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Peters, M., J. Kumpfert, C. H. Ward, and C. Leyens. "Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." Advanced Engineering Materials 5, no. 6 (June 26, 2003): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.200310095.
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Boyer, Rodney R. "Aerospace applications of beta titanium alloys." JOM 46, no. 7 (July 1994): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03220743.
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Mantione, John, Matias Garcia-Avila, Matthew Arnold, David Bryan, and John Foltz. "Properties of Novel High Temperature Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104006.
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The attractive combination of strength and low density has resulted in titanium alloys covering 15 to 25% of the weight of a modern jet engine, with titanium currently being used in fan, compressor and nozzle components. Typically, titanium alloys used in jet engine applications are selected from the group of near alpha and alpha-beta titanium alloys, which exhibit superior elevated temperature strength, creep resistance and fatigue life compared to typical titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V. Legacy titanium alloys for elevated temperature jet engine applications include Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si and Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si. Improving the mechanical behavior of these alloys enables improved component performance, which is crucial to advancing jet engine performance. As a world leader in supplying advanced alloys of titanium, nickel, cobalt, and specialty stainless steels, ATI is developing new titanium alloys with improved elevated temperature properties. These improved properties derive from precipitation of secondary intermetallics in alpha-beta titanium alloys. ATI has developed several new alpha-beta titanium alloy compositions which exhibit significantly improved elevated temperature strength and creep resistance. This paper will focus on the effects of chemistry and heat treat conditions on the microstructure and resulting elevated temperature properties of these new aerospace titanium alloys.
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Batool, Syeda Ammara, Akhlaq Ahmad, Abdul Wadood, Abdul Mateen, and Syed Wilayat Hussain. "Development of Lightweight Aluminum-Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.22.
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Aluminum (Al) and Titanium (Ti) based lightweight alloys have been a topic of discussion and research for a few decades now. Resulting alloys with hard intermetallic phases in Al-Ti binary system have good microstructural and mechanical properties including low densities, high specific strength, better resistance against oxidation and corrosion which are highly desirable in aerospace industry. Such an alloy system was studied in our research. Powder metallurgy (PM) was used as processing route because of its economical and easy operation. Samples were prepared using metallic powders of Aluminum (Al) and Titanium (Ti) with varying compositions of 95 at.% Al-Ti, 90 at.% Al-Ti and 88 at.% Al-10 at.% Ti-2 at.% SiC. After compaction, pressureless sintering was carried out at 620°C for several hours in Argon atmosphere followed by annealing resulting in a reasonably dense Al-Ti alloy. Microstructure and phase composition of alloy was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Hardness was evaluated by Vickers micro indentation test. An increase in hardness was observed. Sample containing reinforcement particles (SiC) demonstrated highest value of hardness.
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Khataee, A., H. M. Flower, and D. R. F. West. "New titanium-aluminum-X alloys for aerospace applications." Journal of Materials Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 1988): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834112.
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Nabhani, Farhad. "Machining of aerospace titanium alloys." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 17, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-5845(00)00042-9.
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Gomez-Gallegos, Ares, Paranjayee Mandal, Diego Gonzalez, Nicola Zuelli, and Paul Blackwell. "Studies on Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Application." Defect and Diffusion Forum 385 (July 2018): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.385.419.
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Since the development of the Ti54M titanium alloy in 2003, its application within the aerospace sector has gradually increased due to the combination of properties such as improved forgeability and machinability, low flow stress at elevated temperatures, and superplastic characteristics. However, for the successful exploitation of Ti54M a comprehensive understanding of its mechanical characteristics, microstructure stability, and superplastic behaviour is required. The superplastic forming of titanium alloys is characterised by high deformation at slow strain rates and high temperatures which influence the material microstructure, and in turn, determine the forming parameters. These mechanisms make the prediction of the material behaviour very challenging, limiting its application within the aerospace industry. Even though Ti54M has been commercially available for over 10 years, further studies of its mechanical and superplastic properties are still required with the aim of assessing its applicability within the aerospace industry as a replacement for other commercial titanium alloys. Therefore, in this work a study of the mechanical and superplastic properties of Ti54M, in comparison with other commercial titanium alloys used in the aerospace industry - i.e. Ti-6AL-4V, and Ti-6-2-4-2 - is presented. The final objective of this study, carried out at the Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC, University of Strathclyde, UK), is to obtain material data to calibrate and validate a model capable of estimating the behaviour and grain size evolution of titanium alloys at superplastic conditions.
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Levano, Oliver, Nicholas Weston, Jacob Pope, Adam Tudball, David Lunn, Gavin Baxter, and Martin Jackson. "FAST-forge of novel Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo bonded, near net shape forgings from surplus AM powder." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032103010.
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Titanium alloys are used extensively in the aerospace sector due to the good combination of high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosive resistance. Many aerospace components are exposed to extreme service stress states and temperatures, which in some applications could compromise the component’s performance if a single titanium alloy is used. A potential solution to this issue could be the combination of dissimilar titanium alloys in subcomponent regions, achieved through consolidating powders via field assisted sintering technology (FAST-DB) and subsequent hot forging (FAST-forge). In this paper, near net shape titanium-titanium alloy demonstrator components are produced from oversized AM powders in just two hybrid solid-state steps; FAST-DB and hot forging.
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Williams, James C., and Rodney R. Boyer. "Opportunities and Issues in the Application of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Components." Metals 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060705.
