Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tissu adipeux – Aspect moléculaire'
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Bastelica, Delphine. "Etude de l'activation du plasminogène dans le tissu adipeux au cours de l'obésité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20681.
Full textZhang, Yonghua. "Studies of the adipose tissue transcriptome." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25907/25907.pdf.
Full textCoudouy-Berdoues, Sophie. "Exploration anatomique du tissu adipeux par imagerie médicale." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU32040.
Full textVermeiren, Corentin. "Étude du rôle de l’apolipoprotéine L6 dans le tissu adipeux murin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/279701.
Full textApolipoproteins L (APOL) are a family of conserved proteins among mammals. Murine APOL6 is mainly expressed by adipocytes in the adipose tissue. In a model of in vitro adipocyte cell culture, adipogenesis induced the expression of APOL6. This expression increased with IFNγ and decreased with TGFβ. Cyclic-AMP elevating agents also decreased the expression of APOL6. In vivo, APOL6 KO mice that were fed with a high fat diet gained less weight than their wild type (WT) counterparts. Furthermore, adipocytes from obese APOL6 KO mice were smaller than those from WT controls. Finally, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that APOL6 probably interacted with actin cytoskeleton proteins within adipocytes. In conclusion, APOL6 is likely associated with the actin cytoskeleton in adipocytes and could be involved in the regulation of the size of lipid droplets.
Option Biologie moléculaire du Doctorat en Sciences
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Geneste, Aline. "Tissu adipeux et résistance tumorale aux thérapies ciblées." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1115/document.
Full textTargeted therapies as tyrosine kinase inhibitors permitted an improvement of breast cancer therapies by targeting HER2. However, resistance has been observed in obèse patients for lapatinib treatment.We reproduced the effect of resistance of breast cancer cells to laaptinib in presence of adipose tissue as observed for other therapies. Tumor cells overexpressing HER2 was partly resistant to lapatinib but also for other tyrosine kinase inhibitors when in contact with adipocyte-conditioned medium. By impnating human adipose tissue nad human tumors in mice, we were able to study rhe resistance of breast tumor cells in vivo.In order to elucidate the mechanism of such resistance, we exposed the adipocytes to several metabolism modulators. The lapatinib-induced cell cytotoxicity was lower for the tumor cells exposed to the conditioned medium from adipocytes earlier exposed to alpha blockers than to the conditioned medium from adipocytes alone. In the same manner, the toxicity was lower for the agonists of alpha-adrenergic receptors , for beta-blockers and for the lipolysis inhibitors. At the opposite, the cytotoxicity was enhanced for tumor cells in contact with the conditioned medium of adipocytes exposed to the agonists of beta adrenergic receptors.At the tumor cell level, the laaptinib-induced cell cycle arrest was reduced for the tumor cells exposed to the conditioned medium regarding the G0/G1 phase. That was verified by the study of the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle progression
Ellero, Sandrine. "Conséquences Moléculaires de l'Exposition du Tissu Adipeux Humain à des Xénobiotiques Environnementaux." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00610847.
Full textTessier, Sébastien. "Régulation de certaines fonctions du tissu adipeux humain selon le statut ménopausique, la localisation du dépôt et en réponse à l'activité physique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29095/29095.pdf.
Full textBour, Sandy. "Rôle des amines oxydases du tissu adipeux : implications dans le diabète et l'obésité." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30172.
Full textSemicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) are expressed in adipocytes and their expression is increased during adipogenesis in man. We wanted to explore their implication in diabetes and obesity in vivo. Acute or chronic benzylamine administration improves glucose tolerance in rodents. MAO and SSAO inhibition reduces adiposity in rats ; semicarbazide alone displaying the same effect in mice in opposition to BTT 2052, a new SSAO inhibitor. Furthermore, phenotype of mice invalidated for SSAO was analysed. They exhibit increased weight, adiposity and LDL-cholesterol. Finally, SSAO invalidation reduces lymphocytes and macrophages amount in adipose tissue. Since amine oxidases substrates exert insulin-like effects, they could be antidiabetic agents and or control adipose tissue physiology
Chignon-Sicard, Bérengère. "Analyse moléculaire du tissu adipeux humain en fonction de sa localisation anatomique et effet du PRP (Plateled Rich Plasma) sur les progéniteurs adipeux humains (ASCs)." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4008/document.
