Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tire load

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tire load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tire load"

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Särfors, Inggemar. "USED TIRE AS BASE ISOLATOR TIRE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSES." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.7.1.37-44.2011.

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The investigation of foundation on tires for absorbing the earthquake energy on houses structure is described here. The foundations are cut cone in shape. There are two tests have been conducted to investigate the shaking energy absorption. First, the foundation is placed on the sand filled tire. The second one, the double tires support round foundation. For comparison purpose, the foundation on sand test without tire is also conducted. The laboratory tests are performed using double hydraulic jack to generate the applied loads. The first jack is used to give the vertical load on the top of foundation to simulate the house load. The other jack is used to produce the load in the horizontal direction to replicate the earthquake load. The results of the tests are plotted in the terms of horizontal load and displacement corves. The double tires foundation shows the higher horizontal displacement-load ratio compared to the others. It indicates that the double tire based foundation absorbing the earthquake energy better than the others. It is concluded that the tired based foundation can be installed to support in the earthquake resistant houses. Keywords: foundation, earthquake resistance, base isolation
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Sobhanie, M. "Road Load Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135259.

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Abstract Severe loading in a tire/suspension system arises when a rolling tire impacts an obstacle, such as a curb or pothole. Forces and moments at suspension hard points are needed during an impact for component specification, component durability, and endurance analysis. Today, automotive manufacturers and suppliers are promoting virtual prototyping by use of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool. CAE consists of a tire model, a suspension model, and a solver for equilibrium equations. The tire models can be classified either by a parametric tire model (PTM) or by a finite element tire model. In the former tire model, tire stiffness is represented by a set of springs; tire forces and moments are estimated by Pajeka equations. This class of tire models is limited to modeling a vehicle's performance, such as ride and handling. In recent years, explicit dynamic modeling of a rolling tire impacting a road imperfection has been used to calculate forces transmitted to a suspension system. The tire model consisted of a single layer of shell elements; solid elements were considered for the tread cap. The beads were not considered in this tire model. In this analysis, ABAQUS Explicit was used to model the rolling and transient impact of a tire. ABAQUS Explicit's modeling results were compared to ABAQUS Standard's results. The comparison included the tire forces, footprint pressure distribution at a free rolling condition, and resonant frequencies. In addition, modeling results of a tire/suspension system traversing an obstacle were presented. The suspension components, except spring and shock, were modeled by rigid elements connected together.
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Schmeitz, A. J. C., and A. P. Teerhuis. "Robustness and Applicability of a Model-Based Tire State Estimator for an Intelligent Tire." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460204.

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ABSTRACT Tire states can be estimated by measuring the tire contact patch shape as it varies with vertical load, longitudinal and lateral slip, and so on. In this study, a miniature triaxial accelerometer is used to measure the centripetal accelerations at the tire inner liner. A tire state estimator (TSE) algorithm is developed to transform the measured accelerations to actual tire states, in this case vertical load. The approach used for the TSE is the extended Kalman filter (EKF), but an additional peak detection algorithm is used to synchronize the simulation model with the measurement signal before applying the EKF. The simulation model used in the EKF is an empirical model that describes the basic shape of the centripetal acceleration signal. The applicability of the estimator is assessed by considering the accuracy and robustness for several tire operating conditions: vertical load, velocity, inflation pressure, sideslip, camber, and braking. It is concluded that the TSE exhibits accurate vertical load estimation even in cases of varying load and velocity. Further, it is concluded that the vertical load estimation is robust for (pure) camber changes and (pure) longitudinal force disturbances. For relatively high lateral forces as result of sideslip, the estimation error is larger. The current estimator appears to be not robust for inflation pressure changes, but this can be solved by adding an inflation pressure sensor. Similarly, extension of the estimator to estimate lateral force by adding a second accelerometer not only provides an additional state but also adds the possibility of improving the vertical load estimation. Finally, it is demonstrated that the TSE is able to perform in real time and shows fast convergence capabilities for cases in which the initial vertical load and/or sensor position are unknown or when moving away from situations in which the signal-to-noise ratio is poor.
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Jiang, Chunxia, Zhixiong Lu, Shrinivasa K. Upadhyaya, and Muhammad Sohail Memon. "Measurement and Analysis of the Vertical Stress Distribution within a Cultivated Soil Volume under Static Conditions." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13033.

