Journal articles: 'Titanium alloys; Diffusion bonding'

1

Nikgolov, M. B., and E. S. Karakozov. "Diffusion bonding dissimilar titanium alloys." Welding International 4, no. 11 (1990): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119009452201.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Yeong Moo Yi. "Solid State Diffusion Bonding of Titanium Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1429.

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Solid State diffusion bonding is obtained by applying heat, well below the melting temperature of the metals, a static pressure which does not cause a macroscopic plastic deformation in the material, and a time required to form a metallurgical bond with atomic diffusion process. This process is used for aluminum alloys, high strength steels and titanium alloys in the aerospace industry to produce complex and inaccessible joints without localized distortion. Ability to diffusion bond titanium alloys is strongly needed to promote the use of superplastic forming technology. In the present work, the solid state diffusion bonding was carried out using specimens in Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al. The microstructure of the bonded interface indicates the diffusion bonding process is successful for both alloys. It is also shown that the diffusion bonding of a superplastic Ti-6Al-4V alloy is possible at the optimum superplastic condition so that two processes can be performed simultaneously. The structural integrity of diffusion bonding was evaluated with a hydraulic test of diffusion bonded part.

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Ridley, Norman, Z. C. Wang, and Gordon W. Lorimer. "Diffusion Bonding of Dissimilar Superplastic Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 243-245 (November 1996): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.243-245.669.

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Kommel, Lembit A. "Diffusion in the Interface Region of Ti/TiAl-Nb Bonding." Defect and Diffusion Forum 249 (January 2006): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.249.193.

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Diffusion in the interface regions of lightweight heatproof quality titanium and titanium/aluminum alloys was investigated. We studied the diffusion of aluminum from intermetallide to titanium alloy. The concentration of other chemical elements and microhardness has been measured in diffusion region formed in the solid titanium alloy. The interface region includes a transition zone from the initially solid Ti-alloy and the molten TiAl-Nb intermetallic substrate. The width of the interface region after diffusion bonding is 45-60 µm. The titanium content decreases and aluminum content increases starting from surface up to 120-150 µm in depth in solid titanium alloy. As a result of diffusion, the intermetallic Ti3Al thin layer was formed in the transition zone in the Ti-alloy substrate. The microporosity was also formed in the interface region.

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Chandrappa, K., C. S. Sumukha, B. B. Sankarsh, and Roshan Gowda. "Superplastic forming with diffusion bonding of titanium alloys." Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020): 2909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.514.

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Ghosh, A. K., and C. H. Hamilton. "Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Titanium Alloys." Defence Science Journal 36, no. 2 (1986): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.36.5969.

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Duygulu, Ozgur, Ali Arslan Kaya, Gizem Oktay, and Filiz Çinar Şahin. "Diffusion Bonding of Magnesium, Zirconium and Titanium as Implant Material." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.417.

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Titanium, zirconium and magnesium alloys are considered to be biocompatible, and can be used as implants such as hip ball and sockets and to make medical equipments. Biomaterials with hybrid structures in some applications utilizing the beneficial properties of different metals together are considered potential implant materials. Therefore, in this study, experimental trials were attempted to bond pure magnesium, AM60 (6 wt% Al-0.27 wt% Mn), and AZ31 (3 wt% Al-1 wt% Zn) alloys to pure zirconium and Ti6Al4V (6 wt% Al-4 wt% V) alloy to experimentally evaluate the forming bimetallic structures by diffusion bonding technique by vacuum hot pressing. SEM analysis showed the presence of a significant diffusion zone and a presence of diffusion bonding in some metallic couples. It may be suggested that novel hybrid implant materials, composed of diffusion couples of magnesium, zirconium and titanium alloys may emerge in the future.

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Mo, De-feng, Ting-feng Song, Yong-jian Fang, et al. "A Review on Diffusion Bonding between Titanium Alloys and Stainless Steels." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (September 20, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8701890.

