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1
West, Richard Henry. "Modelling the chloride process for titanium dioxide synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611241.
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Dring, Kevin Frederick. "Electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8135.
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Rao, Kartik. "The electrochemical reduction of titanium oxides in molten calcium chloride." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501782.
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Lim, Boon-Cheng. "A study of organic treatments on titanium dioxide pigment for rigid poly(vinyl chloride)." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34209.
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The objective of this project was to investigate different types of organic compounds applied onto rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and to determine how each of them affects the processing and properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The first part of the research was an initial study on three types of organic-coated pigments. Sample 1 consisted of 0.2 weight % trimethylol propane (TMP) and 0.5 weight % poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), whereas samples 2 and 3 were single coated with 0.3 weight % TMP and O.B weight % n-octyl-phosphonic acid (OPA), respectively. The dispersion behaviour of coated pigments in liquid paraffin and water indicated that sample 1 was hydrophobic, sample 2 was hydrophilic and sample 3 was amphipathic.
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Norikawa, Yutaro. "Electrodeposition of Titanium Metal from Fluoride–Chloride Mixed Molten Salts Consisting of Single Cations." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253387.
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Atbayga, Abdalla Mohammed Ali. "In vitro anti-bacterial activity of titanium oxide nano-composites containing benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1460.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Biomedical Technology
In the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences
At Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2013Newly developed and commercial dental resins which are commonly used nowadays have to be tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of a titanium oxide (TiO2) nano-composite which was prepared with different antibacterial substances and used as restoratives in dentistry to combat certain selected bacteria that are considered the principle causes of some tooth diseases, for example, tooth decay and to prevent unsuccessful dental restoration. The TiO2 nano-composite was prepared and divided into four groups: The first group was an untreated TiO2 nano-composite. The second group was silane-treated TiO2 nano-composite. The third group was treated TiO2 nano-composite which was combined with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHxG). The fourth group was treated TiO2 nano-composite which was combined with benzalkonium chloride (BzCl). Five of the selected bacteria were grown overnight in Petri dishes. Four of them, namely, Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 11775, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 12600, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) ATCC 29212, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 10145, were grown on Müller-Hinton Agar (MHA). Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) ATCC 25175 was grown on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar. All these bacteria were tested against the TiO2 nano-composite, and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, except S. mutans, which was incubated separately and exposed to CO2. It was placed into a CO2 water-jacketed incubator in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 24 hours at 37°C. The obtained results showed that neither of the groups of TiO2 nano-composites, (untreated TiO2 nano-composite and treated TiO2 nano-composite) exhibited antimicrobial activity against the pathogens. Only preparations of TiO2 nano-composites at a concentration of 3 %m/m of both CHxG and BzCl showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and S. aureus, were only realized at a concentration of 10 %m/m for both CHxG and BzCl..
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Proxmire, Paul R. "The influence of aluminum salts on the retention of titanium dioxide when using cationic polyelectrolyte as a retention aid." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5533.
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Yoshikawa, Naruo. "The chemical and photochemical reactivity of modified and unmodified high area titania surfaces." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343010.
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Cezimbra, Ian Machado. "Indicadores na estimativa do fluxo de nutrientes no duodeno, produção fecal, consumo de concentrado e volumoso por bovinos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95261.
