Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tissu adipeux – Physiologie'
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Miard, Stéphanie. "Contrôle transcriptionnel du tissu adipeux par PPARgamma et ses cofacteurs lors du vieillissement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27517/27517.pdf.
Full textMarceron, Mireille. "Contribution à l'étude de l'activité lipolytique du tissu adipeux chez le sportif et l'obèse." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30091.
Full textBuyse, Marion. "Tractus gastro-intestinal et tissu adipeux brun : identification de nouvelles fonctions biologiques de la leptine." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P614.
Full textMichaud, Andréanne. "Obésité et inflammation : Infiltration de macrophages dans les tissus adipeux de la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29156/29156.pdf.
Full textCôté, Julie Anne. "Nouveaux aspects de la biologie adipocytaire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30506.
Full textAdipose tissue has been considered a passive reservoir for energy, but we now know that it is also a secretory and endocrine organ. Because of increasing obesity rates, a lot of ressources are being committed to prevent adipose tissue accumulation and associated biological effects. In the last years, our advance in the understanding of adipose tissue biology has greatly evolved. New paradigms on adipose tissue have emerged, especially regarding: 1) its radiologic density (or radiologic attenuation); and 2) its plasticity. In this thesis, we studied these two concepts. The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize the phenomena surrounding adipose tissue density and plasticity. To achieve our objective, we have applied methodological approaches that allowed us to measure abdominal adipose tissue accumulation and attenuation using computed tomography in a cohort of 240 women. We showed that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue attenuation is negatively and significantly associated with adipocyte size in the corresponding depot. Our results also demonstrated that women with adipocyte hypertrophy are characterized by an altered lipid profile compared to women with smaller adipocytes. Satistical adjustment for visceral adipose tissue area minimized these differences while subsequent adjustment for adipose tissue attenuation eliminated all differences. Our results suggest that fat cell size is a marker of adipose tissue radiologic attenuation and area, and therefore, an integrator of adipose tissue quality and quantity. We also studied the plasticity of the adipocyte precursors contained in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue and of mature adipocytes. To do so, we used flow cytometry analysis to characterize the phenotype of adipocyte precursors. We demonstrated that a subpopulation of CD45- CD31- CD34+ adipose progenitors express the cell surface protein CD38. These cells have higher levels of adipogenic genes compared to the CD45- CD31- CD34+ CD38- population. When cultivated, CD38+ cells show a greater adipogenic potential than the CD38- cells. We also found that obesity is associated with an increase in the number of CD38+ adipose progenitors, particularly in the intra-abdominal depot. Our results suggest that CD38 is a marker of commitment toward adipogenesis. Furtheremore, we studied the process of mature adipocyte dedifferentiation as a good example of adipose tissue plasticity. We examined changes in gene expression during the dedifferentiation process using microarray analysis. We found a decrease in the expression of genes associated with mature adipocyte functions and an increase in the expression of genes associated with cellular reprogramming, cell cycle and extra-cellular matrix. We have also developed a cellular culture system that allows us to dedifferentiate mature adipocytes and to modulate various aspects of the process. This allowed us to demonstrate a role for the Transforming growth factor β signaling in modulating collagen gene expression during dedifferentiation. Finally, we performed immunofluorescence and time-lapse microscopy experiments to characterize the process of mature adipocyte dedifferentiation. We demonstrated that adipocyte dedifferentiation is completely prevented by agents blocking cell division. We also observed binucleated adipocytes throughout the ceiling culture process and markers of mitosis. In conclusion, our studies allowed us to characterize various novel aspects of adipose tissue related to specific biological process, which have their roots in the adipocyte life cycle. They include hypertrophic expansion, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and adipocyte dedifferentiation. This is of significant importance in our understanding of adipose tissue dynamics.
Volat, Fanny. "Rôle des aldose réductases dans la physiologie du tissu adipeux blanc : modèles génétiques murins perte et gain de fonction." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686589.