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Abstract. One of the important considerations of soil-tire interaction research is the stress distribution in the topsoil and within the cultivated soil volume due to tires. This stress distribution influences trafficability, ride performance, and tractive performance. In this study, a two-wheel-drive tractor and a group of piezoelectric pressure sensors were used at different tire loads and inflation pressures to (1) measure the vertical stress under three tire loads with three inflation pressures and determine the influence of these two parameters on the vertical stress in the topsoil, as measured by sensors with their upper surfaces at an initial depth of 50 mm within the soil volume; (2) develop an empirical relationship between the vertical stress and the depth beneath the soil surface, the tire load, the inflation pressure, and the lateral sensor distance from the tire centerline using multiple linear regression; and (3) analyze the effects of tire load and inflation pressure on vertical stress to contribute to the understanding of soil compaction processes based on the equation we developed. All vertical stress measurements were conducted when traffic was applied to the soil by the left front tire of the tractor, with forward motion of the tractor stopped before the left rear tire reached the sensors. The results indicated that (1) when the inflation pressure decreased, the soil-tire interface stress curve became smooth and the peak value of stress gradually moved to a point near the edge of the tire, whereas when the inflation pressure was higher, the peak stress value occurred in the center of the tire; (2) low inflation pressure significantly reduced the maximum vertical stress; (3) the vertical stress was influenced by all four factors investigated in this study; and (4) the stress within the soil volume varied as a quadratic function of the inflation pressure at a given tire load, and it varied as a linear function of tire load at a given inflation pressure. Keywords: Stress distribution, Tire load, Tire inflation pressure.
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Völkl, Timo, Robert Lukesch, Martin Mühlmeier, Michael Graf, and Hermann Winner. "A Modular Race Tire Model Concerning Thermal and Transient Behavior using a Simple Contact Patch Description." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410402.

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ABSTRACT The potential of a race tire strongly depends on its thermal condition, the load distribution in its contact patch, and the variation of wheel load. The approach described in this paper uses a modular structure consisting of elementary blocks for thermodynamics, transient excitation, and load distribution in the contact patch. The model provides conclusive tire characteristics by adopting the fundamental parameters of a simple mathematical force description. This then allows an isolated parameterization and examination of each block in order to subsequently analyze particular influences on the full model. For the characterization of the load distribution in the contact patch depending on inflation pressure, camber, and the present force state, a mathematical description of measured pressure distribution is used. This affects the tire's grip as well as the heat input to its surface and its casing. In order to determine the thermal condition, one-dimensional partial differential equations at discrete rings over the tire width solve the balance of energy. The resulting surface and rubber temperatures are used to determine the friction coefficient and stiffness of the rubber. The tire's transient behavior is modeled by a state selective filtering, which distinguishes between the dynamics of wheel load and slip. Simulation results for the range of occurring states at dry conditions show a sufficient correlation between the tire model's output and measured tire forces while requiring only a simplified and descriptive set of parameters.
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Khaleghian, Seyedmeysam, Omid Ghasemalizadeh, and Saied Taheri. "Estimation of the Tire Contact Patch Length and Normal Load Using Intelligent Tires and Its Application in Small Ground Robot to Estimate the Tire-Road Friction." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440402.

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ABSTRACT Tire-road friction estimation is one of the most popular problems for the tire and vehicle industry. Accurate estimation of the tire-road friction leads to better performance of the traction and antilock braking system controllers, which reduces the number of accidents. Several researchers have worked in the field of friction estimation, and many tire models have been developed to predict the tire-road friction. In this article, an intelligent tire, which has an embedded accelerometer placed on the inner liner of the tire, is used to estimate the tire contact patch length parameter and normal load. To accomplish this, first, an existing tire testing trailer equipped with a force hub to measure tire forces and moments, a high-accuracy encoder to measure the angular velocity of the wheel, and VBOX, which is a global positioning system–based device, to estimate the longitudinal speed of the trailer was used. As a practical application for the normal load algorithm, a wheeled ground robot, which is equipped with several sensors, including an accelerometer and a flexible strain sensor inside the tire (used for terrain identification purposes), was designed and built. A set of algorithms was developed and used with the test data that were collected with both the trailer and the robot, and the contact patch length and the normal load were estimated. Also, the friction potential between the tire and the road was evaluated using a small ground robot.
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Matsuzaki, Ryosuke, Naoki Hiraoka, Akira Todoroki, and Yoshihiro Mizutani. "OS08-2-5 Applied Load Estimation from Surface Strain for Intelligent Tire." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS08–2–5—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os08-2-5-.

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Wang, Kui Yang, Jin Hua Tang, Guo Qing Li, and Chuan Yi Yuan. "Real-Time Detection of Adhesion Coefficient between Tire and Road." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.109.

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Adhesion coefficient between tire and road is one of important factors which influence vehicle safety performance. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the detection method of adhesion coefficient based on brake-by-wire is put forward. Brake force is estimated according to pedal position sensor, vehicle braking deceleration is detected through MMA6260Q acceleration sensor. Motion state of tire is distinguished according to brake force and road braking force, vertical load of tire is received in view of formula on vehicle load transfer. Adhesion coefficient used for sliding area is got and taken as adhesion coefficient of road. Analysis shows that the detection method may identify adhesion coefficient between tire and road accurately, and has certain practical value.
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Seo, Young Gi, Seong Woo Kwak, Jae Cheon Lee, Ho Seung Lee, Hao Liu, Hae Jun Jo, Sangsu Park, and Eun Jin Lee. "Vehicle Load Measurement using Tire Deformation Values." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2018.28.2.170.

