To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Tire.
Journal articles on the topic 'Tire'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Tire.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
van Oosten, J. J. M., H. J. Unrau, A. Riedel, and E. Bakker. "Standardization in Tire Modeling and Tire Testing — TYDEX Workgroup, TIME Project." Tire Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135984.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract As a result of the 1st International Colloquium on Tire Models for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis in 1991, the international TYDEX Workshop working group was established. This workshop concentrated on the standardization of the exchange of tire measurement data and the interface between tire and vehicle models in order to improve the communications between vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and research organizations. The development and knowledge of tire behavior is of great importance to both the tire and vehicle industries and will be intensified. Therefore the TYDEX Workshop received great interest from all parties to come to some kind of standardization. In the two expert groups, one of which focused on Tire Measurements — Tire Modeling and the other on Tire Modeling — Vehicle Modeling, the TYDEX-Format and the standard tire interface have been developed, which will be explained in this paper. Furthermore, a short overview of the European TIME project aiming at a standard tire testing procedure will be given, which is reliable and consistent with realistic driving conditions. Standard testing procedures are some of the important consequences of the TYDEX Workshop.
2
Do, Jongyong, Dongyoon Hyun, Kyoungseok Han, and Seibum B. Choi. "Real-time estimation of longitudinal tire stiffness considering dynamic characteristics of tire." Mechatronics 98 (April 2024): 103120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2023.103120.
Full text
3
Wang, Chunjian, Beshah Ayalew, John Adcox, Benoit Dailliez, Tim Rhyne, and Steve Cron. "Self-Excited Torsional Oscillations under Locked-Wheel Braking: Analysis and Experiments." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430402.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the effect of tire/vehicle parameters, specifically of tire/suspension torsional stiffnesses, on the stability of self-excited tire torsional oscillations during locked-wheel braking events. Using a torsionally flexible tire-wheel model and a dynamic tire-ground friction model, two system models for tire oscillations are considered: with suspension torsional compliance included in one but excluded in the other. Bifurcation analysis is conducted on both systems to derive the effect of tire/vehicle parameters on the stability. For the system without suspension torsional compliance, it is highlighted that the primary cause of unstable self-excited oscillations is the “Stribeck” effect in tire-ground friction. Based on the parameters obtained experimentally, the bifurcation surface of vehicle velocity with respect to tire/suspension torsional stiffness is also given. The effect of tire/suspension torsional stiffness to the stability of tire torsional oscillation is qualitatively validated via comparisons between locked-wheel braking simulations and experiments with tires with different torsional stiffnesses.
4
Albinsson, Anton, Fredrik Bruzelius, P. Schalk Els, Bengt Jacobson, and Egbert Bakker. "Tire Lateral Vibration Considerations in Vehicle-Based Tire Testing." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460411.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Vehicle-based tire testing can potentially make it easier to reparametrize tire models for different road surfaces. A passenger car equipped with external sensors was used to measure all input and output signals of the standard tire interface during a ramp steer maneuver at constant velocity. In these measurements, large lateral force vibrations are observed for slip angles above the lateral peak force with clear peaks in the frequency spectrum of the signal at 50 Hz and at multiples of this frequency. These vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tires, and it is therefore important to understand which external factors influence these vibrations. Hence, when using tire models that do not capture these effects, the operating conditions during the testing are important for the accuracy of the tire model in a given maneuver. An Ftire model parameterization of tires used in vehicle-based tire testing is used to investigate these vibrations. A simple suspension model is used together with the tire model to conceptually model the effects of the suspension on the vibrations. The sensitivity of these vibrations to different operating conditions is also investigated together with the influence of the testing procedure and testing equipment (i.e., vehicle and sensors) on the lateral tire force vibrations. Note that the study does not attempt to explain the root cause of these vibrations. The simulation results show that these vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tire for the same operating conditions. The results imply that it is important to consider the lateral tire force vibrations when parameterizing tire models, which does not model these vibrations. Furthermore, the vehicle suspension and operating conditions will change the amplitude of these vibrations and must therefore also be considered in maneuvers in which these vibrations occur.
5
Tamada, Ryota, and Masaki Shiraishi. "Prediction of Uneven Tire Wear Using Wear Progress Simulation." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450201.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire wear performance is very important in terms of safety and economic benefit for customers and environmental conservation. Tire wear performance can be sorted into “global” or “local” wear. Local wear means uneven tire wear, for example, heel/toe wear, one-sided shoulder wear, feather edge wear, etc. This uneven wear decreases tire life locally and has the potential for causing a noise problem, so it is very important to improve uneven wear performance for long life tire. It is difficult to correctly evaluate the uneven tire wear performance of a brand-new tire, because the tire wear performance changes with tire pattern shape transformation as it wears. In order to experimentally evaluate uneven wear performance accurately, we have to do time-consuming tire road tests. Therefore, we need a prediction method for uneven wear. In this paper, we introduce “wear progress simulation” developed in order to evaluate heel/toe wear performance, which occurs in the shoulder blocks. This method involves “wearing out the finite element (FE) tire model” using wear energy calculated from tire rolling simulation. By this method, we can observe the transformation of tire pattern shape and wear energy distribution. As a result, we can estimate the difference of heel/toe wear performance among tires by our developed simulation.
6
Wang, Yan, Zhe Liu, Michael Kaliske, and Yintao Wei. "Tire Rolling Kinematics Model for an Intelligent Tire Based on an Accelerometer." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.20.190211.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The idea of intelligent tires is to develop a tire into an active perception component or a force sensor with an embedded microsensor, such as an accelerometer. A tire rolling kinematics model is necessary to link the acceleration measured with the tire body elastic deformation, based on which the tire forces can be identified. Although intelligent tires have attracted wide interest in recent years, a theoretical model for the rolling kinematics of acceleration fields is still lacking. Therefore, this paper focuses on an explicit formulation for the tire rolling kinematics of acceleration, thereby providing a foundation for the force identification algorithms for an accelerometer-based intelligent tire. The Lagrange–Euler method is used to describe the acceleration field and contact deformation of rolling contact structures. Then, the three-axis acceleration vectors can be expressed by coupling rigid body motion and elastic deformation. To obtain an analytical expression of the full tire deformation, a three-dimensional tire ring model is solved with the tire–road deformation as boundary conditions. After parameterizing the ring model for a radial tire, the developed method is applied and validated by comparing the calculated three-axis accelerations with those measured by the accelerometer. Based on the features of acceleration, especially the distinct peak values corresponding to the tire leading and trailing edges, an intelligent tire identification algorithm is established to predict the tire–road contact length and tire vertical load. A simulation and experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy of the estimation algorithm, the results of which demonstrate good agreement. The proposed model provides a solid theoretical foundation for an acceleration-based intelligent tire.
