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1
Särfors, Inggemar. "USED TIRE AS BASE ISOLATOR TIRE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSES." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.7.1.37-44.2011.
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The investigation of foundation on tires for absorbing the earthquake energy on houses structure is described here. The foundations are cut cone in shape. There are two tests have been conducted to investigate the shaking energy absorption. First, the foundation is placed on the sand filled tire. The second one, the double tires support round foundation. For comparison purpose, the foundation on sand test without tire is also conducted. The laboratory tests are performed using double hydraulic jack to generate the applied loads. The first jack is used to give the vertical load on the top of foundation to simulate the house load. The other jack is used to produce the load in the horizontal direction to replicate the earthquake load. The results of the tests are plotted in the terms of horizontal load and displacement corves. The double tires foundation shows the higher horizontal
displacement-load ratio compared to the others. It indicates that the double tire based foundation absorbing the earthquake energy better than the others. It is concluded that the tired based foundation can be installed to support in the earthquake resistant houses.
Keywords: foundation, earthquake resistance, base isolation
2
Sobhanie, M. "Road Load Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135259.
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Abstract Severe loading in a tire/suspension system arises when a rolling tire impacts an obstacle, such as a curb or pothole. Forces and moments at suspension hard points are needed during an impact for component specification, component durability, and endurance analysis. Today, automotive manufacturers and suppliers are promoting virtual prototyping by use of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool. CAE consists of a tire model, a suspension model, and a solver for equilibrium equations. The tire models can be classified either by a parametric tire model (PTM) or by a finite element tire model. In the former tire model, tire stiffness is represented by a set of springs; tire forces and moments are estimated by Pajeka equations. This class of tire models is limited to modeling a vehicle's performance, such as ride and handling. In recent years, explicit dynamic modeling of a rolling tire impacting a road imperfection has been used to calculate forces transmitted to a suspension system. The tire model consisted of a single layer of shell elements; solid elements were considered for the tread cap. The beads were not considered in this tire model. In this analysis, ABAQUS Explicit was used to model the rolling and transient impact of a tire. ABAQUS Explicit's modeling results were compared to ABAQUS Standard's results. The comparison included the tire forces, footprint pressure distribution at a free rolling condition, and resonant frequencies. In addition, modeling results of a tire/suspension system traversing an obstacle were presented. The suspension components, except spring and shock, were modeled by rigid elements connected together.
3
Schmeitz, A. J. C., and A. P. Teerhuis. "Robustness and Applicability of a Model-Based Tire State Estimator for an Intelligent Tire." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460204.
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ABSTRACT Tire states can be estimated by measuring the tire contact patch shape as it varies with vertical load, longitudinal and lateral slip, and so on. In this study, a miniature triaxial accelerometer is used to measure the centripetal accelerations at the tire inner liner. A tire state estimator (TSE) algorithm is developed to transform the measured accelerations to actual tire states, in this case vertical load. The approach used for the TSE is the extended Kalman filter (EKF), but an additional peak detection algorithm is used to synchronize the simulation model with the measurement signal before applying the EKF. The simulation model used in the EKF is an empirical model that describes the basic shape of the centripetal acceleration signal. The applicability of the estimator is assessed by considering the accuracy and robustness for several tire operating conditions: vertical load, velocity, inflation pressure, sideslip, camber, and braking. It is concluded that the TSE exhibits accurate vertical load estimation even in cases of varying load and velocity. Further, it is concluded that the vertical load estimation is robust for (pure) camber changes and (pure) longitudinal force disturbances. For relatively high lateral forces as result of sideslip, the estimation error is larger. The current estimator appears to be not robust for inflation pressure changes, but this can be solved by adding an inflation pressure sensor. Similarly, extension of the estimator to estimate lateral force by adding a second accelerometer not only provides an additional state but also adds the possibility of improving the vertical load estimation. Finally, it is demonstrated that the TSE is able to perform in real time and shows fast convergence capabilities for cases in which the initial vertical load and/or sensor position are unknown or when moving away from situations in which the signal-to-noise ratio is poor.
4
Jiang, Chunxia, Zhixiong Lu, Shrinivasa K. Upadhyaya, and Muhammad Sohail Memon. "Measurement and Analysis of the Vertical Stress Distribution within a Cultivated Soil Volume under Static Conditions." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13033.
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Abstract. One of the important considerations of soil-tire interaction research is the stress distribution in the topsoil and within the cultivated soil volume due to tires. This stress distribution influences trafficability, ride performance, and tractive performance. In this study, a two-wheel-drive tractor and a group of piezoelectric pressure sensors were used at different tire loads and inflation pressures to (1) measure the vertical stress under three tire loads with three inflation pressures and determine the influence of these two parameters on the vertical stress in the topsoil, as measured by sensors with their upper surfaces at an initial depth of 50 mm within the soil volume; (2) develop an empirical relationship between the vertical stress and the depth beneath the soil surface, the tire load, the inflation pressure, and the lateral sensor distance from the tire centerline using multiple linear regression; and (3) analyze the effects of tire load and inflation pressure on vertical stress to contribute to the understanding of soil compaction processes based on the equation we developed. All vertical stress measurements were conducted when traffic was applied to the soil by the left front tire of the tractor, with forward motion of the tractor stopped before the left rear tire reached the sensors. The results indicated that (1) when the inflation pressure decreased, the soil-tire interface stress curve became smooth and the peak value of stress gradually moved to a point near the edge of the tire, whereas when the inflation pressure was higher, the peak stress value occurred in the center of the tire; (2) low inflation pressure significantly reduced the maximum vertical stress; (3) the vertical stress was influenced by all four factors investigated in this study; and (4) the stress within the soil volume varied as a quadratic function of the inflation pressure at a given tire load, and it varied as a linear function of tire load at a given inflation pressure. Keywords: Stress distribution, Tire load, Tire inflation pressure.
5
Völkl, Timo, Robert Lukesch, Martin Mühlmeier, Michael Graf, and Hermann Winner. "A Modular Race Tire Model Concerning Thermal and Transient Behavior using a Simple Contact Patch Description." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410402.