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Grečenko, Alexandr. "Tire load rating to reduce soil compaction." Journal of Terramechanics 40, no. 2 (April 2003): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2003.10.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tire load"

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Dhasarathy, Deepak. "Estimation of vertical load on a tire from contact patch length and its use in vehicle stability control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33559.

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The vertical load on a moving tire was estimated by using accelerometers attached to the inner liner of a tire. The acceleration signal was processed to obtain the contact patch length created by the tire on the road surface. Then an appropriate equation relating the patch length to the vertical load is used to calculate the load. In order to obtain the needed data, tests were performed on a flat-track test machine at the Goodyear Innovation Center in Akron, Ohio; tests were also conducted on the road using a trailer setup at the Intelligent Transportation Laboratory in Danville, Virginia. During the tests, a number of different loads were applied; the tire-wheel setup was run at different speeds with the tire inflated to two different pressures. Tests were also conducted with a camber applied to the wheel. An algorithm was developed to estimate load using the collected data.

It was then shown how the estimated load could be used in a control algorithm that applies a suitable control input to maintain the yaw stability of a moving vehicle. A two degree of freedom bicycle model was used for developing the control strategy. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) was designed for the purpose of controlling the yaw rate and maintaining vehicle stability.
Master of Science

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Hlavatý, Jiří. "Měření tvaru zatížené pneumatiky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231715.

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This thesis is focused on measuring the shape of loaded tire and finding dependencies between inner tire pressure, load and the influence of these parameters on the resulting shape of the tire. Data for these dependencies were obtained by using a constructed measuring stand and 3D optical technology. Found dependencies describe the change in shape of the tire in specific mathematical functions, and served the creation of a parametric model of the tire. The main finding of this thesis is that the tire is actually behaves according to dependencies described by varying degrees of polynomial function.
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Trinkūnas, Aistis. "Padangų riedėjimo pasipriešinimo lauko sąlygomis tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_141605-60535.