Full textBlanchard, Pierre-Gilles. "Déterminants du contrôle de l'entreposage des lipides dans le tissu adipeux par le récepteur nucléaire PPARy." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29433/29433.pdf.
Full textMarchand, Geneviève B. "Impact du taux de stéroïdes circulants sur la distribution du tissu adipeux et les altérations métaboliques chez la femme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31428.
Full textThe physiopathology of obesity is a complex phenomenon resulting in many metabolic complications like type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Adipose tissue depots from various locations are morphologically heterogeneous and a preferential accumulation in the visceral area is more closely associated with metabolic disorders than subcutaneous fat accumulation. The sex dimorphism observed in human body fat distribution supports important role for sex hormones in this phenomenon. The goal of this master thesis was to elucidate the relation between plasma steroid hormone levels, adipose tissue distribution and cardiometabolic risk variables in women. First, we studied the relation between circulating estrogens and adiposity as well as metabolic parameters in menopausal women. We observed positive associations between estrogens and metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance, but these associations were explained by the concomitant variation of total body fat mass. Second, we investigated the associations between androgens, their metabolites and precursors, with adipose tissue distribution and function in premenopausal women. We observed that many androstanes were negatively related with total adiposity. Moreover, some steroids, especially pregnenolone were negatively associated with markers of adipose tissue dysfunction. Together, ours results point toward the importance of adipose tissue in the regulation of circulating sex hormones.
Gouranton, Erwan. "Effets du lycopène et du ß-carotène sur la physiologie du tissu adipeux : un impact globalement positif sur les désordres physiopathologiques associés à l'obésité ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20654/document.
Full textAdipose tissue is a complex organ who exerts several metabolic functions. It is involved in the regulation of the energy balance and since a decade is well known as an exocrine organ who secrets several proteins collectively called adipokines. It is one of the main organs involved in obesity where it concentrates several cellular dysfunctions which will have important physiological consequences such as development of insulin resistance, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have reported that high consumption of fruits and vegetables is link to a decrease of pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and cancer; due to the presence of micronutrients notably carotenoids. Among these carotenoids, lycopene and ß-carotene play an important role. They are the main carotenoids in our diet, and are physiologically store in adipose tissue. Furthermore, others studies point that the high consumption or concentration of these compounds in adipose tissue is associated to a decrease of the risk to develop cardiovascular diseases. However, the link between carotenoids, adipose tissue, obesity-associated pathologies is unclear. The aim of this thesis was to bring some explanatory way to this association. An analyze of the transcriptome and microtranscriptome of adipocytes in response to lycopene (all-trans and 5-cis, the two main isomers and the metabolite) and ß-carotene also reveal that these compounds influence a large amount of genes and miRNAs. These effects can also explain a part of the positives effects attributed to these carotenoids. We found that lycopene decrease the inflammatory state of adipose tissue in response to a high fat diet. This phenomenon is explained by a decrease of the NF-?B activity. We also found that a metabolite of lycopene, the apo-10’-lycopenoic acid is able to transactivate RAR in vivo in different tissues included adipose tissue and possess the same anti inflammatory property than all-trans lycopene. In another article, we show that, a diet rich in ß-carotene in mouse lead to a decrease of adiposity. This effect is BCMO1 and PPAR? dependant. This enzyme, BCMO1, seems to play a key role in adipose tissue. Taking all these results together, we open new ways related to the effect of lycopene and ß- carotene on adipose tissue. These results can explain at least in part the benefic effects observed in several studies
Lavoie, Stéphanie. "Les effets d'UCP2 dans l'homéostasie énergétique : modulation de la ghréline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28642/28642.pdf.
Full textNiang, Fatoumata. "Effets de la leptine et de l’interféron gamma sur le métabolisme des acides gras du tissu adipeux : implication dans le diabète de type 2 et la cachexie." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T015.