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ABSTRACT The potential of a race tire strongly depends on its thermal condition, the load distribution in its contact patch, and the variation of wheel load. The approach described in this paper uses a modular structure consisting of elementary blocks for thermodynamics, transient excitation, and load distribution in the contact patch. The model provides conclusive tire characteristics by adopting the fundamental parameters of a simple mathematical force description. This then allows an isolated parameterization and examination of each block in order to subsequently analyze particular influences on the full model. For the characterization of the load distribution in the contact patch depending on inflation pressure, camber, and the present force state, a mathematical description of measured pressure distribution is used. This affects the tire's grip as well as the heat input to its surface and its casing. In order to determine the thermal condition, one-dimensional partial differential equations at discrete rings over the tire width solve the balance of energy. The resulting surface and rubber temperatures are used to determine the friction coefficient and stiffness of the rubber. The tire's transient behavior is modeled by a state selective filtering, which distinguishes between the dynamics of wheel load and slip. Simulation results for the range of occurring states at dry conditions show a sufficient correlation between the tire model's output and measured tire forces while requiring only a simplified and descriptive set of parameters.
6
Khaleghian, Seyedmeysam, Omid Ghasemalizadeh, and Saied Taheri. "Estimation of the Tire Contact Patch Length and Normal Load Using Intelligent Tires and Its Application in Small Ground Robot to Estimate the Tire-Road Friction." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440402.
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ABSTRACT Tire-road friction estimation is one of the most popular problems for the tire and vehicle industry. Accurate estimation of the tire-road friction leads to better performance of the traction and antilock braking system controllers, which reduces the number of accidents. Several researchers have worked in the field of friction estimation, and many tire models have been developed to predict the tire-road friction. In this article, an intelligent tire, which has an embedded accelerometer placed on the inner liner of the tire, is used to estimate the tire contact patch length parameter and normal load. To accomplish this, first, an existing tire testing trailer equipped with a force hub to measure tire forces and moments, a high-accuracy encoder to measure the angular velocity of the wheel, and VBOX, which is a global positioning system–based device, to estimate the longitudinal speed of the trailer was used. As a practical application for the normal load algorithm, a wheeled ground robot, which is equipped with several sensors, including an accelerometer and a flexible strain sensor inside the tire (used for terrain identification purposes), was designed and built. A set of algorithms was developed and used with the test data that were collected with both the trailer and the robot, and the contact patch length and the normal load were estimated. Also, the friction potential between the tire and the road was evaluated using a small ground robot.
7
Matsuzaki, Ryosuke, Naoki Hiraoka, Akira Todoroki, and Yoshihiro Mizutani. "OS08-2-5 Applied Load Estimation from Surface Strain for Intelligent Tire." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS08–2–5—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os08-2-5-.
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Wang, Kui Yang, Jin Hua Tang, Guo Qing Li, and Chuan Yi Yuan. "Real-Time Detection of Adhesion Coefficient between Tire and Road." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.109.
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Adhesion coefficient between tire and road is one of important factors which influence vehicle safety performance. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the detection method of adhesion coefficient based on brake-by-wire is put forward. Brake force is estimated according to pedal position sensor, vehicle braking deceleration is detected through MMA6260Q acceleration sensor. Motion state of tire is distinguished according to brake force and road braking force, vertical load of tire is received in view of formula on vehicle load transfer. Adhesion coefficient used for sliding area is got and taken as adhesion coefficient of road. Analysis shows that the detection method may identify adhesion coefficient between tire and road accurately, and has certain practical value.
9
Seo, Young Gi, Seong Woo Kwak, Jae Cheon Lee, Ho Seung Lee, Hao Liu, Hae Jun Jo, Sangsu Park, and Eun Jin Lee. "Vehicle Load Measurement using Tire Deformation Values." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2018.28.2.170.
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10
Grečenko, Alexandr. "Tire load rating to reduce soil compaction." Journal of Terramechanics 40, no. 2 (April 2003): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2003.10.001.
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Rukkur, Sanae, Charoenyut Dechwayukul, Wiriya Thongruang, and Orasa Patarapaiboolchai. "Heat Built-Up of Industrial Solid Tires in Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.445.
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Solid tires made of natural rubber, manufactured and used for forklift trucks in Thailand, have quality problems involving blow out [. Failure of solid tires may occur from excessive loads and or heat generation inducing loss of mechanical properties. The failure of solid tires relating to heat generation is considered. Solid tires under severe conditions, such as overloading, high speed, or high temperature work places often leading to fail and blowout. When these are continuously rolled and loaded, the rubber is stressed and deformed leading to heat generation [. The hysteresis loss storage in form of strain energy due to internal friction in the rubber converts to the heat source transfer to the section of tire. During carrying heavy load, solid tire is subjected to the repeat compressed cyclic loading. Since rubber has the visco-hyperelastic property, cyclic load deformation causes hysteresis loop when tire is performed under cyclic load. Hysteresis loops area indicates the amount of energy turn into heat and it is difficult transferring to the surface of the tire due to insulation itself. As the results, there is heat build-up as shown in term of temperature rising differs in each tire and finally causes blowout or explosion.
12
Georgieva, Hristina, Nikolai Pavlov, and Lilo Kunchev. "Tester for Study the Influence of Tire Vertical Load and Tire Internal Pressure on Tire Cornering Stiffness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.89.
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This article presents the results of experimental study of the influence of tire vertical load and tire internal pressure on tire cornering stiffness. The results have been obtained with a mobile tire tester which was developed at department “CEAET” at TU-SOFIA. The information about the dates of size load, index speed, index group, wearing out is obtained from Goodyear website, www.goodyear.eu. The study process concerns three main areas: (i) the choice of the experimental methodology; (ii) calculation and analysis of the data; (iii) discussion and conclusion. The obtained results give the possibility to determinate the role of tire on vehicle handling and stability.
13
Tanner, J. A., V. J. Martinson, and M. P. Robinson. "Static Frictional Contact of the Space Shuttle Nose-Gear Tire." Tire Science and Technology 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 242–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139544.