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Orientadora: Telma Teresinha BerchielliBanca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Paulo Henrique Moura Dian
Resumo: Os objetivos foram avaliar diferentes formas de dosagem de indicadores (infusão contínua 24h, e duas doses diária de indicador) e verificar sua precisão e acurácia para estimativa do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca (MS), consumo de concentrado, consumo de volumoso, produção fecal e digestibilidade aparente da MS em bovinos. No experimento 1, seis animais receberam os indicadores Cr-EDTA e YbCl3 através de uma bomba de infusão contínua, via fístula ruminal durante seis dias de adaptação nos dois períodos de 17 dias, enquanto os outros seis animais receberam os mesmos indicadores em duas dosagens diárias (8h e às 19h). No experimento 2, doze animais receberam os indicadores Cr-EDTA, YbCl3, LIPE®LÍQUIDO, FDNi e FDAi, em duas doses diárias que foram utilizados nas estimativas do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca (MS) pelo método de único e duplo indicador. Os indicadores TiO2 e LIPE®LÍQUIDO foram utilizados para estimativa do consumo de concentrado, produção fecal, digestibilidade aparente e os indicadores internos, FDNi e FDAi para estimar consumo de volumoso, produção fecal e digestibilidade. No experimento 1, o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado em parcelas subdivididas com dois tratamentos em dois períodos. No experimento 2, o delineamento foi o de blocos em parcelas subdivididas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste tukey a 5%. No experimento 1 não foram observadas diferenças entre as formas de fornecimento dos indicadores (P>0,05). No experimento 2, a FDNi estimou o fluxo de digesta no duodeno e a produção fecal e o consumo de volumoso. A estimativa do consumo de volumoso através do FDNi e FDAi foram semelhantes ao observado (P>0,05). O TiO2 e LIPE®LÍQUIDO foram acurados na estimativa do consumo de concentrado
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to evaluate by two metabolism trials different ways to dose markers (by continuous infusion for 24 hours and by two doses of marker per day) and also to study the accuracy and reliability of differents markers to estimate duodenal flow of nutrients concentrate intake, roughage intake, fecal production and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) in cattle. Twelve crossbred heifers were used in both experiments with average body weight of 361.7kg ± 59 and approximately 24 months of age, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum. In experiment 1, six animals received the markers Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 by continuous infusion via ruminal fistula in two periods of 17 days, while the other six animals received the same markers in twice daily dosing (8 and 7hours). In experiment 2, animals received the twelve markers twice daily during the experimental periods. Markers Cr-EDTA, YbCl3, LIPE®LIQUID, iNDF and iADF were used in the estimation of duodenal flow of nutrients by the method of single and double markers. Markers TiO2 and LIPE®LIQUID were used to estimate concentrate intake, fecal output, digestibility of DM and internal markers, iNDF and iADF to estimate forage intake, digestibility and fecal production. In experiment 1, a split plot design was used with two treatments (supply), six replicates in two periods. In experiment 2, the experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots, where the markers were considered as treatments. In both experiments, the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. In experiments 1, there were no differences between the ways to supply the marker (P>0.05). In experiment 2, the iNDF was the best variable to predict digest flow in the duodenum and fecal production. iNDF and iADF were not d significantly different when the average intake of roughage were compared with the observed. The TiO2 was not significantly different... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Cezimbra, Ian Machado [UNESP]. "Indicadores na estimativa do fluxo de nutrientes no duodeno, produção fecal, consumo de concentrado e volumoso por bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95261.
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cezimbra_im_me_jabo.pdf: 403634 bytes, checksum: 681b906dd316ae6be3a89341b3d7a0cc (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os objetivos foram avaliar diferentes formas de dosagem de indicadores (infusão contínua 24h, e duas doses diária de indicador) e verificar sua precisão e acurácia para estimativa do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca (MS), consumo de concentrado, consumo de volumoso, produção fecal e digestibilidade aparente da MS em bovinos. No experimento 1, seis animais receberam os indicadores Cr-EDTA e YbCl3 através de uma bomba de infusão contínua, via fístula ruminal durante seis dias de adaptação nos dois períodos de 17 dias, enquanto os outros seis animais receberam os mesmos indicadores em duas dosagens diárias (8h e às 19h). No experimento 2, doze animais receberam os indicadores Cr-EDTA, YbCl3, LIPE®LÍQUIDO, FDNi e FDAi, em duas doses diárias que foram utilizados nas estimativas do fluxo duodenal de matéria seca (MS) pelo método de único e duplo indicador. Os indicadores TiO2 e LIPE®LÍQUIDO foram utilizados para estimativa do consumo de concentrado, produção fecal, digestibilidade aparente e os indicadores internos, FDNi e FDAi para estimar consumo de volumoso, produção fecal e digestibilidade. No experimento 1, o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado em parcelas subdivididas com dois tratamentos em dois períodos. No experimento 2, o delineamento foi o de blocos em parcelas subdivididas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste tukey a 5%. No experimento 1 não foram observadas diferenças entre as formas de fornecimento dos indicadores (P>0,05). No experimento 2, a FDNi estimou o fluxo de digesta no duodeno e a produção fecal e o consumo de volumoso. A estimativa do consumo de volumoso através do FDNi e FDAi foram semelhantes ao observado (P>0,05). O TiO2 e LIPE®LÍQUIDO foram acurados na estimativa do consumo de concentrado
The objectives of this study were to evaluate by two metabolism trials different ways to dose markers (by continuous infusion for 24 hours and by two doses of marker per day) and also to study the accuracy and reliability of differents markers to estimate duodenal flow of nutrients concentrate intake, roughage intake, fecal production and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) in cattle. Twelve crossbred heifers were used in both experiments with average body weight of 361.7kg ± 59 and approximately 24 months of age, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum. In experiment 1, six animals received the markers Cr-EDTA, YbCl3 by continuous infusion via ruminal fistula in two periods of 17 days, while the other six animals received the same markers in twice daily dosing (8 and 7hours). In experiment 2, animals received the twelve markers twice daily during the experimental periods. Markers Cr-EDTA, YbCl3, LIPE®LIQUID, iNDF and iADF were used in the estimation of duodenal flow of nutrients by the method of single and double markers. Markers TiO2 and LIPE®LIQUID were used to estimate concentrate intake, fecal output, digestibility of DM and internal markers, iNDF and iADF to estimate forage intake, digestibility and fecal production. In experiment 1, a split plot design was used with two treatments (supply), six replicates in two periods. In experiment 2, the experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots, where the markers were considered as treatments. In both experiments, the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. In experiments 1, there were no differences between the ways to supply the marker (P>0.05). In experiment 2, the iNDF was the best variable to predict digest flow in the duodenum and fecal production. iNDF and iADF were not d significantly different when the average intake of roughage were compared with the observed. The TiO2 was not significantly different... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Chabert, Mickaël. "Recyclage et revalorisation de films de PET / PVDC par extrusion réactive à basse température." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10045.
