Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Titanate de baryum – Propriétés électriques'
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Maillard, Alain. "Préparation après croissance d'échantillons monodomaines de BaTiO3 en vue d'utilisation optique : mesures holographiques sous champ électrique appliqué." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS005.
Full textHernández-López, Ana Maria. "Propriétés structurales, microstructurales et électriques du titanate de baryum dopé à l'yttrium pour l'élaboration des condensateurs multicouches." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30294/document.
Full textDoped barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) with rare-earth elements (REE) is used as dielectric in the manufacture of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). The most common REE oxide employed as dopant in the commercial formulation of BT powder for fabrication of MLCCs is Y2O3, because it results in similar properties than adding Ho2O3, Er2O3 or Dy2O3, and it is less expensive. Other additives, such as Mn, Mg, and Ca contribute to the global distribution of the electronic defects that can be generated when the doping ions are inserted into the lattice, while SiO2 is used as a sintering additive. The perovskite structure of the BT can host a wide range of dopants that can substitute either Ba or Ti in the lattice. There are reports of secondary phases, particularly those known as pyrochlores Y2Ti2O7, related to Y2O3 as BT dopant, that are supposed to be the cause of long term failure mechanisms of MLCC's under nominal operation. The purpose of this work is to characterize BT doped with different concentrations of Y2O3, validating its possible contribution to the formation of secondary phases, and evaluating reliability of MLCCs prepared with this kind of materials. The role of Y2O3 was evaluated on two kinds of raw materials, the first one is pure BaTiO3 (< 100 ppm Y) and the second kind is a commercial formulation designed for MLCCs known as X7R (-55 °C and 125 °C, 15% tolerance) which, among other elements, already contains 1 wt% of Y2O3. Powders and ceramics with different Y3+, as Y2O3, doping concentration (1 wt% up to 20 wt%) were prepared and subsequently thermally treated or sintered, respectively. Heat treatment of powder was conducted on air, while sintering of ceramics (powder compacted at 2 MPa) was carried out both, in air and reducing atmosphere (1310 °C in air for 3 h, two steps: 1310 °C then 1150 °C 15 h, and a reducing atmosphere N2, H2, H2O at 1310 °C for 3 h). Regarding Y2O3 addition, the phase transition from tetragonal to a mixture of tetragonal and cubic was observed as Y2O3 concentration increases in the thermally treated powder and in the corresponding ceramics. [...]
Moretti, Paul. "Structures électroniques d'ions de transitions dans la pérovskite BaTiO3 par application de la méthode de diffusion multiple MSXα : propriétés optiques et électriques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10060.
Full textMidy, Jean. ""Etude de la croissance du titanate de baryum et de strontium en couches minces et de ses propriétés électriques sur une large gamme de fréquence"." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739398.
Full textBoulos, Madona. "Elaboration de poudres de titanates par chimie douce, caractérisation, mise en forme de céramiques et de couches, et propriétés électriques : application aux matériaux à très fortes valeurs de permitivité." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30261.
Full textNanometric powders of BaTiO3 have been prepared by hydrothermal method at 150 and 250°C using BaCl2. 2H2O/TiCl3 or TiO2 as precursors. Ceramics showing 95% of densification are obtained after sintering at 1250°C for 10 and 20 h. These ceramics present a heterogeneous microstructure. The grain size and the grain distribution in the ceramic bulk govern the electrical properties. Thick layers present a relative permittivity higher then 4000 at the curie temperature. La-doped BaTiO3 has been prepared by the oxalate method. The obtained ceramics showed a uniform microstructure. The Curie temperature is displaced to lower temperatures and the relative permittivity increases up to 10000 with increasing La3+ concentration. Ceramics sintered by spark plasma sintering showed electrical properties that are significantly different from those of conventionnally sintered ones. The coprecipitation has been used to synthesize materials based on CaCu3Ti4O12. Three main types of ceramics were obtained. The presence of CuO phase beside the CCT plays an important role for enhancing the dielectric properties
Ul, Rémy. "Céramiques piézoélectriques : le titanate de baryum dopé pour transducteurs acoustiques." Thesis, Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAB0005/document.
