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Journal articles on the topic 'Tissue engineering. Articular cartilage'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Athanasiou, Kyriacos A., Eric M. Darling, and Jerry C. Hu. "Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Synthesis Lectures on Tissue Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/s00212ed1v01y200910tis003.

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2

Lu, Lichun, Richard G. Valenzuela, and Michael J. Yaszemski. "Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." e-biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine 1, no. 7 (August 31, 2000): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/152489000420113.

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3

Getgood, A., R. Brooks, L. Fortier, and N. Rushton. "Articular cartilage tissue engineering." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 91-B, no. 5 (May 2009): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.91b5.21832.

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4

Sah, Robert L., David Amiel, and Richard D. Coutts. "Tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 6, no. 6 (December 1995): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199512000-00011.

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5

García-Couce, Jomarien, Amisel Almirall, Gastón Fuentes, Eric Kaijzel, Alan Chan, and Luis J. Cruz. "Targeting Polymeric Nanobiomaterials as a Platform for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 17 (September 4, 2019): 1915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190708184745.

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Articular cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is found in anatomical areas that are important for the movement of the human body. Osteoarthritis is the ailment that most often affects the articular cartilage. Due to its poor intrinsic healing capacity, damage to the articular cartilage is highly detrimental and at present the reconstructive options for its repair are limited. Tissue engineering and the science of nanobiomaterials are two lines of research that together can contribute to the restoration of damaged tissue. The science of nanobiomaterials focuses on the development of different nanoscale structures that can be used as carriers of drugs / cells to treat and repair damaged tissues such as articular cartilage. This review article is an overview of the composition of articular cartilage, the causes and treatments of osteoarthritis, with a special emphasis on nanomaterials as carriers of drugs and cells, which reduce inflammation, promote the activation of biochemical factors and ultimately contribute to the total restoration of articular cartilage.

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6

CHANG, CHIH-HUNG, FENG-HUEI LIN, TZONG-FU KUO, and HWA-CHANG LIU. "CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 17, no. 02 (April 25, 2005): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720500010x.

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Tissue engineering is a new approach for articular cartilage repair. The aim of the present article was to review the current status of cartilage tissue engineering researches. The scaffold materials used for cartilage tissue engineering, the in vitro, in vivo studies and the clinical trials were all reviewed. Our researches about in vitro cartilage tissue engineering with new type bioactive scaffold and preliminary animal studies results will also be described. The scaffold was tricopolymer made from gelatin, hyaluronan and chondroitin. Chondrocytes seeded in tricopolymer showed in vitro engineered cartilage formation. The engineered cartilage constructs were implanted into knee joints of miniature pigs for animal study.

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7

Lee, Cynthia R., and Myron Spector. "Status of articular cartilage tissue engineering." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 9, no. 6 (December 1998): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199812000-00015.

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8

Jabbari, Esmaiel. "Developmentally Inspired Approach to Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Advances in Science and Technology 102 (October 2016): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.102.31.

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Structural organization of articular cartilage is rooted in the arrangement of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into morphologically distinct zones during embryogenesis as a result of spatiotemporal gradients in biochemical, mechanical, and cellular factors that direct the formation of stratified structure of articular cartilage. These gradients are central to the function of cartilage as an articulating surface. Strategies that mimic zonal organization of articular cartilage are more likely to create an engineered tissue with more effective clinical outcome. The objective of this work was to measure the expression of human MSCs encapsulated in engineered gels that simulate stiffness of the superficial, middle and calcified zones of articular cartilage supplemented with zone specific growth factors. Size of the encapsulated cells increased from the gel simulating superficial zone to those simulating middle and calcified zones. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) content progressively increased from the gel simulating superficial zone to those simulating middle and calcified zones. Human MSCs in the gel simulating the superficial zone showed up-regulation of Sox-9 and SZP whereas those in the calcified gel showed up-regulation of ALP. Results demonstrate that a developmental approach can potentially regenerate the zonal structure of articular cartilage.

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9

Camarero-Espinosa, Sandra, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, E. Johan Foster, and Christoph Weder. "Articular cartilage: from formation to tissue engineering." Biomaterials Science 4, no. 5 (2016): 734–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6bm00068a.

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10

Mitskevich, V. A. "Tissue engineering possibilities in articular cartilage regeneration." Rheumatology Science and Practice, no. 3 (June 15, 2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2003-1361.

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11

Yan, Shi Fang, Song Shan Zhou, and Jiang Yuan Hou. "The Application of Biological Materials of Carpal Articular Cartilage in Athletic Injury." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.240.