Full textType-2 diabetes and cachexia are associated with adipose tissue (AT) metabolic dysfunction and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) contributing to insulin resistance. In adipocytes, NEFA efflux is the result of lipolysis and NEFA re-esterification which requires glycerol-3 phosphate synthesis from non carbohydrate substrates (glyceroneogenesis). We investigated the effects of leptin, insulin and interferon gamma (INF- alone or in combination on glyceroneonegenesis, lipolysis and nitric oxide (NO) production in adipocytes or in explants from rat epididymal AT. We showed a negative crosstalk in leptin and insulin signaling pathways implicated in NO synthase III activation: IRS-1 was phosphorylated on Ser307 by leptin via PKA with subsequent Jak2 dephosphorylation induced by insulin. Leptin inhibited glycerol release during long-term treatment whereas its short-term effect was lipolytic. Additionnaly, leptin reduced glyceroneogenic flux and gene and protein expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PECPK-C), key-enzymes of lipolysis and glyceroneogenesis. Using the NOS inhibitor L-NAME and the NO donor SNAP, we determined that NO was involved in leptin regulation. Our results revealed that a 6h exposure of AT to leptin/INF- combination totally abolished the inhibition of PEPCK-C gene expression occurring during the treatment with either INF- or leptin. We suggest that the interference between leptin and insulin signaling could play a crucial role in leptin- and insulin-resistance correlated with obesity and the development of type-2 diabetes
Fisette, Alexandre. "La voie ASP-C5L2 : un pont entre l'homéostasie métabolique et l'inflammation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30372/30372.pdf.
Full textRecent research findings have characterized adipose tissue as en endocrine organ and have shown that obesity triggers the development of low-grade inflammation, termed metaflammation. This thesis focuses on one adipokine and its receptor, acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and C5L2 receptor, and their relationship with energy metabolism and metaflammation. ASP derives from the complement system and acts on adipocytes by upregulating fatty acid and glucose absorption, resulting in a net increase in lipid storage. Mice genetically deficient in components of the ASP–C5L2 pathway are obesity-resistant but hyperphagic, suggesting that the disruption of this pathway could hold a therapeutical value. This thesis sequentially evaluates in mouse models (i) the consequences of an acute ASP stimulation, (ii) metabolism in C5L2-deficient animals treated with a diabetogenic diet, (iii) and the dynamics of the ASP–C5L2 pathway in diet-induced obesity. ASP acts acutely as an anabolic hormone, stimulating glucose absorption in tissues with active glucose transport. Paradoxically, ASP also generates an acute proinflammatory response with increased cytokine release, macrophage migration and classical activation. The disruption of C5L2 receptor in a murine model treated with a diabetogenic diet induced the opposite effects on energy metabolism, aggravating the development of insulin resistance and rerouting glucose to the liver. A more pronounced phenotype of metaflammation is also measurable in C5L2 knockout mice, probably linked to the second function of the C5L2 receptor, the sequestration of the anaphylatoxin C5a. In a model of diet-induced obesity, the proof-of-concept of ASP resistance is demonstrated and possibly linked with a reduction in C5L2 expression. The final study in this thesis (iv) evaluates the clinical contribution of ASP and the complement system in the outcome of an intervention designed to modulate the interaction between metabolism and immunity in a surgical context of hepatic resection. The results shown in the present work clarify the role and the therapeutical potential of the ASP–C5L2 pathway and describe it as a bridge between inflammation and metabolic homeostasis.
Abdelkarim, Mouaadh. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire Farnesoid X : receptor (FXR) dans la différenciation et la fonction adipocytaire." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S005.
Full textVeilleux, Alain. "Déterminants cellulaires et hormonaux de la distribution des graisses chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28285/28285.pdf.
Full textTom, Fun-Qun. "Effets de la protéine stimulant l'acylation dans l'interaction des adipocytes et des macrophages." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28657/28657.pdf.
Full textCartier, Amélie. "Étude de facteurs impliqués dans la variation de marqueurs inflammatoires présents dans un contexte d'obésité abdominale et de complications métaboliques associées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27063/27063.pdf.