Full text(CazBa1-z)(Ti1-x-wCoxNbw)O3- lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using solid-state reaction. Theuse of a Li2O or Li2CO3 sintering aid enables one to obtain dense ceramics at a temperature of 1100 °Cinstead of the 1300°C used for BaTiO3 in conventional sintering. Insertion of Li/Ca/Co/Nb in the perovskitestructure improves functional properties: for micrograin-size ceramics, a piezoelectric charge constant andelectromechanical coupling factor of d33 = 255 pC/N and kp = 43,5% were reached, respectively.Furthermore, a thermal annealing of the cobalt doped sample under O2 atmosphere led to d33 = 265 pC/Nand kp = 42,8%.Soft/hard characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramics are observed depending on the dopant ions. The Co/Liacceptor dopants lead to hard piezoelectric ceramics and aging phenomena. The aged BT:Co,Li exhibitsdouble loops and a distorted hysteresis cycle for non-poled and poled ceramics, respectively. Distortedhysteresis loops for BT:Co,Li show an increased internal bias field with aging time. Insertion of donordopants such as niobium ions significantly reduces the internal field. These behaviors are related to thepresence of defect dipoles (MTi VO )x due to the insertion of acceptor dopants in the B sites following theoxygen vacancies to equilibrate charge compensation. The high mechanical quality factors (Qm > 1000)obtained for the doped BaTiO3 ceramics affords stability against mechanical stress and electrical stress of upto 400 VRMS/mm, which makes these materials competitive with PZT4 for acoustic transducer applications
Normand, Laurent. "Propriétés diélectriques locales et structure atomique des parois de domaines ferroélectriques dans le titanate de baryum." ENSMP, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENMP0883.
Full textBatllo, François. "Granulométrie et non-stoechiométrie dans BaTiO3. Maîtrise et incidence sur les propriétés diélectriques." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS023.
Full textMhaifid, Touria. "Etude expérimentale des propriétés électrooptiques de la solution solide Ba0,97Sr0,03TiO3 et contribution au calcul des coefficients élastooptiques : application au calcul des coefficients électrooptiques de BaTiO3 et Ba0,97Sr 0,03TiO3." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS043.
Full textOusi, Benomar Wahib. "Propriétés électro-optiques du titanate de baryum pur ou dopé fer : traitement et topographie optique des cristaux." Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOS011.
Full textHafid, My Lahcen. "Structures électroniques et propriétés optiques de BaTiO:(3) et LiNbO::(3) purs et dopés au fer." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS058.
Full textNey, Pascal. "Etude de l'origine des propriétés électrooptiques et optiques non linéaires du métaborate de baryum (β-BaB2O4) par spectroscopie Raman." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Ney.Pascal.SMZ9864.pdf.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is devoted to the study of the origin of the electro-optic (EO) and the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties in barium metaborate (β-BBO). A new method for measuring EO coefficients, using a Michelson interferometer, has been developed during the thesis work This method allows to determine the EO coefficients of β-BBO which are used to calculate the ionic contributions. The comparison between the ionic and electronic EO coefficients underlines various behaviours. The microscopic origin of these contributions is analysed by using Raman scattering results as the frequencies and the intensities of the latter vibrations. So, after we have performed an assignment of the Raman vibrations modes of β-BBO, it is possible to link each EO coefficient to a Raman mode. A model is then established which is able to connect the EO coefficient with the properties of the vibrational modes. The various ionic and electronic contributions are estimated from the ratio calculated from the Raman scattering data. The good agreement between the results obtained by EO measurements and those deduced from the vibrational modes demonstrates the validity of the model and at the same time of the method used to estimate the EO coefficients contributions from Raman data. A deeper study allows then to distinguish the motions leading to the appearance of the Raman lines and to detect the mechanism responsible of the EO and NLO effects. So, only the (B3O6)3- rings are concerned by the EO and NLO mechanisms in β-BBO. The anions translations in the plane perpendicular to the optic axis and the rings breathings are the main motions related to the r51 and r22 coefficients. The electronic clouds distortion generated by the distortion of the rings permits to explain the electronic values of r51 and r22
Reymond, Vincent. "Nouvelles couches minces et multicouches dérivées de BaTiO₃ : optimisation des propriétés diélectriques." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12858.
Full textAouda, Noureddine. "Les condensateurs en électronique de puissance : règles d'utilisation et caractérisation des condensateurs linéaires : apports des condensateurs céramiques non-linéaires." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT031H.
Full textBenhadjala, Warda. "Fiabilité et miniaturisation des condensateurs pour l'aéronautique : de l'évaluation de composants céramique de puissance à l'étude de nanoparticules hybrides céramique / polymère pour technologies enterrées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15271/document.