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This paper investigated the effect of biological materials on rehabilitation carpal articular cartilage injury in athletic injury, which aimed at provides ideal biological materials for the injury repair and functional reconstruction of carpal articular cartilage injury. Arthroscopic micro fracture technique combined with hyaluronic acid gel can improve the thickness of cartilage regeneration, which is more close to the hyaline cartilage; Calcium polyphosphate fiber / gelatin composite scaffold can meet the needs of tissue engineering scaffold composite porosity; Auto-genous periosteal graft fixation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote the repair, generation and self-adaptation of articular cartilage. the carpal articular cartilage injury is common in exercise and training due to wrist joint physiological structure and biomechanical characteristic, tissue engineering of cartilage repair implant the cells and scaffold composite into the damaged tissues or organs, so as to achieve the purpose of wound repair and functional reconstruction, which provides a effective way for wrist joint cartilage injury.

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12

Chen, Yawen, Xinli Ouyang, Yide Wu, Shaojia Guo, Yongfang Xie, and Guohui Wang. "Co-culture and Mechanical Stimulation on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 15, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x14666191029104249.

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Defects in articular cartilage injury and chronic osteoarthritis are very widespread and common, and the ability of injured cartilage to repair itself is limited. Stem cell-based cartilage tissue engineering provides a promising therapeutic option for articular cartilage damage. However, the application of the technique is limited by the number, source, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells. The co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes is available for cartilage tissue engineering, and mechanical stimulation is an important factor that should not be ignored. A combination of these two approaches, i.e., co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes under mechanical stimulation, can provide sufficient quantity and quality of cells for cartilage tissue engineering, and when combined with scaffold materials and cytokines, this approach ultimately achieves the purpose of cartilage repair and reconstruction. In this review, we focus on the effects of co-culture and mechanical stimulation on mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes for articular cartilage tissue engineering. An in-depth understanding of the impact of co-culture and mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes can facilitate the development of additional strategies for articular cartilage tissue engineering.

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13

Punantapong, B., S. Thongtem, and M. J. Fagan. "Assessment of Stresses Distribution of Anisotropic Bimaterials in Articular Cartilage(Cellular & Tissue Engineering)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.99.

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14

Basok, Yu B., and V. I. Sevastianov. "TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DEFECTS." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 18, no. 4 (January 28, 2017): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2016-4-102-122.

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Some of the most pressing health problems of the industrial society are the damage and degeneration of articular cartilage associated with the limited capacity of tissues to regenerate. The review describes the existing and developing technologies for the recovery and replacement of damaged joint cartilage tissue. The results obtained are analyzed covering two major areas: the stimulation of regeneration of damaged cartilage tissue and the growing of cartilage tissue elements in bioreactors.

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15

ZHANG, LIHAI. "SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN CYCLIC DEFORMED HETEROGENEOUS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 03, no. 03 (September 2011): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s175882511100110x.

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Solute transport in biological tissues is a fundamental process of supplying nutrients to tissue cells. Due to the avascular nature of cartilage, nutrients have to diffuse into the tissue to exert their biological effects. Whilst significant research efforts have been made over last decade towards understanding the solute transport behavior within the cartilage, the effect of dynamic loading on the transport process is still not fully understood. By treating cartilage as a homogeneous tissue, recent theoretical studies generally indicate that physiologically relevant mechanical loading could potentially enhance solute uptake in cartilage. However, like most biological tissues, articular cartilage is actually an inhomogeneous tissue with direction-dependent mechanical properties (such as aggregate modulus and hydraulic permeability). The inhomogeneity of tissue mechanical properties may have considerable influence on solute transport, and thereby need critical investigation. Using an engineering approach, a quantitative theoretical model has been developed in this study to investigate the solute transport behavior in cartilage in consideration of its material inhomogeneity. Using a cylindrical cartilage disk undergoing unconfined cyclic deformation as a case study, the model results demonstrate that inhomogeneous cartilage properties could potentially influence the magnitude and profile of interstitial fluid velocity and pressure throughout the cartilage. Furthermore, the enhancement of solute transport by dynamic loading is depth-dependent due to the inhomogeneous distribution of material properties.

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16

Stoltz, J.-F., C. Huselstein, J. Schiavi, Y. Y. Li, D. Bensoussan, V. Decot, and N. De Isla. "Human Stem Cells and Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13, no. 15 (December 10, 2012): 2682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112804724846.

