
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Animal social groups are complex systems that are likely to exhibit tipping points—which are defined as drastic shifts in the dynamics of systems that arise from small changes in environmental conditions—yet this concept has not been carefully applied to these systems. Here, we summarize the concepts behind tipping points and describe instances in which they are likely to occur in animal societies. We also offer ways in which the study of social tipping points can open up new lines of inquiry in behavioural ecology and generate novel questions, methods, and approaches in animal behaviour and other fields, including community and ecosystem ecology. While some behaviours of living systems are hard to predict, we argue that probing tipping points across animal societies and across tiers of biological organization—populations, communities, ecosystems—may help to reveal principles that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries.
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Callan, Roger J., and Kirstie Tyson. "Tipping Behaviour in Hospitality Embodying a Comparative Prolegomenon of English and Italian Customers." Tourism and Hospitality Research 2, no. 3 (October 2000): 242–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146735840000200305.
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The paper introduces tipping in a historical perspective, explaining and contrasting tipping habits in England and elsewhere. The case for tipping or service charges is presented. A review of the literature explores those factors that have been found to influence tipping behaviour. The methodology for a comparative introductory study of English and Italian hotel restaurant customers is explained, together with the results. Due to the limited sample sizes, care should be taken when interpreting the results, as differences identified between the English and Italian samples could be abated due to the regional differences within each country. With this qualification, the paper concludes that Italians rated influencing factors more highly than did the English and found attractiveness of server, speed of service and prompt bill delivery to be particularly important. By contrast, English customers generally rated qualities of the product to be more important than the characteristics of the server as influences on tip size.
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Lundeberg, Mark B., and Mark RA Shegelski. "Long tipping times of a quantum rod." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p06-003.
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We calculate the tipping time of a quantum rod that has a height several times that of the edge length of its square base. We use an expression for the tipping time that has heuristic value, and gives the average time at which, upon measurement, the initially balanced rod is found to tip. We use two methods to calculate the tipping time. One method is to examine the "late time" behaviour of the quantum state of the center of mass of the rod by using an equation that has the form of the time-independent Schrödinger equation except that it involves a "complex energy." The other method uses energy resonances in the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian to determine the tipping time. We use the well-known WentzelKramersBrillouin approximation to calculate the energy eigenstates. With these methods, we obtain expressions for the tipping time that are valid for very long tipping times. PACS Nos.: 03.65.w, 03.65.Xp
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Ong, Cheng Boon. "Tipping points in Dutch big city neighbourhoods." Urban Studies 54, no. 4 (September 29, 2016): 1016–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015619867.
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Micro-level studies using individual and household data have shown that residential location choices are influenced by neighbourhood ethnic composition. Using three conurbation samples in the Netherlands – Amsterdam metropolitan area, Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area and the country’s largest conurbation, the ‘Randstad’ urban agglomeration – this paper analyses the evolution of neighbourhood ethnic composition as a social interaction outcome of disaggregated household behaviour. The potential ‘tipping point’ in neighbourhood ethnic composition, beyond which ‘white flight’ (or the departure of native or advantaged households) occurs, is tested. The share in neighbourhood population of native Dutch and Western minority did not exhibit the hypothesised ‘tipping’ behaviour in its growth rate with respect to initial share of non-Western minority. This paper argues that the large social housing sector, centralised tax regime, and strong regulatory role of the state in housing and urban planning, are the main explanatory factors for the relative constancy in Dutch neighbourhood ethnic composition.
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Barkan, Rachel, and Aviad Israeli. "Testing servers' roles as experts and managers of tipping behaviour." Service Industries Journal 24, no. 6 (November 2004): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264206042000299194.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Tipping behaviour"
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Zhu, Jielin. "Asymptotic behaviour of tipping points in non-autonomous systems with random and periodic forcing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54561.