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The metal titanium (Ti) and its alloys have many attributes which are attractive as structural materials, but they also have one major disadvantage, high initial cost. Nevertheless, Ti and Ti alloys are used extensively in airframes, gas turbine engines (GTE), and rocket engines (RE). The high cost is a deterrent, particularly in airframe applications, in that the other alloys it competes with are, for the most part, significantly lower cost. This is less of a concern for GTE and RE where the cost of titanium is closer to and sometimes even lower than some of the materials it competes with for these applications. In spacecraft the weight savings are so important that cost is a lesser concern. Ti and its alloys consist of five families of alloys; α-Ti, near α-alloys, α + β alloys, β-alloys, and Ti-based intermetallic compounds. The intermetallic compounds of primary interest today are those based on the compound TiAl which, at this time, are only used for engine applications because of their higher temperature capability. These TiAl-based compounds are used in a relatively low, but growing, amounts. The first production application was for low pressure turbine blades in the GE engine (GEnx) used on the Boeing 787, followed by the GE LEAP engine used on A-320neo and B-737MAX. These air foils are investment cast and machined. The next application is for the GE90X which will power the Boeing B-777X. These air foils will be made by additive manufacturing (AM). Unalloyed titanium and titanium alloys are typically melted by vacuum arc melting and re-melted either once (2X VAR) or twice (3X VAR); however a new and very different melting method (cold hearth melting) has recently become favored, mainly for high performance applications such as rotors in aircraft engines. This process resulted in higher quality ingots with a significant reduction in melt-related defects. Once melted and cast into ingots, the alloys can be processed using all the standard thermomechanical working and casting processes used for making components of other types of structural alloys. Because of their limited ductility, the TiAl-based intermetallic compounds are quite difficult to process using ordinary wrought methods. Consequently, the low-pressure turbine blades currently in service are investment cast and machined to net shape. The AM air foils will require minimal machining, which is an advantage. This paper describes some relatively recent developments as well as some issues and opportunities associated with the production and use of Ti and its alloys in aerospace components. Included are new Ti alloys, new applications of Ti alloys, and the current status of several manufacturing processes including a discussion of the promise and current reality of additive manufacturing as a potentially revolutionary method of producing Ti alloy components.
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Kloenne, Zachary, Gopal Viswanathan, Matt Thomas, M. H. Lorreto, and Hamish L. Fraser. "A Comparative Study on the Substructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of TIMETAL® 407 and Ti-64." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111045.
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Titanium and titanium alloys are excellent candidates for aerospace applications owing to their high strength to weight ratio. Alpha/beta titanium alloys are used in nearly all sections of the aircraft, including the fuselage, landing gear, and wing. Ti-6Al-4V is the workhorse alloy of the titanium industry, comprising of nearly 60% of total titanium production. TIMETAL® 407, Ti-0.85Al-3.9V-0.25Si-0.25Fe (Ti-407) is an excellent candidate for alloy applications requiring excellent machinability and increased energy absorption. These properties are a result of the alloy’s increased ductility while maintaining moderate levels of strength. In this study, the deformation mechanisms of Ti-407 have been studied at high strain rates using split-Hopkinson bar testing. Utilizing post-mortem characterization, Ti-407 has been shown to deform significantly by ⟨c+a⟩ slip and deformation twinning. The observation of ⟨c+a⟩ slip is in contrast with other studies and will be discussed further.
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Bodie, M., M. Thomas, and A. Ayub. "Effect of microstructure and cooling rate on the fatigue performance of TIMETAL® 575." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 12019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032112019.
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A key design consideration for material selection in the aerospace industry is weight reduction; with excellent strength to weight ratio, high temperature resistance, and fatigue performance, titanium alloys are extensively used. New titanium alloys continue to enhance performance and broaden the range of applications. Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET) recently developed TIMETAL® 575 (Ti575), a high strength titanium alloy with superior fatigue performance over Ti-6Al-4V, aimed at aerospace applications where these properties are imperative i.e. aerospace turbine discs and blades. [1] [2] This work intends to advance the understanding of the effect of thermal processing of Ti575, by investigating the effect of primary alpha (αp) volume fraction and cooling rate on tensile and fatigue performance in post forged heat-treated microstructures. Microstructural assessment and mechanical performance were completed and are discussed. Three cooling methods from three solution heat-treat temperatures were investigated in this work. The results from these experiments were compared using optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), room temperature tensile and high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests.
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Oryshchenko, A. S., V. P. Leonov, V. I. Mikhailov, P. A. Kuznetsov, and A. V. Alexandrov. "Titanium in Shipbuilding and Other Technical Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032102001.
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Aerospace industry is currently the major consumer of titanium in Russia. Shipbuilding is its second largest consumer. Oil and gas, chemical, pulp-and-paper and other industries use less titanium. In the Russian industrial sector titanium is geting more applicable. Since the 13th World Ti-2015 Conference the titanium application trends have persisted [1]. Among the major development trends of titanium alloys one should note the development of titanium alloys for deep-water marine facilities, case designs of small-size nuclear power plants, the development of additive technologies, the technologies of isostatic pressing, the development of titanium products by new production facilities, etc. Titanium is still considered an advanced structural material used for scientific and technical progress in different industrial sectors.
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Heinrich, G., T. Grögler, S. M. Rosiwal, and R. F. Singer. "CVD diamond coated titanium alloys for biomedical and aerospace applications." Surface and Coatings Technology 94-95 (October 1997): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(97)00459-3.
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Elshaer, Ramadan, and Khaled Ibrahim. "Applications of Titanium Alloys in Aerospace Manufacturing: A Brief Review." Bulletin Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies (TIMS) 111, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/tims.2023.174504.1007.
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Ferraris, Sara. "Special Issue: Surface Engineering of Light Alloys." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121177.
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Xie, Bingyu, and Kai Gao. "Research Progress of Surface Treatment Technologies on Titanium Alloys: A Mini Review." Coatings 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091486.
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Titanium alloys are important strategic structural materials with broad application prospects in the industries of aerospace, space technology, automobiles, biomedicine, and more. Considering the different requirements for the diverse applications of titanium alloys, the modification of physicochemical properties, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility are required, including novel composite materials, novel design, novel manufacturing methods, etc. In this review, the surface treatment technologies utilized on titanium alloys are summarized and discussed. Regarding surface modification of titanium alloys, the methods of laser treatment, electron beam treatment, surface quenching, and plasma spraying are discussed, and in terms of the surface coatings on titanium alloys, thermal spraying, cold spraying, physical vapor deposition, and chemical vapor deposition are also summarized and analyzed in this work. After surface treatments, information on microstructures, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of titanium alloys are collected in detail. Some important results are summarized according to the aforementioned analysis and discussion, which will provide new thinking for the application of titanium alloys in the future.