7
Siramdasu, Yaswanth, and Saied Taheri. "A Tool for Tire Handling Performance Evaluation." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440201.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In the past, handling performance of the tire–vehicle combination has been evaluated using tire models such as the Pacejka Magic Formula. These models usually lack realistic representation of tire–road interaction and are not suitable for combined steering and braking maneuvers that may activate the antilock braking system. The objective of this study is to develop a computationally simple and accurate tire model, which can be used in the development and evaluation of handling performance of the tire on uneven road surfaces. For an emergency obstacle avoidance maneuver at high speeds, transient tire behavior plays a crucial role in the generation of forces between tire and road. Road undulations and steering inputs both induce high-frequency tire belt vibrations, which have detrimental effects on the handling and tractive behavior of the tire. To meet these requirements, a dynamic six degrees of freedom tire model–based rigid ring approach is developed and integrated with a multiple tandem elliptical cam to include enveloping behavior of the tire. The tire model that is developed in this research is partially based on the work of Schmeitz found in the literature. The tire model was parameterized using experimental parameters found in the literature. The tire model is validated using fixed axle high-speed oblique cleat experimental data. The developed tire model is integrated with the vehicle model in CarSim®. From the simulation of successive step steering input, the increasing influence of tire belt vibrations at higher slip angles was observed due to sudden steering wheel inputs. From the simulation of the step steering input on the bad asphalt road surface with an added cleat and on the flat smooth road surface, it was observed that the lateral performance of the tire at higher slip angles is strongly influenced by the vertical load variations. A single lane change maneuver was simulated on the smooth and bad asphalt road surfaces, demonstrating the strong influence of tire lateral and vertical belt vibrations on the lateral performance of the vehicle. Simulation of high-speed emergency obstacle avoidance braking maneuvers on measured rough and smooth roads showed that the influence of high-frequency vibrations due to road undulations and step steering inputs causes large variations of longitudinal and lateral forces at the axle, thus creating large variations in slip and slip angle of the tire with a degraded braking distance on rough roads.
8
Liang, Chen, Xinyu Zhu, Guolin Wang, and Changda Li. "Test and Simulation Analysis of Tire Inflation Pressure Loss." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 4 (May 10, 2019): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.180195.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire inflation pressure loss is inevitable during tire service time. The inflation pressure loss rate (IPLR) is widely used to estimate the inflation pressure retention performance of a tire. However, an IPLR test is a time-consuming process that lasts 42 days for a passenger car tire and 105 days for a truck/bus tire. To perform a thorough study of the tire pressure loss process, based on Abaqus software, a finite element model was developed with tire geometry inputs as well as tire material inputs of both mechanical and permeability properties of the various rubber compounds. A new method—the ideal material method—is proposed here to describe the transient tire pressure loss. Different from the previous isotropic models, the cord–rubber system is described using orthotropic diffusivities, which were determined through air-pressure-drop tests then applied in the finite element model in this article. Compared with the standard IPLR test, the difference between the tire IPLR test and the simulation result is within 5%.
9
Cohn, Al. "Commercial Trailer Tires: Tire Inflation and Its Effect on Rolling Resistance, Fuel Economy, and Tire Footprint." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430201.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Maintaining proper tire inflation is the number one issue facing commercial fleets today. Common, slow-leaking tread area punctures along with leaking valve stems and osmosis through the tire casing lead to tire underinflation with a subsequent loss in fuel economy, reduction in retreadability, tread wear loss, irregular wear, and increase in tire-related roadside service calls. Commercial truck tires are the highest maintenance cost for fleets second only to fuel. This article will examine tire footprint analysis, rolling resistance data, and the effect on vehicle fuel economy from tires run at a variety of underinflated, overinflated, and recommended tire pressures. This analysis will also include the tire footprint impact by running tires on both fully loaded and unloaded trailers. The footprint analysis addresses both standard dual tires (295/75R22.5) along with the newer increasingly popular wide-base tire size 445/50R22.5.
10
Seipel, Gunther, Frank Baumann, Ralf Hermanutz, and Hermann Winner. "Analysis of the Influence of Vehicle Dynamic Parameters on Tire Marks." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410302.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire marks play a central role in the reconstruction of traffic accidents, since they can provide valuable information about the vehicle's trajectory, initial speed, or the steering and braking input of the driver. The research project described in this paper focuses on the analysis of tire marks under controlled conditions using a monowheel setup to enable a selective variation of different vehicle dynamic parameters without mutual influence. The long-term goal is to find a model for the development of tire marks to predict the influence of specific vehicle dynamic parameters on the generation of tire marks. This model may be applied in accident reconstruction tools. A literature review has been performed to find evidence for the development of tire marks and to identify relevant parameters for their generation. Currently, no explicit physical or mathematical model showing the influence of tire forces or slip on the generation of tire marks is available. In the literature, it is often assumed that tire marks occur at the limit of traction. A physically motivated formula has been developed to calculate the friction force within the contact patch as a function of the tire forces, the longitudinal slip, and the side slip angle. The main hypothesis deduced from this formula is that the intensity of a tire mark depends on the magnitude of this friction force independent of the varying parameter. To verify this hypothesis, experiments have been conducted with variations in longitudinal slip, side slip angle, and tire type. First results agree with the model, showing a correlation between the intensity of tire marks and friction force, depending on the tribological and optical tire and road properties. This correlation is introduced as tire-marking sensitivity.
11
Khaleghian, Seyedmeysam, Omid Ghasemalizadeh, and Saied Taheri. "Estimation of the Tire Contact Patch Length and Normal Load Using Intelligent Tires and Its Application in Small Ground Robot to Estimate the Tire-Road Friction." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440402.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire-road friction estimation is one of the most popular problems for the tire and vehicle industry. Accurate estimation of the tire-road friction leads to better performance of the traction and antilock braking system controllers, which reduces the number of accidents. Several researchers have worked in the field of friction estimation, and many tire models have been developed to predict the tire-road friction. In this article, an intelligent tire, which has an embedded accelerometer placed on the inner liner of the tire, is used to estimate the tire contact patch length parameter and normal load. To accomplish this, first, an existing tire testing trailer equipped with a force hub to measure tire forces and moments, a high-accuracy encoder to measure the angular velocity of the wheel, and VBOX, which is a global positioning system–based device, to estimate the longitudinal speed of the trailer was used. As a practical application for the normal load algorithm, a wheeled ground robot, which is equipped with several sensors, including an accelerometer and a flexible strain sensor inside the tire (used for terrain identification purposes), was designed and built. A set of algorithms was developed and used with the test data that were collected with both the trailer and the robot, and the contact patch length and the normal load were estimated. Also, the friction potential between the tire and the road was evaluated using a small ground robot.
12
Kao, B. G. "Tire Vibration Modes and Tire Stiffness." Tire Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135252.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tire radial stiffness is traditionally calculated from the wheel load deflection measurement. Statically, this stiffness serves to provide the support for the vehicle. However, this stiffness does not provide sufficient understanding of how the tire behaves dynamically: the tire first radial modes, no matter how they were measured, cannot be correlated with this statically measured stiffness. A comprehensive explanation for this phenomenon is needed for better understanding of tire dynamics and hence building the dynamic tire models. In this paper, the relationship between the tire static stiffness and the tire radial vibration modes is investigated using the bushing analogy tire (BAT) modeling concept. It is found that the tire first radial mode, though it can be of different values through different measuring methods, can be explained consistently with this model. A procedure to obtain consistent tire stiffness for the tire model is also proposed as a result of this investigation.