Full textThe improvement of electronic systems for the deployment of all-electric aircrafts depends on the ability of passive components, such as capacitors, to reduce their volume, weight and cost, and to increase their performance and reliability, particularly in the aeronautical environment. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to study and develop novel capacitor technologies for avionics. In the first part of this work, the evaluation of power ceramic capacitors has been discussed. Indeed, the ceramic technology appeared to be one of the few mature solutions meeting the requirements of OEMs. The characterization, the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) and reliability and robustness assessment of commercial components using original architectures (multi-chip capacitors) have been performed. These results have been completed by a more advanced study on the characterization of new ceramics sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The colossal permittivity of these materials could allow to increase reliability and miniaturization of capacitors while maintaining high values of capacitance and voltage rating. The second part, more fundamental, is devoted to the development of core-shell ceramic/polymer nanoparticles for embedded capacitors operating at radiofrequencies. The synthesis and the physicochemical characterization of the nanocomposites as well as the manufacturing processes of the thick film capacitors are first described. A new broadband electrical characterization methodology has been developed to analyze the dielectric properties and the conduction mechanisms of the nanoparticles. The effects of the temperature and the manufacturing process on the device performance have been investigated. In addition, the durability was evaluated
Nguyen, Dinh Quang. "Etude de matériaux ferroélectriques à base de titanate de baryum : application à l'intégration de composants passifs en électronique de puissance." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30015.
Full textThis work concerns the study of ferroelectric materials based barium titanate and their application to the integration of passive components in power electronics. The main electric characteristics of pure or doped barium titanate materials are determined (permittivity, dielectric losses) for two different types of samples (ceramics or thick films) and whatever the technique of sintering (classical or spark plasma sintering). The ceramics obtained from powders synthesised by hydrothermal or by co-precipitation method and classical sintering (1250°C during 10h or 20h) present a high permittivity (11000 at the Curie temperature and 3100 at room temperature). These values are respectively of 9400 and of 8500 for the La – doped BaTiO3 ceramics. The ceramics with identical composition and sintered by SPS (Spack Plasma Sintering) present a colossal (270000 at room temperature) and a behaviour stable permittivity with the temperature. Correlations between the electrical properties, the microstructure and the manufacture process of the ceramics are proposed. .
Defebvin, Juliette. "Étude des relations structure-propriétés de matériaux hybrides piézoélectriques à base PVDF." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10113/document.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the study of hybrid materials based on a semi-crystalline polymer: poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, well known for its piezoelectric properties. However these properties are dependent of the PVDF crystalline structure which must be in polar form. The most polar phase (β) is classically obtained by stretching the non-polar phase (α) or by incorporating fillers.The aim of this work is the understanding of structural changes and deformation mechanisms of PVDF during stretching. The impact of the incorporation of different (nano)fillers on PVDF structure and mechanical behavior is also studied.The distinctive feature of this work is the use of synchrotron radiation for in-situ strain-induced structural evolution studies. These experiments show that the polar β phase appears with necking and that the crystalline relaxation of PVDF plays a main role on plasticity mechanisms.The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in PVDF matrix leads to a partial crystalline change from non-polar form α to a polar form γ. The ratio of this γ phase is maximal for a CNT loading close to the electric percolation threshold. The in-situ structural evolution shows that CNT's do not affect the formation of the mechanically-induced polar β phase.In order to improve the PVDF piezoelectric properties, composites based on piezoelectric ceramics (BaTiO3) are elaborated. Nevertheless, interactions between PVDF and BaTiO3 are too weak. The use of a dopamine derivative, nitro-dopamine improves the interfacial interactions but does not change the PVDF crystalline form. However a piezoelectric study of these stretched composites suggests interesting electroactive capabilities
Dupuis, Sébastien. "Etude de la solution solide Ba1-xSrxTiO3-δ : synthèses et caractérisations structurales et microstructurales des nanopoudres et des nanocéramiques obtenues par frittage spark plasma sintering : influence de la composition et de la source en titane sur les propriétés électriques colossales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30390.
Full textSince the beginning of the 21st century, embedded electronic systems are daily used. This technological advance has been made possible by the development of lighter, smaller and more efficient capacitors. To design new applications (energy recovery system, electric actuators...) and to improve existing ones, it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of these components. The development of ceramic capacitors with perovskite structure showing high permittivity and low losses, attempts to meet this technological challenge. In this context, the synthesis of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (0 < = x < = 1) nanoparticles by soft-chemistry has been studied. Two titanium precursors (TiOCl2 and TiCl3) have been used and the structural and microstructural studies were conducted on each oxide. The nanostructured ceramics have been elaborated by SPS in order to limit the grain growth. To access a capacitive behavior, these different ceramics have undergone a heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere and the electrical properties, depending on the composition and on the precursor, are between 10 3 [10 to the power 3] and 8.10 5 [8.10 to the power 5] for permittivities, associated with losses lower than 5 %. The spectroscopic measurements as a function of temperature have allowed the use of various physical models, such as Debye, UDR, THP and IBLC, to link electrical properties and composition. We have shown that a relationship exists between the capacitive power and the strontium content. A decrease of the electron hopping polarization has been associated with the degradation of the interfaciale polarization between grains and grain boundaries when the strontium content increases. This also leads to a change of the electron hopping conduction mechanism. We have shown that the distances of these jumps, are fixed and confined between nearest neighbors (NNH model) for Sr-rich ceramics, while they are delocalized and extended over a distance of 3 to 4 nm (VRH model) for Ba-rich ceramics. Therefore, the Ba-Sr substitution is an effective experimental lever to control the electrical properties of colossal permittivity materials
Salem, Asma. "Propriétés diélectriques des composites à matrice PVDF comportant des nanotubes de carbone et du BaTiO3." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT047.