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Miko, Tamas, Daniel Petho, Greta Gergely, Dionysios Markatos, and Zoltan Gacsi. "A Novel Process to Produce Ti Parts from Powder Metallurgy with Advanced Properties for Aeronautical Applications." Aerospace 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2023): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10040332.
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Titanium and its alloys have excellent corrosion resistance, heat, and fatigue tolerance, and their strength-to-weight ratio is one of the highest among metals. This combination of properties makes them ideal for aerospace applications; however, high manufacturing costs hinder their widespread use compared to other metals such as aluminum alloys and steels. Powder metallurgy (PM) is a greener and more cost and energy-efficient method for the production of near-net-shape parts compared to traditional ingot metallurgy, especially for titanium parts. In addition, it allows us to synthesize special microstructures, which result in outstanding mechanical properties without the need for alloying elements. The most commonly used Ti alloy is the Ti6Al4V grade 5. This workhorse alloy ensures outstanding mechanical properties, demonstrating a strength which is at least twice that of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) grade 2 and comparable to the strength of hardened stainless steels. In the present research, different mixtures of both milled and unmilled Cp-Ti grade 2 powder were utilized using the PM method, aiming to synthesize samples with high mechanical properties comparable to those of high-strength alloys such as Ti6Al4V. The results showed that the fine nanoparticles significantly enhanced the strength of the material, while in several cases the material exceeded the values of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The produced sample exhibited a maximum compressive yield strength (1492 MPa), contained 10 wt.% of fine (milled) particles (average particle size: 3 μm) and was sintered at 900 °C for one hour.
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El-Chaikh, A., A. Danzig, and D. Muenter. "Effect of Microstructure on Fatigue Properties of Several Ti-Alloys for Aerospace Application." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104015.
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A wide range of available Ti-alloys is used at Liebherr-Aerospace Lindenberg GmbH for several aeronautical applications in flight controls and landing gear systems. For these applications, the mechanical properties of conventionally manufactured Ti-alloys (α+β, near β) as well as additive manufactured Ti-alloy were optimized. Modification of the heat treatment parameters of a near-β titanium alloy leads to optimization of the hardening process of large cross-sections. This modification allows the adjustment of an optimum volume fraction of the primary α-phase resulting in enhancing of the elongation, fracture toughness and fatigue properties. For a fatigue critical forging part from (α+β)-alloy a slight modification of the chemical composition combined with an additional heat treatment step during the forging process was performed. The adjusted microstructure of the modified process exhibits better fatigue behavior when compared to the conventional microstructure. Ti6Al4V parts produced by Additive Manufacturing, printed with optimized parameters and followed by heat treatment will result in reasonable fatigue properties in all printing directions, reducing the anisotropy of the printed parts. These improvements bring Liebherr-Aerospace Lindenberg GmbH in the position to adapt the used titanium alloys for the needs in a wide range. For the evaluation of the microstructure, light and scanning electron microscopes were used. Furthermore a model described in the “Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization” (MMPDS) was modified and used for the evaluation of the fatigue results.
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Bryan, David. "ATI 425® Alloy Formability: Theory and Application." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.543.
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ATI 425® Alloy, nominal composition Ti-4.0Al-2.5V-1.5Fe-0.25O, is a new alpha/beta Ti alloy of significant commercial interest as a viable replacement for Ti-6Al-4V, CP-Ti, and other titanium alloys in a variety of aerospace applications. ATI 425® Alloy offers properties comparable to Ti-6Al-4V alloy with significant improvements in formability, both at room and elevated temperatures. The reasons for the improved formability, particularly at low temperatures, are not well understood. The development of a thorough understanding is complicated by the wide array of phases, microstructures, and deformation paths available via thermomechanical processing in alpha/beta titanium alloys. In this paper, theories of strengthening and dislocation mobility in titanium and HCP metals will be reviewed and applied to better understand why ATI 425® Alloy offers a unique combination of strength and formability not obtainable by conventional alpha/beta titanium alloys. Subsequently, the application of the improved formability to a range of product forms including sheet, tubing, and forgings will be discussed.
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Polishetty, Ashwin, Basil Raju, and Guy Littlefair. "Secondary Machining Characteristics of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V." Key Engineering Materials 779 (September 2018): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.779.149.
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Titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is a popular alloy used in wide range of design applications mostly in aerospace and biomedical industry due to its advantageous material properties. This research is based on threading operation in a cylindrical workpiece of Ti-6Al-4V additive manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique. Secondary machining is described as the operations that are performed on the workpiece after a primary machining in order to achieve a required finish and form. Common secondary operations after drilling includes threading, reaming and knurling. Threading is a significant machining process in almost all applications of Titanium alloys. The development of an efficient threading process for Titanium alloys and enhancing existing methods may lead to a wider application of additive manufactured Titanium alloys. The aim of this research is to find out favorable threading conditions for Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to obtain better machinability. Threads are tapped into the workpiece using variable machining parameters such as spindle speed and depth of cut. Statistical data are collected and analyzed by qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the threads. The outputs under consideration to evaluate efficiency of the secondary machining include surface texture (roughness (Ra)), dimensional accuracy (thread geometry) and power required (cutting force).
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Henriques, V. A. R., A. C. S. M. Dutra, and C. A. A. Cairo. "Production of Aerospace Tial Intermetallics for High Temperature Applications by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.44.
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During the recent years, alloys based on the intermetallic compound TiAl have attracted a considerable interest as potential competitors to steels and superalloys. Gamma-TiAl alloys are potential replacements for nickel and conventional titanium alloys in hot sections of turbine engines, as well as in orbital platform vehicles. The alloy design and efficient routes of TiAl processing are important technological challenges. Powder metallurgy is a near net shape process that allows the parts production with complex geometry at low costs. In this work, samples of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at.%) were prepared from elemental and pre-alloyed powders mixed for 2 h, followed by cold uniaxial and isostatic pressing and sintered between 800 up to 1400°C, for 1 h, under vacuum. After metallographic preparation, sintered samples were characterized by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), density analyses and Vickers microhardness measurements. The results indicated the viability of the pre-alloyed route and the tendency of a full lamellar microstructure of alternating gamma and α2 phases in high sintering temperatures.