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Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami padangų riedėjimo pasipriešinimo, lauko sąlygomis, tyrimo duomenys, esant skirtingiems atraminio paviršiaus tipams (pieva, ražiena, sausas žvyrkelis), įvairioms padangų vertikalioms apkrovoms (nuo 1,4 kN iki 5,9 kN) bei skirtingiems oro slėgiams padangoje (nuo 0,5 bar iki 2,0 bar). Darbo objektas – padangos riedėjimo pasipriešinimo koeficientas, jo reikšmės kitimas, esant skirtingiems padangos, apkrovos, ir atraminio paviršiaus parametrams. Tyrimas atliktas naudojant BELCHINA 7.50L – 16 ФБел – 253 padangą. Darbo metodai: padangos tyrimams atlikti buvo suprojektuotas ir pagamintas mobilus stendas, kuris buvo tvirtinamas prie savaeigės važiuoklės T–16M. Darbo rezultatai. Oro slėgis padangoje ir vertikalios apkrovos dydis turėjo įtakos riedėjimo pasipriešinimo koeficiento reikšmių kaitai, esant skirtingiems atraminiams paviršiams (pievoje, ražienoje, sausame žvyrkelyje). Mažinant padangos slėgį riedėjimo pasipriešinimo jėga yra tiesiogiai proporcinga vertikalios apkrovos jėgai ir atvirkščiai proporcinga slėgiui padangoje. Pievoje mažiausia riedėjimo pasipriešinimo jėgos Fp reikšmė gauta esant 1,0 bar slėgiui ir padangą apkrovus 1,4 kN vertikalia apkrova (Fp = 14,375 kN). Ražienoje – esant 0,5 bar slėgiui padangoje, ir 1,4 kN vertikaliai apkrovai (Fp = 22,283 kN). Bandymą atliekant ant žvyrkelio – minimali riedėjimo pasipriešinimo jėgos Fp reikšmė buvo tada, kai padangą veikė 1,4 kN vertikali apkrova ir oro slėgis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The Master’s thesis presents findings of the study of tire rolling resistance under field conditions with different types of support surfaces (grassland, stubble, dry gravel-road), different vertical loads of tires (from 1.4 kN to 5.9 kN) and different air pressures in a tire (from 0.5 bar to 2.0 bar). Object of the thesis – tire rolling resistance coefficient f, change of its values with different parameters of a tire, load and support surface. The study was carried out using the tire BELCHINA 7.50L – 16 ФБел – 253. Methods of the thesis: in order to carry out the tire study, mobile stand was designed and manufactured and attached to self-propelled chassis T – 16M. Results of the thesis. Air pressure in the tire and the value of vertical load influenced the change of rolling resistance coefficient with different support surfaces (grassland, stubble, dry gravel-road). At the tire pressure being decreased, the rolling resistance force was directly proportional to the force of vertical load and is inversely proportional to pressure in the tire. The lowest value of rolling resistance force Fp on grassland was obtained at the pressure of 1,0 bar and vertical load of 1,4 kN on the tire (Fp = 14,375 kN). On stubble – at the pressure of 0,5 bar in the tire and vertical load of 1,4 kN (Fp = 22,283 kN). When the test was performed on dry gravel-road, the minimal value of rolling resistance force Fp was when the tire was affected by vertical load of 1,4 kN and air pressure in the... [to full text]
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Öhrling, Emil. "Brandrisker i däckhotell : Är samhällets krav på byggnadstekniskt brandskydd tillräckligt?" Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83256.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka de risker som finns i samband med brand i däckhotell, samt utvärdera om samhällets krav på byggnadstekniskt brandskydd är tillräckligt för att hantera risknivån. Samhällets krav i studien är Boverkets byggregler BFS 2011:6 med ändring till och med BFS 2020:4 (BBR) och den kravställning som sker i enlighet med förenklad dimensionering. Kraven i BBR har kvantifierats för att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan BBR och de verkliga förutsättningar som återfinns på däckhotell. Studien behandlar enbart tre av de fem punkter som BBR baseras på. Utveckling och spridning av brand och rök inom byggnadsverket ska begränsas, spridning av brand till närliggande byggnadsverk ska begränsas och hänsyn ska tas till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid brand. Det finns erfarenheter kring bränder i däcklager men ingen samlad bild av hur däckhotell bör hanteras i regelverken, eller om det är förenligt med byggreglernas intention och räddningstjänstens praktiska erfarenheter att utföra insats. Hur ska då brandskyddet utformas i däckhotell för att samhällets krav ska vara uppfyllt? I ett däcklager kan det handla om flera tusen däck som lagras samtidigt. Metodval för att besvara frågeställningarna var att utifrån verkliga däckhotell tillsammans med forskning och studier inom området, genomföra en rad olika analyser. Detta för att kunna besvara frågorna kvantitativt och/eller kvalitativt. Alla frågeställningar krävde dock flera antaganden för att vara möjliga att besvara. För att erhålla något att basera antagandena mot, genomfördes en fallstudie på verkliga däckhotell. Därefter skapades fem olika geometriska modeller baserade på de verkliga byggnaderna av volym, konstruktionsmaterial och ventilationsmöjligheter. Fallstudien visade även på stor variation på antalet däck som fanns placerade i däckhotell. Dock kan det konstateras att brandbelastningen i ett däckhotell överskrider 1600 MJ/m2 golvarea. Det konstruktionsmaterial byggnaden är uppförd med har stor inverkan på temperaturen i brandrummet. Däckhotell uppförda med en betongkonstruktion ger bättre förutsättningar för de brandavskiljande komponenterna att upprätthålla den brandbegränsande funktionen, detta i jämförelse med ett däckhotell uppfört av plåt med isoleringskärna. En brandcellsgräns som utsätts för den temperaturutveckling som sker i byggnad med väggar och tak av plåt-/isoleringskonstruktion, kommer eventuellt inte att begränsa brandspridningen under avsedd tid. De två skyddsbarriärerna som anges i BBR för att begränsa brandspridning mellan byggnader är skyddsavstånd eller att ytterväggen utformas som en brandcellsgräns, men där funktionen av en brandcellsgräns blir beroende av byggnadens konstruktionsmaterial. Fungerande skyddsavstånd är under förutsättning att öppningarna i fasad är begränsade och inte är större än en normal garageport. Syftet med att skydda närliggande byggnader uppfylls därmed inte. Skyddsavståndet bör vara i relation till arean på möjliga öppningar istället för ett fast värde. Ska skyddsavståndet vara fast bör det ske reglering av arean på möjliga öppningar och begränsa storleken eller kritisk strålningsnivå som får uppkomma på närliggande byggnad. Granskning av räddningsmanskapets säkerhet var en jämförelse mellan BBR och intervjuer på hur en räddningsinsats skulle kunna genomföras. Det som diskuterades var vilka risker branden och byggnaden utgör, samt hur dessa kan påverka genomförandet av insatsen. Brandtekniska åtgärder för att ta hänsyn till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid insats finns inte i erforderlig omfattning, vid brandteknisk projektering enligt förenklad dimensionering. Utan tidig detektion är risken överhängande att branden är för omfattande för att användning av invändiga brandposter för begränsning ska kunna vara möjlig. Dock är den enskilt viktigaste åtgärden för räddningsmanskapets säkerhet är att säkerställa tillgången till rätt mängd släckvatten vid byggnaden. Däckhotell placerade i containers är den enda byggnadsgeometri vilken kan projekteras enligt förenklad dimensionering. Den lagringsmetoden ger bäst möjlighet till en lyckad räddningsinsats och låg riskbild, och de är den enda modellen där brandcellsgränser helt klart skulle uppfylla sitt syfte både i klass EI 30 och EI 60. Containers har normalt inga fönster eller andra likvärdiga öppningar.