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We consider the effect on tipping from an additive periodic forcing and an additive white noise in a canonical model with a saddle-node bifurcation and a slowly varying bifurcation parameter. Using a multiple scales analysis, we consider the effect of amplitude and frequency of the periodic forcing relative to the drifting rate of the varying bifurcation parameter. We show that a high frequency oscillation drives an earlier tipping when the bifurcation parameter varies more slowly, with the advance of the tipping point proportional to the square of the ratio of amplitude to frequency. In the low frequency case the position of the tipping point is affected by the frequency, amplitude and phase of the low frequency oscillation. The results are based on an analysis of the local concavity of the trajectory. The tipping point location increases with the amplitude of the periodic forcing, with critical amplitudes where there are jumps in the location. Using a WKB method and a multi-scale analysis, we consider the effect of the amplitude of the noise relative to the drifting rate of the bifurcation parameter. We show that the early tipping is likely to happen if the drifting rate of the bifurcation parameter is smaller than the square of the amplitude of the noise. The WKB approximation shows that the quasi-stationary PDF is related to the potential well of the system. The probability of early tipping, which is related to the PDF near the unstable equilibrium, should be considered locally through a convection-diffusion process. The analysis of the Morris-Lecar model with oscillations shows that the method of multiple scales we used is applicable to the higher dimensional system. For the sea ice model, the method of multiple scales is adapted for the case when the amplitude of the oscillation is larger than its frequency. We applied the WKB method and the multi-scale analysis on the zero-dimensional climate model which has an asymmetric structure of the saddle-node bifurcation. The approximation of the PDF shows that the asymmetry of the shape of the bifurcation diagram plays an important role in the probability of early tipping.Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate
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Neuman, Emma. "Essays on Ethnic Segregation and Economic Outcomes." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30202.
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Essay 1: This paper studies tipping behaviour in the residential mobility of the native population inSweden between 1990 and 2007. Using regression discontinuity methods, we find that thegrowth in native population in a neighbourhood discontinuously drops once aneighbourhood’s immigrant share exceeds the identified tipping point. In the 1990s the dropcan be attributed both to increased out-migration of natives (native flight) and to thedecreased in-migration of natives (native avoidance) while native flight appears to be drivingthe segregation pattern between the years 2000 and 2007. Further, we find native migrationfrom neighbourhoods that have tipped is selective, in the sense that natives with a high levelof educational attainment are the most likely to move from such neighbourhood. We concludethat the native residential mobility has contributed to increased ethnic segregation but it alsoappears to have increased socio-economic segregation in Sweden between 1990 and 2007. Essay 2: This paper focuses on second-generation immigrants and analyses the short- and long-termeffects of immigrant and ethnic group concentration in childhood neighbourhood on earnings,unemployment, reliance on income support and educational attainment. The results show thata high immigrant concentration in a childhood neighbourhood is negatively associated witheconomic outcomes of both second-generation immigrants and natives. Ethnic groupconcentration seems to work in the opposite direction, improving economic outcomes forsecond-generation immigrants. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of includingtime dynamics in any analysis of the effect of childhood neighbourhood ethnic compositionon economic outcomes.
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Zhu, Yajie. "Customer Perceptions of Child Safety towards Residential Furniture." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75928.
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With the nature of exploring and less awareness of danger, furniture at home has been causing various kinds of child injury all over the world. Furniture tipping over is one emerging cause among children under 6 years old. Despite of the importance of child safety, it lacks evidence about people’s perceptions of child safety towards residential furniture. Hence, this thesis used the theory of consumer behaviour to identify factors that can potentially effect perceptions and applied quantitative and qualitative methods to find out perceived importance of child safety when people buy furniture and how people perceive child safety in a given case. It has been found that people perceive child safety much less important when buying furniture not specifically for children. Some factors, such as age, income have influence on it. In the given case of chest of drawers, when perceived to be more likely to tip over, people are more willing to anchor a chest of drawers. It has also found that a three-row and shallow type has mixed perceptions. When the weight of a chest is perceived to be more important, people agree more on the statement that a heavier chest of drawers is less likely to tip over. Although anchoring is considered to be an efficient way of preventing tipping over, results showed that it is not a preferred way for most people. Further study is needed to find out other ways. Information of child safety is welcomed by most of the people. More research can be done to find out effective ways of displaying child safety information.
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Neuman, Emma. "Essays on Segregation, Gender Economics, and Self-employment." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44556.