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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Joon Tae Yoo. "Manufacturing Titanium and Al-Li Alloy Cryogenic Tanks." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.64.
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This study presents manufacturing cryogenic tanks for aerospace applications. Since most high strength aerospace alloys like titanium alloys and Al-Li alloys exhibit low formability due to low ductility and work hardening, superplastic forming technology is applied to manufacture hemispherical shapes. Superplasticity is the ability of materials to deform plastically to show very large amount of strains. Advantages of superplastic forming technology include its design flexibility, low tooling cost and short leading time to produce. In this study, various manufacturing processes, like superplastic forming, diffusion bonding, laser beam welding and friction stir welding, are applied to manufacture titanium and aluminum cryogenic tanks. Using these technologies in manufacturing process makes the aerospace components lighter and stiffer, with efficient energy and cost saving.
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Nouari, M., Madalina Calamaz, B. Haddag, and Franck Girot. "Analysis of coating performances in machining titanium alloys for aerospace applications." International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 13, no. 2/3 (2013): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmm.2013.053220.
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M Khalid, Adnan. "Artificial implants of titanium alloys for biomedical applications." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation 07, no. 02 (2023): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36037/ijrei.2023.7401.
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The evolving healthcare industry, driven by the growing need for joint replacement surgeries, musculoskeletal repairs, and orthodontic procedures on a global scale, has prompted the creation of innovative technologies. These emerging technologies are designed to adapt to evolving healthcare needs. In the field of biomedicine, there is a history of using metallic orthopedic materials alongside aerospace industry applications. While these materials are only partially effective in the biomedical domain, they are still considered suitable for bone tissue replacements and regenerative therapies because of their exceptional mechanical properties. Tantalum and Molybdenum elements were added to the titanium to improve the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties because Tantalum and Molybdenum are considered β-stabilizer elements. This research focused on synthesizing the Ti-10Mo-20Ta alloy using arc-melting, placing particular importance on its potential medical applications. Furthermore, the investigation scrutinized the consequences of subjecting the alloy to hot annealing at a temperature of 1050 ºC for a duration of 1.5 hours. Subsequently, the alloy was rapidly immersed in water, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. The alloy was characterized utilizing methods like X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained indicated that the material possessed a metastable β structure with minimal α phase presence, as revealed through structural analysis. Tensile strength testing conducted at room temperature exhibited a significantly higher value of around 1200 MPa in comparison to Ti-6Al-4V and CP-Ti alloys. These alloys were deemed suitable for their intended purpose as orthopaedic implants.
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Gunasekar, P. "Torsional Extrusion Processing of Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-6V-2SN under High Feeding Rates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.655.
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It is known that the torsional extrusion process being used to create the object is complex in cross sectional profile. When compared to conventional extrusion, it is evident that the strength of the titanium alloy could be increased in torsional extrusion. This torsional extrusion process could also be applied the materials having the property of brittleness. Hence, the titanium alloys have huge application in aerospace industries in the area of jet engine components subjected to operating at extreme temperature. Besides, it is also used in critical airframe applications where high strength and fracture toughness are mandatory requirement. Further, it is also used as fasteners and tubing throughout the application of aircraft structures, since it involves a lot of complications with a huge investment for machining. This paper investigates the challenges and a difficulty in the torsional extrusion process [2].The material titanium is well known for its high temperature resistance and also possesses poor machining rate. Therefore, the study on Titanium machining is chosen to enrich the role of titanium alloys in the field of engineering science and materials.
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Oleksik, Valentin, Tomasz Trzepieciński, Marcin Szpunar, Łukasz Chodoła, Daniel Ficek, and Ireneusz Szczęsny. "Single-Point Incremental Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloy Sheets." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 6372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216372.
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Incremental sheet forming of titanium and its alloys has a significant role in modern manufacturing techniques because it allows for the production of high-quality products with complex shapes at low production costs. Stamping processes are a major contributor to plastic working techniques in industries such as automotive, aerospace and medicine. This article reviews the development of the single-point incremental forming (SPIF) technique in titanium and its alloys. Problems of a tribological and microstructural nature that make it difficult to obtain components with the desired geometric and shape accuracy are discussed. Great emphasis is placed on current trends in SPIF of difficult-to-form α-, α + β- and β-type titanium alloys. Potential uses of SPIF for forming products in various industries are also indicated, with a particular focus on medical applications. The conclusions of the review provide a structured guideline for scientists and practitioners working on incremental forming of titanium and titanium alloy sheets. One of the ways to increase the formability and minimize the springback of titanium alloys is to treat them at elevated temperatures. The main approaches developed for introducing temperature into a workpiece are friction heating, electrical heating and laser heating. The selection of an appropriate lubricant is a key aspect of the forming process of titanium and its alloys, which exhibit unfavorable tribological properties such as high adhesion and a tendency to adhesive wear. A review of the literature showed that there are insufficient investigations into the synergistic effect of rotational speed and tool rotation direction on the surface roughness of workpieces.
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Schwartz, Daniel S., and S. M. L. Sastry. "Microstructure of borides in titanium and titanium aluminides." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 982–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178045.
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The high strength-to-weight ratios and high elevated-temperature strength of dispersion strengthened titanium and titanium aluminides make them attractive materials for aerospace applications. A fine dispersion of hard particles is introduced into these alloys to increase their strength through an Orowan hardening mechanism. In addition to strengthening the material, dispersoids with whisker morphologies can produce toughening. Titanium alloys containing boride dispersions are currently being investigated at McDonnell Douglas Research Laboratories, and the microstructure of the dispersoids will be reported in this paper. Fine boride dispersions were produced in alloys with the compositions Ti-6B, Ti-25A1-4B and Ti-48A1-5B (at.%) using rapid solidification processing. The alloys were then annealed at ∼800°C/1 h, TEM specimens produced by electropolishing, and the structure of the borides examined in detail with a JEOL 2000FX TEM.