Full textIn a capacitor integrating concern for microelectronic applications, the scientific community is always looking for innovative materials. Needs have been created for a capacitive storage system with low cost and high efficiency, it is essential for the development of materials with high dielectric permittivity .The dielectric composites with polymer matrix had an increasing attention because of their good dielectric performances. The work of Asma SALEM's thesis joins in this context through the study of capacitives structures of polymer PVDF incorporating nanoparticles. The final goal is to estimate the potentialities in terms of gain of dielectric constant with regard to the inherent degradation waited in the dielectric losses. The works presented in this thesis carry on various composite structures with a polymer matrix PVDF incorporating carbon nanotubes and titanate barium
Salaeh, Subhan. "Élaboration des composites et mélanges à base de caoutchouc naturel : relations structure - propriétés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10141/document.
Full textNatural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were chosen to study the composites and blends of polymers. The presence of epoxide group caused to improve the mechanical properties in terms of modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, dielectric spectroscopy revealed that ENR showed conductivity process at low frequency and high temperature. Epoxidized natural rubber containing 50 mol% of epoxide group or ENR-50 exhibited the highest dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity. Therefore, ENR-50 was then selected to prepare polymer composite filled with barium titanate (BT) and carbon black (CB) particles. The permittivity and conductivity of the composites increased with the volume content of the fillers. The BT/ENR-50 composites reached a high permittivity of 4 8 . 7 for addition of 50 vol% BT. Meanwhile, CB/ENR-50 composite reached percolation threshold at 6. 3 vol% of CB. The phase development and miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/epoxidixed natural rubber (ENR) blends were then investigated. It was also found that phase structure depended on epoxidation level and blend compositions. The blend exhibited a co-continuous phase morphology in the region of 40 to 60 wt% of ENR-50. Furthermore, the results from dynamic mechanical and dielectric analysis revealed that these blends present a partial miscibility. Finally, the composites based on binary blends of PVDF/ENR-50 containing BT were prepared. The study of the morphologies revealed that BT was dispersed in ENR-50 phase in the case of simple blend. However, the addition of BT after dynamic vulcanization induced localization of BT in PVDF phase and at interface. The highest increment of permittivity can be observed for the composite based on dynamically cured PVDF/ENR-50 (80/20) blend
ศึกษาอิทธิพลของโครงสร้างโมกุลยางธรรมชาติ (NR) และยางธรรมชาติอิพอกไซด์ (ENR) ต่อสมบัติ พบว่าการมีหมู่อิพอกไซด์อยู่ในยาง ENR ทำให้มีการปรับปรุงสมบัติเชิงกล เช่น มอดุลัสและความต้านทานต่อแรงดึง นอกจากนี้สมบัติไดอิเล็กทริกได้แสดงให้เห็นถึงการนำ ไฟฟ้าที่ความถี่ต่ำและอุณหภูมิสูง ยางที่มีหมู่อิพอกไซด์ 50 โมล% (ENR-50) มีค่าการนำไฟฟ้า และค่า permittivity สูงที่สุด ดังนั้นจึงนำยาง ENR-50 ไปใช้ในการเตรียมคอมพอสิตที่ใช้แบเรียม ไททาเนตและเขม่าดำเป็นตัวเติม ซึ่งพบว่าค่า permittivity และค่าการนำไฟฟ้าสูงขึ้นตาม ปริมาณตัวเติมที่ใส่ลงไป ที่ปริมาณ 50%โดยปริมาตรของแบเรียมไททาเนตในยางให้ค่า permittivity สูงถึง 48.7 ในขณะเดียวกันก็พบว่าการเตรียม ENR-50 คอมพอสิตที่ใช้เขม่าดำมี percolation threshold ที่ 6.3 vol% ของเขม่าดำ สำหรับการศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงของสัณฐาน วิทยาและความเข้ากันได้ของพอลิเมอร์เบลนด์ระหว่างพอลิไวนิลลิดีนฟลูออไรด์ (PVDF) กับยาง ENR พบว่า สัณฐานวิทยาของพอลิเมอร์ที่เตรียมได้ขึ้นอยู่กับปริมาณหมู่อิพอกไซด์ในยาง ENR และอัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ อัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ในช่วง 40 ถึง 60% โดยน้ำหนักของยาง ENR- 50 