13
Sarkisov, Pavel, Günther Prokop, Jan Kubenz, and Sergey Popov. "Physical Understanding of Transient Generation of Tire Lateral Force and Aligning Torque." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.180192.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Increasing vehicle performance requirements and virtualization of the development process require more understanding of the physical background of tire behavior, especially in transient rolling conditions with combined slip. The focus of this research is the physical description of the transient generation of tire lateral force and aligning torque. Apart from tire force and torque measurements, two further issues were investigated experimentally. Using acceleration measurement on the tire inner liner, it was observed that the contact patch shape of the rolling tire changes nonlinearly with slip angle and becomes asymmetric. Optical measurement outside and inside the tire has clarified that carcass lateral bending features both shear and rotation angle of its cross sections. A physical simulation model was developed that considers the observed effects. The model was qualitatively validated using not only tire force and torque responses but also deformation of the tire carcass. The model-based analysis explained which tire structural parameters are responsible for which criteria of tire performance. Change in the contact patch shape had a low impact on lateral force and aligning torque. Variation of carcass-bending behavior perceptibly influenced aligning torque generation.
14
Kuraishi, Takashi, Kenji Takizawa, and Tayfun E. Tezduyar. "Tire aerodynamics with actual tire geometry, road contact and tire deformation." Computational Mechanics 63, no. 6 (October 13, 2018): 1165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-018-1642-1.
Full text
15
Cao, Rui, and J. Stuart Bolton. "Experimental Investigation of Tire Slap Noise." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460101.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire noise is an important issue both in the vehicle interior and to the vehicle exterior, since it affects passenger comfort and environmental noise levels, respectively. Such noise is increased when a tire encounters discontinuities on the road surface, the discontinuity being either a gap or a bump. The relatively high frequency (e.g., approximately 1 kHz and above) airborne tire noise generated by such discontinuities is defined as tire slap noise in this study. Most previous research on noise generated by surface discontinuities has been focused on lower frequency tire noise, typically below 600 Hz, and, in particular, on structural-borne noise transmitted from the tire into the vehicle associated with the acoustic modes of the tire interior. Here, instead, the focus is on higher frequency airborne transmission. Further, the study here is conducted from the perspective of tire structural vibration, which concerns the vibration of and sound radiation from the tire treadband structure, rather than tire pattern noise, for example. The high frequency tire slap noise was investigated in a laboratory environment. The measurements were conducted by using the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories' Tire Pavement Test Apparatus (TPTA), on which a loaded tire can be run on realistic road surfaces at speeds up to 50 km/h; the resulting tire noise was measured using the On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) method. A gap between two different concrete surfaces was chosen as the road discontinuity, and both narrow band and one-third-octave band spectra were recorded over the gap and over the adjacent smooth road surface segments. Several tires were tested on the TPTA, and their slap noise was recorded. Surface noise and slap noise were compared up to 1600 Hz to show the impact of the discontinuity on the tire noise radiation. Generally, slap noise is of a higher level than the surface noise, especially between 800 and 1400 Hz, but some tires showed distinct differences between the noise response on the surface and over the gap, while other tires radiated similar noise on both the surface and over the gap. Moreover, static tire mobility measurements were performed to investigate the wave type responsible for the different responses on the gap and the surface.
16
Plocher, Dennis A., and Fredrick K. Browand. "Comparing Spray from Tires Rolling on a Wet Surface." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420302.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire spray generated as automobile or truck tires roll over a wet roadway is a familiar hazard to all drivers. Past efforts to mitigate the effects of tire spray have focused on inventing and testing add-on devices to suppress, redirect, or contain spray. These devices have had only limited success in controlling spray. An alternate approach would be to examine tire spray at the source—the tire and wet roadway. This article describes a device designed to simulate tire spray in a laboratory setting, allowing a careful examination of spray in a controlled environment. The device limits the spray to that produced from water passing through a tire groove and then carried away from the roadway by the rotating tire. The spray pattern downstream of the tire patch is captured with high-speed video and stored on disk. The video images are then processed as desired by computer. A concept “time-to-drain” is introduced to characterize the angle at which spray leaves the tire. Time-to-drain is then used to compare the spray patterns of different tires.
17
Muhammad, Adnan. "Technical Review: Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems and Tire Vibrations." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460403.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Indirect tire pressure monitoring systems (ITPMSs) have been an active area of research for the past 2 decades. Researchers worldwide have strived to develop estimation techniques for the detection of the change in tire pressure by using the vibration information present in the speed signal. Different groups have used a torsional vibration model for the tire, owing to its torsional stiffness and rotational moment of inertia. The standard antilock braking system (ABS) speed sensor signal is analyzed for these vibrations. Different estimation algorithms try to detect the change in this vibration frequency, which indicates the change in the torsional stiffness of the tire as a result of variation in the pressure. Tire vibrations have been studied in great detail for the past 5 decades, and there are various models of tire vibrations available in the literature. These models range from physics-based analytical models to finite element models (FEMs). Analytical models take benefit from the mathematics developed for rotating elastic thin shells and plates, whereas FEMs use simulation tools to develop vibration models of the tire. A detailed literature survey of ITPMSs and tire vibration models reveals that there is no correlation between the vibrations detected in the speed signal and the vibrations predicted in the tire vibration models. Researchers have developed tire vibration models that do not take into consideration the effects of vibrations on the speed signal; although, to the best of our knowledge, signal processing and estimation experts who have developed methods for ITPMSs have not validated the true source of observed vibrations in the speed signal and could not present a viable theoretical explanation. In this review, a comprehensive study of the ITPMS techniques and tire vibration models is presented, with an aim to find a correlation between them. The review begins with a brief introduction to the topic followed by state of the art, then a detailed review of ITPMSs and the methods for their realizations in the automotive industry. Finally, tire vibration models are presented in detail, and possible links between vibration models and ITPMS vibrations are sorted.
18
Kusachov, Artem, Fredrik Bruzelius, Mattias Hjort, and Bengt J. H. Jacobson. "A Double Interaction Brush Model for Snow Conditions." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460404.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Commonly used tire models for vehicle-handling simulations are derived from the assumption of a flat and solid surface. Snow surfaces are nonsolid and may move under the tire. This results in inaccurate tire models and simulation results that are too far from the true phenomena. This article describes a physically motivated tire model that takes the effect of snow shearing into account. The brush tire model approach is used to describe an additional interaction between the packed snow in tire tread pattern voids with the snow road surface. Fewer parameters and low complexity make it suitable for real-time applications. The presented model is compared with test track tire measurements from a large set of different tires. Results suggest higher accuracy compared with conventional tire models. Moreover, the model is also proven to be capable of correctly predicting the self-aligning torque given the force characteristics.