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Nawaya, Tarik, Werner Beck, and Axel von Hehl. "Tensile properties of α-titanium alloys at elevated temperatures." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104016.
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Hot-deep drawing is an innovative processing technology to produce complex shaped sheet metal components with constant wall thickness from high-strength lightweight materials. For some aerospace and automotive applications oxidation resistance at medium to high temperatures is an important aspect. In terms of this titanium α-alloys are often used due to their balanced relation of strength and oxidation resistance. In the presented study the stress-strain characteristics of several α-titanium alloys were determined at ambient and elevated temperatures by means of hot tensile tests. Besides the commercially pure Titanium alloy ASTM-Grade 4, two novel α-titanium alloys were investigated. Regarding the hot forming properties a comparison with α-β Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted. The hot tensile tests were carried out by means of a particular forming dilatometer type “Gleeble 3500” at 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 °C. The test showed favorable peak plasticity for all α-alloys at the temperature range between 600 and 650 °C in contrast to lower or higher temperatures. All samples were metallographically characterized. Key words: titanium α-alloys, hot tensile properties, elevated temperatures, Gleeble 3500.
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Jovanović, Milan. "Nickel, cobalt and titanium-based alloys – from aircraft vehicles to medical applications - REVIEW." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 22, no. 3 (October 6, 2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/235.
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Since the introduction of nickel, cobalt and titanium-based alloys in the early 1950s, these materials in a relatively short time became backbone materials for the aerospace, energy, chemical industry and even medicine. The combination of excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and bio-compatibility renders these alloys the best material choice for many critical applications. This review describes the results realized through the research in the Department of Materials Science in “Vinča” Institute. The emphasize was given to the relation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of conventionally cast nickel and cobalt-based superalloys, as well as directionally solidified and single crystal castings of nickel-based superalloys. The special attention was paid to the development of vacuum melting and casting technology for processing surgical implants made of a titanium-based alloy.
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Tabie, Vitus Mwinteribo, Chong Li, Wang Saifu, Jianwei Li, and Xiaojing Xu. "Mechanical properties of near alpha titanium alloys for high-temperature applications - a review." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 4 (March 5, 2020): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-04-2019-0086.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a broad review of near-a titanium alloys for high-temperature applications. Design/methodology/approach Following a brief introduction of titanium (Ti) alloys, this paper considers the near-α group of Ti alloys, which are the most popular high-temperature Ti alloys developed for a high-temperature application, particularly in compressor disc and blades in aero-engines. The paper is relied on literature within the past decade to discuss phase stability and microstructural effect of alloying elements, plastic deformation and reinforcements used in the development of these alloys. Findings The near-a Ti alloys show high potential for high-temperature applications, and many researchers have explored the incorporation of TiC, TiB SiC, Y2O3, La2O3 and Al2O3 reinforcements for improved mechanical properties. Rolling, extrusion, forging and some severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques, as well as heat treatment methods, have also been explored extensively. There is, however, a paucity of information on SiC, Y2O3 and carbon nanotube reinforcements and their combinations for improved mechanical properties. Information on some SPD techniques such as cyclic extrusion compression, multiaxial compression/forging and repeated corrugation and straightening for this class of alloys is also limited. Originality/value This paper provides a topical, technical insight into developments in near-a Ti alloys using literature from within the past decade. It also outlines the future developments of this class of Ti alloys.
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Santhosh, R., M. Geetha, and M. Nageswara Rao. "Recent Developments in Heat Treatment of Beta Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 70, no. 7 (November 10, 2016): 1681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-016-0985-6.
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Choi, Ji Ung, Woo Hyun Cho, Jong Hoon Yoon, Joon Tae Yoo, and Ho Sung Lee. "A Study on Manufacturing of Stiffened Cylinder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.591.
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It is known that the stiffened cylinder structure supports external pressure loads in aerospace and marine application subjected to hydrostatic pressure. For relatively low temperature, aluminum or composite cylinder can be appropriate, but at higher temperature, titanium or steel alloy must be considered. Nickel based alloys show excellent corrosion resistance and elevated temperature mechanical strength so that these alloys are now successfully utilized for aerospace and engine application. This paper provides innovative manufacturing process of producing stiffened cylinder for elevated temperature application.
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Prabukarthi, A., V. Krishnaraj, and M. Senthil Kumar. "Multi-Objective Optimization on Drilling of Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V)." Materials Science Forum 763 (July 2013): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.763.29.
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Titanium alloys present superior properties like resistance to corrosion, high strength to weight ratio etc, but possess poor machinability. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is the most commonly used titanium alloy in aerospace and medical device industries. Titanium and its alloys are notorious for their poor thermal properties and are classified as difficult-to-machine materials. Drilling is an important machining process since it is involved in nearly all titanium applications. It is desirable to develop optimized drilling processes for Ti and improve the hole characteristics such as hole diameter, circularity and exit burr of currently available processes. Due to the low machinability of the alloys under study, selecting the machining conditions and parameters is crucial. The range of spindle speed and feed rate, which provide a satisfactory tool life, is very limited. The hole quality (hole diameter and circularity), thrust force, torque and exit burr were evaluated at various spindle speeds, feed rates combinations. The optimized parameter is chosen using the multi-objective weighted sum optimization technique.
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Elfghi, M. A., and M. Gunay. "Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallugry (Ti-6Al-4V) with Hot Isostatic Pressing." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 5637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3522.
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Titanium alloys are widely used due to their high performance and low density in comparison with iron-based alloys. Their applications extend to aerospace and military in order to utilize their high resistance for corrosion. Understanding the mechanical properties and microstructure of titanium alloys is critical for performance optimization, as well as their implications on strength, plasticity, and fatigue. Ti-6Al-4V is an α+β two-phase alloy and is considered one of the most commonly used titanium alloys for weight reduction and high-performance. To avoid manufacturing defects, such as porosity and composition segregation, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is used to consolidate alloy powder. The HIP method is also used to facilitate the manufacturing of complex structures that cannot be made with forging and casting. In the current research, Ti-6Al-4V alloys were manufactured with HIP and the impact on heat treatment under different temperatures and sintering durations on the performance and microstructure of the alloy was studied. The results show changes in mechanical properties and microstructure with the increase of temperature and duration.