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Abstract A computational procedure has been presented for the solution of frictional contact problems for aircraft tires. The Space Shuttle nose-gear tire was modeled using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory with the effects of variation in material and geometric parameters, transverse shear deformation, and geometric non-linearities included. Contact conditions were incorporated into the formulation by using a perturbed Lagrangian approach with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the stress resultants, the generalized displacements, and the Lagrange multipliers associated with the contact and friction conditions. The contact friction algorithm was based on a modified Coulomb friction law. Elemental arrays were obtained by using a modified two-field, mixed variational principle that was obtained by augmenting the functional of the variational principle by two terms: the Lagrange multiplier vector associated with nodal normal and tangential contact load intensities and a regularization term which is quadratic in the Lagrange multiplier vector. Experimental measurements were made to define the response of the Space Shuttle nose-gear tire to combined inflation pressure loads and static normal loads against a rigid flat plate. These experimental results describe the static load-deflection characteristics of the tire and the normal and tangential load intensity distributions in the tire footprint for the various static vertical loading conditions. Numerical results were obtained for the Space Shuttle nose-gear tire subjected to combined inflation pressure and contact loads against a rigid flat plate. Comparisons were made between the experimental measurements and the numerical results.
14
Li, Bo, Zhenqiang Quan, Shaoyi Bei, Lanchun Zhang, and Haijian Mao. "An estimation algorithm for tire wear using intelligent tire concept." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (February 26, 2021): 2712–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021999483.
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Real-time monitoring of tire wear is a hot spot in the research of automobile tires, and it has a great significance to ensure the safety of automobile driving. A tire wear estimation algorithm was proposed based on the relevant knowledge of finite element modal analysis theory and the concept of intelligent tires in this paper. First, the finite element model of the 205/55/R16 radial tire was established through the ABAQUS software, then the finite element method was used to simulate and analyze the influence of tire inflation pressure, load, tire wear, and speed on the tire radial vibration frequency. The simulation results show that inflation pressure and tire wear shows an upward trend with the increase of the vibration frequency of each order in the tire radial direction, and load and speed increase with what increases of tire radial increase frequency. Based on simulation analysis data, combined with the relationship between tire inflation pressure, load, tire wear, speed, and radial vibration frequency, a neural network-based tire wear estimation algorithm is proposed. The estimate results show that the predicted wear curve and the actual wear curve have a higher degree of overlap, the average error is 0.0874 mm, and the average error percentage is 2.78%, Thus, a feasible tire wear estimation algorithm is proposed.
15
Radt, H. S., and D. A. Glemming. "Normalization of Tire Force and Moment Data." Tire Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139525.
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Abstract Semi-empirical theories of tire mechanics are employed to determine appropriate means to normalize forces, moments, angles, and slip ratios. Force and moment measurements on a P195/70R 14 tire were normalized to show that data at different loads could then be superimposed, yielding close to one normalized curve. Included are lateral force, self-aligning torque, and overturning moment as a function of slip angle, inclination angle, slip ratio, and combinations. It is shown that, by proper normalization of the data, one need only determine one normalized force function that applies to combinations of slip angle, camber angle, and load or slip angle, slip ratio, and load. Normalized curves are compared for the effects of inflation pressure and surface water thickness. Potential benefits as well as limitations and deficiencies of the approach are presented.
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Sakai, H. "Study on Cornering Properties of Tire and Vehicle." Tire Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 136–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141697.
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Abstract This paper presents theoretical analysis on the cornering properties of tire and vehicle. First, the side force, braking driving forces and self-aligning torque on the tire are shown as functions of slip angle, slip ratio, camber angle and load. Next, the steady cornering properties of the vehicle using these tires are analyzed with the rolling conditions. Slip angle, slip ratio, camber angle and load, and forces and moments of the four tires are calculated. Effects of main factors on the above vehicle properties such as the load distribution, camber/roll ratio, front/rear drive ratio, tire size, tire wear, tire inflation pressure and tire friction are discussed.
17
Park, Dae-Wook, Emmanuel Fernando, and Joe Leidy. "Evaluation of Predicted Pavement Response with Measured Tire Contact Stresses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1919, no. 1 (January 2005): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191900117.
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A uniform circular vertical contact stress is commonly assumed in representing wheel loads in pavement analysis procedures. However, experimental measurements have shown that actual loading conditions are nonuniform and depend on tire construction, tire load, and tire inflation pressure. Predicted pavement response from three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) and layered elastic programs were compared to establish guidelines for modeling wheel loads in current layered elastic pavement analysis programs to provide a better approximation of pavement response parameters for design and evaluation. Tire contact pressure was measured with the stress-in-motion pad. In addition, tire contact pressure measurements from a previous study conducted at the University of California at Berkeley were obtained. Available contact pressure measurements on four tires were used to predict pavement response with a 3D FE program, which permitted input of measured tire contact pressures at various tire loads and tire inflation pressures. Horizontal strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer, compressive strain at the top of the subgrade, and principal stresses at different depths were predicted. Similar predictions were generated with layered elastic theory with two different representations of contact pressure and contact area. From predicted strains, service life for a range of pavements, tire load, and tire inflation pressures were estimated with limiting strain criteria. In addition, Mohr-Coulomb (MC) yield function values were calculated from predicted principal stresses at different depths. The MC yield function values and pavement life estimates from 3D FE and layered elastic analyses were compared with established guidelines for modeling wheel loads using existing layered elastic procedures.
18
Kline, S. M. "Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Tire Test Machine." Tire Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139515.
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Abstract A typical tire endurance testing machine (TTM) is described and a new digitally controlled TTM is proposed. Currently TTMs normally use an analog PID-type servo loop to control the force with which a tire is pressed against a large turning road-wheel (radial load control). The camber angle and steer angle of the tire are both normally constant and zero. This type of system does not perform well with changing radial loads because the system dynamics are influenced by the tire's weight and spring constant which varies from tire to tire. Analog electronic control cannot adapt to these parametric changes but digital control can. In this paper a model reference adaptive controller is proposed. This type of control allows specific loading dynamics (the reference model) to be programmed independently of tire weight and spring constant. This enables the user to emulate a specific suspension system on a bumpy road simply by specifying the suspension dynamics and the changes in load.
19
Hathorn, G. N. B., K. Blackburn, and J. L. Brighton. "An Investigation into Wheel Sinkage on Soft Sand." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420201.