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17

Jeschke, Brigitte, Jörg Meyer, Alfred Jonczyk, Horst Kessler, Peter Adamietz, Norbert M. Meenen, Martin Kantlehner, Christiane Goepfert, and Berthold Nies. "RGD-peptides for tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Biomaterials 23, no. 16 (August 2002): 3455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00052-2.

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18

Temenoff, Johnna S., and Antonios G. Mikos. "Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage." Biomaterials 21, no. 5 (March 2000): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00213-6.

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19

Gao, J., J. Q. Yao, and A. I. Caplan. "Stem cells for tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 221, no. 5 (May 2007): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim257.

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20

Zamborsky, Radoslav, Jana Rusnakova, and Andreas Nicodemou. "Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage: A Mini-Review." OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2014.248.253.

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21

Thissen, H., K. Y. Chang, T. A. Tebb, W. B. Tsai, V. Glattauer, J. A. M. Ramshaw, and J. A. Werkmeister. "Synthetic biodegradable microparticles for articular cartilage tissue engineering." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 77A, no. 3 (2006): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30612.

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22

Klein, Travis J., Jos Malda, Robert L. Sah, and Dietmar W. Hutmacher. "Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage with Biomimetic Zones." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 15, no. 2 (June 2009): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0563.

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23

Makris, Eleftherios A., Andreas H. Gomoll, Konstantinos N. Malizos, Jerry C. Hu, and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage." Nature Reviews Rheumatology 11, no. 1 (September 23, 2014): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2014.157.

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24

Miot, S., P. Scandiucci de Freitas, D. Wirz, A. U. Daniels, T. J. Sims, A. P. Hollander, P. Mainil-Varlet, M. Heberer, and I. Martin. "Cartilage tissue engineering by expanded goat articular chondrocytes." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 24, no. 5 (March 31, 2006): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.20098.

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25

Fu, Liwei, Pinxue Li, Hao Li, Cangjian Gao, Zhen Yang, Tianyuan Zhao, Wei Chen, et al. "The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621806.

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Tissue engineering (TE) has brought new hope for articular cartilage regeneration, as TE can provide structural and functional substitutes for native tissues. The basic elements of TE involve scaffolds, seeded cells, and biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. However, there are some limitations of TE; what most important is that static cell culture on scaffolds cannot simulate the physiological environment required for the development of natural cartilage. Recently, bioreactors have been used to simulate the physical and mechanical environment during the development of articular cartilage. This review aims to provide an overview of the concepts, categories, and applications of bioreactors for cartilage TE with emphasis on the design of various bioreactor systems.

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26

Abbassy, Hadeer A., Laila M. Montaser, and Sherin M. Fawzy. "Articular cartilage tissue engineering with stem cells implanted onto nanoscaffolds and platelet-rich plasma." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20170985.

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<p class="abstract">Musculoskeletal medicine targets both cartilage regeneration and healing of soft tissues. Articular cartilage repair and regeneration is primarily considered to be due to its poor regenerative properties. Cartilage defects due to joint injury, aging, or osteoarthritis have low self-repair ability thus they are most often irreversible as well as being a major cause of joint pain and chronic disability. Unfortunately, current methods do not seamlessly restore hyaline cartilage and may lead to the formation of fibro- or continue hypertrophic cartilage. Deficiency of efficient modalities of therapy has invited research to combine stem cells, scaffold materials and environmental factors through tissue engineering. Articular cartilage tissue engineering aims to repair, regenerate, and hence improve the function of injured or diseased cartilage. This holds great potential and has evoked intense interest in improving cartilage therapy. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and/or stem cells may be influential for tissue repair as well as cartilage regenerative processes. A great promise to advance current cartilage therapies toward achieving a consistently successful modality has been held for addressing cartilage afflictions. The use of stem cells, novel biologically inspired scaffolds and, emerging nanotechnology may be the best way to reach this objective via tissue engineering. A current and emergent approach in the field of cartilage tissue engineering is explained in this review for specific application. In the future, the development of new strategies using stem cells seeded in scaffolds and the culture medium supplemented with growth factors could improve the quality of the newly formed cartilage<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>

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27

Rim, Yeri Alice, Yoojun Nam, and Ji Hyeon Ju. "Application of Cord Blood and Cord Blood-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration." Cell Transplantation 28, no. 5 (September 25, 2018): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689718794864.