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Hu, Wenjie, Sergii Markovych, Kun Tan, Oleksandr Shorinov, and Tingting Cao. "SURFACE REPAIR OF AIRCRAFT TITANIUM ALLOY PARTS BY COLD SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.3.04.
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Titanium alloys have the advantages of high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, high heat resistance, and low density, which is the main structural material of aerospace system components, including compressor blade, cartridge receiver, blisk, engine nacelle, thermal baffle and so on. At present, about three-quarters of titanium and titanium alloys in the world are used in the aerospace industry, including A350 for 14%, F18 for 15 %, B787 for 15 %, SU-57 for 18 %, J-20 for 20 %, FC-31 fighters for 25 %, F35 for about 27 %, and F22 up to 41 %, etc, so it has the reputation of "space metal". However, its low wear resistance limits the further development of titanium alloy. Besides, its high manufacturing cost, if only require the occasion of surface performance can reduce the use of the substrate, and then reduced the cost. Therefore, the study of aircraft titanium alloy is of great significance, the protection of titanium alloy includes alloying technology and coating technology. Alloying technology mainly adds other elements on its basis to improve the performance, while the most popular method is coating technology, the present, there are many coating technologies, include high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), HVAF, cold spraying, laser cladding, laser micro-fusion in-situ synthesized technology, micro-arc oxidation, laser melt injection (LMI), supersonic laser deposition (SLD) and supersonic plasma spray technology, surface repair titanium alloy parts by cold spraying technology are good ways to solve those problems. Because of its low process temperature, no oxidation, only plastic deformation, and repair efficiency are high, the protective coating has high bonding strength and good impact toughness. In this paper, the types and applications of aircraft titanium alloys were reviewed, the latest research results of surface repair of titanium alloys parts by cold spraying technology were reviewed, technological parameters of the cold gas dynamic spraying technology was analyzed, including powder size of particles, morphologies, critical velocity, particle compression rate, substrate preheating effects on the particle/substrate adhesion, etc.
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Madhukar, Samatham, Sahan Nakshatram, Ramawath Prashanth Naik, and Priyanka Butty. "Review on use of Titanium and its alloys as Implants in Dental Applications." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 10, no. 04 (July 3, 2020): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.10.4.3.
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Proper selection of the implant biomaterial is a prominent factor for the success of implants in dental medicine. The biologic environment does not accept completely any material so to optimize biologic performance, implants should be selected to reduce the negative biologic response while maintaining adequate function. Among all the biocompatible materials (Ti-6Al-4V) have become the choice for dental implants due to their properties such as low specific weight, high strength to weight ratio, low modulus of elasticity, very high corrosion resistance and excellent general biocompatibility. Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is the most widely used titanium alloy. It features good machinability and excellent mechanical properties when compared to the Pure Titanium. These alloys are widely used in the engineering field, namely in the aerospace, automotive and biomedical parts, because of their high specific strength and exceptional corrosion resistance. This paper deals with the present views on material properties, passive oxidation film formation, corrosion, surface activation, cell interactions, biofilm development, allergy, casting and machining properties of Ti6Al-4V.
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Zhang, Chen, Dongyi Zou, Maciej Mazur, John P. T. Mo, Guangxian Li, and Songlin Ding. "The State of the Art in Machining Additively Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072583.
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Titanium alloys are extensively used in various industries due to their excellent corrosion resistance and outstanding mechanical properties. However, titanium alloys are difficult to machine due to their low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity with tool materials. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of titanium components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) for a range of high-value applications in aerospace, biomedical, and automotive industries. The machining of additively manufactured titanium alloys presents additional machining challenges as the alloys exhibit unique properties compared to their wrought counterparts, including increased anisotropy, strength, and hardness. The associated higher cutting forces, higher temperatures, accelerated tool wear, and decreased machinability lead to an expensive and unsustainable machining process. The challenges in machining additively manufactured titanium alloys are not comprehensively documented in the literature, and this paper aims to address this limitation. A review is presented on the machining characteristics of titanium alloys produced by different AM techniques, focusing on the effects of anisotropy, porosity, and post-processing treatment of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, the most commonly used AM titanium alloy. The mechanisms resulting in different machining performance and quality are analysed, including the influence of a hybrid manufacturing approach combining AM with conventional methods. Based on the review of the latest developments, a future outlook for machining additively manufactured titanium alloys is presented.
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Tamirisakandala, Sesh A., and Manish Kamal. "Ti‐6Al‐2Sn‐2Zr‐2Mo‐2Cr Alloy for High Strength Aerospace Fasteners." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111041.
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Next generation demanding aerospace systems requirements are pushing the titanium alloy performance needs beyond the upper limits of the workhorse alloy Ti 6Al-4V (Ti 6-4), necessitating the use of advanced solutions. This paper provides an overview of Arconic’s lightweight solution to address the needs of future aerospace fastening systems. The key attributes for aerospace fasteners are strength (tensile, double shear, and fatigue) and manufacturability (ability to forge heads and roll threads while meeting metallurgical and dimensional requirements) at an affordable cost. In particular, increasing double shear strength (DSS) while meeting other requirements is very challenging. Typically, DSS is about 60% of the tensile strength for Ti 6-4, restricting Ti applications to moderate strength levels. Limited deep hardenability of Ti 6-4 (≤0.5”) also restricts the usage to smaller diameter fasteners. Beta Ti alloys (e.g. Beta C) capable of achieving high tensile strengths suffer from shortfalls in DSS and producibility. There is a need for an affordable high strength Ti alloy that can extend titanium fastener usage to higher strength levels and larger size (up to 1”), which will enable reduction in number of joints and weight reductions by replacing higher density nickel/steel fasteners. Ti 6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo (Ti 6-22-22), a judiciously balanced α + β Ti alloy, designed and developed by RMI Titanium Company in the early 1970s for thick-section aerospace structural applications with a need for higher strengths than Ti 6-4, is capable of meeting demanding fastener requirements of next generation aerospace systems. Superior producibility and ability to tailor processing-microstructure-property relationships in Ti 6-22-22 for achieving performance improvements will be discussed in this paper.