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This thesis consists of four empirical essays on the topics of ethnic segregation, gender economics, and self-employment. Essay I investigates how the residential mobility of Sweden's native population contributes to ethnic segregation, by applying regression discontinuity methods. The results show that the growth in the native population in a neighbourhood discontinuously drops as the share of non-European immigrants exceeds the tipping point. Tipping is driven by the departure of natives and their avoidance of tipped neighbourhoods. Tipping behaviour is selective in the sense that highly educated and high earning natives are more likely to leave neighbourhoods that have tipped. Essay II studies the relationship between the childhood neighbourhood's ethnic composition and economic outcomes in adulthood for second-generation immigrant sand natives. The results reveal that a high concentration of immigrants in aneighbourhood is associated with a lower probability of second-generation immigrants continuing to higher education. Natives' earnings and educational attainment are negatively correlated with, and the probability of social assistance and unemployment are positively associated with a high immigrant concentration. Among non-Nordic second-generation immigrants, reliance on social assistance and unemployment are negatively correlated with the share of co-ethnics and positively associated with the proportion of other ethnic groups. Essay III explores the role of social norms and attitudes about gender for labour market outcomes of immigrant men and women in Sweden. The results show that immigrants originating from countries with large gender disparities in labour force participation also have large gender gaps in labour force participation within their immigrant group on the Swedish labour market. In contrast, source country gender differences in earnings are not correlated with gender gaps in earnings within immigrant groups in Sweden. In addition, gender gaps in labour force participation among immigrants assimilate towards the corresponding gap among natives as time inSweden increases. Essay IV empirically tests the Jack-of-all-trades theory, which states that individuals who are more balanced in their abilities are more suitable for self-employment. Using Swedish Military Enlistment data, a measure of balance in endowed abilities is constructed and this balance measure is, in relation to previous research, less likely tobe endogenous. The results support the Jack-of-all-trades theory, in the sense that propensity for being or becoming self-employed is greater for individuals with abalanced set of abilities. In addition, earnings from self-employment tend to be higher among individuals with a balanced set of skills.
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Chen, Hsin-Yu, and 陳欣妤. "A Study of The Motivations Driving Consumer Tipping Behavior." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sqh9kw.
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碩士靜宜大學
企業管理學系
107
The topic of tipping has been studied in various fields, including consumer behavior, psychology, sociology, and economics. In the past, scholars explained from the perspective of social exchange theory that customers often tipping based on mutual benefit. However, this view is difficult to explain why customers are dissatisfied with the service and still have tipping behavior? The aim of this study is based on mental accounting, and to use past literature on tipping, try to understand the factors of tipping behavior. A total of 174 subjects who visited the country of the Tipping culture, and had tipping behavior. Through hierarchical regression analysis, the study found out that customer satisfaction, the motivation to gain social esteem, to reward service, to help servers are the key factors of consumer's tipping behavior. When the consumer has higher altruistic traits, not only the result of to gain social esteem influence tipping behavior will be stronger, but also moderate the effect of to fulfill the social norm, to keep future service on consumer's tipping behavior. Last, this study will come up with a conclusion, theoretical and the practical implications for enterprises and the customer who want to visit the country of the Tipping culture in the future.
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簡嘉宣. "The Impact of Server Action, Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion, and Social Compliance on Tipping Behavior." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pscvc8.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
行銷與觀光管理學系研究所
106
This study aims to examine the impacts of the behaviors of restaurant service personnel on the sensitivity of emotional contagion from customers. Further we explore whether the behaviors of restaurant service personnel will influence the customers’ tipping behaviors through the mediation effects of sensitivity from customers’ emotional contagion. In addition, this research also explores the impacts of sensitivity from customers’ emotional contagion and social compliance on the tipping behavior of customers. We use an experimental design and apply the statistical methods of simple linear regression to verify the hypotheses. And 310 valid samples are collected in total. The following conclusion are derived from the analysis results. (1) The server action is found to significantly and positively related to the susceptibility of emotional contagion. (2) The susceptibility of emotional contagion is found to significantly and positively related to intention to tip. (3) The susceptibility of emotional contagion is found to significantly and positively related to the likelihood of tipping. (4) When the susceptibility of emotional contagion has partially mediation effects, the server action is found to be significantly to intention to tip. (5) When the susceptibility of emotional contagion has partially mediation effects, the server action is found to be significantly to the likelihood of tipping. (6) The social compliance is found to significantly and positively related to intention to tip. (7) The social compliance is found to significantly and positively related to the likelihood of tipping.
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Li, Ming-Chien, and 李明蒨. "Whether Firm' Market Value and Attention Affect Analyst Tipping Behavior? – Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Market." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98550251221720688991.