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Regeneration of articular cartilage is of great interest in cartilage tissue engineering since articular cartilage has a low regenerative capacity. Due to the difficulty in obtaining healthy cartilage for transplantation, there is a need to develop an alternative and effective regeneration therapy to treat degenerative or damaged joint diseases. Stem cells including various adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells are now actively used in tissue engineering. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of cord blood cells and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from these cells in cartilage regeneration. The abilities of these cells to undergo chondrogenic differentiation are also described. Finally, the technical challenges of articular cartilage regeneration and future directions are discussed.

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28

CHIANG, HONGSEN, YI-YOU HUANG, and CHING-CHUAN JIANG. "REPAIR OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE INJURY." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 17, no. 05 (October 25, 2005): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237205000366.

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Articular cartilage defects heal poorly and lead to consequences as osteoarthritis. Clinical experience has indicated that no existing medication would substantially promote the healing process, and the cartilage defect requires surgical replacement. Allograft decays quickly for multiple reasons including the preparation process and immune reaction, and the outcome is disappointing. The extreme shortage of sparing in articular cartilage has much discouraged the use of autograft, which requires modification. The concept that constructs a chondral or osteochondral construct for the replacement of injured native tissue introduces that of tissue engineering. Limited number of cells are expanded either in vitro or in vivo, and resided temporally on a scaffold of biomaterial, which also acts as a vehicle to transfer the cells to the recipient site. Three core elements constitute this technique: the cell, a biodegradable scaffold, and an environment suitable for cells to present their proposed activity. Modern researches have kept updating those elements for a better performance of such cultivation of living tissue.

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29

Dimaraki, Angeliki, Pedro J. Díaz-Payno, Michelle Minneboo, Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki, Maryam Hosseini, Nicole Kops, Roberto Narcisi, et al. "Bioprinting of a Zonal-Specific Cell Density Scaffold: A Biomimetic Approach for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177821.

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The treatment of articular cartilage defects remains a significant clinical challenge. This is partially due to current tissue engineering strategies failing to recapitulate native organization. Articular cartilage is a graded tissue with three layers exhibiting different cell densities: the superficial zone having the highest density and the deep zone having the lowest density. However, the introduction of cell gradients for cartilage tissue engineering, which could promote a more biomimetic environment, has not been widely explored. Here, we aimed to bioprint a scaffold with different zonal cell densities to mimic the organization of articular cartilage. The scaffold was bioprinted using an alginate-based bioink containing human articular chondrocytes. The scaffold design included three cell densities, one per zone: 20 × 106 (superficial), 10 × 106 (middle), and 5 × 106 (deep) cells/mL. The scaffold was cultured in a chondrogenic medium for 25 days and analyzed by live/dead assay and histology. The live/dead analysis showed the ability to generate a zonal cell density with high viability. Histological analysis revealed a smooth transition between the zones in terms of cell distribution and a higher sulphated glycosaminoglycan deposition in the highest cell density zone. These findings pave the way toward bioprinting complex zonal cartilage scaffolds as single units, thereby advancing the translation of cartilage tissue engineering into clinical practice.

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30

Sovetnikov, N. N., V. A. Kalsin, M. A. Konoplyannikov, and V. V. Mukhanov. "CELL TECHNOLOGIES AND TISSUE ENGINEERING IN THE TREATMENTOF ARTICULAR CHONDRAL DEFECTS." Journal of Clinical Practice 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract4152-66.

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A review of literature considers the problem of hyaline cartilage biology and repair following by injury, and surgical repair of cartilage defects. Repair techniques based on direct cartilage substitution (mosaicplasty, osteochondral allotransplantation, minced cartilage autotransplantation in gel), bone morrow stimulation techniques (abrasion, drilling, microfracture, matrix-induced chondrogenesis) were characterized in terms of biology and clinics. Most attention was addressed to cell technology and tissue engineering.

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31

Lee, Junmin, Oju Jeon, Ming Kong, Amr A. Abdeen, Jung-Youn Shin, Ha Neul Lee, Yu Bin Lee, et al. "Combinatorial screening of biochemical and physical signals for phenotypic regulation of stem cell–based cartilage tissue engineering." Science Advances 6, no. 21 (May 2020): eaaz5913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5913.