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Tamirisakandala, Sesh, Ernie Crist, Fusheng Sun, and Matthew Dahar. "Superior Oxidation Resistance Titanium Alloy ARCONIC-THORTM for Aerospace Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104013.
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Next generation fuel-efficient jet engines are running hotter presenting a structural challenge for the exhaust systems and structures adjacent to the engines. A conventional and affordable titanium alloy with superior oxidation resistance provides significant weight reductions and associated cost savings by eliminating the need for high density material systems such as nickel-base superalloys for service temperatures in between current titanium and nickel, enabling major technology advancement in high temperature aerospace applications. This paper presents an overview of Arconic’s engineered material ARCONIC-THORTM to address the needs of future aerospace systems.
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M, Saktheesh, and Dr Boopathi R. "Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure Evolution of Titanium Alloys with Hot Working Process." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55131.
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Abstract: The behaviour of the high-temperature deformation mechanism of titanium alloys at different temperatures and strain rates and the associated changes in the microstructure have been studied. In addition to good heat transfer properties, titanium has a low density, can be reinforced with alloys, and can be deformed and formed to increase strength. Titanium is nonmagnetic and a good conductor of heat. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is slightly lower than that of steel and less than half that of aluminium. Titanium's combination of mechanical and physical properties, as well as its resistance to corrosion, m ake it an ideal material for critical applications in the aerospace, industrial, chemical and energy sectors. It has been found t hat the appropriate parameters of the titanium deformation process are different temperature conditions and strain rates. The influence of the micro-structural properties of the deformed specimen was studied and correlated with the test temperature, total strain and strain rate to develop a constitutive equation for the relationship between yield strength, strain rate and temperature. Micro-structural studies were performed on the sample and the results analysed..
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Jiang, Guiyun, Zeyong Zhao, Guijian Xiao, Shaochuan Li, Benqiang Chen, Xiaoqin Zhuo, and Jie Zhang. "Study of Surface Integrity of Titanium Alloy (TC4) by Belt Grinding to Achieve the Same Surface Roughness Range." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111950.
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Titanium alloy materials are used in a variety of engineering applications in the aerospace, aircraft, electronics, and shipbuilding industries, and due to the continuous improvement of the contemporary age, surface integrity needs to be improved for engineering applications. Belt grinding parameters and levels directly affect the surface integrity of titanium alloys (TC4), which further affects the fatigue life of the titanium alloys during service. In order to investigate the surface integrity of titanium alloys at different roughness levels, the surfaces were repeatedly ground with the same type and different models of abrasive belts. The results showed that at roughness Ra levels of 0.4 μm to 0.2 μm, the compressive residual stresses decreased with increasing linear velocity and there were problems with large surface morphological defects. At the roughness Ra of 0.2 μm or less, grinding improves the surface morphology, the compressive residual stress increases with increasing feed rate, and the surface hardness decreases with increasing linear velocity. In addition, the research facilitates the engineering of grinding parameters and levels that affect surface integrity under different roughness conditions, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference.
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Balaji, Devarajan, Jarabala Ranga, V. Bhuvaneswari, B. Arulmurugan, L. Rajeshkumar, Mohan Prasad Manimohan, G. Ramya Devi, G. Ramya, and Chandran Masi. "Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace from Inception to Certification." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 21, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7226852.
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Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) does not require any preface for its potential applications in various engineering and technological sectors. This article comprehensively discusses about the application of additive manufacturing technique specifically aerospace components. The structure of this article begins with an introduction to the current state-of-the-art MAM technologies with the aid of patent landscape analysis. Any manufacturing starts with understating of the manufacturing cycle, so herein, the aerospace manufacturing cycle has been discussed commencing from the design phase and followed by the process parameters selection. The immediate effect after printing is the selection of evaluation parameters, wherein the surface texture analysis of AM printed components is discussed. This paves to discuss about the specific alloys such as titanium alloy and Inconel alloys which are widely used in the aerospace industry. This analysis paves a path for the utilization of these materials to manufacture specific aerospace components which are also discussed. Thereby, the impact of MAM over the aerospace sector and the guidelines to decision making on the suitable variant of MAM has been discussed clearly with the help of earlier literatures. Finally, the qualification and certification procedure are discussed therein, leading to the conclusion about the future scope of MAM in the aerospace sector.
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Rozwadowska, Justyna, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Yuji Kashima, and Kenji Kanemasu. "Wear Resistance Improvement of Titanium Bearings by Laser Gas Nitriding." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.988.
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The influence of gas nitriding of commercial pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy by using a Q-sw laser on the wear loss during rolling contact fatigue is investigated. Despite very good biocompatibility, high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance, the tribological properties of titanium alloys are inferior to those of other metal alloys, such as steel. Fretting and wear related aspects become important issues when titanium alloys are used in rolling contact applications. Titanium bearings are employed in applications requiring high strength, light weight, and minimum maintenance (for example, aerospace and defense industries). In this work, a Q-sw laser was used to coat pure commercial titanium and Ti-6Al-4V bearings with TiN in a closed chamber in nitrogen atmosphere. The samples were tested under water by using a thrust-type rolling contact fatigue machine. The microstructure, morphology and crystallographic texture of the layers were observed by laser confocal microscope, scanning electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). By optimizing the laser processing parameters, such as laser scanning speed, power and beam diameter, thin TiN coats of 1 to 3 m were produced. The wear loss of the coated samples was at least ten times lower than that of the uncoated bearings.