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碩士國立交通大學
財務金融研究所
102
This study investigates whether analysts’ reports in Taiwan have information value to earn abnormal returns and whether the reports are released to specific investors before released to public. Our results confirm that reports come from foreign and local investment banks have information value, and may be released earlier to some investors before go public. We also examine whether Ffirms’ market value and attention affect analysts’ tipping behavior. We find that larger market value or higher market attention leads to earlier tipping. However, the early tipping on large firms or high attention firms does not lead to greater abnormal returns.
Books on the topic "Tipping behaviour"
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Tipping points: Modelling social problems and health. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015.
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Arent, Douglas, Channing Arndt, Finn Tarp, and Owen Zinaman, eds. Moving Forward. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0029.
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With the passage of CoP21, the world is leaving a relatively inactive stage and entering a second stage characterized by broad-based efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A third stage of reductions will almost certainly be required. This should chart a feasible path to a stabilized climate and put in place the necessary policy architecture for following that path, marking a global tipping point where effective climate change mitigation is no longer a goal but an accepted fact, with broad implications for behaviour and decision-making, not least a massive reduction in the resources allocated to prospecting for new fossil fuel reserves. A clear proximate operational challenge for achieving this tipping point involves effective implementation of country Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) with attendant information needs. Looking further ahead, four key research frontiers are presented, focused on achieving this tipping point and entering the third stage of emissions reductions.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Lin, Yi-min. The Tipping Point and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 explores how the tipping point of massive privatization came about and what set the tempo and shaped the scope of the precipitous changes that followed and spread beyond the initial limits set by central leaders. It shows that the trigger came from a confluence of challenges rendered by the sales growth strategy, the 1994 fiscal restructuring, and persistent and evolving demographic forces. The pace and extent of subsequent ownership change were greatly influenced by a political bandwagon effect, a shift in the focus of local officials’ self-interest calculus, and an intensification of insider manipulation in the public sector. Together, the interplay among these forces represented a continuation of the same opportunistic rationality that had driven the behavior of political actors up to the tipping point.
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Goldstein, Michael, Sarah Curtis, Brian Straughan, John Bissell, and Camila Caiado. Tipping Points: Modelling Social Problems and Health. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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Goldstein, Michael, Sarah Curtis, Brian Straughan, John Bissell, and Camila Caiado. Tipping Points: Modelling Social Problems and Health. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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Lindekens, Sacha E. Behavioral outcomes associated with emotional contagion: A study of restaurant tipping behavior. 2001.
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Carey, Rebecca, and Lucy Zhang Bencharit. Socio-Economic Cultures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0007.
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Education has become the tipping point that separates those who thrive from those who struggle just to survive. This chapter synthesizes many of the powerful and previously unexamined psychological consequences of educational attainment, illustrating that education influences behavior by shaping one’s experience of self. Although most people have both an independent and an interdependent self, people inhabiting college-educated contexts tend to prioritize their independent selves. Those inhabiting high school-educated contexts—and thus with fewer resources and less power and status—tend to emphasize their interdependent selves. From music preferences, to friendship, to responses to natural disasters, these different selves organize how people think, feel, and behave in their world. However, these differences are not inherent or fixed. They are the highly malleable products of the different interactions, institutions, and ideas that characterize high school–educated and college-educated contexts.
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Lahey, Benjamin B. Dimensions of Psychological Problems. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197607909.001.0001.
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A long-brewing revolution in how people think about psychological problems has finally reached a tipping point. Extensive scientific evidence now portrays psychological problems as problematic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lie on continuous dimensions from insignificant to severe, with there being no hard line between “normal” and “abnormal.” These dimensions of psychological problems are highly correlated and overlapping. This means that people often experience psychological problems on more than one dimension at the same time. New longitudinal studies, in which the same people provide information about themselves over long parts of their lives, now indicate that the dimensions of psychological problems are dynamically changing rather than constant. Perhaps most important, these long-term studies reveal that psychological problems are commonplace and ordinary aspects of human lives. Surprisingly, nearly all people experience some distressing and impairing psychological problems at some time during their lives. These psychological problems range from simply uncomfortable to extremely distressing, problematic, and sometimes tragic. Nonetheless, psychological problems arise through the same natural processes as all aspects of behavior. That is, both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of psychological functioning are the result of the same natural interplay of genes and environments. Understanding these things about psychological problems should reduce people’s tendency to stigmatize these problems in themselves and in others. It will often be sensible for people to seek professional help to change them, but psychological problems are simply ordinary and commonplace parts of people’s lives.