Full textDifferent fields in plastic and aesthetic surgery have evolved in recent years including the transfer and injection of autologous adipose tissue. The first clinical data was presented without any real scientific support. The purpose of this thesis is to improve this technic by adding scientific evidence. There are two questions to consider: 1) Do adipose tissues have different characteristics according to their anatomical origin, and should certain regions be preferred for autografting? 2) Are there autologous growth factors to stimulate engraftment, proliferation and differentiation of grafted cells? The first part of this work consisted in analyzing the adipose tissue according to the fat depot. For this purpose, we analyzed the adipose tissues from 2 anatomical sites: the knee and the chin. The rational of this choice comes from a technical reason and a theoretical reason. Our results suggest that the two sites studied have different embryonic origins, and show that these two sites have a different molecular signature and functionality. The second part of the work deals with the in vitro effect of autologous human growth factors. on the proliferation and differentiation of human adipose stem cells (ASCs). For this purpose, we used platelet concentrates from blood samples, which can therefore be used in human therapeutic practice. It is the PRF (fibrin-rich platelet) and the PRP (platelet-rich plasma). The results of the study show that the presence of PRF or PRP in the culture medium allows a drastic increase in ASC proliferation of about 4 to 5 times. In contrast, the results show a partial inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, whatever the period and the time of contact. We analyzed the composition of different PRP sources and we identified the involvement of the TGFB pathway in the anti adipogenic effects of PRP. In contrast, the antiadipogenic effect was concomitant with the differentiation of ASCs towards myofibroblasts-like cells. In conclusion, this work allows us immediate clinical transposition using PRP during lipofilling. This work also makes it possible to highlight the probable difference in function of the adipocytes taken according to their original anatomical site. This likely has a consequence on the long term evolution of these adipose tissue grafts in case of a weight change
Poursharifi, Pegah. "Immunometabolic aspect of C5L2 and C5aR in adiposity : physical, functional and physiological interactions." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25593.
Full textFrom the convergence of metabolism and immune research has emerged a new research field, termed “Immunometabolism”. Obesity, an immunometabolic disease, is associated with a state of low-grade inflammation and is characterized by increased infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. Complement activation can act as an early trigger and precursor of other immune functions. C5aR-like receptor 2 (C5L2) has been identified as a receptor for Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) and the inflammatory factor C5a (which can also bind C5aR). This thesis sequentially evaluates (i) ligand-induced C5L2 and C5aR interaction in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes and J774 macrophages, (ii) the C5aR contribution in adipocyte metabolic and immune responses in mouse models, (iii) as well as C5L2 and C5aR association with obesity-related factors in humans. The immunometabolic receptors, C5L2 and C5aR, constitutively self-associate into homo-/heterodimers and ligand treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and J774 macrophages increased their colocalization. Both C5a and ASP directly induced primary adipocyte signaling and function. However, in C5aRKO primary adipocytes, C5a effects were disrupted, while stimulatory effects of ASP were mostly maintained. Moreover, addition of C5a completely blocked ASP signaling and activity in both C5aRKO and WT primary adipocytes. Finally, C5L2 and C5aR expression in adipose tissue from morbidly obese women was associated with increased adiposity. Interestingly, ASP/C5L2 and C5L2/C5aR ratio markedly increased with abdominal obesity. Taken together, the closely linked physical, functional and physiological interaction between C5L2 and C5aR in adipocytes suggests a potential role in adipose tissue immunometabolism. This further highlights the important new links between adipose tissue and complement proteins/receptors and demonstrates how excessive immunometabolic responses may exacerbate adiposity.
Boutet, Emilie. "La lipodystrophie congénitale généralisée de Berardinelli-Seip : pathologie moléculaire et cellulaire." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066119.
Full textRousseau, Alexandre. "Optimisation de substituts de tissus urologiques entièrement humains reconstruits par génie tissulaire avec les cellules isolées du tissu adipeux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29958/29958.pdf.
Full textMoro, Cédric. "Rôle physiologique des peptides natriurétiques dans le contrôle de la mobilisation des lipides chez l'homme." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30028.