Full textCascales, Élodie. "L’enzyme CD10 : un acteur clé dans l’identification et la régulation des cellules souches mammaires humaines." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10313/document.
Full textIn breast, the existence of cancer stem cells has been demonstrated and that explain a number of observations as tumour heterogeneity. Other studies have demonstrated the resistance of radio and chemotherapy by different innate or acquired stem cell specific mechanisms that could explain relapse few years after the traitment. For all these reasons, that is very important to understand these mechanisms and to know physiological actors both implicated in the regulation of normal or cancer stem cells. CD10 is a zinc-dependant metallo-endopeptidase that inactivates a number of signalling peptides that could be implicated in mammary growth and differentiation. We have showed that CD10+ cell sorted population is enriched in Stem Cells/Early Common Progenitors/MyoEPithelial cells. We demonstrate that the protease activity of CD10 and the adhesion function of beta1-integrin are required to prevent differentiation of mammary stem cells/early progenitors. Taken together, our data suggest that integrin-mediated contact with the basement membrane and cleavage of signalling factors by CD10 are key elements in the microenvironment that maintains the progenitor and stem cell pools in the mammary gland. Adipose tissue is also a major component of the mammary microenvironment implicated in its homeostasis by the secretion of soluble factors. Our results suggested that the adipose tissue could be considered as a potential source of stem cells that differentiated into the luminal epithelial lineage involved in some breast cancers
Roy, Christian. "La voie ASP/C5L2 dans le métabolisme énergétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30270/30270.pdf.
Full textObesity is a major health problem that results in an imbalanced energy metabolism. Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP, C3adesArg) is a protein produced by the adipose tissue, which stimulates triglycerides (TG) synthesis and glucose transport by binding to its receptor C5L2. Our previous studies have shown that mice with a disabled C3 gene (C3KO) are ASP deficient, hyperphagic but of normal weight and demonstrate greater energy expenditure than wild-type mice. From these results, our goal was to determine the role of the ASP-C5L2 pathway in energy metabolism. In our first study, we observed that a central injection of ASP in the third ventricle of Wistar rats brought a reduction in food intake and body weight gain and an increased mRNA expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide POMC in the region of the arcuate nucleus. Our studies also showed that the levels of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were increased six-fold in C5L2-deficient mice (C5L2KO) compared to wild mice (WT) after a high-fat diet. Furthermore, in humans, the protein expression of C5L2 is reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with obese controls. Physical training increased protein expression of C5L2 and ASP output in obese insulin-resistant men. Finally, our work with C5a receptor-deficient mice (C5aRKO) showed that after 12 weeks of a high-fat and high-sugar diet (DIO), the C5aRKO mice exhibited reduced body weight and smaller gonadal and inguinal fat mass than their WT counterparts. This was accompanied with lower plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides and faster postprandial triglyceride clearance. Our studies have demonstrated that the ASP/C5L2 pathway represents an attractive target in the control of food intake and skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism.
Smith, Jessica. "Adipose tissue secreted factors in specific populations and metabolic states : Implications for energy balance and metabolic health." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27012/27012.pdf.
Full textJourdan, Tony. "Impact du système endocannabinoïdien sur la physiologie de l'obésité : effets de l'antagonisme des récepteurs CB1 sur le métabolisme glucido-lipidique de la souris obèse." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589358.
Full textDenjean, Frédérique. "Recherche, expression et rôles potentiels des protéines découplantes musculaires : implications dans l'homéostasie énergétique des oiseaux et des mammifères." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10131.
Full textBenistant, Christophe. "Transport plasmatique et cellulaire des acides gras chez les oiseaux développant une thermogenèse sans frisson : étude comparée chez le caneton de Barbarie acclimaté au froid et le poussin de manchot royal en conditions naturelles." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10308.
Full textDrolet, Renée. "Endocrinologie reproductive et métabolique chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27637/27637.pdf.
Full textLEGRAND, PHILIPPE. "Biosynthese et utilisation des lipides chez le poulet (gallus domesticus) : comparaison de deux lignees selectionnees de poulets maigres et gras." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066480.