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ABSTRACT Sinkage is an empirically significant factor in vehicle performance as it can result in an immobile vehicle or significant environmental damage. Bernstein first proposed a pressure-sinkage relationship in 1913, and subsequent work by Janosi and Hanamoto and Hedegus concluded that longitudinal wheel slip also plays a role in sinkage. Shinone, Nakashima, Takatsu, Kasetani, and Matsukawa identified a linear relationship between slip and sinkage on a lightly loaded tire (980 N). In this study, the effects of vertical wheel load, longitudinal wheel slip ratio, and tire inflation pressure on wheel sinkage on loose sand were investigated to relate sinkage to a vehicular operating condition. The test program in this study was conducted using the Cranfield University Single Wheel Tester (SWT) on loose, desert-like sand in the Cranfield Off-Road Dynamics facility soil lane. The SWT uses a closed loop servo-controlled hydraulic actuator to actively control vertical wheel load and twin hydraulic motors to actively control wheel speed. The SWT apparatus is mounted on an independent prime mover tractor unit, which controls forward speed. True forward speed is continuously measured against a fixed reference point and used to calculate the required wheel speed in real time to give the desired slip profile. A series of controlled load tests were conducted using a Goodyear G90 tire on a dry desert sand material. Four discrete inflation pressures (0.69, 1.38, 2.07, and 2.76 bar [10, 20, 30, and 40 psi] and four vertical wheel loads (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kN) were chosen to represent the operating range of the tire. Each test run consisted of a continuously decreasing sweep of longitudinal wheel slip ratio (the slip ratio was controlled to decrease linearly from 85% [driven] to −15% [braked]). Although a near-linear increase in sinkage was identified for wheel slip ratios greater than 10%, as Shinone et al. also found, the overall relationship between slip ratio and sinkage was found to be nonlinear.
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Rusliyawati, Rusliyawati, and Agus Wantoro. "Decision support system model using FIS Mamdani for determining tire pressure." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 9, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.2020.13776.
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Tire air pressure is very important in driving, providing comfort, safety, and efficiency in fuel consumption. This study aims to create a model that can determine the measurement of tire air pressure. The model was developed based on the Mamdani FIS with five input parameters: load weight (load capacity), weather, mileage, rim diameter, and tire thickness. Mamdani inference generates front and rear tire air pressure. The calculation of tire pressure using the system was compared with a manual that only considers the vehicle load. This comparison shows the difference in the mean size of 1.24% for the front tire pressure and 2.17% for the rear tire. The system can provide recommendations for tire air pressure by considering several parameters in addition to vehicle load.
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Behnke, Ronny, and Michael Kaliske. "Finite Element Based Analysis of Reinforcing Cords in Rolling Tires: Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Cord Properties on Tire Response." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 294–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.4604010.
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ABSTRACT Tires of passenger cars and other special tires are made of rubber compounds and reinforcing cords of different type to form a composite with distinct mechanical and thermal properties. One of the major load cases is the steady state rolling operation during the tire's service. In this contribution, attention is paid to the strain and force state as well as the temperature distribution in the carcass cord layer of a steady state rolling tire. A simple benchmark tire geometry is considered, which is made of one rubber compound, one carcass cord layer (textile), and two belt cord layers (steel). From the given geometry, two tire designs are derived by using two distinct types of reinforcing cords (polyester and rayon) for the carcass cord layer. Subsequently, the two tire designs are subjected to three load cases with different inner pressure, vertical force, and translational velocity. The strain and the force state as well as the temperature distribution in the cords are computed via a thermomechanically coupled finite element simulation approach for each tire design and load case. To realistically capture the thermomechanical behavior of the cords, a temperature- and deformation-dependent nonlinear elastic cord model is proposed. The cord model parameters can be directly derived from data of cord tensile tests at different temperatures. Finally, cord design parameters (minimum and maximum strains and forces in the cords, maximum strain and force range per cycle, and maximum cord temperature) are summarized and compared. Additionally, the global vertical stiffness and the rolling resistance for each tire design are addressed.
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Fortunato, Gaetano, Vincenzo Ciaravola, Alessandro Furno, Michele Scaraggi, Boris Lorenz, and Bo N. J. Persson. "Dependency of Rubber Friction on Normal Force or Load: Theory and Experiment." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450103.
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ABSTRACT In rubber friction studies, it is often observed that the kinetic friction coefficient μ depends on the nominal contact pressure p. We discuss several possible origins of the pressure dependency of μ: (1) saturation of the contact area (and friction force) due to high nominal squeezing pressure; (2) nonlinear viscoelasticity; (3) nonrandomness in the surface topography, in particular the influence of the skewness of the surface roughness profile; (4) adhesion; and (5) frictional heating. We show that in most cases the nonlinearity in the μ(p) relation is mainly due to process (5), frictional heating, that softens the rubber, increases the area of contact, and (in most cases) reduces the viscoelastic contribution to the friction. In fact, because the temperature distribution in the rubber at time t depends on the sliding history (i.e., on the earlier time t′ < t), the friction coefficient at time t will also depend on the sliding history, that is, it is, strictly speaking, a time integral operator. The energy dissipation in the contact regions between solids in sliding contact can result in high local temperatures that may strongly affect the area of real contact and the friction force (and the wear-rate). This is the case for rubber sliding on road surfaces at speeds above 1 mm/s. Previously, we derived equations that described the frictional heating for solids with arbitrary thermal properties. Here, the theory is applied to rubber friction on road surfaces. Numerical results are presented and compared to experimental data. We observe good agreement between the calculated and measured temperature increase.
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Singh, Kanwar Bharat, and Saied Taheri. "Accelerometer Based Method for Tire Load and Slip Angle Estimation." Vibration 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration2020011.
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Tire mounted sensors are emerging as a promising technology, capable of providing information about important tire states. This paper presents a survey of the state-of-the-art in the field of smart tire technology, with a special focus on the different signal processing techniques proposed by researchers to estimate the tire load and slip angle using tire mounted accelerometers. Next, details about the research activities undertaken as part of this study to develop a smart tire are presented. Finally, novel algorithms for estimating the tire load and slip angle are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
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Laging, G., and H. Rothert. "Numerical Results of Tire-Test Drum Interaction." Tire Science and Technology 14, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148772.
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Abstract Inflated tires without grooves have been examined both numerically and experimentally for behavior under vertical and horizontal loads. Complete load-deformation analysis of the contact area was emphasized. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional models were investigated. The three-dimensional approach includes geometrical non-linearities, hyperelastic material properties, deformation-dependent load components, and a contact problem with friction. Any contact surface contour can be included in the computation by introducing local coordinates for each node in the footprint area. Test drum experiments can thus be used for comparison. Extensive experimental and numerical studies were done on tires quasi-statically loaded against convex and concave drums. Results seem to confirm the need for plane-surface test devices. The main reason for this is the nonlinear relation of the size of the contact area to the stress distribution or to the maximum stress values.