Book chapters on the topic "Tipping behaviour"
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Holt, Amanda. "From Troublesome to Criminal: School Exclusion as the ‘tipping point’ in Parents’ Narratives of Youth Offending." In Crime, Anti-Social Behaviour and Schools, 141–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230306295_8.
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Wilner, Alex, and Casey Babb. "New Technologies and Deterrence: Artificial Intelligence and Adversarial Behaviour." In NL ARMS, 401–17. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_21.
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AbstractOffering a critical synthesis of extant insights into technological developments in AI and their potential ramifications for international relations and deterrence postures, this chapter argues that AI risks influencing military deterrence and coercion in unique ways: it may alter cost-benefit calculations by removing the fog of war, by superficially imposing rationality on political decisions, and by diminishing the human cost of military engagement. It may recalibrate the balance between offensive and defensive measures, tipping the scales in favour of pre-emption, and undermine existing assumptions imbedded in both conventional and nuclear deterrence. AI might altogether remove human emotions and eliminate other biological limitations from the practice of coercion. It may provide users the ability to collect, synthesize, and act upon real-time intelligence from several disparate sources, augmenting the certainty and severity of punishment strategies, both in theatre and online, compressing the distance between intelligence, political decisions, and coercive action. As a result, AI may quicken the overall pace of action across all domains of coercion, in conflict, crisis, and war, and within the related subfields of national security, counterterrorism, counter-crime, and counter-espionage.
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Lee, Jeonggyu, Hoori Rafieian, Anubhav Aggarwal, and Daniel Korschun. "How Power Affects Consumers’ Tipping Behavior: An Extended Abstract." In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends, 1019–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_189.
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Hernandez, Ariel Macaspac. "Lessons for Theory: A Conceptual Framework of Transformative Pathways." In Taming the Big Green Elephant, 269–87. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31821-5_13.
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AbstractA major objective of this book is to provide theoretical and practical knowledge on how sustainable, low-carbon transformation can be facilitated. As a creative and a rational process, transformation can be managed. However, the management of transformation necessitates an integrative and process-oriented outlook to grasp the various issues, dynamics, causalities, associative relations, lock-ins, critical junctures, tipping points, interactions, behavior, and analytical levels that drive any transformation process.
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Ferguson, Graham, Carol M. Megehee, and Arch G. Woodside. "How Recipes of National Cultural Values, Wealth, Economic Inequality, and Religiosity Explain Consumer Tipping Behavior: An Abstract." In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends, 1337. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_244.
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"Climate Tipping Behavior." In Networks in Climate, 161–97. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316275757.009.
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Oro, Daniel. "Introductory Remarks on Perturbations, Cognition, Dispersal, Sociality, and Nonlinear Population Dynamics." In Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals, 5–32. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.003.0002.
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This chapter defines the different terms and processes that are the main themes of the book. This chapter starts by explaining how perturbations increase uncertainty, which pushes individuals to update and gather information. In social animals, this information is shared through the social network, which is used to make a decision about staying or leaving the patch. Finally, this decision is not going to be made individually but rather based on decisions made by others. Perturbations may accumulate until surpassing a tipping point; then the first individuals may start to disperse and the rest copies this behaviour, which cascade as long as more individuals disperse. This autocatalytic process is termed runaway dispersal, which may result in nonlinear population dynamics, such as hysteresis, critical transitions, and transient phenomena. These dynamics should occur at the local level (e.g. patch collapse) and metapopulation level (e.g. extinction–colonization turnover).
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Hicklin, Karen, and Kristen Hassmiller Lich. "Mathematical Modeling in Population Health Research." In Complex Systems and Population Health, 157–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880743.003.0011.
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There is a long history of using mathematical modeling to study and improve aspects of population health. This chapter provides a brief overview of the diversity of such applications to complex health-related outcomes, including biological modeling (highlighting applications in infectious disease and human physiology), statistical modeling, cost-effectiveness analysis, and operations research (highlighting applications in queueing systems, Bayesian decision-making, and constrained optimization). Motivating objectives, typical model structure, and analyses are briefly described for each. As computational power has increased, computer simulation is often used to model complex phenomena. This chapter reminds readers of the many examples in which mathematical equations are used to parsimoniously represent complex systems and to understand their behavior. When mathematical models are tractable, analysts can obtain closed-form equations characterizing steady-state system behavior and tipping conditions—which provide a powerful and often easy to use tool for decision makers.