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Rozwadowska, Justyna, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Yuji Kashima, K. Kanemasu, and R. Matsumoto. "Rolling Contact Fatigue of Titanium Alloys Coated by Gas Nitriding Using a Q-Sw Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 83 (July 2011): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.83.191.
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The influence of gas nitriding of commercial pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy by using a Q-sw laser on the wear loss during rolling contact fatigue is investigated. Despite very good biocompatibility, high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance, the tribological properties of titanium alloys are inferior to those of other metal alloys, such as steel. Fretting and wear related aspects become important issues when titanium alloys are used in rolling contact applications. Titanium bearings are employed in applications requiring high strength, light weight, and minimum maintenance (for example, aerospace and defense industries). In this work, a Q-sw laser was used to coat pure commercial titanium and Ti-6Al-4V bearings with TiN in a closed chamber in nitrogen atmosphere. The samples were tested under water by using a thrust-type rolling contact fatigue machine. The microstructure, morphology and crystallographic texture of the layers were observed by laser confocal microscope, scanning electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). By optimizing the laser processing parameters, such as laser scanning speed, power and beam diameter, thin TiN coats of 1 to 3 mm were produced. The wear loss of the coated samples was at least ten times lower than that of the uncoated bearings.
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Chu, Ming Qiang, Lei Wang, Hong Yu Ding, and Zhong Gang Sun. "Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.457.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) offers a potential for time and cost savings, especially for aerospace components made from costly titanium alloys. Owning to advantages such as its ability to form complex component, good surface quality, fine microstructure, excellent property, etc, it is attracting increasing attention. Much work has been done in recent years, including manufacturing facility, processing technology and specification. Here we summarize the development and status of AM technology, the underlying problems and its application perspective on civil aircraft.
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Collins, C., F. F. Dear, D. Rugg, and D. Dye. "Failure investigation as a route to improving integrity of titanium alloys in service." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104007.
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Increasing demands on titanium alloys in aerospace applications have driven a push towards deeper understanding of their behaviour in service. This extends from component performance during planned operation to damage mechanisms and how parts may ultimately fail. Investigation of damage and failure requires a comprehensive framework of techniques in order to identify a root cause, and further the understanding of failure mechanisms. It is crucial to defining and improving component lifetimes via a design optimisation feedback loop. This paper presents an overview of the techniques used in state-of-the-art industrial titanium alloy failure investigation, highlighting the inherent reciprocal links to frontline research and the need for constant innovation.
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Zhou, Qing, Goroh Itoh, and Mitsuo Niinomi. "Mechanical Properties and High Temperature Deformation of Beta Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1379.
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Because of its excellent environmental resistance and cold-working capacity, beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3 has attracted more and more attention in aerospace manufacture industry. Another beta titanium alloy, Ti-29-13, has been recently developed for biomedical implant materials. The mechanical properties of three alloys including two β and one α+β are presented, particularly the characteristic of β alloy differing from that of α+β alloy. The high temperature deformation behaviors of two alloys are also presented. Excellent formability of Ti-15-3 highlights the metal sheet application in commercial and military airplane. Band structure in Ti-29-13 has been found. Thermalmechanical processing is carried out to reduce the band structure and improve the elongation.
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Li, Zhiqiang, Haitao Qu, Fulong Chen, Yaoqi Wang, Zinong Tan, Mateusz Kopec, Kehuan Wang, and Kailun Zheng. "Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution during Hot Stamping of TA15 Sheets: Experimentation and Modelling." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020223.
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Near- α titanium alloys have extensive applications in high temperature structural components of aircrafts. To manufacture complex-shaped titanium alloy panel parts with desired microstructure and good properties, an innovative low-cost hot stamping process for titanium alloy was studied in this paper. Firstly, a series of hot tensile tests and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations were performed to investigate hot deformation characteristics and identify typical microstructural evolutions. The optimal forming temperature range is determined to be from 750 °C to 900 °C for hot stamping of TA15. In addition, a unified mechanisms-based material model for TA15 titanium alloy based on the softening mechanisms of recrystallization and damage was established, which enables to precisely predict stress-strain behaviors and potentially to be implemented into Finite Element (FE) simulations for designing the reasonable processing window of structural parts for the aerospace industry.
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Wang, Zhimin, Lulu Sun, Wenchao Ke, Zhi Zeng, Wei Yao, and Chunming Wang. "Laser Oscillating Welding of TC31 High-Temperature Titanium Alloy." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091185.
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The joining of high-temperature titanium alloy is attracting much attention in aerospace applications. However, the defects are easily formed during laser welding of titanium alloys, which weakens the joint mechanical properties. In this work, laser oscillating welding was applied to join TC31 high-temperature titanium alloy. The weld appearance, microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser welds were investigated. The results show that sound joints were formed by using laser oscillating welding method, and a large amount of martensite was presented in the welds. High mechanical properties were achieved, which was approaching to (or even equaled) the strength of the base material. The joints exhibited a tensile strength of up to 1200 ± 10 MPa at room temperature and 638 ± 6 MPa at 923 K. Laser oscillating welding is beneficial to the repression of porosity for welding high-temperature titanium alloy.
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Wu, Z. Y., T. Y. Yeh, and R. K. Shiue. "Infrared Heating Applied in Titanium Brazing." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1379.
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Infrared heating is featured with a high heating rate up to 50oC/s. It is a very powerful tool applied in brazing application, so infrared heating has been used to study the kinetics of brazing process in recent years. The importance of brazing Ti alloys has been increased in past twenty years due to the strong demand from chemical and aerospace industry. Based on the previous studies, the use of Ti-based brazes alloyed with Cu and Ni contents is considered as one of the best alloys in brazing Ti and its alloys due to their high bonding strength. However, the presence of Ti-Cu-Ni intermetallics in the brazed joint has a strong effect on the joint strength, and the reaction kinetics of the joint is still unclear. The purpose of this investigation is concentrated on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of the infrared brazed CP-Ti using Ti-15Cu-15Ni filler, and microstructural evolution of the infrared brazed joint is unveiled. It is helpful for industrial applications of Ti-based alloys.