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Yang, X., and S. Medepalli. "Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation3." Tire Science and Technology 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3251339.
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Abstract In this study, a systematic validation of comfort and durability tire models (CDT) using LMS software was performed by focusing on the measured tire data collection, bench test, and full vehicle model predictions. Different road events are considered in the validation process, including deterministic and random type roads, as well as braking/accelerating and cornering events. The study shows that the current version of commercial CDT models is reasonably accurate for durability road loads simulation, but requires simulation time improvement. The seven published SAE J-documents for road load tire model parameterization tests cover the necessary data to parameterize the CDT model for “non-misuse” road loads simulation.
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Wang, Qiang, and Li Jiang. "Bearing Grounding Mechanical Properties of Engineering Vehicle Retreaded Tire." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019801026.
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In this study, a multivariate composite layer model, computer geometry models, contact pair models, finite element analysis (FEA) models, and bearing grounding mechanical property test system were constructed. FEA and experimental study on the bearing grounding mechanical properties of retreaded tires of engineering vehicles were processed. Therefore, features and rules of load grounding pressure, load grounding mark, load grounding area, load grounding coefficient, and load grounding hardness coefficient of retreaded tires under the static grounding working condition were summarized, from which load-bearing grounding mathematical models of 26.5R25 engineering vehicle retreaded tire were constructed. Analysis results show that the grounding pressure at the tread center of grounding pressure and grounding friction, which increased along the tire width and rolling direction at different degrees, were the smallest under the static grounding working condition. The shape of the earthing marks turned from circular to elliptical, and then close to the rectangle with the load increase, and finally into an approximate saddle shape. When the tire pressure was certain, the earthing area increased gradually with the increasing load and the increasing trend was nonlinear. The ground pressure and grounding force on the tire shoulder of the engineering re-treaded tire was the largest, which could be damaged easily.
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Pillai, P. S., and G. S. Fielding-Russell. "Tire Rolling Resistance from Whole-Tire Hysteresis Ratio." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538623.
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Abstract A simple equation for tire rolling resistance in terms of whole-tire hysteresis ratio, tire load, and footprint dimensions has been developed from energetic considerations. The rolling resistances of a number of radial passenger and truck tires have been calculated using the equation, and the calculated values were successfully compared with the measured results. The general applicability of the equation was illustrated by predicting the rolling resistances of a wide range of tires—from an experimental HR78-8 minitire to a full size 11R24.5 truck tire.
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Ma, Qiang, Hang Shu, Jia Mou, Lihua Li, and Zhenyi Zheng. "Large-Scale Direct Shear Test on Tire Slice Reinforced Crushed Concrete Particles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (March 13, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8014830.
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In order to study the mechanical properties of tire slices reinforced crushed concrete particles, a series of shear tests were carried out under the conditions of different vertical loads, different tire volume contents, and different shear rates. The test results show that the addition of tire slices can increase the internal friction angle and cohesion of concrete particles, therefore increase the shear strength of crushed concrete particles. The peak shear stress increases with the increase of vertical load. However, with the increase of the tire volume content, the reinforcement effect of the tire slices first increases and then decreases, and the effect is best when the tire volume content is 4%. Under the vertical load of 60 kPa, the reinforcement effect of 4% tire volume content is the best, and the peak shear stress increases by 46.53%. Additionally, the shear rate has a little effect on the peak shear stress. The larger the shear rate is, the smaller the shear displacement is and the faster the shear strength decreases. The smaller the shear rate is, the more gently the shear strength decreases.
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Kao, B. G. "Tire Vibration Modes and Tire Stiffness." Tire Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135252.
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Abstract Tire radial stiffness is traditionally calculated from the wheel load deflection measurement. Statically, this stiffness serves to provide the support for the vehicle. However, this stiffness does not provide sufficient understanding of how the tire behaves dynamically: the tire first radial modes, no matter how they were measured, cannot be correlated with this statically measured stiffness. A comprehensive explanation for this phenomenon is needed for better understanding of tire dynamics and hence building the dynamic tire models. In this paper, the relationship between the tire static stiffness and the tire radial vibration modes is investigated using the bushing analogy tire (BAT) modeling concept. It is found that the tire first radial mode, though it can be of different values through different measuring methods, can be explained consistently with this model. A procedure to obtain consistent tire stiffness for the tire model is also proposed as a result of this investigation.
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Гончаренко and S. Goncharenko. "ON THE DETERMINATION LOAD CAPACITIES TIRES OF ULTRALOW PRESSURE." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13856.
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Dependence proposed establishing a link between dimensions tire low pressure and load capacity. This dependence allows for preliminary engineering calculations with sufficient accuracy and significantly reduce the time spent in the justification of carrying capacity of large low-pressure tires.
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Melcer, Jozef. "Dynamic Load of Vehicle on Asphalt Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 617 (August 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.617.29.
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Asphalt pavements are the transport structures subjected to dynamic effect of moving vehicles. Many effects influence the real values of vehicle tire forces. Road unevenness represents the most important factor influencing the magnitudes of tire forces. Such data can be obtained by numerical or experimental way. The paper deals with the numerical simulation of moving load effect on asphalt pavements and with numerical simulation of tire forces in relation to the road unevenness.
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Maier, Oliver, Stefan Hillenbrand, Jürgen Wrede, Andreas Freund, and Frank Gauterin. "Vertical and Longitudinal Characteristics of a Bicycle Tire." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460301.
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ABSTRACT Electric bicycles have undergone a real boom in recent years and play an important role in the area of sustainable mobility. In addition to assisting the rider while accelerating the bicycle, the available electrical energy also offers the possibility to deploy safety systems to reduce the risk of accidents. For instance, active safety systems could help to avoid two major critical braking situations for single-track vehicles: front wheel lockup and nose-over (i.e., falling over the handlebars). An essential prerequisite for the development of such systems is a thorough understanding of tire effects on bicycle dynamics. To date, there are only very few scientific studies concerning bicycle tire characteristics. Thus, test runs on an inner drum tire test bench have been performed to measure vertical and longitudinal characteristics of a typical trekking bike tire. This article presents the main findings such as vertical stiffness and contact patch geometry depending on wheel load and inflation pressure as well as characteristic curves of the longitudinal force depending on slip with variation in road condition, wheel load, speed, and inflation pressure. Based on these valuable insights, further improvements are proposed, and an outlook on the next research steps is given.