ให้ลักษณะสัณฐานวิทยาแบบวัฏภาคร่วม (co-continuous) นอกจากนี้ผลการทดสอบจาก สมบัติพลวัตเชิงกลและสมบัติไดอิเล็กทริกแสดงให้เห็นถึงความเข้ากันได้บางส่วน (partial miscibility) ท้ายที่สุดนี้ได้เตรียมคอมพอสิตจากพอลิเมอร์เบลนด์ที่เติมแบเรียมไททาเนต สัณฐานวิทยาของคอมโพสิทที่เตรียมได้นั้น พบว่าแบเรียมไททาเนตกระจายตัวในเฟสยางเป็น หลัก อย่างไรก็ตามการเติมแบเรียมไททาเนตหลังจากการวัลคาไนซ์แบบไดนามิกส์ทำให้ แบเรียมไททาเนตกระจายตัวในเฟสพอลิไวนิลลิดีนฟลูออไรด์ (PVDF) และที่ผิวประจัญ (interface) นอกจากนี้คอมพอสิตที่เตรียมจากเทอร์โมพลาสติกวัลคาไนซ์ของ PVDF/ENR 50 ที่ อัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ที่ 80/20 ให้ค่า permittivity ที่สูง
Poupard-Potin, Annick. "Etude par microscopie électronique STEM des joints de grains dans les céramiques électroniques : application aux cas des varistances à base de ZnO et des diélectriques BaTiO3-LiF." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00182709.
Full textAghavnian, Thomas. "Couplages magnéto-électriques dans le système multiferroïque artificiel : BaTiO₃ / CoFe₂O₄." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS310/document.
Full textMagnetoelectric multiferroics are of particular interest in the field of spintronics, especially for the possible control of the magnetization using an electric field. The lack of intrinsic multiferroics can be circumvented by using artificial multiferroics, made with individual ferroelectric and magnetic phases. Although they may exhibit higher coupling values, the precise coupling mechanisms involved are still not well understood. Getting insights in the understanding of these phenomena requires studying well mastered and crystallized samples. The combination of BaTiO₃ thin films (3 to 20nm), the prototypical ferroelectric, and of CoFe₂O₄ ones, a highly magnetostrictive ferromagnet with a high Curie temperature, constitutes a suitable model system well suited for such a study. In this thesis, we realized CoFe₂O₄ / BaTiO₃ thin films of high crystalline quality by oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on a SrTiO₃ (001) substrates. First, we study independently for each phase the individual properties of chemistry, structure, magnetism and ferroelectricity, using in particular a range of synchrotron techniques. Based on those fundamental results, we set up direct and indirect magnetoelectric coupling experiments, where we apply an electric polarization to measure a change in magnetization, and vice versa. We manage to observe the magnetoelectric coupling, mainly through the strong interaction of the CoFe₂O₄ and BaTiO₃ films. The indirect mechanisms dominate however and involve structural as well as chemical modifications through ion displacement. Those ion displacements create reversible changes in resistance at room temperature. These results imply that, in addition to the evidenced multiferroic properties, the system makes also promise for resistive RAM devices applications
Liebus, Stéphanie. "Couches minces ferroélectriques appliquées aux dispositifs microondes accordables en fréquence." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f761bfc9-1672-4a76-8ffd-fa7d7eac4c9a/blobholder:0/2003LIMO0052.pdf.
Full textJeandel, Gérard. "Influence de quelques impuretés sur les thermo-courants ioniques, et la dynamique de vibration des fluorures de baryum et strontium." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10192.
Full textMazet, Lucie. "Epitaxie par jets moléculaires de l'oxyde BaTiO3 sur Si et Si1xGex : étude de la croissance, des propriétés structurales ou physico-chimiques et de la ferroélectricité : applications à des dispositifs à effet de champ." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC021/document.
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Aulagner, Emmanuel. "Elaboration et étude des propriétés diélectriques de films minces de polyfluorure de vinylidène et de polypropylène chargés d'une céramique à haute permittivité relative." Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STET4002.
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