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Une voie originale de recyclage des films de PET / PVDC est proposée par leur transformation chimique avec des alcoxydes de titane par procédé d'extrusion réactive à l'état solide. Les réactions d'échanges entre ces composés organo-métalliques et le PET ont été mises en oeuvre à des températures entre 250 et 280° C à l'échelle du laboratoire et ont permis de segmenter les chaînes de PET, en de petits oligomères avec des températures de fusion basses, sur des temps de réaction très courts de l'ordre de quelques minutes. Ces oligomères peuvent être post-fonctionnalisés avec des diols. Le transfert technologique de ces réactions d'échange à l'échelle de l'extrudeuse bi-vis pilote a été optimisé afin de permettre la transformation des films de PET / PVDC à des températures comprises entre 160 et 180 °C pour ne pas dégrader le PVDC. Les alcoxydes de titane permettent de stabiliser les dégagements d'acide chlorhydrique (HCl) lors de la dégradation thermique de ce polymère halogéné. La revalorisation de ces oligomères dans différents systèmes polyuréthanes a ensuite été étudiée et a démontré la compatibilité des oligomères de PET avec ces matrices avec l'amélioration de certaines propriétés physiques et mécaniquesAn original way for recycling PET / PVDC films is proposed by their chemical transformation with titanium alkoxydes by reactive extrusion process in the solid state. The exchange reactions between these organo-metallic species and the PET were carried out at temperatures between 250 and 280°C at laboratory scale and they have allowed to shorten the PET's chains, in short oligomers with low melting temperatures, in a range of reaction time of few minutes. These oligomers could be post-functionalized with diols. The technologic transfert of these exchange reactions to the twin screw extruder scale was optimized in order to transform PET / PVDC films at temperatures between 130 and 180°c without degrading the PVDC. The titanium alkoxydes allow to stabilize the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during thermal degradation of this halogenated polymer. The reuse of these oligomers into different polyurethane systems were then studied and demonstrated the compatibility of PET oligomers with these matrix with improvements of some physical and mechanical properties
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Muthukrishnan, N. Moorthy. "Characterization and modeling of dry etch processes for titanium nitride and titanium films in Cl₂/N₂ and BCl₃ plasmas." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-151045/.
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Abend, Stefan. "Ultrafast dynamics of chlorins and porphyrins in proteins and solution investigated by time resolved three pulse photon echo spectroscopy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249371.
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PARVINI-AHMADI, NAGHI. "Phosphatation et tenue a la corrosion d'aciers doux galvanises et electrozingues : passivation par le titane trivalent." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13093.
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Etude de certains aspects et parametres lies au traitement de conversion par phosphatation des toles d'aciers galvanises et electrozingues: temperature, composition, ph des bains. . . Caracterisation de la couche de conversion et examen de l'influence du vieillissement du bain de degraissage et du traitement final de passivation par des solutions de ticl::(3)
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PAGANINI, PAULA P. "Síntese e caracterização de trocadores iônicos inorgânicos a base de óxidos mistos estanho-titânio para utilização na recuperação de cádmio e níquel e estudos fotoluminescentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11575.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Liu, Chang. "The spectroscopic and structural characterization of chlorine modification of MoOx catalysts supported over silica/titania mixed oxides for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095645498.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 157 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-153).
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Benaboura, Ahmed. "Etude de la copolymerisation du styrene et de l'hexene-1 et du mode d'insertion du styrene en presence de catalyseurs de type "ziegler"." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066059.
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Polymerisation du styrene et de l'hexene-1 en presence de catalyseurs a base de titane, sans organoaluminique, contenant ou non du chlorure d'aluminium et par du chlorure de magnesium. Influence d'addition de benzoate d'ethyle
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BENAHMED-ALI, NACERA. "Comportement du chrome, du titane et du titane nitrure vis-a-vis du chlore gazeux sec a haute temperature." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066642.