Full textRobelin, Jacques. "Composition corporelle des bovins : evolution au cours du developpement et differences entre races." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF2E368.
Full textFoucault, Anne-Sophie. "Effets d'un extrait de quinoa enrichi en 20-hydroxyecdysone dans un modèle d'obésité nutritionnelle : application clinique." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0041/document.
Full textObesity is a complex disease which is dramatically increasing worldwide. Following the example of many drugs that were developed from plants molecules, new natural active principles are currently being evaluated in order to prevent or to treat metabolic disorders. Among them, phytoecdysteroids, and mainly 20-hydroxyecdysone present in quinoa, have displayed beneficial pharmacological effects. Thus, they would be potentially active candidates against obesity. The objective of this thesis is to highlight the properties of a quinoa extract enriched in 20-hydroxyecdysone on overweight and obesity and to characterize their effects.First, the ingestion of 20-hydroxyecdysone enriched quinoa extract by mice fed a high-fat diet limited adipose tissue development, without modifying food intake. In adipose tissue, these effects were associated with a reduction of the amount of transcripts of genes involved in lipid storage and inflammation. Energy balance analyses showed that quinoa extract increased energy expenditure via an increase in glucose oxidation and diminished lipid intestinal absorption. Then, in overweight and obese subjects, quinoa extract displayed a tendency to prevent weight and fat mass regain after energy restriction. This effect was accompanied by the maintenance of insulin sensitivity improvement. Lastly, 20-hydroxyecdysone bioavailability measurements in mice allowed its plasma level quantification and the identification of metabolites whose role is still to be identified. These results show a potential benefit of the quinoa extract and its active principle, 20-hydroxyecdysone, on weight and adipose mass stabilization following weight loss. More studies are required to characterize further these effects
Castan-Laurell, Isabelle. "Le récepteur du peptide YY (PYY) de l'adipocyte : caractérisation et rôle physiologique." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30127.
Full textMoro, Cédric. "Rôle physiologique des peptides natriurétiques dans le contrôle de la mobilisation des lipides chez l'homme." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30028.
Full textTessier, Sébastien. "Régulation de certaines fonctions du tissu adipeux humain selon le statut ménopausique, la localisation du dépôt et en réponse à l'activité physique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29095/29095.pdf.
Full textCrampes, François. "Adaptations de l'organisme à l'exercice de longue durée chez l'homme : rôle de l'activité lipolytique." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30035.
Full textBen, Amara Nisserine. "Evaluation du statut en micronutriments lipophiles au cours de l'obésité : relation avec l'inflammation et l'insulino-résistance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5053.
Full textObesity is associated with chronic inflammatory condition that plays a deleterious role.This inflammatory state associated with obesity was involved in the development of metabolic complications : insulin resistance and T2DM.Obese, AT is a site for the production of pro and/or anti-inflammatory adipokines, and plays a major role in the development of chronic inflammation associated with obesity.Modifications and changes in lifestyle and therapeutic approaches are preferred to deal with obesity. However,preventive approaches should not be ignored,several epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between obesity and micronutrient deficiency.In addition,there is an inverse correlation between lipophilic micronutrients and carotenoids and the prevalence of obesity and T2DM.The purpose of this thesis is to understand the possible link between LM and carotenoids deficiency, obesity and associated physiological disorders.A cross-sectional study was performed in non-diabetic obese patients.The results allowed us to conclude the existence of a favorable effect of b-carotene on insulin sensitivity in obese patients.This effect may be related to modulation of inflammation or the expression of some adipokines(such as adiponectin), either directly or through its pro-vitamin A activity.A preclinical study was performed; the objective is to assess the impact of the vitamins on weight gain and insulin sensitivity.Mice were subjected to a hypovitaminic diet.After 10 weeks of regimen, we observed an increased adiposity and an altered insulin sensibility.This diet probably acts on the hepatic lipid metabolism via a decrease in oxidative capacity
Bennani-Kabchi, Naïma. "Etude des variations saisonnieres de facteurs nutritionnels, hormonaux et metaboliques chez un rongeur desertique, le merion (meriones shawi)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF2E407.