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Groenendijk, J., C. H. Vogelzang, A. A. A. Molenaar, B. R. Mante, and L. J. M. Dohmen. "Linear Tracking Response Measurements: Determining Effects of Wheel-Load Configurations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1570, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1570-01.
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The relative strain effects of 15 different load configurations were studied. Using the linear tracking device (LINTRACK) accelerated loading facility, two 5-year-old pavements of 0.15-m asphalt on sand (one virgin and one loaded with 4 million 75-kN wheel loads) were tested. All measured strains were converted to strain factors relative to a standard load (super-single tire, 50 kN, 0.70 MPa). The results were compared with earlier measurements and BISAR-calculated factors. The results on the loaded pavement showed markedly more variation than those on the unloaded pavement. Generally, the BISAR-calculated relative strain factors matched the measured values well for the super-single tire. Considerable difference occurred only in the most extreme load conditions. Nonuniform contact stress distribution can be the cause for this. The calculated relative strain factors for the dual tire configurations underestimated the measured values.
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Dadonov, Mikhail, Alexander Kulpin, Valery Borovtsov, and Anar Zhunusbekova. "Effect of aerodynamic loads on redistribution of normal reactions of quarry dump trucks tires." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017403018.
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Tires of quarry dump trucks occupy one of the leading places in the item of costs for motor transport, as they are expensive product and at the same time more than half of them do not generate their resource. The causes of premature tires failure are exceeding normal load on them. In turn, the aerodynamic forces effect on the quarry dump truck as one of the influencing factors, is the dynamic redistribution of normal loads on tires and, as a result, affects temperature modes. The determination of the load on the tire under different operating conditions will increase the service life of the tires and avoid early failure. The proposed calculation method of aerodynamic loads and their influence on redistribution of normal mine dump truck tires reactions in dynamics allows to make correction to load modes and control the tires resource, which will lead to more complete use of tires resource.
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Machado, Thiago M., Kléber P. Lanças, Mauro B. de Oliveira Junior, José A. Artioli, and Indiamara Marasca. "Static tests of constructive tires using hydraulic press on the soil." Engenharia Agrícola 35, no. 5 (October 2015): 886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v35n5p886-893/2015.
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ABSTRACT The power consumption and load capacity of agricultural machines have grown and the effects of pressure on the soil by tires have been still little investigated. In concern with sustainable development, the relationship machine-tire-soil must be in balance to give more consistency on the best use of tires for a given load. This study aimed to evaluate four tires of two constructive types, the bias belted tires and radial tires, both with respective rim diameters of 22.5 and 26.5 inches with variables measuring the footprint, elastic deformation, sinkage and resistance to penetration. A hydraulic press with an attachment shaft for tire mounting and a box of soil in which the tire has been imposed on a load of 53.00 kN using nominal pressures recommended by the tire manufacturer. The radial construction tire with rim diameter of 26.5 inches obtained less sinkage and resistance to penetration; however, greater elastic deformation and footprint compared to other tires. The bias-belted tire with 22.5-inch rim presented the highest resistance to penetration and the lowest elastic deformation.
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Mohsenimanesh, Ahmad, and Claude Laguë. "Impact of Load and Inflation Pressure on Traffic-Induced Soil Compaction for Two Types of Flotation Tires." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 4 (2017): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.11659.
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Abstract. An Automatic Air Inflation-Deflation (AAID) control unit was evaluated on a manure tanker equipped with Alliance model 390 30.5LR32 steel belted radial-ply and Michelin 650/75R32 172A8/172B TL MEGAXBIB radial-ply flotation tires. The objective was to validate the effectiveness of the AAID control unit from an engineering perspective and its benefits for field agricultural operations. The contact patch was characterized in terms of rut depth and width, and tire contact length. Soil cone index was used as an indicator of soil compaction caused by the weight of the manure tanker. Cone index and rut depth at the centerline and edge of both the Alliance and the Michelin tires were affected by tire inflation pressure and load. As inflation pressure or load increased, the cone penetration resistance in the contact patch increased, indicating an increase in soil compaction. The adjusted tire inflation pressure for field operation using the AAID control unit reduced the rut depth at a lug imprint at the tire centerline, at a high load of 68 kN per tire, by 18.4% and 15.6% for the Michelin and Alliance tires, respectively, and by 19.1% and 12.0% at a low load of 44 kN per tire for the Michelin and Alliance tires respectively. Keywords: Automatic air inflation deflation, Cone index, Contact patch, Flotation tire, Manure tanker, Rut depth, Rut width, Soil compaction management.
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Schuring, D. J., and J. D. Clark. "Load, Speed, and Pressure Effects on Passenger Car Tire Rolling-Loss Distribution." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1988): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536212.
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Abstract The procedure explained in this paper permits calculation of individual tire region contributions to rolling loss without altering the tire. Many different tire-build configurations can be considered using this technique. Different belt, bead, and subtread materials' contributions to rolling-loss distribution can be studied; different tire shapes and thicknesses can be considered. Only a single tire of each configuration need be built, and it can be retested if necessary. Results obtained here show that the tread region of the tire tested behaves differently than the other regions. Changes in tire pressure, load, and speed lead to changes in the remaining individual tire regions' contributions that are in the same direction as the overall tire loss. A tire design that is altered to accommodate new specifications may lead to an increase in rolling loss that is greater than some designated value. An analysis of the type presented here may show which region of the new tire design should be changed to bring the loss within desired limits. The heat-transfer coefficient of the tire in this model is a linear function of velocity, independent of tire load and pressure. We have confidence in this relation as the model results are derived from both loss measurements and tire surface temperature measurements made in the laboratory. The model output is based on fundamental heat-transfer precepts and treated mathematically by established analysis techniques.
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Cheng, Hongjie, Lei Gao, Zhihao Liu, Qinhe Gao, and Xiuyu Liu. "The Planar Wide-Frequency Vibration Characteristics of Heavy-Load Radial Tires." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5805292.