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High-quality joints between titanium alloys and stainless steels have found applications for nuclear, petrochemical, cryogenic, and aerospace industries due to their relatively low cost, lightweight, high corrosion resistance, and appreciable mechanical properties. This article reviews diffusion bonding between titanium alloys and stainless steels with or without interlayers. For diffusion bonding of a titanium alloy and a stainless steel without an interlayer, the optimized temperature is in the range of 800–950°C for a period of 60–120 min. Sound joint can be obtained, but brittle FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases are formed at the interface. The development process of a joint mainly includes three steps: matching surface closure, growth of brittle intermetallic compounds, and formation of the Kirkendall voids. Growth kinetics of interfacial phases needs further clarification in terms of growth velocity of the reacting layer, moving speed of the phase interface, and the order for a new phase appears. The influence of Cu, Ni (or nickel alloy), and Ag interlayers on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints is systematically summarized. The content of FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases at the interface can be declined significantly by the addition of an interlayer. Application of multi-interlayer well prevents the formation of intermetallic phases by forming solid solution at the interface, and parameters can be predicted by using a parabolic diffusion law. The selection of multi-interlayer was done based on two principles: no formation of brittle intermetallic phases and transitional physical properties between titanium alloy and stainless steel.

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Lin, L., Y. W. Shi, J. Chen, X. M. Li, and G. P. Guo. "Ultrasonic testing of the diffusion bonding of titanium alloys." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 48, no. 7 (2006): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2006.48.7.415.

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Simões, Sónia. "Recent Progress in the Joining of Titanium Alloys to Ceramics." Metals 8, no. 11 (2018): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110876.

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The prospect of joining titanium alloys to advanced ceramics and producing components with extraordinary and unique properties can expand the range of potential applications. This is extremely attractive in components for the automotive and aerospace industries where combining high temperature resistance, wear resistance and thermal stability with low density materials, good flowability and high oxidation resistance is likely. Therefore, a combination of distinct properties and characteristics that would not be possible through conventional production routes is expected. Due to the differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and Young's modulus of metals and ceramics, the most appropriate methods for such dissimilar bonding are brazing, diffusion bonding, and transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. For the joining of titanium alloys to ceramics, brazing appears to be the most promising and cost-effective process although diffusion bonding and TLP bonding have clear advantages in the production of reliable joints. However, several challenges must be overcome to successfully produce these dissimilar joints. In this context, the purpose of this review is to point out the same challenges and the most recent advances that have been investigated to produce reliable titanium alloys and ceramic joints.

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NISHIO, Kazumasa, Hirohisa MASUMOTO, Hidehiko MATSUDA, and Hideyuki IKEDA. "Diffusion Bonding of Tantalum to Titanium." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 21, no. 2 (2003): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.21.302.

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Chandrappa, Kasigavi, and Joel Hemanth. "Optimization of Process Parameters of Diffusing Bonding of Titanium with Titanium and Titanium with Copper." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.153.

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The diffusion bonding of Ti to Ti, Ti-Cu alloy at different temperatures ranging from 673 K to 923 K under an applied stress of 100 MPa for 1 h was studied. The observation of the microstructure reveals that sound joints between the Ti-Ti and dissimilar titanium/Copper metals sheet were successfully joined by diffusion bonding process. Ti-Cu alloy without any pores or cracks can be achieved through diffusion bonding at temperatures over 873 K under the applied stress of 100 MPa for 1 h. The bond is composed of the zones, and its width increases with the increase of bonding temperature. The Micro hardness at the interface of joints bonded under different conditions was evaluated through Micro hardness testing and the fracture mode was analyzed by SEM observation.

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13

Bottomley, I. E. "Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Aircraft Structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, no. 3 (1995): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_293_02.

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The diffusion bonding (DB)/superplastic forming (SPF) manufacturing process, for titanium 6A1/4V material, has been developed within British Aerospace for the manufacture of military aircraft components. Diffusion bonding of titanium alloys offers the potential for parent metal joint strengths, and when combined with SPF, complex aircraft components offering significant cost and weight savings can be manufactured. This paper briefly describes the DB/SPF development programme and the manufacture of the Tornado heat exchanger ducts and European Fighter Aircraft (EFA) foreplane components.