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Despite great progress in biomaterial design strategies for replacing damaged articular cartilage, prevention of stem cell-derived chondrocyte hypertrophy and resulting inferior tissue formation is still a critical challenge. Here, by using engineered biomaterials and a high-throughput system for screening of combinatorial cues in cartilage microenvironments, we demonstrate that biomaterial cross-linking density that regulates matrix degradation and stiffness—together with defined presentation of growth factors, mechanical stimulation, and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides—can guide human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation into articular or hypertrophic cartilage phenotypes. Faster-degrading, soft matrices promoted articular cartilage tissue formation of hMSCs by inducing their proliferation and maturation, while slower-degrading, stiff matrices promoted cells to differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes through Yes-associated protein (YAP)–dependent mechanotransduction. in vitro and in vivo chondrogenesis studies also suggest that down-regulation of the Wingless and INT-1 (WNT) signaling pathway is required for better quality articular cartilage-like tissue production.

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32

Hassan, Chaudhry R., Yi-Xian Qin, David E. Komatsu, and Sardar M. Z. Uddin. "Utilization of Finite Element Analysis for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203331.

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Scaffold design plays an essential role in tissue engineering of articular cartilage by providing the appropriate mechanical and biological environment for chondrocytes to proliferate and function. Optimization of scaffold design to generate tissue-engineered cartilage has traditionally been conducted using in-vitro and in-vivo models. Recent advances in computational analysis allow us to significantly decrease the time and cost of scaffold optimization using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA is an in-silico analysis technique that allows for scaffold design optimization by predicting mechanical responses of cells and scaffolds under applied loads. Finite element analyses can potentially mimic the morphology of cartilage using mesh elements (tetrahedral, hexahedral), material properties (elastic, hyperelastic, poroelastic, composite), physiological loads by applying loading conditions (static, dynamic), and constitutive stress–strain equations (linear, porous–elastic, biphasic). Furthermore, FEA can be applied to the study of the effects of dynamic loading, material properties cell differentiation, cell activity, scaffold structure optimization, and interstitial fluid flow, in isolated or combined multi-scale models. This review covers recent studies and trends in the use of FEA for cartilage tissue engineering and scaffold design.

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33

Chen, Michael J., Jonathan P. Whiteley, Colin P. Please, Franziska Ehlicke, Sarah L. Waters, and Helen M. Byrne. "Identifying chondrogenesis strategies for tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Journal of Tissue Engineering 10 (January 2019): 204173141984243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731419842431.

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A key step in the tissue engineering of articular cartilage is the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes (native cartilage cells). Chondrogenesis is regulated by transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β), a short-lived cytokine whose effect is prolonged by storage in the extracellular matrix. Tissue engineering applications aim to maximise the yield of differentiated MSCs. Recent experiments involve seeding a hydrogel construct with a layer of MSCs lying below a layer of chondrocytes, stimulating the seeded cells in the construct from above with exogenous TGF- β and then culturing it in vitro. To investigate the efficacy of this strategy, we develop a mathematical model to describe the interactions between MSCs, chondrocytes and TGF- β. Using this model, we investigate the effect of varying the initial concentration of TGF- β, the initial densities of the MSCs and chondrocytes, and the relative depths of the two layers on the long-time composition of the tissue construct.

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34

Doulabi, Azadehsadat, Kibret Mequanint, and Hadi Mohammadi. "Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Materials 7, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 5327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma7075327.

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35

Wolf, F., C. Candrian, D. Wendt, J. Farhadi, M. Heberer, I. Martin, and A. Barbero. "Cartilage tissue engineering using pre-aggregated human articular chondrocytes." European Cells and Materials 16 (December 19, 2008): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v016a10.

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36

ŻYLIŃSKA, BEATA, PIOTR SILMANOWICZ, ALEKSANDRA SOBCZYŃSKA-RAK, ŁUKASZ JAROSZ, and TOMASZ SZPONDER. "Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects: Focus on Tissue Engineering." In Vivo 32, no. 6 (2018): 1289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11379.

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37

Klein, T. J., B. L. Schumacher, T. A. Schmidt, K. W. Li, M. S. Voegtline, K. Masuda, E. J. M. A. Thonar, and R. L. Sah. "Tissue engineering of stratified articular cartilage from chondrocyte subpopulations." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 11, no. 8 (August 2003): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00090-6.

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38

O’Connell, Grace, Jeanette Garcia, and Jamali Amir. "3D Bioprinting: New Directions in Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 3, no. 11 (February 8, 2017): 2657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00587.

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39

Wang (Jack), Zimin, and Jiang Peng. "Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Development and Future: A Review." Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 22, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10582452.2014.883017.

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40

Haleem, Amgad M., and Constance R. Chu. "Advances in Tissue Engineering Techniques for Articular Cartilage Repair." Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 20, no. 2 (June 2010): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2009.10.004.