19
Neumann, Dominic, Jan Friederichs, Mark Harris, Mario Weinberger, Dieter Schramm, and Christian Bachmann. "Parking-Specific Parameterization Method for FTire." Tire Science and Technology 50, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21019.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Virtual steering system layout in the early development phase requires adequate tire models to predict realistic steering rack forces. An accurate representation of parking is particularly important, as the largest steering rack forces occur during this maneuver. Physical tire models are mainly parameterized for rolling conditions. Since the tire exhibits different mechanical behavior under nonrolling conditions, this article introduces a new parameterization procedure for the physical tire model FTire that characterizes the conditions during parking maneuvers. To this end, an additional full vehicle measurement setup is used to understand the tire motions, forces, and torques during parking. It is also shown that a tire model based on a standard parameterization procedure results in steering speed-dependent parking torque deviations of up to 17.5% when compared with component measurements. Thus, new measurement methods are developed to help parameterize the tire model for this maneuver. A linear friction tester is used to determine the friction interaction between tire and road at the relevant relative velocities. In addition, measurements are performed on a tire stiffness test rig, in which translatory and rotatory movements are overlaid. Furthermore, the contact patch shape, ground pressure distribution, and tire outer contour are digitalized and added into the model. A tire model based on the new parking optimized parameterization is then compared with the standard tire modeling approach and component measurements as well as the full vehicle measurements. In conclusion, improvements of up to 12% for drilling torque, up to 15% for longitudinal force, a more realistic lateral stiffness, a more realistic pressure distribution, and improvements of up to 8% when simulating the steering rack force can be stated. After the results are evaluated and interpreted, recommendations for future developments of this parameterization procedure and an extension of the virtual tire model are discussed.
20
Pearson, Matthew, Oliver Blanco-Hague, and Ryan Pawlowski. "TameTire: Introduction to the Model." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440203.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire modeling is an ever-growing area of interest for vehicles as more efficient development processes are desired in terms of time and resources. Vehicle simulations offer an opportunity for development teams to predict tire and vehicle performance before the construction of a physical prototype. Michelin has identified the need for more robust and accurate tire models that can be used for such simulations to give an accurate description of the transient mechanical and thermal behavior of a tire. Rubber's viscous and elastic properties are heavily dependent on their thermal state; when this effect is not modeled, it results in mathematical tire models that insufficiently predict tire performance. TameTire aims to fill this void for a broad range of maneuvers, track characteristics, and operating conditions based on the ability to predict tire forces and moments with physically based parameters. Some physical characteristics contained within a TameTire model include contact patch dimensions, tread, sidewall and belt stiffnesses, and rubber compound properties. Empirical tire models for handling have limited representation of tire physical properties due to the dependence on the measurement protocol and lack of identification of the thermal state of the tire. TameTire's advance modeling techniques include capturing a tire's thermal effects, thereby allowing for a more accurate and thorough analysis of tires behavior while being physically based (e.g., parameters for stiffness, rubber properties) and allowing the model to be grounded in the actual physics of a tire operating.
21
Kubba, Ali E., Mohammad Behroozi, Oluremi A. Olatunbosun, Carl Anthony, and Kyle Jiang. "Modeling of Strain Energy Harvesting in Pneumatic Tires Using Piezoelectric Transducer." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420102.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This paper presents an evaluation study of the feasibility of harvesting energy from rolling tire deformation and using it to supply a tire monitoring device installed within the tire cavity. The developed technique is simulated by using a flexible piezoelectric fiber composite transducer (PFC) adhered onto the tire inner liner acting as the energy harvesting element for tire monitoring systems. The PFC element generates electric charge when strain is applied to it. Tire cyclic deformation, particularly at the contact patch surface due to rolling conditions, can be exploited to harvest energy. Finite element simulations, using Abaqus package, were employed to estimate the available strain energy within the tire structure in order to select the optimum location for the PFC element. Experimental tests were carried out by using an evaluation kit for the energy harvesting element installed within the tire cavity to examine the PFC performance under controlled speed and loading conditions.
22
Cai, Yongzhou, Mengyan Zang, and Fuyao Duan. "Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Responses to Tire Blowout." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430301.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The finite element (FE) model of a tire to simulate tire blowout is developed, the effectiveness of which is validated by the tire blowout test. Then, a simplified FE model of a vehicle that integrates the tire model is established. The vehicle responses to tire blowout are analyzed under the situation of no steering and braking behavior on the vehicle. Finally, some meaningful results, such as the trajectory, yaw velocity of the vehicle, and the forces acting on the tires, are obtained. This study provides the foundation to further investigate the handling stability and control strategy of a vehicle when a tire blowout occurs during normal vehicle operation.
23
Cho, Seong-Hwan, Jeong Hyuk Im, and Imad L. Al-Qadi. "Evaluation of Pavement Responses under Wide Base Tire and Dual Tire Assembly." Journal of the Korean Society of Road Engineers 16, no. 2 (April 15, 2014): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2014.16.2.061.
Full text
24
Tsinias, Vasilis, and George Mavros. "Efficient In-Plane Tire Mode Identification by Radial-Tangential Eigenvector Compounding." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430101.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire modal testing is frequently used for validation of numerical tire models and identification of structural tire model parameters. Most studies focus primarily on in-plane dynamic tire behavior and adopt the approach of the fixed boundary condition at the wheel center. Here, an identification method of in-plane tire dynamics was developed for the case of a free tire-rim combination. This particular case is important when the aim is to construct a full tire model, capable of predicting ride and noise, vibration, and harshness involving the whole vehicle, all from modal testing. Key attributes of the proposed approach include ease of implementation and efficient processing of measurements. For each type of excitation, i.e., radial and tangential, both radial and tangential responses were recorded. Compounding of the corresponding radial/tangential eigenvectors, which, in the context of the present work, refers to expressing the motion of the tire belt as a combination of the radial and tangential responses, results in smooth mode shapes that were found to agree with those published in other analytical and experimental studies.
25
Anderson, Jeffery R., and Erin McPillan. "Simulation of the Wear and Handling Performance Trade-off by Using Multi-objective Optimization and TameTire." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.16.440404.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Optimization is a key tool used by automakers to efficiently design and manufacture vehicles. During vehicle design, much effort is devoted to efficiently simulate and optimize as many vehicle parameters as possible to save development costs during physical testing. One area of vehicle development that heavily relies on physical testing and subjective driver feedback is the tire design process. Optimizing tire parameters relies either on this subjective feedback from trained drivers, or use of existing tire data or scaling of a reference tire model simulate the desired design change and provide feedback. These data are often difficult to obtain and properly scale to represent the appropriate design changes. Michelin's TameTire model is a force and moment tire model. It includes thermal tire effects and is physically derived, thereby allowing quick access to scaling factors to change a tire's behavior based on pertinent tire design changes such as tread depth and tread stiffness. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization is performed to observe the trade-off between tire wear and handling performance by using the scaling factors available in the TameTire model.