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Ramos, Ana Sofia, M. Teresa Vieira, Manuel F. Vieira, and Filomena Viana. "Joining of Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides – A Review." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.483.

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The optimisation of joining technologies is essential to the application of advanced materials in the design of parts and devices. The development of intermetallic compounds, as structural materials, inevitably requires a new approach to join these compounds to themselves or to other materials. Among different intermetallic classes, titanium aluminides are one of the most studied. However, the industrial application is far from being proportional to the research, due to different problems, where joining processes have an important role. The present paper highlights the state of art on joining γ-TiAl alloys. A review is presented with special emphasis on solid-state diffusion bonding process, because it seems to be the most suitable technique to produce high quality joints of advanced materials. The influence of the bonding conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of the joints is highlighted and the introduction of single or multiple interlayers to assist in the bonding process is discussed. A novel approach developed by the authors to the solid-state diffusion bonding of γ-TiAl alloys using Ti/Al multilayer thin films as bonding materials is proposed. The improvement of the solid-state diffusion bonding will induce sound joints at lower temperatures or pressures.

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Duarte, Liliana I., Filomena Viana, Manuel F. Vieira, Ana Sofia Ramos, M. Teresa Vieira та U. E. Klotz. "Bonding γ-TiAl Alloys Using Ti/Al Nanolayers Doped with Ag". Materials Science Forum 587-588 (червень 2008): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.488.

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Successful solid state bonding of titanium aluminides requires the use of high temperature and pressure. In previous works, authors have demonstrated that the use of Ti/Al multilayer thin film as an interlayer, deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering onto the joining surfaces, can effectively lower the bonding temperature. The enhanced diffusivity of these nanometric layers and the heat evolved by the formation of γ-TiAl improves the joinability of titanium aluminide by solid-state diffusion bonding. In the present work, further improvement of the process was pursued by doping the interlayer with 2.8 at.% of Ag; previous studies have confirmed that silver favours the transformation Ti+Al→γ-TiAl. The solid-state diffusion bonding experiments were performed in vacuum by applying 50 MPa at 900°C for 1 h. The effect of the third element on the microstructure and chemical composition along the bonding interface has been analyzed. Microstructural characterisation of the interface was performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Chemical compositions were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. No defects were observed at the interface and sound bonding was achieved between the interlayers and base γ-TiAl. The bonding interface shows a fine-grained microstructure, slightly coarser than the one formed at the same temperature with the undoped Ti/Al multilayer.

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Mulyukov, Radik R., Ayrat A. Nazarov, and Renat M. Imayev. "Current Status of Research and Development on Superplasticity at the Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems." Materials Science Forum 735 (December 2012): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.735.403.

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Principles of fabrication of ultrafine grained bulk and sheet materials for superplastic deformation by the methods of multiple isothermal forging and warm rolling are formulated. New data on superplastic behaviour of commercial alloys, on diffusion bonding of similar and dissimilar materials, and superplastic forming of titanium alloys are presented. The recent application of the diffusion bonding and superplastic forming technology for the production of hollow blades is demonstrated.

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Grigor'evskii, V. I., and V. K. Akinin. "Kinetics of formation of the joint in diffusion bonding titanium alloys." Welding International 1, no. 2 (1987): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709452109.

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18

Li, Fu Ping, Jin Shan Li, Ge Jun Liu, Hong Chao Kou, Guang Sheng Xu, and Lian Zhou. "Fabrication and Compressive Properties of Porous Ti6Al4V Alloy with Elongated Pores for Biomedical Application." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.354.