Full textTherrien, Fanny. "Caractérisation du lien entre le statut pondéral et l'axe corticotrope : contribution de la distribution du tissu adipeux et des comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24566/24566.pdf.
Full textVilleneuve, Nicole. "Interrelations entre les différents indices d'adiposité et le tissu adipeux viscéral à la suite d'un programme de modification des habitudes alimentaires et d'activité physique chez des hommes dyslipidémiques avec obésité abdominale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29481/29481.pdf.
Full textCariou, Ronan. "Évaluation de l'exposition du foetus et du nouveau-né aux perturbateurs endocriniens de type retardateurs de flamme bromés." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2007.
Full textBrominated flame retardants are mainly used today for the reduction of fire risks. However, they are, for the most part, persistent environmental pollutants showing endocrine disrupting activities. Their bioaccumulation properties make mankind a particularly exposed species, especially via feeding and inhalation. The need to evaluate exposure levels, particularly in France, has been clearly identified. A multi-residue (polybromodiphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane) and multi-matrices (animal origins) analytical method based on LC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS couplings, was developed, with special attention paid to analytical contamination management. Then, more than 170 samples, collected in Toulouse during caesarian deliveries, were analyzed and gave access to information relative to the evaluation of mothers and newborns exposure
Shamansurova, Akhmedova Zulaykho. "Déterminer les mécanismes impliqués dans les effets du récepteur à la rénine et prorénine dans l’obésité et dans le diabète = Determining mechanisms implicated in the effects of the renin and prorenin receptor in the development of obesity and diabetes." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18567.
Full textObesity is a worldwide epidemic and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications. In obesity, adipose tissue secretes large amounts of hormones and cytokines that negatively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, causing inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity also increases the activity of both local (tissue-specific) and circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin, whereas prorenin may only do so upon binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 1. This is thus the angiotensin-dependent (Ang-D) pathway of the (P)RR. The binding of renin and prorenin with the (P)RR also activates an angiotensin-independent pathway (Ang-ND), leading to intracellular signaling involving, for instance, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), the extracellular regulatory kinase ½ (Erk1/2), the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) 1, 2. These can produce cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis and fibrosis 1, 2, and as such may contribute to tissue damage and complications associated with obesity. The beneficial effects of pharmacological blockade of the (P)RR include prevention of the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis, as well as of diabetes-associated nephropathy and retinopathy. However, effects of the (P)RR in adipose tissue have been poorly investigated. Hence, our objective was to study the role of the (P)RR in the development of obesity and insulin resistance by: 1) administering HRP (a (P)RR blocker peptide) to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and 2) in knock-out (KO) mice with adipose tissue-specific (P)RR gene deletion, which were generated in our laboratory by cre-loxp technology. (P)RR gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were increased in mice fed a HFD independently of HRP treatment. HRP treatment also reduced mice body weight and fat masses in HFD-fed mice while they only tended to be lower in mice on normal diet (ND). Similarly, the adipose tissue specific (P)RR KO mice had reduced body weight and fat masses, even on ND, and as such confirmed the involvement of adipose tissue (P)RR in the development of obesity. The KO phenotype included increased horizontal activity, only in the dark cycle (active period), which would increase energy expenditure and could contribute to their lower body weight and fat mass. Male hemizygous KO mice had higher basal metabolic rate as they had increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during both their active and inactive period. This increased basal metabolism may result in part from an increase in thermogenesis as increased “beiging” gene expression, PRDM16, was observed in peri-renal fat of male KO mice. In line with this, recent results from our laboratory have also shown that HRP may induce “beiging” in subcutaneous fat 3. In mice treated with the HRP, although glycemia was similar to placebo treated mice, plasma insulin and the insulin to glucose ratio were lower compared to untreated groups on both HFD or ND. Similarly, (P)RR KO mice had lower plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared to controls, without any differences in the glycemia curves during an oral glucose tolerance test. Given that the basal and