26
Kubba, A. I., G. J. Hall, S. Varghese, O. A. Olatunbosun, and C. J. Anthony. "Modeling of Contact Patch in Dual-Chamber Pneumatic Tires." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460202.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This study presents an investigation of the inner tire surface strain measurement by using piezoelectric polymer transducers adhered on the inner liner of the tire, acting as strain sensors in both conventional and dual-chamber tires. The piezoelectric elements generate electrical charges when strain is applied. The inner liner tire strain can be found from the generated charge. A wireless data logger was employed to measure and transmit the measured signals from the piezoelectric elements to a PC to store and display the readout signals in real time. The strain data can be used as a monitoring system to recognize tire-loading conditions (e.g., traction, braking, and cornering) in smart tire technology. Finite element simulations, using ABAQUS, were employed to estimate tire deformation patterns in both conventional and dual-chamber tires for pure rolling and steady-state cornering conditions for different inflation pressures to simulate on-road and off-road riding tire performances and to compare with the experimental results obtained from both the piezoelectric transducers and tire test rig.
27
Dare, Tyler, and Robert Bernhard. "Accelerometer Measurements of Tire Tread Vibrations and Implications to Wheel-Slap Noise." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410202.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT There are many analytical and finite element models for predicting vibration of a tire tread. However, experimental verification of these models is limited because of the difficulties involved in measuring vibration near the contact patch of the tire. In this research, a set of experiments were conducted using a microaccelerometer mounted against the tire tread, in the center of the tread pattern. The tire was mounted on Purdue University's tire-pavement test apparatus, a machine that allows precise measurements of tire noise and vibration as the tire rolls over samples of actual pavement. Microphone and accelerometer signals were recorded to determine the influence of pavement parameters on tire-pavement noise generation mechanisms. The vibration measurement and signal processing techniques are verified by comparing the results to published studies. The relationship between vibration characteristics and noise was investigated as a tire rolls over contraction joints in Portland cement concrete pavements. We found that although travelling waves are generated at the leading and trailing edge of the contact patch, the speed coefficients of increased noise and traveling wave amplitude do not match, and the wave speed of the impulse is that of an inefficient radiator. Therefore, increased tread vibration is not a major cause of increased noise at contraction joints, and other mechanisms must be involved.
28
Liang, Guanqun, Yan Wang, Mario A. Garcia, Tong Zhao, Zhe Liu, Michael Kaliske, and Yintao Wei. "A Universal Approach to Tire Forces Estimation by Accelerometer-Based Intelligent Tire: Analytical Model and Experimental Validation." Tire Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.21.21001.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Efforts to improve the performance and safety of vehicles include placing active sensing components (e.g., embedded microsensors) within tires result in intelligent tires. One application of intelligent tire is tire force estimation based on accelerometers. However, its development is limited due to the difficulty of relating the tire force to kinematical information by model-based theory. In this manuscript, a universal approach to tire forces estimation by the accelerometer-based intelligent tire is formulated and experimentally validated. First, a microelectromechanical system accelerometer-based intelligent tire prototype is established with the function of on-board monitoring of tire forces. Then, a theoretical rolling kinematics model is proposed for illustrating the mechanisms of acceleration fields, resulting from the coupling effect of rigid body motion and elastic deformation. An analytical model is formulated to estimate the vertical force in real time. Furthermore, the beam model is adopted to describe lateral deformations of the tire belt, directly linking lateral acceleration and lateral force. Finally, the lateral force can be estimated by lateral acceleration and vertical force already estimated. Based on a universal analytical model, the lateral force estimation method realizes high accuracy under different circumstances, even with unified coefficients, by clarifying and eliminating the influence of ply steer. A field test and two bench experiments have been conducted to fully validate the developed model. It can be concluded that the theoretical-analysis-based estimation model realizes an encouraging tire force estimation application with an intelligent tire hardware system.
29
Lee, Hojong, Min Tae Kim, and Saied Taheri. "Estimation of Tire–Road Contact Features Using Strain-Based Intelligent Tire." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460402.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Sensors attached inside the tire near the contact area can provide crucial information on contact characteristics, e.g., slip, forces, and deformation of tires. Vehicle control systems such as antilock braking systems (ABS) and vehicle-stability control (VSC) can be enhanced by leveraging this information, since control algorithms can be updated based on directly measured parameters from intelligent tires rather than estimated parameters based on complex vehicle dynamics and on-board sensor measurement. Moreover, tire characteristics can be investigated by scrutinizing the sensor measurements on the basis of well-defined physical theories on tire mechanics. In this article, estimations of tire contact features have been studied with the circumferential strains measured inside the tire. These parameters were imported to physical tire models to finally predict lateral force, which plays the crucial role in algorithms of vehicle control systems, as well as in analysis of tire performance.
30
Siramdasu, Yaswanth, Kejing Li, and Robert Wheeler. "Understanding Tire Dynamic Characteristics for Vehicle Dynamics Ride Using Simulation Methods." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (April 29, 2019): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.180196.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The dynamic characteristics of a tire are studied by simulating its rolling over a cleat and observing the effect on in-plane rigid belt vibration modes. Three modeling approaches are used to understand various tire design parameters affecting the tire dynamics relevant for vehicle ride performance. First, a simplified three-degree-of-freedom rigid ring model is used for fundamental understanding of these modes. Next, a detailed finite element model accounting for component compliances is used for studying the sensitivity of the modes to most common design parameter variations employed in tire development. Finally, to study these tire design changes in operation, vehicle simulations using CarSim and FTire models are performed. FTire model parameters corresponding to tire design parameters are adjusted accordingly. Observations are reported of the effects of tire design parameters on cleat responses and on correlation of results between finite element and FTire models.
31
Zhou, Haichao, Guolin Wang, and Yuming Wang. "Wide-Base Tire-Building Process and Design Optimization Using Finite Element Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460405.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The wide-base tire is a relatively new design that originated to replace dual tires because of its potential for improved performance. However, during the construction process, the wide-base tire is more likely to experience tread deformation and uneven stress distribution. The goal of this study is to incorporate numeric techniques for the construction and design optimization of a wide-base, heavy vehicle, pneumatic tire. First, four conditions of the tire (385/55R22.5)–building process, including gluing of components on the main drum, gluing of components on the auxiliary drum, green tire, and finalizing the capsule vulcanizing machine, were simulated using finite element analysis. Second, to solve the difference in the tire's (435/50R19.5) material distribution between the real manufactured structure and the theoretical structure, the curved surface drum-building method and the parameters of the curved surface drum were determined by tire construction simulation. In this article, we present the method for collecting tire material, the measurement process, the analysis method, some general results, and statistics on the wide-base tire. Finally, validation of results of the simulation and measurement are given.