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Porous Ti6Al4V alloys with anisotropic structure for biomedical application was fabricated by diffusion bonding of titanium alloy meshes. Compressive mechanical compatibility of the alloys is investigated as human bone implants. It is concluded that the fabrication processing for porous Ti6Al4V alloys has better control of the porosity. The pore structure of porous titanium is anisotropic, with elongated and square pores in the out-of-plane and in-plane direction, respectively, which is suited for bone ingrowth. The compressive Young’s modulus and yield stress of porous Ti6Al4V alloy compressed in the out-of-plane direction are 12.2 GPa and 171.4 MPa, respectively, which is compatible with those for the cortical bones.

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19

Alemán, B., L. Gutiérrez, and J. J. Urcola. "Interface microstructures in diffusion bonding of titanium alloys to stainless and low alloy steels." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (1993): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.8.633.

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20

Motyka, Maciej, Wojciech J. Nowak, Bartek Wierzba та Witold Chrominski. "Characterization of the Interface Between α and β Titanium Alloys in the Diffusion Couple". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, № 12 (2020): 6584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06023-5.

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AbstractThe aim of the research was to investigate the microstructural changes caused by diffusion through interface between α and β titanium solid solutions. For this purpose, a diffusion couple composed of two single-phase titanium alloys—α type commercially pure (CP) titanium Grade 2 and near-β Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn—was made by annealing at a temperature of 850 °C in an inert atmosphere. The performed heat treatment caused partial diffusion bonding (DB) where the α/β-interface was clearly visible. Based on the results of microscopic (light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope/electron backscatter diffraction (SEM/EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM)) examination, a significant microstructure evolution of near-β alloy in the region near the interface (diffusion-affected zone) was revealed. It was found that needlelike phases were formed both in α and β solid solutions. Moreover, in the near-β titanium alloy, pores aligned in the Frenkel plane were found. The latter finding indicated that the diffusion of alloying elements of near-β alloy is the most probable reason for the observed microstructural changes. Additionally, the “grooving” phenomenon at the α/β interface was found and it was correlated with faster diffusion through grain boundaries, rather than volume diffusion. Finally, the pore size was measured and numerically modeled. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental ones.

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Zhang, Yan, DeShui Yu, JianPing Zhou, and DaQian Sun. "A review of dissimilar welding for titanium alloys with light alloys." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021011.

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Titanium (Ti) alloys are widely used in industrial manufacturing, medical treatment, vehicles, and other fields. When welded with other alloys, due to great differences in physical and chemical properties of these materials, cracks easily appear in the joint, and obtaining stable welded joints is difficult. Results show that brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed in the welding process could reduce the plasticity of the joint. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in welding and joining of Ti alloy and light alloys and to introduce current research and application. The methods available for welding Ti alloy and light alloys included fusion welding, brazing, diffusion bonding, friction welding and reactive joining. In this study, control methods of brittle IMCs in the welding process of Ti and other alloys and various improvement measures studied at home and abroad are described.

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Lee, Ho-Sung, Jong-Hoon Yoon, and Yeong-Moo Yi. "Oxidation behavior of titanium alloy under diffusion bonding." Thermochimica Acta 455, no. 1-2 (2007): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.12.004.

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Wierzchon, T., та M. Ossowski. "Structure and Properties of α+β Titanium Alloy - Ti_xAl_y Intermetallic Phases Laminate Composite". Advances in Science and Technology 45 (жовтень 2006): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1287.

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The rapid progress in engineering enhances the demands set on materials requiring better mechanical properties, resistance to frictional wear, resistance to corrosion and erosion etc. These demands can be satisfied by e.g. applying various surface engineering techniques which permit modifying the microstructure, phase and chemical composition of the surface layers of the treated parts. By subjecting a laminate composite: α+β titanium alloy - TixAly intermetallic phases produced by diffusion bonding of titanium alloy and aluminum with the hybrid surface treatment that consists of magnetron sputtering and glow discharge assisted oxidizing or by the glow discharge nitriding process we can produce a composite built of several zones arranged in the following sequence: Al2O3/ TixAly intermetallic phases/titanium alloy/TiAl3/ titanium alloy/ TixAly intermetallic phases/ Al2O3 or TiN+αTi(N)/ titanium alloy/ TiAl3/ titanium alloy/αTi(N) +TiN. The paper presents the structure, phase composition and properties such as the resistance to frictional wear and to corrosion of a new constructional material - a laminate composite Ti –Al with diffusion surface layers, which widen significantly the application range of titanium alloys.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Yeong Moo Yi. "A Study on High Temperature Oxidation of Titanium Alloys in Solid State Bonding Process." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.183.