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This paper investigates the planar wide-frequency vibration characteristics of heavy-load radial tires with a large aspect ratio. A proposed tire model with a piecewise flexible beam on an elastic foundation is investigated and validated using experimental modal analysis and theoretical modeling method. The reproducibility of frequency response functions below 400 Hz is discussed. The experimental modal analysis particularly assesses the coupling of features across the circumferential and cross-sectional directions of heavy-load radial tire carcass. Piecewise circumferential modal characteristics were investigated experimentally, leading to the suggestion of a piecewise flexible beam on an elastic tire foundation. Using a genetic algorithm (GA), the structural parameters EI, ρ A , and kr and damping coefficients η and cr for the proposed tire model are identified, and the piecewise transfer functions and the planar transfer functions for a heavy-load radial tire are compared with planar hammer test. Experimental and theoretical results show the following: (1) the sectional vibration characteristics for a heavy-load radial tire with a large aspect ratio result from the cross-sectional vibration of the tire carcass; (2) the piecewise transfer function is mainly influenced by the circumferential vibration of the flexible carcass, and this is consistent with a model where a flexible beam is placed on an elastic tire foundation; (3) the analytical transfer functions calculated for the proposed tire model, drawing on the identified structural parameters and damping coefficients, agree well with the experimental results.
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Kindt, Peter, Cristobal Gonzalez Diaz, Stijn Vercammen, Christophe Thiry, Jason Middelberg, Bart Kimble, and Jan Leyssens. "Effects of Rotation on the Tire Dynamic Behavior: Experimental and Numerical Analyses." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410403.
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ABSTRACT Based on the results of experimental and numerical analyses, we investigate the effects of rotation on tire dynamic behavior. Better understanding of these effects will further improve the ability to control and optimize the noise and vibrations that result from the interaction between the road surface and the rolling tire. The presented work was performed in the framework of the European industry-academia project Tire-Dyn, with partners Goodyear, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and LMS International. The effect of rotation on the tire dynamic behavior is quantified for different operating conditions of the tire, such as load and rotation speed. Through combined experimental and numerical analyses, the physical phenomena accounting for the observed rotation influences are described.
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Liu, Ying, and Ke Long Yu. "Tire Crushing Equipment Hydraulic Workstation Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1417.
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Tire crushing equipment in crushing the whole tire processing machinery, plastic blocks larger particles using a hydraulic motor driven mechanical crushing. Tire crushing confidential solving process running overload and load startup. The main problem of large particles of plastic blocks using a motor-driven mill is overload protection and load startup. Fluctuation range of shear crushing big tires, large particles occurred requires the use of shears occur when the machine shut down and set the material inside the machine clean. The machine can be restarted. Hydraulic motor with commutation convenience and load startup characteristics. Hydraulic fluid power source as a workstation can provide power for each processing machinery and complete sets of equipment. Working pressure of hydraulic station design includes a power driven mechanical calculations, the hydraulic system. Choice and control hydraulic system, control the temperature of the hydraulic oil , mechanical work , such as the determination of the content of the component.
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Bishop, Craig T. "Field assessment of a floating tire breakwater." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-092.
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A field monitoring program of a Goodyear floating tire breakwater (FTB) was undertaken at La Salle Park, Burlington, Ontario, during 1981 and 1982. Incident and transmitted waves were measured with underwater pressure transducers. The resulting wave height transmission data compares favourably with previous results from model studies. Mooring loads on some anchor lines were measured with two electronic and four mechanical gauges. The resulting peak load data, corresponding to incident wave heights up to 0.65 m, are in good agreement with previous results from prototype scale model studies. Key words: coastal engineering, floating tire breakwaters, marinas, pressure gauges, mooring forces, waves.
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Li, Bin, Xiaobo Yang, James Yang, Yunqing Zhang, and Zeyu Ma. "In-Plane Flexible Ring Tire Model—Part 1: Modeling and Parameter Identification." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 174–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460303.
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ABSTRACT The tire model is essential for accurate and efficient vehicle dynamic simulation. In this article, an in-plane flexible ring tire model is proposed, in which the tire is composed of a rigid rim, a number of discretized lumped mass belt points, and numerous massless tread blocks attached on the belt. One set of tire model parameters is identified by approaching the predicted results with ADAMS® FTire virtual test results for one particular cleat test through the particle swarm method using MATLAB®. Based on the identified parameters, the tire model is further validated by comparing the predicted results with FTire for the static load-deflection tests and other cleat tests. Finally, several important aspects regarding the proposed model are discussed.
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Prozzi, Jorge A., and Rong Luo. "Quantification of the Joint Effect of Wheel Load and Tire Inflation Pressure on Pavement Response." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1919, no. 1 (January 2005): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191900114.
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Most pavement design and analysis procedures predict performance on the basis of expected pavement damage under traffic loads expected during design life. Some failure criteria are primarily dependent on wheel loads and almost independent of contact stresses. Others are primarily dependent on normal and shear stresses, not on load magnitude. Wheel load is used as a proxy for tire pressure to account for the effect of contact stresses indirectly. In most pavement design methods, tire–pavement contact stress is assumed to be equal to tire inflation pressure and to be uniformly distributed over a circular area. A methodology that explicitly accounts for the effect of tire inflation pressures and the corresponding contact stresses on pavement response is not available. In this research, pavement responses of typical pavement structures under the combined actions of variable wheel loads and tire pressures were evaluated. A multilayer, linear–elastic computer program was used to estimate three critical pavement responses: longitudinal and transverse tensile strains in asphalt and compressive strains in the subgrade. The differences of the strains estimated by the two models were statistically analyzed to quantify the effect of the assumption of uniform stress over a circular shape. The traditional model proved to be reliable to estimate compressive strains in the subgrade layer. The tensile strains in the asphalt layer under actual contact stress, however, were quite different from those under uniform constant stress. Contrary to initial expectation, for the general case, the assumption of uniform stresses is a conservative approach.
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Dong, Zhong Hong. "Study on the Dynamic Wheel Load of Multi-Axle Vehicle Based on Distribute Loading Weight." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.35.