32
Wei, Terence, and Hans R. Dorfi. "Tire Transient Lateral Force Generation: Characterization and Contribution to Vehicle Handling Performance." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420402.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire force generation is often described in terms of a steady-state force response, which is considered independent of time and a function of the kinematic roll conditions such as slip angle. In addition to the steady-state response, the tire also exhibits a time-dependent transient force response, which in the lateral direction is a delay in the buildup of the cornering force. This delay is often characterized by the so-called tire relaxation length (RL) (Ly), a tire performance characteristic often thought to have a strong effect on handling performance. The definition and mechanistic interpretation of tire lateral RL is discussed, and different methods for measuring and interpreting lateral RL are compared. The measurement methods include different types of flat belt as well as static stiffness measurements. Because of different levels of measurement uncertainty, the repeatability and benefits of the different measurement methods are demonstrated. To determine the effect of including tire transient response in tire/vehicle system models, a handling study was performed. The study included a series of CarSim handling simulations with tires of different transient force and moment characteristics as well as an analysis of outdoor subjective handling ratings. The results show the relatively small contribution of tire transient characteristics to vehicle handling performance compared with the tire steady-state force response.
33
Wassertheurer, Bernd, and Frank Gauterin. "Investigations on Winter Tire Characteristics on Different Track Surfaces Using a Statistical Approach." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430304.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The availability of reliable tire simulation models is necessary for performing accurate vehicle-handling simulations. Parameterizing of tire models, such as the Magic Formula (MF) tire model, means extensive measurement and complex fitting procedures. In addition, a general problem is that parameterized MF models are not simply adaptable to other track surfaces (e.g., dry, wet, or snowy tracks), which is a problem, especially for winter tire modeling. To face this drawback, a research project in cooperation between BMW and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology, has been initiated. The institute's internal drum test bench provides the opportunity to perform measurements on different track surfaces and various operating conditions. To identify main effects on tire performance and tire characteristics, comprehensive measurements on snow, ice, wet asphalt, and dry Safety-Walk surfaces have been carried out using three different winter tires. Experimental designs have been worked out using the method of design of experiments (DoE) to reduce the number of measurements and to decrease measuring expenditure, especially on snow track surfaces. By using DoE, all statistic effects can be analyzed despite reducing the number of measurements. Measurement data have been analyzed using extensive statistical methods. Thereby, effects on the tire characteristics have been empirically identified, and general predications will be presented in the article. We show identified main effects of track and ambient conditions on tire performance and tire characteristics. Furthermore, this article demonstrates the approach of using DoE to perform lean measurements as well as illustrates the realization of executing the measurements on different track surfaces on the test bench. These results will also be a starting basis for establishing a novel empirical model for adopting tire characteristic curves and MF tire models on alternative road and ambient conditions.
34
Dörrie, Helge, Carsten Schröder, and Burkhard Wies. "Winter Tires: Operating Conditions, Tire Characteristics and Vehicle Driving Behavior." Tire Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3428961.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The modern development process of winter tires not only requires intense subjective and objective evaluation of the tire properties on the vehicle, but also requires knowledge about the influence of relevant tire characteristics on vehicle driving behavior. It is important to understand the influences of ambient conditions, such as temperature, track surface (asphalt vs corundum) and tire inflation pressure on tire behavior. Tire characteristic results of a parametric study, using a fully climate-controlled interior drum test stand will be presented. The effect on tire characteristics and the resulting vehicle behavior will be discussed using vehicle dynamics simulation. Furthermore the consequences for an optimal design of modern high performance winter tires will be presented.
35
Jeong, Dasol, Seibum B. Choi, Jonghyup Lee, Mintae Kim, and Hojong Lee. "Tire dimensionless numbers for analysis of tire characteristics and intelligent tire signals." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 161 (December 2021): 107927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.107927.
Full text
36
Ferhat, Ipar, Rodrigo Sarlo, and Pablo A. Tarazaga. "3D Modal Analysis of a Loaded Tire with Binary Random Noise Excitation." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.170166.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Modal analysis of tires has been a fundamental part of tire research aimed at capturing the dynamic behavior of a tire. An accurate expression of tire dynamics leads to an improved tire model and a more accurate prediction of tire behavior in real-life operations. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to improve the tire-testing techniques and data range to obtain the best experimental data possible using the current technology. With this goal in mind, we propose novel testing techniques such as piezoelectric excitation, high-frequency bandwidth data, and noncontact vibration measurement. High-frequency data enable us to capture the coupling between the wheel and tire as well as the coupling between airborne and structure-borne noise. Piezoelectric excitation eliminates the dynamic coupling of shakers and the inconsistency of force magnitude and direction of impact hammers as well as added mass effect. Noncontact vibration measurements using three-dimensional (3D) scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) are superior to accelerometers because of no mass loading, a high number of measurement points in three dimensions, and high sensitivity. In this work, a modal analysis is carried out for a loaded tire in a static condition. Because of the highly damped nature of tires, multiple input excitation with binary random noise signal is used to increase the signal strength. Mode shapes of the tire are obtained and compared using both accelerometers and SLDV measurements.
37
Biesse, Frédéric, Jérôme Mahé, and Nicolas Lévy. "Average Worn Profile of Tires in Europe." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420303.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire tread wear is a key issue in the tire development process and for tire customers. In order to measure the wear performance, tire manufacturers usually proceed to wear tests and calculate the tire life from those tests. An important point in this tire life computation is the criteria chosen for defining the tire's end of life. In Europe, there is a legal minimum tread depth set to 1.6 mm applicable to 75% of the tread pattern width. However, outside those 75% (i.e., on the shoulder part), no clear and shared limit is defined. Also, the usual behavior of customers to decide when their tires should be changed is not well known. The goal of this 2012 study was to identify an average worn profile of tires in Europe and the behavior of customers for replacing their tires. For that, 3000 tires worn out by customers have been collected in scrapyards and measured in five European countries. In this article, we will present the tire collecting method, the measurement process, the analysis method, and some general results and statistics on this 3000 tire database. Finally, the method to compute the average end of life profile and the resulting profile is given.
38
Wang, Youshan, Yintao Wei, Xijin Feng, and Zhenhan Yao. "Finite Element Analysis of the Thermal Characteristics and Parametric Study of Steady Rolling Tires." Tire Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.12.400304.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This article presents a numerical thermomechanical analysis and parametric study of steady rolling tires that are treated as axisymmetric structures for simplification. Under periodic stress–strain cycles, during tire rolling, internal heat will be generated because of energy loss from the tire material. A general-purpose, finite element program is used to model this two-dimensional heat conduction with distributed, internal heat sources, whereas an in-house code for tire simulation performs the underlying three-dimensional structure and heat-generation rate analysis. The tire belts and carcasses are modeled using layer solid elements with transverse, isotropic, thermomechanical properties, whereas the rubber components are made of isotropic materials. The goal of this article is to develop a simple and easy methodology for simulating tire thermomechanical behavior. Furthermore, the parametric study for the highest shoulder temperature (HST), which is widely accepted as one of the triggers of tire failure, has been performed. The HST sensitivities to the selected parameters have been computed from the simulated temperature fields under different conditions, which provide a guidance to improve the tire structural, material, and pattern designs.