Full textKostov, Laura. "Etude des rôles des récepteurs P2Y2 et P2Y6 dans la différenciation adipogénique et ostéoblastogénique des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses multipotentes dérivées du tissu adipeux inguinal murin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/323461.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Richard, Elodie Marie. "Rôle de la CBG dans la variabilité de l'axe corticotrope et le développement de l'obésité." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21347.
Full textThis thesis work was aimed to study the role of CBG in the variability of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the development of obesity after a QTL analysis. To go further in this study, we wanted to create rodent transgenic models of CBG over-expression (classical transgenesis, injection of virus particles) and ablation of expression. We have not be able to create a model of over-expression. However, in the total CBG knock-out mice that we have obtained, our data show that lack of CBG leads to an adaptation in secretion of glucocorticoids. The in-depth analysis of this model as well as the construction of a tissue-specific knock-out offer new prospects for HPA analysis and the role of CBG. Also, an association study between a polymorphism of CBG and obesity in humans has given us some new elements about CBG association with obesity. Finally, during these experiments, two isoforms of CBG were discovered and analysed in vitro
Morisset, Anne-Sophie. "Endocrinologie de l'obésité : Relation avec l'alimentation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25755/25755.pdf.
Full textCartier, Amélie. "Étude de facteurs impliqués dans la variation de marqueurs inflammatoires présents dans un contexte d'obésité abdominale et de complications métaboliques associées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27063/27063.pdf.
Full textTherrien, Fanny. "Caractérisation du lien entre le statut pondéral et l'axe corticotrope : contribution de la distribution du tissu adipeux et des comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24566/24566.pdf.
Full textSmith, Jessica. "Adipose tissue secreted factors in specific populations and metabolic states : Implications for energy balance and metabolic health." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27012/27012.pdf.
Full textPradère, Jean-Philippe. "Etude de la régulation et du rôle de l'autotaxine et de l'acide lysophosphatidique dans le tissu adipeux et le rein." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/75/.
Full textWhite adipose tissue is now considered as an endocrine organ because of its huge capacity for secreting a large number of factors. Among them is Autotaxin (ATX), a soluble protein possessing a lysophopholipase D activity responsible for synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid able to mediate different cellular responses (proliferation, motility…) via the activation of five distinct G protein coupled receptors (LPA1-5). In the present thesis, we first investigated the mechanisms of maturation and secretion of ATX in 3T3F442A adipocytes in vitro. Our results show that ATX is a N-glycosylated protein and that inhibition of N-glycosylation inhibits both secretion and lysoPLD activity of ATX. We also demonstrated that ATX follows a classical secretion pathway and undergoes a signal peptidase proteolytic cleavage which is required for its secretion. The second part of our work addressed the biological effects of LPA in white adipose tissue. Our data show that LPA is a strong inhibitor of adipogenesis resulting from a down-regulation of the nuclear receptor PPAR\gamma\2. The anti-adipogenic activity of LPA is accompanied by the higher adiposity of LPA1 receptor knockout mice compared to their wild type counterpart
Raif, El Mostafa. "Etude des interfaces moléculaires de la matrice extracellulaire de l'os humain mature." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28242.
Full textVilleneuve, Nicole. "Interrelations entre les différents indices d'adiposité et le tissu adipeux viscéral à la suite d'un programme de modification des habitudes alimentaires et d'activité physique chez des hommes dyslipidémiques avec obésité abdominale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29481/29481.pdf.
Full textPilon, Geneviève. "Rôle du monoxyde d'azote dans la résistance à l'insuline associée à l'inflammation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25802/25802.pdf.
Full textOuldamer, Lobna. "Evaluation de la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique du tissu adipeux mammaire comme marqueur non invasif de la part nutritionnelle du cancer du sein." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3304.