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To study the dynamic wheel load on the road, a dynamic multi-axle vehicle mode has been developed, which is based on distribute loading weight and treats tire stiffness as the function of tire pressure and wheel load. Taking a tractor-semitrailer as representative, the influence factors and the influence law of the dynamic load were studied. It is found that the load coefficient increases with the increase of road roughness, vehicle speed and tire pressure, yet it decreases with the increase of axle load. Combining the influences of road roughness, vehicle speed, axle load and tire pressure, the dynamic load coefficient is 1.14 for the level A road, 1.19 for the level B road, 1.27 for the level C road, and 1.36 for the level D road.
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Mars, William V., Yintao Wei, Wang Hao, and Mark A. Bauman. "Computing Tire Component Durability via Critical Plane Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.150090.
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ABSTRACT Tire developers are responsible for designing against the possibility of crack development in each of the various components of a tire. The task requires knowledge of the fatigue behavior of each compound in the tire, as well as adequate accounting for the multiaxial stresses carried by tire materials. The analysis is illustrated here using the Endurica CL fatigue solver for the case of a 1200R20 TBR tire operating at 837 kPa under loads ranging from 66 to 170% of rated load. The fatigue behavior of the tire's materials is described from a fracture mechanical viewpoint, with care taken to specify each of the several phenomena (crack growth rate, crack precursor size, strain crystallization, fatigue threshold) that govern. The analysis of crack development is made by considering how many cycles are required to grow cracks of various potential orientations at each element of the model. The most critical plane is then identified as the plane with the shortest fatigue life. We consider each component of the tire and show that where cracks develop from precursors intrinsic to the rubber compound (sidewall, tread grooves, innerliner) the critical plane analysis provides a comprehensive view of the failure mechanics. For cases where a crack develops near a stress singularity (i.e., belt-edge separation), the critical plane analysis remains advantageous for design guidance, particularly relative to analysis approaches based upon scalar invariant theories (i.e., strain energy density) that neglect to account for crack closure effects.
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Овчарук, B. Ovcharuk, Криволап, and V. Krivolap. "METHODS OF DETERMINING THE AREA OF THE CONTACT PATCH OF THE TIRE IN DEPENDENCE ON PRESSURE AND LOAD." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19352.
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The article considers the methods and means of determining the area of the contact patch of the tire wheels to reduce the specific pressure of motor vehicles for the transport of heavy indivisible loads on the road by optimizing the area of the contact patch of the tire in dependence on pressure and load
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Ise, Taisei, Masahiro Higuchi, and Hiroshi Tachiya. "Development of a Tactile Sensor to Measure Tire Friction Coefficients in Arbitrary Directions." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 3 (May 5, 2013): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0359.
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In order to develop intelligent tires that measures road surface friction coefficients, the present study proposes a simple tactile sensor that measures threedimensional loads. The sensor is composed of a cantilever called a whisker that is fixed to a base. The base is an elastic plate that has three strain gauges attached to its surface equiangularly around the fixed point of the whisker. The whisker is covered in cylindrical rubber, and the bottom surface is used as a contact. When the sensor touches a surface with the contact and traces it, vertical and horizontal loads are applied to the contact, compressing and bending the whisker so that the base is deformed elastically. Strains induced on the base by this deformation are measured by strain gauges. The study proposes a method obtaining values of vertical load, horizontal load and its direction from measured strains. Accordingly, the proposed sensor measures threedimensional load and obtains the contact surface friction coefficient. In the study, we fabricate a tactile sensor prototype and show its feasibility.
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Liu, Zhihao, Qinhe Gao, and Hailong Niu. "Development of the Flexible Ring on an Elastic Continuous Foundation Tire Model for Planar Vibration of the Heavy Load Radial Tire." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112064.
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This paper investigates the planar vibration characteristic of heavy load radial tires with a large flat ratio. A proposed tire model with a flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation is investigated utilizing kinematic modeling and experimental modal analysis. Planar coupling deformation of the radial and tangential direction is considered to enrich the kinematic characteristic of the flexible belt and the continuous sidewall; a flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model is proposed to investigate the coupling vibration characteristic between the flexible belt and the continuous sidewall. In-extensibility assumption is utilized to simplify the proposed tire model and the planar vibration modal features of the heavy load radial tire are discussed. The variation of the inflation pressure on the radial and tangential stiffness of the sidewall spring model is enriched into the flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model to extend the modal prediction of the tires with a different inflation pressure. Taking the relative error between the experimental and analytical modal resonance frequency of the tested tire with a different inflation pressure as the object value, structural parameters of the proposed tire model are identified by a backward genetic algorithm. Experimental and theoretical results show that: the planar coupling vibration characteristic of the heavy load radial tire can be predicted precisely with the flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model; meanwhile, considering the linear variations of the radial and tangential sidewall stiffness due to the inflation pressure, the proposed tire model can be extended to analyze the vibration characteristic of the heavy load radial tire with a different inflation pressure.
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Zhang, Peng, Le He, Xu Tao Liu, and Qun Sheng Xia. "Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Automobile Tire." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.558.
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Magic formula tire model under different conditions can be obtained by means of tire experimental data identification. The effects of speed and load on the tire cornering stiffness and peak friction coefficient under different conditions were analyzed. The results indicate that the variation of tire cornering stiffness and peak friction coefficient with the normal load at different speeds for both dry and wet conditions is a quadratic function. And the tire cornering stiffness decreases basically with the vehicle speed increasing on the wet roads due to hydroplaning effects. The peak friction coefficient decreases as the speed increases on wet roads, and it may not be less than one.
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Duan, Xiang Lei, Shu Guang Zuo, Yong Li, Chen Fei Jiang, and Xue Liang Guo. "Test and Finite Element Simulation of Steady-State Temperature Field of Rolling Tire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.536.
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To analyze the steady-state temperature field, a three-factor orthogonal test was taken to study comprehensively how the load, speed and tire pressure can influence the tire temperature. The finite element simulation was carried out according to the uncoupled idea. Based on the single-factor analysis towards the speed factor, the actual convection coefficient of different boundaries was determined to calculate the steady-state temperature field at last. These analyses indicate that the tire temperature rise increase with the factor of load and speed, decrease with the increase of the initial tire pressure. The load has the biggest influence on the tire temperature rise, while the speed has the least. With the combination of steady-state temperature field and heat generation rate distribution, all these high-temperature regions can be explained clearly from the finite element perspective.