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The surface oxidation behavior was investigated over a range of solid state bonding condition of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. Since the oxides at the bonding interface may prevent the materials from complete bonding, it is important to understand the oxidation behavior at solid state bonding condition. The activation energy of oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V ELI is estimated to be 318 KJ/mol in an environment of solid state bonding process. For Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy, strucutral integrity of bonding interface without oxides have been obtained at 850°C applying pressure of 3MPa for 1 hour. Solid state diffusion bonding of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al alloy was also obtained under a pressure of 6MPa for 3 hours at 925°C.

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Gubbels, Godefridus H. M., Lisa S. K. Heikinheimo, and Jan T. Klomp. "A Comparison Between Titanium- Alumina Diffusion Bonding and Titanium Active Brazing." International Journal of Materials Research 85, no. 12 (1994): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1994-851205.

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26

Dheenadayalan, K., S. Rajakumar, and V. Balasubramanian. "Effect of Diffusion Bonding Temperature on Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Cp Titanium and High Strength Aluminium Dissimilar Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.495.

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In this investigation, Commercially Pure (Cp) titanium was diffusion bonded to AA7075-T6 aluminium alloy at various temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 5500C, bonding pressure of 17, MPa and holding time of 40 minutes was applied during the diffusion bonding. The effects of reaction temperature, Bonding time and atmosphere on the diffusion welding characteristics of titanium and aluminum have been studied. The maximum Lap shear strength was found to be 89 MPa for the specimen bonded at the temperature of 525°C, Bonding Pressure 17 MPa and Holding time for 40 min.

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Simões, Sónia, Filomena Viana, Ana Ramos, M. Vieira, and Manuel Vieira. "Microstructural Characterization of Dissimilar Titanium Alloys Joints Using Ni/Al Nanolayers." Metals 8, no. 9 (2018): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090715.

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This study demonstrates the potential of the use of Ni/Al nanolayers for joining dissimilar titanium alloys. For this purpose, a detailed microstructural characterization of the diffusion bonding interfaces of TiAl to Ti6Al4V, TiAl to TiNi and TiNi to Ti6Al4V was carried out. The nanolayers (alternated aluminum and nickel (Ni-7V wt.%) layers) were deposited onto the base material surfaces. Diffusion bonding was performed at 700 and 800 °C under pressures ranging from 5 to 40 MPa and at dwell times between 60 and 180 min. Microstructural characterization was performed using high resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The results revealed that dissimilar titanium joints (TiAl to Ti6Al4V, TiAl to TiNi and TiNi to Ti6Al4V) assisted by Ni/Al nanolayers can be obtained successfully at 800 °C for 60 min using a pressure of 20 MPa. The bond interfaces are thin (less than 10 µm) and mainly composed of NiAl grains with a few nanometric grains of Al8V5. Thin layers of Al-Ni-Ti intermetallic compounds were formed adjacent to the base materials due to their reaction with the nanolayers.

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Kolomenskii, A. B., V. A. Salikov, A. N. Roshchupkin, and A. V. Degtyarev. "Efficiency of titanium honeycomb packets produced by diffusion bonding." Welding International 9, no. 9 (1995): 742–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119509548887.

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Yakushina, Evgenia, Aleksey Reshetov, and Andrzej Rosochowski. "Optimisation of Diffusion Bonding Parameters of Ti Alloys through the Structure and Surface Conditions." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2845.