Full textFatty acid composition of the white adipose tissue remains the most reliable qualitative biomarker of previous dietary intake of fatty acids and may provide information on the nutritional part of the risk or evolution of breast cancer. This opens the prospect of individualization of women at high nutritional risk of breast cancer that may benefit from a targeted nutritional intervention but 1) the need for biopsy and 2) subsequent time-consuming biochemical analyses hamper any application of this approach. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of adipose tissue lipids represents an appealing, non-invasive approach, which could circumvent these limitations. This manuscript reports: 1) an assessment of feasibility of (1H-MRS) to evaluate the consequences of a nutritional intervention in a rat mammary tumor model on the adipose tissue fatty acid composition, 2) an assessment of the feasibility of in vivo measurement of the fatty acid composition of breast adipose tissue by (1H-MRS) on a clinical platform, 3) an assessment of the relation of specific patterns of composition of adipose tissue fatty acids with the presentation of breast cancer, and 4) a comparison with gas chromatography of (1H-MRS) data acquired on breast adipose tissue in vitro (11.7T) and in vivo (3T) on patients managed for breast cancer
Capel, Émilie. "Formes monogéniques de lipomatose de Launois-Bensaude : étude clinique et moléculaire, et modélisation cellulaire." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS501.
Full textThis work, initiated in cooperation with the rare diseases reference center ‘Pathologies de la Résistance à l’Insuline et de l’Insulino-Sensibilité’, focuses on the pathophysiology of rare lipodystrophic syndromes. Among them, Launois-Bensaude lipomatosis, also called multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL), is characterized by upper-body lipomatous masses and frequent metabolic alterations. We have investigated the largest reported series of patients with MSL due to the MFN2 p.Arg707Trp variant. MFN2 encodes mitofusin 2, a protein involved in mitochondrial fusion. Additionally, a patient with clinical symptoms consistent with MSL, harboring a new p. Glu943Glyfs*22 variant of LIPE, encoding hormone-sensitive lipase, a key enzyme in the lipolysis pathway, has also been studied. The clinical, biological and adipose tissue characteristics of patients carrying MFN2 and LIPE variants, allow for a better definition of MSL within the lipodystrophic syndromes. We have isolated adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) from lipomas and used this cellular model to assess the impact of variants on adipocyte differentiation and functions. Morphological (optic and electronic microscopy) and functional studies (immunohistochemistry, gene and protein expression, lipolysis, and mitochondrial respiration) on pseudo-lipomas and/or on ASC show numerous adipose dysfunctions and highlight the thermogenic phenotype of adipocytes from MFN2-MSL patients. This MFN2-related lipodystrophy could result from a misbalance of white and beige adipocyte differentiation
Veilleux, Alain. "Déterminants cellulaires et hormonaux de la distribution des graisses chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28285/28285.pdf.
Full textCariou, Ronan. "Évaluation de l'exposition du foetus et du nouveau-né aux perturbateurs endocriniens de type retardateurs de flamme bromés." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2007.
Full textBrominated flame retardants are mainly used today for the reduction of fire risks. However, they are, for the most part, persistent environmental pollutants showing endocrine disrupting activities. Their bioaccumulation properties make mankind a particularly exposed species, especially via feeding and inhalation. The need to evaluate exposure levels, particularly in France, has been clearly identified. A multi-residue (polybromodiphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane) and multi-matrices (animal origins) analytical method based on LC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS couplings, was developed, with special attention paid to analytical contamination management. Then, more than 170 samples, collected in Toulouse during caesarian deliveries, were analyzed and gave access to information relative to the evaluation of mothers and newborns exposure
Mazzucotelli, Anne. "Activation du métabolisme énergétique par le co-activateur PGC-1Alpha et implication du récepteur nucléaire PPAR Alpha dans l’adipocyte blanc humain." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/40/.
Full textPlasma free fatty acids released from white adipose tissue may contribute to the metabolic abnormalities found in obese subjects. Expression of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) in human adipocytes leads to a PPARgamma-dependent induction of the uncoupling protein UCP1 and promotes fat oxidation. The aim of the study was to get an exhaustive view of genes regulated by PGC-1alpha. We performed gene expression profiling using pangenomic microarrays. The identified 6 groups of genes: genes down regulated by Rosiglitazone, PGC1alpha or both and genes up regulated by Rosiglitazone, PGC1alpha or both. Among the large number of genes regulated by PGC-1alpha independently of PPARgamma, many genes were involved in mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1alphaoverexpression induced mRNA expression of the glycerol kinase (GyK) as well as enzymatic activity. PPARalpha was also one of the PGC-1alphatargets. Its activation increased GyK expression and activity. PPARalpha was shown to bind and activate the GyK promoter in PGC-1alpha expressing human adipocytes. In vivo data in various mouse models confirmed the role of PGC-1alpha and PPARalpha in the regulation of GyK. The induction of GyK by PGC-1alpha and PPARalpha offers a new strategy to promote fat utilization in fat cells through the generation of a futile cycle between triglyceride hydrolysis and fatty acid reesterification. Moreover, this work reveals that PPARalpha controls gene expression in human white adipocytes
Courtois-Allard, Myriam. "L'effet du bagage génétique des souris C57BL/6 et SJL sur les niveaux d'adipokines par les différents dépôts du tissu adipeux." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2824/1/M11312.pdf.