The aim of the thesis is mainly to investigate the risks that exist in case of fire in tire hotels and to evaluate whether society's requirements for fire protection in buildings are enough to manage this level of risk. Society's requirements in the study are Boverket's building regulations, BFS 2011:6 with amendments up to BFS 2020:4, (BBR) and the requirements that takes place in accordance with simplified design. The requirements in BBR have been quantified to enable a comparison between BBR and the actual conditions found in tire hotels. The study only treats three of the five items which BBR is based on. Development and spread of fire and smoke within the construction works is limited, spread of fire to adjacent construction works is limited and consideration has been taken to the rescue team's safety in case of fire. It exists some experience of fires in tire storage, but not a general picture of how a tire hotel should be design according to the building regulations, nor if it´s compatible with the building regulations' intention or the rescue team's practical experience of carrying out a rescue operation. The question is how the fire protection should be designed in tire hotels so that society's requirements can be fulfilled? When it can be thousands of tires which are stored at the same time in a tire hotel. The method to answer the questions was to carry out a few different analyses based on real tire hotels, together with research and studies in this area, so the questions could be answered quantitatively and/or qualitatively. However, all questions required some assumptions to be answered. To obtain something to base the assumptions against, a case study on real tire hotels was conducted. Five different geometric models were therefore created based on the buildings in terms of volume, construction materials and ventilation openings. The case study also showed a great variation in the number of tires that were stored in the hotels. Even with the variation, it can be stated that the fire load in a tire hotel exceeds 1600 MJ/m2 per floor area. The buildings construction material has a big impact on the fire temperature in the room. Tire hotels with a concrete construction provide better conditions for the fire-separation components to maintain the limiting function, in comparison with a construction of metal sheets with a core of insulation. A fire compartment boundary that is exposed to a temperature rise that occur in a metal structure, may not have the function over time it supposed to limit the spread of fire to other rooms during the intended time. BBR specifies two protective barriers to limit the spread of fire to adjacent construction, which are safety distances or that an exterior wall is designed as a fire compartment boundary. The function to limited fire spread by a fire compartment boundary is dependent on the building's construction material to fulfill its purpose. For a safety distance to work, the openings in the facade must be limited and not larger than a normal garage door. The purpose of protecting adjacent construction is therefore not fulfilled. The safety distance should be in relation to the area of ​​ openings instead of a fixed value. If the safety distance is a fixed value, the areas of openings should be regulated, if not, the size of the critical radiation that occur on an adjacent construction should be limited. Examination of the rescue team's safety was a comparison between BBR and interviews on how a rescue operation could be carried out. Under the interviews it was discussed what type of risks that are caused by the fire and the building, and how these risks can affect the implementation of the operation. The fire technical arrangements do not fulfill its purpose, to create the level of safety that are required for the rescue team when the fire technical design is according to a simplified design. Without early detection, the risk is imminent that the fire is too large for a person to use an indoor fire hydrant. The most important arrangements for the safety of the rescue team are however to ensure access to the right volume of water near the building. Tire hotels placed in containers are the only type of building which can be projected according to simplified design. This storage method provides the best opportunity for a successful rescue operation with a low risk.  Containers are also the only geometric model where fire compartment boundary would clearly fulfill its purpose, in both class EI 30 and EI 60. Containers have normally no windows or other equivalent openings.
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Ricker, Timothy J. Cowan Nelson. "Cognitive load and time based forgetting." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6470.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Nelson Cowan. Includes bibliographical references.
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SILVA, HELIO FRANCISCO DA. "ON ADDRESSING IRREGULARITIES IN ELECTRICITY LOAD TIME-SERIES AND SHORT TERM LOAD FORECASTING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1737@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
As alterações na legislação do Setor de Energia Elétrica Brasileiro em fins do milênio passado, provocou profundas mudanças no planejamento da Operação do Sistema e na Comercialização de energia elétrica no Brasil. O desmembramento das atividades de geração, de transmissão e de distribuição de energia elétrica criou novas características no comportamento dos Agentes Concessionários e as previsões de demanda por energia elétrica, que sempre foram ferramenta importante, por exemplo, na programação da operação, passaram a ser indispensáveis também, na comercialização de energia elétrica no mercado livre. Neste novo cenário, a obtenção e o armazenamento de dados confiáveis passou a ser parte integrante do patrimônio das Empresas e um sistema eficiente de previsões de carga passou a ser um diferencial na mesa de negociações. Os Agentes concessionários e o Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico vêm fazendo investimentos para aperfeiçoar os seus sistemas de aquisição de dados, entretanto em sistemas de multipontos algumas falhas imprevistas durante a sincronização da telemedição podem ocorrer, provocando defeitos nas séries. Nas séries de minuto em minuto, por exemplo, uma falha de algumas horas acarreta centenas de registros defeituosos e as principais publicações a respeito de modelagens de séries temporais para tratamento de dados não abordam as dificuldades encontradas diante de grandes falhas consecutivas nos dados.
As a result of the continuing privatization process within the energy sector,electricity load forecasting is a ritical tool for decision-making in the Industry. Reliable forecasts are now needed not only for developing strategies for business planning and short term operational scheduling, but also to define the spot market electricity price. The forecasting process is data-ntensive and interest has been driven to shorter and shorter intervals. Large investments are being made in modernizing and improving metering systems, so as to make more data available to the forecaster. However, the forecaster is still faced with irregular time-series. Gaps, missing values, spurious information or repeated values in the time-series can result from transmission errors or small failures in the recording process. These so- called irregularities have led to research that focused on either iterative processes,like the Kalman filter and the EM algorithm, or applications of the statistical literature on treatment of missing values and outliers. Nevertheless, these methods often result in large forecast errors when confronted with consecutive failures in the data. On the other hand, the minute to minute series have a large amount of points and so the one day ahead forecast horizont becomes very large to handling with the conventional methods. In this context, we propose an alternative to detect and replace values and present a methodology to perform the forecasting process by using of other information in the time-series that relate to the variability and seasonality, which are commonly encountered in electricity load-forecasting data. We illustrate the method and address the problem as part of a wider project that aims at the development of an automatic on line system for tracking the Brazilian Interlinked Electric Network Operation and performing short term load forecasting. The data were collected by ONS / ELETROBRAS - Brazil. We concentrate on 10 minutes data for the years 1997-1999 of Light Serviços de Eletricidade S.A. (Rio de Janeiro and its surroundings).
Las alteraciones en la legislación del Sector de Energía Elétrica Brasilero a finales del milenio pasado, provocó profundos cambios en el planificación de la Operación del Sistema y en la Comercialización de energía eléctrica en Brasil. La desarticulación de las actividades de generación, de transmisión y de distribuición de energía eléctrica creó nuevas características en el comportamiento de los Agentes Concesionarios. Así, las previsiones de demanda por energía eléctrica, que siempre fueron una herramienta importante, por ejemplo, en la programación de la operación, pasaron a ser indispensables también en la comercialización de energía eléctrica en el mercado libre. En este nuevo escenario, la obtención y almacenamiento de datos confiables pasó a ser parte integrante del patrimonio de las Empresas y un sistema eficiente de previsiones de carga constituye un diferencial en la mesa de negociaciones. Los Agentes concesionarios y el Operador Nacional del Sistema Eléctrico han invertido en el perfeccionamiento de sus sistemas de adquisición de datos. Sin embargo, en sistemas de multipuntos algunas fallas imprevistas durante la sincronización de la telemedición pueden ocurrir, provocando defectos en las series. En las series de minuto en minuto, por ejemplo, una falla de algunas horas trae consigo centenas de registros defectuosos y las principales publicaciones sobre modelos de series temporales para tratamiento de datos no abordan las dificuldades encontradas frente a grandes fallas consecutivas en los datos.
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El-Khatib, Khalil M. "Dynamic load balancing for clustered time warp." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27311.