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41

Hu, Jerry C., and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "A Self-Assembling Process in Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Tissue Engineering 12, no. 4 (April 2006): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.12.969.

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42

Mow, Van C., and Christopher C.-B. Wang. "Some Bioengineering Considerations for Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 367 (October 1999): S204—S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199910001-00021.

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Mesa, John M., Victor Zaporojan, Christian Weinand, Timothy S. Johnson, Lawrence Bonassar, Mark A. Randolph, Michael J. Yaremchuk, and Peter E. Butler. "Tissue Engineering Cartilage with Aged Articular Chondrocytes In Vivo." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118, no. 1 (July 2006): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000231929.37736.28.

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Zhao, Wen, Xing Jin, Yang Cong, Yuying Liu, and Jun Fu. "Degradable natural polymer hydrogels for articular cartilage tissue engineering." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 88, no. 3 (November 29, 2012): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.3970.

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Armiento, A. R., M. J. Stoddart, M. Alini, and D. Eglin. "Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology." Acta Biomaterialia 65 (January 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021.

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Kwon, Heenam, Nikolaos K. Paschos, Jerry C. Hu, and Kyriacos Athanasiou. "Articular cartilage tissue engineering: the role of signaling molecules." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 73, no. 6 (January 25, 2016): 1173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2115-8.

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Kock, Linda, Corrinus C. van Donkelaar, and Keita Ito. "Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status." Cell and Tissue Research 347, no. 3 (October 27, 2011): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-011-1243-1.

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Kwan, M. K., S. A. Hacker, S. L. Y. Woo, and J. S. Wayne. "The Effect of Storage on the Biomechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage—A Large Strain Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895440.

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The transplantation of stored shell osteochondral allografts is a potentially useful alternative to total joint replacements for the treatment of joint ailments. The maintenance of normal cartilage properties of the osteochondral allografts during storage is important for the allograft to function properly and survive in the host joint. Since articular cartilage is normally under large physiological stresses, this study was conducted to investigate the biomechanical behavior under large strain conditions of cartilage tissue stored for various time periods (i.e., 3, 7, 28, and 60 days) in tissue culture media. A biphasic large strain theory developed for soft hydrated connective tissues was used to describe and determine the biomechanical properties of the stored cartilage. It was found that articular cartilage stored for up to 60 days maintained the ability to sustain large compressive strains of up to 40 percent or more, like normal articular cartilage. Moreover, the equilibrium stress-strain behavior and compressive modulus of the stored articular cartilage were unchanged after up to 60 days of storage.

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Wu, J. P., and T. B. Kirk. "Study of Altered Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage in Relation to the Collagen Network." Advanced Materials Research 41-42 (April 2008): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.9.

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Articular cartilage is a semitransparent elastic material that covers on the two articulating bones in synovial joints. It acts as a cushion between the bones that transfers loads from one to another while attenuating dynamic stresses and providing almost frictionless contact surfaces for normal use of synovial joints without pains. Osteoarthritis causes a chronic joint pain and it is mainly due to malfunction of articular cartilage. The mechanical function of articular cartilage is derived from its unique microstructure. Therefore, study of the relationship between the mechanical function and microstructure of articular cartilage comprehends the aetiology and pathology of osteoarthritis. Confocal microscopy permits studying the internal microstructure of buck biological tissues without tissue sectioning and dehydration. This provides a way to study the relationship between the mechanical function and microstructure of articular cartilage. Using a fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscope, this study examines the pathological status of articular cartilage in relation to the mechanical function and 3D collagen network of articular cartilage. The results show that the 3D collagen structure and the mechanical function are different between normal and arthritic cartilage. Loss of the integrity of the 3D collagen network is closely related to cartilage softening.

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Seo, Seogjin, and Kun Na. "Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Tissue Engineering for Chondrogenesis." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/806891.

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In tissue engineering fields, recent interest has been focused on stem cell therapy to replace or repair damaged or worn-out tissues due to congenital abnormalities, disease, or injury. In particular, the repair of articular cartilage degeneration by stem cell-based tissue engineering could be of enormous therapeutic and economic benefit for an aging population. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can induce chondrogenic differentiation would provide an appropriate cell source to repair damaged cartilage tissues; however, we must first understand the optimal environmental conditions for chondrogenic differentiation. In this review, we will focus on identifying the best combination of MSCs and functional extracellular matrices that provides the most successful chondrogenesis.

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