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Bennett, Peggy D. "Sensory thresholds." In Teaching with Vitality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673987.003.0061.
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Pet peeves about others’ behaviors are normal. When a particular behavior occurs daily in a classroom, however, it can drive a teacher (and students) to severe annoyance. The key to minimizing issues is remembering that our frenzy over someone’s quirky behavior is more often our problem than theirs. Our five senses function to orient us in the world, to give us information about what is happening outside our skin. Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, and gustatory senses work constantly to feed us information. When we have a “sensory sensitivity,” we can become anxious and intolerant, often reaching our threshold quite quickly. Kinesthetic: leg jiggling, close proximity, itchy fabrics, touching and hugging, close talking, an uncomfortable chair, pain thresholds (squeezing a hand or shoulder), room temperature Auditory: gum popping, fingernails on metal or slate, loud throat clearing or chewing, scraping teeth on a fork, screech of tires and birds, loud talking, whispering, alarms and honking, pencil tapping Visual: messy desk, clashing colors, too much or too little decor, crooked picture frames, hair too long or too short, chairs not in alignment, too much light/ not enough light Olfactory: strong smells of raw onions, fish, sweat, old carpet, perfume Gustatory: texture and taste of squid, eggs, unbuttered toast The key to tolerance for our own sensory tipping points is to avoid blaming the offender. We acknowledge that these are our sensitivities, not everyone else’s. We choose wisely whether or not to reveal our sensitivities. Others often cannot imagine we have such strong aversions to sensations they like or do not even notice. And someone of any age may choose to use our sensitivities to rile us. Take a deep breath and minimize your response with a bit of private humor: “I’ll just move over here to give you a bit more room.” “I’m going to pretend I don’t hear that sound.” “I will not threaten to nail his shoe to the floor to stop his leg from jiggling!”
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Hollmann, John K. "Complexity Risk and Modeling Disorder." In Advances in IT Personnel and Project Management, 139–51. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1790-0.ch007.
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Despite 50 years of cost accuracy research, companies are generally unable to quantify the worst outcomes. In the process industries about 10 percent of large projects overrun their budgets by 70 percent or more. The system behavior of these blowouts often reflects disorder. For complex projects, the blowout proportion is 15 to 30 percent of projects. Many risk analysts ignore the worst outcomes as “unknown-unknowns” or “black swans”; but they are neither—we know the causes and their impact is somewhat predictable. Cost disasters start with a mix of systemic weakness and risk events. The cost of mundane projects may overrun by 20 to 40% which is bad but no disaster (financiers assume they will overrun by 25%). Add complexity and stress and the projects can cross a “tipping point” into disorder and chaos with cost overruns of 50, 100 or 200 percent-true disasters. This chapter describes complexity risk and the disorder it can lead to, practical measures of complexity and stress and how to incorporate those measures in non-linear risk quantification models.
Conference papers on the topic "Tipping behaviour"
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Aggarwal, Anupama, Jussara Almeida, and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. "Detection of spam tipping behaviour on foursquare." In the 22nd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2487788.2488015.
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Primatama, Mega. "Tipping points on transport and behaviour: Examining Bus Rapid Transit system in Jakarta, Indonesia." In International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.12.
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Elliott, David, Marcello Tomasini, Marcos Oliveira, and Ronaldo Menezes. "Tippers and stiffers: An analysis of tipping behavior in taxi trips." In 2017 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computed, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uic-atc.2017.8397523.
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Son, Yang W., Zhibin Fang, John E. Pendleton, Danny L. Levine, and Todd S. Johnson. "Using Triple-Density Bone Analog to Evaluate the Initial Fixation of a Cementless Tibial Implant." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176589.
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To achieve stable initial fixation and longevity of a cementless tibial implant, low relative motion between implant and bone is vital. Although many studies have been conducted to evaluate the micromotion in-vivo and in-vitro, the methods have been either too complicated to repeat consistently or too simple to truly represent proximal tibial behavior. In this investigation, an experimental micromotion test method was developed to test a commercially available cementless tibial implant using a 3-layer bone analog simulating subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone and the results compared with the micromotion measurement from a single density polyurethane foam. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in micromotion between the single density foam and the 3-layer bone analog when an applied tipping moment increases.