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Diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy in the coarse grained and ultrafine grained state was performed. The effect of initial structure and surface condition, as well as temperature and time, on the quality of joints was established. It is shown that, due to low-temperature superplasticity and high diffusion rate, samples with ultrafine grained structure demonstrate better bondability than coarse grained samples

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NISHIO, Kazumasa, Hirohisa MASUMOTO, Hidehiko MATSUDA, and Hideyuki IKEDA. "The Influences of Al and V in Titanium Alloys on the Bondability of Diffusion Bonding of Molybdenium to Titanium. Diffusion Bonding of Molybdenum to Titanium. Report-2." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 20, no. 1 (2002): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.20.120.

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Grigor'Evskii, V. I., V. K. Akinin, and R. V. Grigor'Evskaya. "Diffusion bonding AMg6 aluminium alloy to OT4 titanium alloy through a titanium‐aluminium composite interlayer." Welding International 7, no. 1 (1993): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119309548343.

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Lee, Ho-Sung, Jong-Hoon Yoon, and Yeong-Moo Yi. "Fabrication of titanium parts by massive diffusion bonding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 201, no. 1-3 (2008): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.183.

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Cooke, Kavian O., and Anas M. Atieh. "Current Trends in Dissimilar Diffusion Bonding of Titanium Alloys to Stainless Steels, Aluminium and Magnesium." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020039.

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This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements made in the diffusion bonding of titanium and its alloys to other advanced materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, and magnesium. This combination of advanced alloys has received considerable attention in different industries, including aerospace, petrochemical, and nuclear applications due to high specific strength, lightweight, corrosion resistance, and moderate to high mechanical properties. The mechanisms of bond formation are discussed based on the type of microstructures formed and the mechanical properties achieved. The scientific literature identifies various methods/processes for controlling the volume of intermetallic compounds formed within the joint regions, as well as ways of maximising the strength of the weld/joints. This paper discusses the relationship between weld/bond properties and bonding parameters such as time, temperature, surface roughness, pressures, interlayer composition, and thickness. The scientific literature also shows that the bonding mechanisms and microstructural evolution of the bond zone can be significantly affected by suitable optimization of the bonding parameters. Additionally, this is a method of maximising bond strength.

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Morizono, Yasuhiro, Minoru Nishida, Yoshikazu Kodama, Takateru Yamamuro, and Yasuhide Ohno. "Surface Modification Technique Using Interfacial Reaction between Ti-Al Alloy and Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1248.

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Diffusion bonding of Ti and Ti-Al (Ti-10, 20 and 40 mol%Al) alloys to high carbon steel was carried out at 1073 and 1273 K for 3.6 ks in a vacuum. It has been found that the joint with Ti-20 mol%Al alloy is separated in the vicinity of the interface promptly after the bonding treatment at 1273 K. Such a phenomenon could not be observed in other Ti-Al alloy/steel joints, and the Ti-20 mol%Al alloy/steel joint bonded at 1073 K showed a high strength of about 170 MPa. Therefore, this phenomenon depends on the bonding temperature and the composition of the Ti-Al alloys. From the observation results of the interface, it is thought that the diffusion of constituent elements across the interface is part of the reason for the separation phenomenon. The separated surface of the Ti-20 mol%Al alloy side showed diffraction peaks of TiC phase by XRD. Its Vickers hardness was about 1200 and approximately 4 times higher than that before the bonding treatment. It is expected that the separation phenomenon at the Ti-20 mol%Al alloy/steel interface serves surface modification of titanium materials, which show poor wear resistance.

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Li, Zhi Qiang, and He Ping Guo. "Application of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding in the Aerospace Industry." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3037.

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As a versatile fabrication process for titanium and aluminum alloys, SPF/DB offers a real potential for revolutionizing aerospace component design. In this paper, the principle, advantages, techno-economics of the process, as well as its application in aerospace industry are introduced. The current trends and the factors relating to the process’s developments are given.

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Wisbey, A., and P. G. Partridge. "Diffusion bonding of high temperature titanium alloy IMI 834." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 5 (1993): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.5.441.