Full textCyr, Yannick. "Interaction entre les apoB-lipoprotéines et le tissu adipeux blanc dans la régulation du risque cardiométabolique chez l’humain." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23510.
Full textPrediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) affect approximately 9 million Canadians, which represents close to 30% of the population. T2D is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) that cannot be compensated by increased insulin secretion. White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction is at the root of this pathology and is characterized by increased lipid flux to peripheral tissues causing IR and hypersecretion of apoB-lipoproteins (apoB) by the liver, contributing to increased plasma apoB. In line, epidemiological studies show that plasma apoB is an independent predictor of T2D development 3 to 10 years before onset. In this thesis, we formulated the hypothesis that increased secretion of apoB-lipoprotein secondary to WAT dysfunction promotes further development of this dysfunction in a feed-forward cycle that contributes to increased metabolic risk. To investigate this, we have combined in vitro experiments as well as post hoc analyses of in vivo and ex vivo data from a cohort of men and postmenopausal women recruited from two metabolic studies conducted at Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal between 2006 and 2019. In circulation, more than 90% of apoB-lipoproteins are in the form of LDL. The number of apoB-lipoproteins (measured by plasma apoB), is associated to the development of WAT dysfunction in humans via different mechanisms. Postprandial enrichment of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) by WAT-secreted apoC-I has been proposed as one of them. In a first manuscript, we show that subjects (N=39) with dysfunctional WAT secrete greater amount of apoC-I, which is associated specifically to delayed postprandial chylomicrons clearance in a mechanism that appears to be dependent on apoC-I-mediated inhibition of adipocyte lipoprotein lipase. This constitutes a new mechanism linking adipose tissue dysfunction to increased plasma apoB. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulatory enzyme that targets apoB-lipoprotein receptors, such as the LDLR and CD36, for degradation. Low circulating PCSK9 relative to high plasma apoB, expressed as a higher apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio, is strongly associated to WAT dysfunction and IR, suggesting that increased receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins plays an important role in these pathologies. In parallel, apoB-lipoproteins, mostly native and oxydized LDL, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat Receptor, containing a Pyrin domain 3). The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular receptor responsible for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) secretion, which is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D. In a second manuscript, we demonstrate in overweight and obese subjects (N=31) that the apoB-to-PCSK9 is indeed an index of WAT surface-expression of LDLR and CD36 both at fasting and in the postprandial state. Similarly, the apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio is associated with chronic NLRP3 inflammasome priming at fasting and with postprandial macrophage infiltration and concomitant NLRP3 upregulation within WAT. Finally, recent epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for T2D in subjects with low plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) secondary to loss-of-function genetic variants in PCSK9, or secondary to cholesterol-lowering therapies. In a third manuscript, we show that in subjects with low LDL-C (<3.5mM, N=28), lower plasma PCSK9 identifies subjects with higher WAT LDLR and CD36 surface-expression. Despite having lower LDL-C, subjects with lower plasma PCSK9 show dysfunction WAT and decreased disposition index. Mechanistically, human SGBS adipocytes chronically exposed to native LDL show impaired differentiation and concomitant dysfunction. While this phenomenon cannot be described by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, since it is not expressed in these adipocytes, native human LDL increase the ratio of secreted active Il-1 relative to inactive pro-IL-1 suggesting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages. In conclusion, these observations suggest that dysfunctional WAT promotes delayed postprandial lipoprotein clearance via increased apoC-I secretion, thus promoting hyperapoB and increased cardiometabolic risk. In turn, upregulated receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins appears to be connected to the development of WAT dysfunction and associated cardiometabolic risk factors. At the cellular level within WAT, this could be secondary to a concomitant effect of LDL on preadipocytes inducing their reduced differentiation and function and on macrophage inducing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.