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In this thesis, we consider the problem of dynamic load balancing for parallel discrete event simulation. We focus on the optimistic synchronization protocol, Time Warp.
A distributed load balancing algorithm was developed, which makes use of the active process migration in Clustered Time Warp. Clustered Time Warp is a hybrid synchronization protocol; it uses an optimistic approach between the clusters and a sequential approach within the clusters. As opposed to the centralized algorithm developed by H. Avril for Clustered Time Warp, the presented load balancing algorithm is a distributed token-passing one.
We present two metrics for measuring the load: processor utilization and processor advance simulation rate. Different models were simulated and tested: VLSI models and queuing network models (pipeline and distributed networks). Results show that improving the performance of the system depends a great deal on the nature of the simulated model.
For the VLSI model, we also examined the effect of the dynamic load balancing algorithm on the total number of processed messages per unit time. Performance results show that dynamically balancing the load, the throughput of the simulation was improved by more than 100%.
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El-Khatib, Khalil M. "Dynamic load balancing for clustered time warp." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0003/MQ29686.pdf.

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Soon, Wilson Wei-Chwen. "Near real-time extract, transform and load." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2007. http://165.236.235.140/lib/WSoon2007.pdf.

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Huang, Simon. "Load time optimization of JavaScript web applications." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17931.

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Background. Websites are getting larger in size each year, the median size increased from 1479.6 kilobytes to 1699.0 kilobytes on the desktop and 1334.3 kilobytes to 1524.1 kilobytes on the mobile. There are several methods that can be used to decrease the size. In my experiment I use the methods tree shaking, code splitting, gzip, bundling, and minification. Objectives. I will investigate how using the methods separately affect the loading time and con- duct a survey targeted at participants that works as JavaScript developers in the field. Methods. I have used Vue for creating a website and ran Lighthouse tests against the website. All this within two Docker containers to make the reproducibility easier. Interviews with JavaScript developers were made to find out if they use these methods in their work. Results. The best result would be to use all of the methods; gzip, minification, tree shaking, code splitting, and bundling in a combination. If gzip is the only option available for the developer to use, we can see around 60% decrease in loading time. The inter- views showed that most developers did not use or did not know of tree shaking and code splitting. Some frameworks have these methods built in to work automatically, therefor the developers does not know that it is being utilized. Conclusions. Since tree shaking and code splitting are two relatively new techniques, there is not much scientific measured values available. From the results, we can give the conclusion that using all of the mentioned methods will give the best result in loading time. All of the methods will affect the loading time, and only using gzip will affect it with a 60% decrease.
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Books on the topic "Tire load"

1

F, Carter John. A model for Space Shuttle orbiter tire side forces based on NASA Landing Systems Research Aircraft test results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1997.