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Kaibyshev, O. A., R. V. Safiullin, R. Ya Lutfullin, et al. "Advanced superplastic forming and diffusion bonding of titanium alloy." Materials Science and Technology 22, no. 3 (2006): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x83932.

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Youn, Chang-Suk, and Dong-Geun Lee. "Effects of Post Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Cold-Rolled Ti/Cu Clad Sheet." Metals 10, no. 12 (2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121672.

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Titanium and titanium alloys have excellent corrosion and heat resistance, but weak electric and thermal conductivity. The weak conductivity of titanium can be overcome by cladding with copper, which has high conductivity. Although titanium is expensive, it is selected as a material suitable for applications requiring corrosion resistance such as in heat exchangers. This study was to investigate the effect of post heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the Ti/Cu cold-rolled clad plate by using the interfacial diffusion bonding. A titanium clad by cold rolling should be heat-treated after the rolling process to improve the bonding properties through the diffusion of metals and removal of residual stress due to work hardening, despite the easy formation of intermetallic compounds of Ti and Cu. As a result post-treatment, the elongation was improved by more than two times from 21% to max. 53% by the Ti-Cu interface diffusion phenomenon and the average tensile strength of the 450 °C heat-treated specimens was 353 MPa. By securing high elongation while maintaining excellent tensile and yield strength through post-treatment, the formability of Ti-Cu clad plate can be greatly improved.

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Thirunavukarasu, Gopinath, Sukumar Kundu, Tapas Laha, Deb Roy, and Subrata Chatterjee. "Exhibition of veiled features in diffusion bonding of titanium alloy and stainless steel via copper." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 1 (2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017080.

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An investigation was carried out to know the extent of influence of bonding-time on the interface structure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonding (DB) of TiA|Cu|SS. DB of Ti6Al4V (TiA) and 304 stainless steel (SS) using pure copper (Cu) of 200-μm thickness were processed in vacuum using 4-MPa bonding-pressure at 1123 K from 15 to 120 min in steps of 15 min. Preparation of DB was not possible when bonding-time was less than 60 min as the bonding at Cu|SS interface was unsuccessful in spite of effective bonding at TiA|Cu interface; however, successful DB were produced when the bonding-time was 60 min and beyond. DB processed for 60 and 75 min (classified as shorter bonding-time interval) showed distinctive characteristics (structural, mechanical, and fractural) as compared to the DB processed for 90, 105, and 120 min (classified as longer bonding-time interval). DB processed for 60 and 75 min exhibited layer-wise Cu–Ti-based intermetallics at TiA|Cu interface, whereas Cu|SS interface was completely free from reaction products. The layer-wise structure of Cu–Ti-based intermetallics were not observed at TiA|Cu interface in the DB processed for longer bonding-time; however, the Cu|SS interface had layer-wise ternary intermetallic compounds (T1, T2, and T3) of Cu–Fe–Ti-based along with σ phase depending upon the bonding-time chosen. Diffusivity of Ti-atoms in Cu-layer (DTi in Cu-layer) was much greater than the diffusivity of Fe-atoms in Cu-layer (DFe in Cu-layer). Ti-atoms reached Cu|SS interface but Fe-atoms were unable to reach TiA|Cu interface. It was observed that DB fractured at Cu|SS interface when processed for shorter bonding-time interval, whereas the DB processed for longer bonding-time interval fractured apparently at the middle of Cu-foil region predominantly due to the existence of brittle Cu–Fe–Ti-based intermetallics.

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Senkevich, K. S., and S. D. Shlyapin. "Investigation of the process of diffusion bonding of alloys based on titanium nickelide." Welding International 26, no. 9 (2012): 736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2011.653156.

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Ferguson, Bryan, and M. Ramulu. "Surface tracking of diffusion bonding void closure and its application to titanium alloys." International Journal of Material Forming 13, no. 4 (2019): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-019-01489-0.

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Nikgolov, M. B., E. S. Karakozov, N. V. Markova, and V. A. Korobchenko. "High temperature surface relief as an activating factor in diffusion bonding titanium alloys." Welding International 6, no. 12 (1992): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119209548329.