39
Zitelli, Pablo N., Gabriel N. Curtosi, and Jorge Kuster. "Rolling Resistance Calculation Procedure Using the Finite Element Method." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 224–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.170158.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire engineers are interested in predicting rolling resistance using tools such as numerical simulation and tests. When a car is driven along, its tires are subjected to repeated deformation, leading to energy dissipation as heat. Each point of a loaded tire is deformed as the tire completes a revolution. Most energy dissipation comes from the cyclic loading of the tire, which causes the rolling resistance in addition to the friction force in the contact patch between the tire and road. Rolling resistance mainly depends on the dissipation of viscoelastic energy of the rubber materials used to manufacture the tires. To obtain a good rolling resistance, the calculation method of the tire finite element model must take into account temperature changes. It is mandatory to calibrate all of the rubber compounds of the tire at different temperatures and strain frequencies. Linear viscoelasticity is used to model the materials properties and is found to be a suitable approach to tackle energy dissipation due to hysteresis for rolling resistance calculation.
40
De Beer, Morris, James W. Maina, Yvette van Rensburg, and Jan M. Greben. "Toward Using Tire-Road Contact Stresses in Pavement Design and Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 246–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.12.400403.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Optimization of road pavement design, especially close to the surface of the pavement, requires a more rational approach, which will inevitably include modeling of truck tire-road contact stresses. Various road-surfacing failures have been recorded as evidence that the traditional road pavement engineering tire model idealized by a single uniformly distributed vertical contact stress of circular shape may be inadequate to properly explain and assist in the design against road surface failures. This article therefore discusses the direct measurement of three-dimensional (3D) tire pavement contact stresses using a flatbed sensor system referred to as the “Stress-In-Motion” (SIM) system. The SIM system (or device) consists of multiple conically shaped steel pins, as well as an array of instrumented sensors based on strain gauge technology. The test surface is textured with skid resistance approaching that of a dry asphalt layer. Full-scale truck tires have been tested since the mid-1990s, and results show that 3D tire contact stresses are nonuniform and that the footprint is often not of circular shape. It was found that especially the vertical shape of contact stress distribution changes, mainly as a function of tire loading and associated tire inflation pressures. In overloaded/underinflated cases, vertical contact stresses are the highest toward the edges of the tire contact patch. Higher inflation pressures at lower loads, on the other hand, result in maximum vertical stresses toward the center portion of the tire contact patch. These differences in shape and magnitude need to be incorporated into modern mechanistic-empirical road pavement design tools. Four different idealized tire models were used to represent a single tire type to demonstrate effects of tire modeling on the road pavement response of a typical South African pavement structure incorporating a relatively thin asphalt surfacing. Only applied vertical stress was used for the analyses. It was found that the fatigue life of the road surface layer can be reduced by as much as 94% and strain energy of distortion be increased by a factor of 2.8, depending on the characteristics of the tire model input selected for road pavement design and analysis.
41
Zhou, Yaoqun, Frank Gauterin, Hans-Joachim Unrau, and Michael Frey. "Experimental Study of Tire-Wheel-Suspension Dynamics in Rolling over Cleat and Abrupt Braking Conditions." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 42–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430102.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The braking performance of recent vehicles is controlled by the interaction between the antilock braking system (ABS) and the transmitted force between road and tire. Because of tire and suspension elasticity, an abrupt braking or the ABS regulation initiates tire belt and wheel axle oscillations, which lead to a closed loop of acceleration and force transmission in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly in both translational and rotational directions. As a result, the oscillation of wheel slip and wheel load can influence the force transmission potential in the contact patch and thus the braking distance as well. The objective of the presented study is to investigate the influence of the tire-wheel-suspension dynamics on the force transmission potential between tire and road. To obtain acceleration and force dynamics in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly without inducing the influence from other vehicle components, a McPherson suspension was isolated from a real car and adapted to the inner drum test bench at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology. After mounting different tires, measurements were carried out under various driving conditions. First, tire measurements with a measuring hub were done on the test bench to obtain both quasistatic characteristics and dynamic response in rolling over cleat. Second, different tire-wheel-suspension assemblies were driven on the test bench while the wheel brake was initiated by a hydraulic braking system based on a modified ESP control unit. This modified unit allows generation of abrupt braking pressure slopes by a direct control of the valves. The accelerations of different wheel-suspension components and forces in the links were measured. In this article, the experimental study of the dynamics of a run-flat and a standard tire and their respective coupled assembly with the suspension excited by rolling over cleat and abrupt braking is presented. After a description of the experimental setup, the results of tire-wheel-suspension dynamics of two different tires will be analyzed, interpreted, and compared. Furthermore, a simulation model of the tire-wheel-suspension assembly with the FTire model and dynamic models of suspension components will be built up.
42
Li, Bin, Xiaobo Yang, James Yang, Yunqing Zhang, and Zeyu Ma. "In-Plane Flexible Ring Tire Model—Part 2: Parameterization." Tire Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460304.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The flexible ring tire model has recently gained significant attention in vehicle dynamics and analysis of road loads because it is able to capture the tire belt deflection under various driving conditions and compute more efficiently than the complex finite element tire model. This article presents the second part of the in-plane flexible ring tire model study with the recently developed flexible ring tire model to investigate several important aspects about tire model parameterization. First, we use the FTire® model in the MSC ADAMS/View® virtual test rig to generate five sets of spindle longitudinal and vertical loads on cleats with different heights, static loads, and speeds. These spindle loads are considered the “experimental data” in view of proving the accuracy of the commercial FTire® model that can accurately predict the spindle loads, especially in well-controlled test rigs. Next, one set of tire model parameters identified with a specific cleat test case is applied to other cleat test cases to predict the tire spindle forces, which are then compared with those corresponding experimental data. Similarly, this process is repeated for each cleat test case to yield different sets of parameters, respectively. Afterward, the predicted spindle loads are compared with the experimental data, respectively, based on SAE Standard J2812, and the predicted errors are assessed to determine which cleat test case is the best choice to identify parameters of the tire model. Finally, the effects of the belt point number and tread block number on the prediction accuracy and efficiency are discussed.
43
Kaliske, Michael, Ines Wollny, Ronny Behnke, and Christoph Zopf. "Holistic Analysis of the Coupled Vehicle-Tire-Pavement System for the Design of Durable Pavements." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 86–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430203.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Pavements—an important part of worldwide infrastructure—are exposed to increasing traffic loads, new tire and vehicle concepts, and climate change. The future design of durable pavement structures requires a deep knowledge of the interactions in the coupled system of vehicle, tire, and pavement and the structural behavior of each subsystem. This paper includes recent research results in the field of tire and pavement modeling and their interaction. Furthermore, the concept for a holistic analysis of the coupled vehicle-tire-pavement system for the design of durable pavements is presented. For a realistic and numerical efficient computation of tire-pavement interaction that considers rolling contact, both subsystems are modeled using the finite element (FE) method based on an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation that includes inelastic material descriptions. Additionally, thermo-mechanical effects are considered for the tire computation. The base of the structural FE-ALE pavement model is the realistic numerical description of the elastic, viscous, and plastic behavior of asphalt mixes. Although initial results in the field of tire-pavement interaction were reached, much research has to be carried out to gain deeper knowledge of the coupled vehicle-tire-pavement system that includes detailed models of the subsystems and their interaction, as well as experimental investigations. The research group FOR 2089 will deal with this topic and will take the different length and timescales in particular into account.