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Wodin-Schwartz, Sarah, Robert Bove, Paul Verghese, and Eugenia Kennedy. "Falling Body Impact Behavior of Fiberglass Stepladders With Plastic Knee Braces." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51927.
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According to estimates reported in the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, there were greater than 10,000 stepladder related injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms nationwide per year in the period from 2009 through 2013. Research and experience have sought to correlate specific stepladder damage patterns to the causes of some injuries involving stepladders. Prior studies have associated a specific damage pattern — inward deformation of the stepladder’s front side rails — with impact loading of a user’s body onto the lower portion of a front side rail following a fall from the stepladder. Those prior studies were conducted using stepladders with metal knee braces and with the ladder cap simply supported during impact testing. Currently sold fiberglass stepladders often have plastic rather than metal knee braces. In our study, side rail impact testing was performed in order to evaluate how a design change from metal knee braces to plastic knee braces affects impact damage patterns in fiberglass stepladders. Biomechanics simulations were used to inform the selection of the weights used for impact testing and allowed the test results to be evaluated in the context of potential body contact scenarios that could produce equivalent loading of the side rail. Our study demonstrates that depending on the weight of the impacting body, fiberglass ladders with plastic knee braces show different dynamic responses to impact loading than do their metal counterparts. Additionally, the test methods in this study incorporate realistic dynamics in that the weight impacted the lower portion of the stepladder’s front side rail while the stepladder was actively tipping with only two of its feet in contact with the ground and with the top cap unsupported. The results indicate that ladders with metal knee braces can permanently deform when impacted with loads less than that required to permanently deform the ladders tested with plastic knee braces. The absence of permanent side rail deformation in the plastic knee braced stepladders tested even after undergoing significant elastic deformation during testing gives rise to new questions about the potential for damage that is not observable based on a visual examination.
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Deng, Ben, Haowei Wang, Fangyu Peng, Rong Yan, and Lin Zhou. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on Tool Wear and Surface Quality in Micro Milling of SiCp/Al Composites Under Dry and MQL Conditions." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86071.
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During the machining processes of ceramic particle reinforced metal matrix composites, the severe tool wear constrains the quality and cost of the parts. This paper presents the experimental and theoretical investigations of the tool wear behavior and surface quality when micro milling the 45vol% SiCp/Al composites under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) show that the wear mechanism of diamond coated micro mills are adhesive, abrasion, oxidization, chipping and tipping, even though it has been reported that abrasion is the most important tool wear mechanism when machining particle reinforced metal matrix composites. Compared with dry lubrication condition, the environmentally friendly MQL technique can enhance the tool life and surface roughness, and reduce the cutting force significantly under given cutting parameters. Then, finite element (FE) simulations are employed to investigate chip formation process in micro orthogonal cutting to reveal the effects of reinforced particle on tool wear and surface quality. The FE simulations shows the local high stress, hard reinforced particles in metal matrix, debonded and cracked particles are the key factors leading to the severe tool wear and the unsmoothed surface morphology.
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Wagenknecht, Bryan, and Dimi Apostolopoulos. "Locomotion Strategies and Mobility Characterization of a Spherical Multi-Legged Robot." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28153.
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Mobile robotics has seen a wide variety of mechanisms and strategies for motion in diverse terrain. Some robots employ rolling, some use legs for walking, some can hop, and some are capable of multiple of these modes. In this paper, we present the latest Robotic All-Terrain Surveyor (RATS) prototype as a unique design that can emulate a variety of locomotion modes by virtue of its geometric design and type of actuation. The novel robot has a spherical body the size of a soccer ball with 12 legs symmetrically distributed around its surface. Each leg is a single-DOF pneumatic linear actuator, oriented normal to the spherical body. Thorough investigation of this prototype’s mobility and actuation behavior has demonstrated the feasibility of tipping, hopping, and prolonged rolling locomotion by altering the actuation patterns of its legs. Here we summarize the experimental results of this characterization and present an understanding of the system’s performance limitations in an effort to draw insight for controlling its movements. We also discuss the effectiveness of RATS mobility strategies for varied terrains in light of initial testing on flat surfaces.