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Maeda, Masakatsu, Ryozo Oomoto, Toshiya Shibayanagi, and Masaaki Naka. "Solid-state diffusion bonding of silicon nitride using titanium foils." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34, no. 8 (2003): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-003-0310-y.

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Lopatin, Nikolay, Kirill Senkevich, and Egor A. Kudryavtsev. "Effect of Microstructure State of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Joints Produced by Diffusion Bonding Process." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2659.

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The studies of diffusion bonded samples of Ti-6Al-4V and Nitinol alloys were carried out considering the titanium alloy in two states: ultra-fine grained and bi-modal microstructures, the last one consisted of small and large α-phase grains. Depending on microstructure and chemical composition of the alloys, the diffusion bonding had been made at temperatures from 600°C to 850°C. The microstructures of joints was studied by scanning electron microscope using detector of backscattering electron diffraction. The shear strengths of joints were measured. It was concluded that the ultra-fine grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy could be applied for joints manufactured at a temperature lower than 750°C. The bi-modal Ti-6Al-4V alloy is an effective material for producing the joints at the temperature larger that 750°C.

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Wu, Fan, Wei Chen, Bing Zhao, Hongliang Hou, Wenlong Zhou, and Zhiqiang Li. "Diffusion Bonding of 1420 Al–Li Alloy Assisted by Pure Aluminum Foil as Interlayer." Materials 13, no. 5 (2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051103.

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The Al–Li alloy is becoming popular for aerospace application owing to their low density, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, etc. The diffusion bonding/superplastic forming (DB/SPF) structure of titanium alloy has been widely used in the aerospace industry. In order to broaden the application of Al–Li alloy, it is necessary to develop its diffusion bonding and superplastic forming (DB/SPF) technology. In the present study, diffusion bonding of 1420 Al–Li alloy assisted by pure aluminum foil was conducted on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation system under different bonding parameters, the results show that the bonding temperatures have direct influence on the interface microstructure and bond strength of joints. Meanwhile, when the pure aluminum interlayer was introduced into the diffusion bonding process, the alloying element diffusion across the bond can improve the interface integrity and the mechanical properties. The joint formation mechanism with interlayer was investigated in detail, the development and application of this method was explored.

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Huijie, Liu, and Feng Xiuli. "Study of Diffusion Bonding of Fine Grain TC21 Titanium Alloy." Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 38, no. 9 (2009): 1509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5372(10)60047-1.

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Qin, B., G. M. Sheng, J. W. Huang, B. Zhou, S. Y. Qiu, and C. Li. "Phase transformation diffusion bonding of titanium alloy with stainless steel." Materials Characterization 56, no. 1 (2006): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.09.015.

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Yuan, X. J., G. M. Sheng, B. Qin, W. Z. Huang, and B. Zhou. "Impulse pressuring diffusion bonding of titanium alloy to stainless steel." Materials Characterization 59, no. 7 (2008): 930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.08.003.

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He, P. "Diffusion bonding of titanium alloy to stainless steel wire mesh." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 9 (2001): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101511112.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Joon Tae Yoo. "Manufacturing Titanium and Al-Li Alloy Cryogenic Tanks." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.64.

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This study presents manufacturing cryogenic tanks for aerospace applications. Since most high strength aerospace alloys like titanium alloys and Al-Li alloys exhibit low formability due to low ductility and work hardening, superplastic forming technology is applied to manufacture hemispherical shapes. Superplasticity is the ability of materials to deform plastically to show very large amount of strains. Advantages of superplastic forming technology include its design flexibility, low tooling cost and short leading time to produce. In this study, various manufacturing processes, like superplastic forming, diffusion bonding, laser beam welding and friction stir welding, are applied to manufacture titanium and aluminum cryogenic tanks. Using these technologies in manufacturing process makes the aerospace components lighter and stiffer, with efficient energy and cost saving.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium alloys; Diffusion bonding'

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