44
Kindt, Peter, Cristobal Gonzalez Diaz, Stijn Vercammen, Christophe Thiry, Jason Middelberg, Bart Kimble, and Jan Leyssens. "Effects of Rotation on the Tire Dynamic Behavior: Experimental and Numerical Analyses." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410403.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Based on the results of experimental and numerical analyses, we investigate the effects of rotation on tire dynamic behavior. Better understanding of these effects will further improve the ability to control and optimize the noise and vibrations that result from the interaction between the road surface and the rolling tire. The presented work was performed in the framework of the European industry-academia project Tire-Dyn, with partners Goodyear, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and LMS International. The effect of rotation on the tire dynamic behavior is quantified for different operating conditions of the tire, such as load and rotation speed. Through combined experimental and numerical analyses, the physical phenomena accounting for the observed rotation influences are described.
45
Rhyne, Timothy B., and Steven M. Cron. "A Study on Minimum Rolling Resistance." Tire Science and Technology 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.12.400401.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Tire rolling resistance has been a topic of study since the invention of the pneumatic tire. There is currently a heightened interest in this topic because of the need to minimize fuel consumption of vehicles and the introduction of regulations regarding both the maximum allowable rolling resistance and consumer labeling for rolling resistance. The question arises as to how low tire rolling resistance can go. Tire energy loss can be written as the product of the material deformations, the volume of material deformed, and the loss property of the material. The last two terms of the energy loss equation will be considered fixed. This article concentrates on the deformation term. The current paradigm of the steel-belted radial tire is assumed. The minimum deformations required for the function of the tire are established, and the assumption is made that all other deformations are parasitic and can in theory be eliminated. Analytical expressions for the dominant necessary deformations are developed, and the functional relationship for minimum rolling resistance is determined. The functioning point required to reach the minimum rolling resistance is established. The functional relationships are compared with experimental data taken by the whole tire hysteresis method.
46
Morris, Michael D., and Pavel A. Kossyrev. "INFLUENCE OF TIRE DEBRIS ON TIRE PERFORMANCE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.82677.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT A large number of wear debris particles can be found on the tread surface at any time during normal tire operation. In highly accelerated lab tests, it has been shown that wet friction is decreased by the buildup of debris, and the level of friction can be increased when debris is effectively removed from the interface. In wet traction tests on the road, it has been shown that when tires are cleaned from debris, a higher braking force coefficient in straight-ahead braking on wet asphalt is achieved, compared with the same tires that were not cleaned from debris prior to tests. This was observed for both carbon black– and silica-filled tread compounds. It has also been shown that laboratory wear rate can be increased by effective removal of debris. We propose that the presence of tread-wear debris on the tread surface in dry operating conditions would be beneficial for abrasion resistance and, on the other hand, debris removal from the tread surface in wet operating conditions would be beneficial for wet skid resistance.
47
Tanno, Atsushi, and Masayuki Taketani. "TIRE NOISE REDUCTION DEVICE AND PNEUMATIC TIRE." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 6 (2013): 4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4836717.
Full text
48
Vallim, Matheus de B., José M. C. Dos Santos, and Argemiro L. A. Costa. "Motorcycle Analytical Modeling Including Tire–Wheel Nonuniformities for Ride Comfort Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450202.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The transmission of vibrations in motorcycles and their perception by the passengers are fundamental in comfort analysis. Tire nonuniformities can generate self-excitations at the rotational frequency of the wheel and contribute to the ride vibration environment. In this work a multi-body motorcycle model is built to evaluate the ride comfort with respect to tire nonuniformities. The aim is to obtain a multi–degrees-of-freedom dynamic model that includes both the contributions of the motorcycle and tire–wheel assembly structures. This representation allows the tire nonuniformities to predict the vertical force variations on the motorcycle and can be used through a root mean square acceleration evaluation for ride comfort analysis. The motorcycle model proposed is a 10-degrees-of-freedom system, where each tire–wheel is a 4-degrees-of-freedom model. The tire–wheel assemblies include two types of nonuniformities: lumped mass imbalance and radial run-out. Simulations of analytical models are compared with experimental tests.
49
Ding, Yangmin, and Hao Wang. "BEM-FEM Model for Truck Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise Prediction." Tire Science and Technology 44, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.440301.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Tire-pavement interaction noise has become the dominant source of traffic noise for vehicular speeds greater than 30 mph, as the automotive engine and exhaust system noise are being effectively controlled. Compared with field testing for tire-pavement sound pressure measurement, this study develops an efficient boundary element method (BEM)/finite element method (FEM) model for tire-pavement interaction noise prediction for typical truck tires. The tire structure and modal characteristics of a semisteel radial truck tire are computed using the FEM, and the solution for the radiation acoustic fields caused by the vibration under harmonic excitations is based on the BEM. Application of this model is verified for simulation of the noise reduction performance of porous asphalt concrete with different porosity values. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of tire-pavement interaction noise prediction with the BEM/FEM model. Further research will be conducted with the noise excitation resulting from pavement surface texture profiles.
50
Arrigoni, Stefano, Federico Cheli, Paolo Gavardi, and Edoardo Sabbioni. "Influence of Tire Parameters on ABS Performance." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450203.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The antilock braking system (ABS) is an active control system, which prevents the wheels from locking-up during severe braking. The ABS control cycle rapidly modulates braking pressure at each wheel mainly based on tire peripheral acceleration. Significant wheel speed oscillations and consequent fast variations of tire longitudinal slip are a consequence, which, in turn, produce a corresponding variation of tire longitudinal force according to the ABS control cycle. Clearly, tire characteristics, namely, tire peak friction (regulating maximum vehicle deceleration), longitudinal stiffness, optimal slip ratio, curvature factor (regulating the position of the peak of μ-slip curve and the subsequent drop), and relaxation length (accounting for tire dynamic response) may significantly influence ABS performance. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the effect of the main tire parameters on ABS performance. This task is, however, very challenging, since tire characteristics are intrinsically related, and the analysis involves interaction between tires, vehicle, and ABS control logic. A methodology based on the hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) technique is used. This approach was selected to overcome limitations of numerical simulations or difficulties related to the execution of on-road experimental tests (repeatability, costs, etc.). The developed HiL test bench includes all the physical elements of the braking system of a vehicle (comprising the ABS control unit) and a 14 degrees of freedom (dofs) vehicle model, which are synchronized by a real-time board. With the developed HiL test bench, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of tire peak friction, longitudinal stiffness, and relaxation length on ABS performance, evaluated in terms of braking distance, mean longitudinal acceleration, and energy distribution.