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Ghadami, Amin, Charles R. Doering, and Bogdan I. Epureanu. "Data-Driven Methods for Detecting Traffic Jams in Vehicular Traffic Systems." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23691.
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Abstract Ground vehicle traffic jams are a serious issue in today’s society. Despite advances in traffic flow management in recent years, predicting traffic jams is still a challenge. Recently, novel techniques have been developed in complex systems theory to enable forecasting emergent behaviors in dynamical systems. Forecasting methods have been developed based on exploiting the phenomenon of critical slowing down, which occurs in dynamical systems near certain types of bifurcations and phase transitions. Herein, we explore recently developed tools of tipping point forecasting in complex systems, namely early warning indicators and bifurcation forecasting methods, and investigate their application to predict traffic jams on roads. The measurements required for forecasting are recorded dynamical features of the system such as headways between cars in traffic or density of cars on road. Forecasting approaches are applied to simulated and experimental traffic flow conditions. Results show that one can successfully predict proximity to the critical point of congestion as well as traffic dynamics after this critical point using the proposed approaches. The methodologies presented can be used to analyze stability of traffic models and address challenges related to the complexity of traffic dynamics.
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Viereckl, Frances, R. Manthey, C. Schuster, and A. Hurtado. "Investigation of Thermohydraulic Models for Condensation and Boiling in Passive Safety Systems." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67327.
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Passive safety systems represent one field of research concerning the safety-related enhancement of nuclear power plants. Passive safety systems can ensure the safe removal of decay heat without an input of electrical or mechanical energy for commissioning or operation. The heat removal chain is guaranteed on the basis of the physical principles condensation, heat conduction, boiling and natural circulation. The thermal hydraulic processes in passive safety systems disagree with the plant-specific thermal hydraulics because of different operating conditions. Since the established system codes are validated for the plant-specific conditions, the operational behavior of passive safety systems is currently not sufficiently predictable. On this account, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research initiated the joint project PANAS to investigate the decay heat removal by passive safety systems on the basis of experimental analyses, modelling and validation. Object is the heat removal chain in advanced boiling water reactors consisting of emergency condensers (EC; heat transfer from reactor core to core flooding pools) and containment cooling condensers (CCC; heat transfer from the containment to the shielding/storage pool). At Technische Universität Dresden, the test facility GENEVA was constructed for the experimental investigation of the operational behavior of the CCC. GENEVA models the CCC concerning the original thermal hydraulic conditions of the heat source and heat sink as well as the tube geometry for the heat transfer. In this way, the comparability of the thermal hydraulic phenomena is given. Previous experiments focused on the stability analysis of the natural circulation in the test facility. The focus of PANAS is on the condensation process of saturated steam at the outside of the slightly inclined tubes and the convection respectively boiling of both a stable and an unstable two-phase flow inside these tubes. For a detailed analysis, condensation rates at the outside as well as the flow structure inside have to be investigated experimentally. Therefore, the instrumentation in the heat transfer section of GENEVA is considerably enhanced. This enhancement comprises an optical measuring system for the film thickness or droplet size of the condensate, a tipping scale for the condensate mass flow, void probes for the steam void fraction and more than 100 thermocouples outside and inside the tubes for temperature profiles in axial, radial and azimuthal direction. By reference to these parameters, it is possible to examine the thermal hydraulic models for the heat transfer. The paper outlines the available models in system codes regarding condensation and boiling concerning the operating conditions of the CCC. Since dropwise condensation could be observed in previous experiments and the condensation models in system codes focus on film condensation, the review is extended beyond native models. A sensitivity analysis of the reviewed models regarding condensation shows huge differences concerning the value of the heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, the courses of the condensation models present different dependencies regarding the heat transfer coefficient and the wall temperature. Due to this, the necessity of the experimental investigation and later the revision of the condensation models in system codes is confirmed. The comparison of the reviewed models with first experimental results outlines the tendency for the numerical description of the condensation process. Based on the investigation and validation of models concerning the heat transfer processes in the CCC, the operational behavior will be accurately predictable by established system codes, which enhances the safety investigation and the licensing. Although the conception of this investigation is founded on the CCC, the adapted models will be able to characterize the heat transfer processes boiling and condensation for saturation conditions at a relatively low pressure (maximum 4 bar) and for natural convection in general.