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Hailperin, Max. Load balancing using time series analysis for soft real time systems with statistically periodic loads. Stanford, Calif: Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1993.

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Topping, Frank. Lord of time. Cambridge: Lutterworth, 1985.

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Association of Edison Illuminating Companies. Load Research Committee. Load research manual. 2nd ed. Birmingham, Ala: Load Research Committee, Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, 2001.

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Koger, Jerry L. Load deflection relationships for three log-skidder tires. [New Orleans, La.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1985.

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Nix, Garth. Lord Sunday. New York: Scholastic Press, 2010.

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It is time, Lord. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.

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Michaels, Jackson V. Understanding the time value of money. Orlando, Fla: Management Science, 1996.

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Ramberger, Günter. Structural bearings and expansion joints for bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed006.

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<p>Bridge superstructures have to be designed to permit thermal and live load strains to occur without unintended restraints. Bridge bearings have to transfer forces from the superstructure to the substructure, allowing all movements in directions defined by the designer. The two functions -transfer the loads and allow movements only in the required directions for a long service time with little maintenance - are not so easy to fulfil. Differ­ent bearings for different purposes and requirements have been developed so, that the bridge designer can choose the most suitable bearing.</p> <p>By the movement of a bridge, gaps are necessary between superstructure and substructure. Expansion joints fill the gaps, allowing traffic loads tobe carried and allowing all expected displacements with low resistance. Ex­pansion joints should provide a smooth transition, avoid noise emission as far as possible and withstand all mechanical actions and chemical attacks (de-icing) for a long time. A simple exchange of all wearing parts and of the entire expansion joint should be possible.</p> <p>The present volume provides a comprehensive survey of arrangement, construction and installation of bearings and expansion joints for bridges including calculation of bearing reactions and movements, analysis and design, inspection and maintenance. A long list of references deals with the subjects but also with aspects in the vicinity of bearings and expansion joints.</p> <p>This book is aimed at both students and practising engineers, working in the field of bridge design, construction, analysis, inspection, maintenance and repair.</p>
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Bill, Freeman. Spending time with the Lord. Scottsdale, Ariz: Ministry Publications, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tire load"

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Wollny, Ines, Felix Hartung, Michael Kaliske, Pengfei Liu, Markus Oeser, Dawei Wang, Gustavo Canon Falla, Sabine Leischner, and Frohmut Wellner. "Multi-scale Computational Approaches for Asphalt Pavements Under Rolling Tire Load." In Coupled System Pavement - Tire - Vehicle, 247–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75486-0_8.

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Rawat, Sanket, Ravi Kant Mittal, and Ashirbad Satapathy. "Experimental Study on Waste Tire Chips-Reinforced Sand Using Cyclic Plate Load Test." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 367–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1831-4_34.

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Png, Adrian, and Luc Demanche. "Load Balancers." In Getting Started with Oracle Cloud Free Tier, 137–55. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6011-1_8.

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Gadyatskaya, Olga, Eduardo Lostal, and Fabio Massacci. "Load Time Security Verification." In Information Systems Security, 250–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25560-1_17.

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Gouaisbaut, Frédéric, Isabelle Queinnec, and Sophie Tarbouriech. "Stability of Load Balancing Control." In Applications of Time Delay Systems, 77–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49556-7_5.

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Liu, Hui. "Interval Prediction of Electric Load Time Series." In Non-intrusive Load Monitoring, 247–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1860-7_10.

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Liu, Hui. "Detection of Transient Events in Time Series." In Non-intrusive Load Monitoring, 23–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1860-7_2.

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Liu, Hui. "Deterministic Prediction of Electric Load Time Series." In Non-intrusive Load Monitoring, 215–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1860-7_9.

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Henze, Janosch, Tanja Kneiske, Martin Braun, and Bernhard Sick. "Identifying Representative Load Time Series for Load Flow Calculations." In Data Analytics for Renewable Energy Integration: Informing the Generation and Distribution of Renewable Energy, 83–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71643-5_8.

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Bianchi, Filippo Maria, Enrico Maiorino, Michael C. Kampffmeyer, Antonello Rizzi, and Robert Jenssen. "Real-World Load Time Series." In SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, 45–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70338-1_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tire load"

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Oertel, Ch, and A. Fandre. "Tire Model RMOD-K 7 and Misuse Load Cases." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0582.

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Zhu, Jason, Tim Roggenkamp, and Dinghong Yan. "Lab-to-Lab Correlation for Tire Noise Load Cases." In SAE 2003 Noise & Vibration Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1533.

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Chawan, Abhishek Sameer, Vikas Birajdar, Mohammad Behroozi, and Javad Baqersad. "Feasibility Study Using FE Model for Tire Load Estimation." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0175.