stimulated insulin levels were significantly lower in KO mice, without any changes in total pancreatic insulin content and with similar insulin to C-peptide ratio, this suggests that pancreatic insulin metabolism was not modified. The increased circulating adiponectin levels observed in KO mice may have contributed to the better insulin sensitivity present in the mice. In the HRP treated mice, we observed an improved gene expression profile of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, F4/80 and leptin in adipose tissue, which may also contribute to the increased insulin sensitivity. Given that better insulin sensitivity was observed in mice with both (P)RR pharmacological blockade and genetic suppression, this suggests that the (P)RR is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition, lower circulating triglycerides (TG) levels were found in mice treated with HRP, whereas lower TG levels were observed only in skeletal muscles in (P)RR KO mice. Put altogether, the lower lipid content and higher plasma adiponectin levels likely result from a healthier fat tissue as revealed by histological analysis which showed a reduction in adipocytes size in KO mice and was recently revealed in HRP treated HFD fed mice 3. Our results demonstrate that the (P)RR, particularly in adipose tissue, is implicated in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis via modulation of adipocytes morphology and function. The development of a new clinical strategy focused on blockade of the (P)RR specifically in adipose tissue could help to treat obesity and its associated pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Tan, Paul. "Mécanismes impliqués dans les effets du récepteur à la (pro)rénine sur le développement de l'obésité et de ses complications cardiométaboliques associées." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13532.
Full textObesity is a disease associated with multiple complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Nowadays, lifestyle modifications, such as eating habits and physical activity, are simply not enough to counter the deleterious effects of obesity. Pharmacotherapy is used as an alternative treatment although beneficial effects are temporary and cannot be maintained in the long run. The current medical need for a treatment with long term beneficial outcomes devoid of side effects is unmet. Best known for its role in blood pressure regulation, the renin-angiotensin system has recently been attributed a role in favouring fat storage. The prorenin and renin receptor is a component of renin-angiotensin system that amplifies its activation. Thus, the prorenin and renin receptor might play a key role in gaining fat mass. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of the prorenin and renin receptor in the development of obesity and its complications in mice using a combination of high-fat and high carbohydrate diet and the handle region peptide, a blocker of the prorenin and renin receptor. After a period of 10 weeks, we have found that the prorenin and renin receptor is increased specifically in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. When administered simultaneously with a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, the handle region peptide reduced body weight gain in mice with similar decrease in visceral fat mass. Decreased expression of the enzyme catalyzing the last step of lipogenesis could be responsible for the reduction in visceral fat mass. In the same animals, the expressions of several adipokines were also decreased in adipose tissue suggesting reduced insulin resistance, inflammation and macrophage infiltration locally in subcutaneous and visceral fat. Increased expression of a marker of adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue could suggest higher adipocyte number. This would buffer excess circulating free fatty acid since we have noticed a reduction in the latter in mice on a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. We hypothesized that a futile cycle could be activated in subcutaneous fat because we have observed increased expression of several enzymes implicated in lipogenesis and lipolysis. « Beiging » is defined as the presence of brown-like adipocytes in adipose tissue which is characterized by high mitochondrial density and thermogenesis. Increased expression of markers for « beiging » and mitochondrial biogenesis in subcutaneous fat suggests that « beiging » could also be activated in this fat pad. Insulin sensitivity in these animals could be improved as suggested in the circulation by decreased insulin, similar glucose, increased glucose on insulin ratio as well as a possible change in the correlation between mouse body weight and circulating adiponectin levels. Our work suggests that the handle region peptide could increase the capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue to metabolize circulating lipids with a potential activation of a futile cycle and « beiging ». This would prevent ectopic deposition of fat in visceral compartments as suggested by the reduction in visceral fat mass in mice on high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. Using a mice model, this study demonstrates the pharmacological potential of the handle region peptide as a novel treatment to prevent obesity.