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Thombare, Dhananjay Ganpati. "Analysis of Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure, Inflation Fluids, Load and Speed on Tire Performance." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology 2019. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-26-0368.

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Ballo, Federico, Massimiliano Gobbi, Giampiero Mastinu, Giorgio Previati, and Roberto Zerboni. "Motorcycle Tire Modeling." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46607.

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The knowledge of the actual distribution of the contact forces transmitted by the tire to the rim is of crucial importance for the lightweight design of motorcycles wheels. In this paper, an analytical model of a motorcycle tire is developed and explicit formulae giving the distribution of the static radial and axial forces acting between the tyre and the rim for a given vertical load have been derived. The analytical model has been validated by means of a FE model of the tire and wheel and on the basis of indoor experimental tests. The proposed analytical model is able to predict the radial static deflection of both a front and a rear tire for a racing motorbike with very good accuracy over a wide range of inflating pressures and vertical loads. The force distributions are in very good agreement with the results of the FE model.
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Harden, Richard W. "Testing of Truck Tire Traction for Load and Aging Effects." In SAE International Truck and Bus Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/881872.

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Chen, Ping, Nan Xu, Konghui Guo, and Rongsheng Liu. "Research on Tire Lateral Force Prediction under High-Load Condition." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1524.

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Li, Gui-hua, and Ping Huang. "Numerically Analysis on Characteristics of the Tire Load of Cars." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2007.4376648.

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Ali, Rustam, Moustafa El-Gindy, Ranvir Dhillon, Trivedi Mukesh, Fredrik Öijer, and Inge Johansson. "Prediction of Tire Ground Interaction Using FEA Truck Tire Models." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70100.

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The advancement of computerized modeling has allowed for the creation of extensive pneumatic tire models. These models have been used to determine many tire properties and tire-road interaction parameters which are either prohibitively expensive or unavailable with physical models. This paper focuses on the prediction of tire-ground interaction with emphasis on individual and combined effect of tire slip angle and camber angle at various operating parameters. The forces generated at tire contact such as rolling resistance, cornering force, aligning moment and overturning moment can be predicted and used to optimize the tire design parameters. In addition to above stated, the three-groove FEA truck tire model representing radial-ply tire of size 295/75R22.5 was used in vertical load deflection test to determine enveloping characteristics under various load conditions and inflation pressures.
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Wang, You Shan, and Jian Wu. "Numberical Analysis on the Steady-State Rolling of Load-Carrying Tire." In 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2009.851.

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Reports on the topic "Tire load"

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Haga, Hitoshi. Evaluation Method for Road Load Simulation~Load Prediction for Durability Using a Tire Model. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0130.

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Heymsfield, Ernie, and Jeb Tingle. State of the practice in pavement structural design/analysis codes relevant to airfield pavement design. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40542.

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An airfield pavement structure is designed to support aircraft live loads for a specified pavement design life. Computer codes are available to assist the engineer in designing an airfield pavement structure. Pavement structural design is generally a function of five criteria: the pavement structural configuration, materials, the applied loading, ambient conditions, and how pavement failure is defined. The two typical types of pavement structures, rigid and flexible, provide load support in fundamentally different ways and develop different stress distributions at the pavement – base interface. Airfield pavement structural design is unique due to the large concentrated dynamic loads that a pavement structure endures to support aircraft movements. Aircraft live loads that accompany aircraft movements are characterized in terms of the load magnitude, load area (tire-pavement contact surface), aircraft speed, movement frequency, landing gear configuration, and wheel coverage. The typical methods used for pavement structural design can be categorized into three approaches: empirical methods, analytical (closed-form) solutions, and numerical (finite element analysis) approaches. This article examines computational approaches used for airfield pavement structural design to summarize the state-of-the-practice and to identify opportunities for future advancements. United States and non-U.S. airfield pavement structural codes are reviewed in this article considering their computational methodology and intrinsic qualities.
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Koger, Jerry L., Eddie C. Burt, and A. C. Bailey. Load Deflection Relationships for Three Log-Skidder Tires. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-rn-311.

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Zimmerman, Nicole. Time-Variant Load Models of Electric Vehicle Chargers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2294.

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Huayamave, Victor, Eduardo Divo, Andres Ceballos, Carolina Barriento, Barkaszi Stephen, and Seigneur Hubert. Real-time POD-CFD Wind-Load Calculator for PV Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1124137.

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Coughlin, Katie, and J. H. Eto. Analysis of Wind Power and Load Data at Multiple Time Scales. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004166.

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Lecouvez, Matthew. Parallel-in-time methods for power grid problems with generator and load ramping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1347676.

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Rucinski, Russell A. D-Zero Cryogenic Operating Systems Load Summary and Time Periods during Trouble Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033665.

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Akbari, H., K. Heinemeier, and M. Goralka. Energy management and control systems for utility load monitoring and real-time pricing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7125333.

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Prowell, I., A. Elgamal, C. Uang, and J. Jonkman. Estimation of Seismic Load Demand for a Wind Turbine in the Time Domain: Preprint. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974465.

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