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L'etude de la chloruration seche du titane et du chrome effectuee dans une atmosphere statique de chlore a permis d'etablir les diagrammes temperature-pression delimitant les differents domaines de cinetiques reactionnelles. La finalite de l'etude est d'acceder au comportement d'alliages resistants a la corrosion par le chlore a partir des connaissances acquises sur les metaux purs. Dans le cas du titane, l'etude a ete etendue au titane nitrure par plasma d'ammoniac expose a la corrosion par le chlore sec et a la corrosion humide par l'acide sulfurique
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Brunner, David R. "The Composition and Distribution of Coal-Ash Deposits Under Reducing and Oxidizing Conditions From a Suite of Eight Coals." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2642.
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Eighteen elements, including: carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, strontium, and barium were measured using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy from deposits. The deposits were collected by burning eight different coals in a 160 kWth, staged, down-fired, swirl-stabilized combustor. Both up-stream and down-stream deposits from an oxidizing region (equivalence ratio 0.86) and reducing region (equivalence ratio 1.15) were collected. Within the deposits, the particle size and morphology were studied. The average particle cross-sectional area from the up-stream deposits ranged from 10 - 75 µm2 and had a standard deviation of 36 - 340 µm2. These up-stream particles were of various shapes: spherical, previously molten particles; irregular particle that had not melted, hollowed spherical shells; and layered or strands of particles. These particles were a mixture of burned and unburned coal being deposited at various stages of burnout and having completed some burnout after deposition. The average particle cross-sectional area from the down-stream deposits ranged 0.9 - 7 µm2 and the standard deviation range of 2.6 - 30 µm2. The shape of the particles on the bottom sleeves are typically spherical indicating melting prior to deposition. Particles contained a distribution of elemental compositions that were not tightly grouped on ternary phase diagrams. This indicated that particles were not single compounds or phases but each particle contained a mixture of multiple compounds. Coals' deposit sulfur was strongly correlated with the calcium and iron content of the ASTM ash analysis. The low rank sub-bituminous and lignite coals that had high calcium content produced high sulfur deposits, particularly in the oxidizing region, down-stream deposits. The high iron bituminous coals, also produced high sulfur deposits, but more so in the reducing region, up-stream deposits. The low calcium and low iron coals produced low sulfur deposits. Mahoning was an exception being high in iron content but remaining low in sulfur content in the deposit. Gatling coal showed numerous deposit particles that contained only iron and sulfur consistent with the high pyrite content of Gatling coal. The average concentration of chlorine was insignificant in all of the deposits with the concentration being less than 100 ppm. Individual particles containing chlorine were found and were associated with potassium, sodium, and iron.
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Liu, Huaqin. "Etude de l'oligomérisation des alpha-oléfines amorcées par des systèmes bimétalliques à base de dérivés d'un métal de transition (groupe IV B) et de composés organoaluminiques." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066087.
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Ephraim, J. K., and Rajnikant Patel. "Solid-Solid Phase Transformation During the Reduction of Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) to Produce High-Grade Titanium Powder." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9146.
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NoProduction of titanium is challenging and expensive due to the energy energy-intensive and time-consuming processes used at present. Current commercial production method reduces titanium tetrachloride with magnesium or sodium to produce titanium metal. Several researchers have attempted electro-deposition of titanium from ionic solutions but have faced difficulties in eliminating multivalent titanium ions and highly reactive dendrite products. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the solid-solid phase transformation of titanium dioxide with calcium metal, under suitable conditions, to form solid titanium metal powder (>98% pure) without any oxygen impurity. On phase characterisation, it was found that homogeneous alpha-titanium was produced. The paper also includes the results and interpretations obtained using quantitative analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and phase diagram. The process is simple, green, rapid and cheap compared to the existing methods.
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LUNG, TAAI CHING, and 蔡景隆. "Studies on preparation of titanium oxide thin film via titanium chloride precursor for application in pH sensing." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27476524872417250221.
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碩士大葉大學
電機工程學系碩士在職專班
95
In this study, the titanium chloride was used as the precursor for the TiO2 thin films over ITO glass as the extended gate pH sensing structures by sol-gel method. The as-synthesized TiO2 stock solution was spin-coated uniformly onto the ITO glasses at 5000rpm followed by oxygen-rich annealing at 300~500℃. The preapred films were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Besides, the H+ ions sensing properties were evaluated by a Keithley 236 source measure. The results shows that the sensitivity of the ITO/glass sensing structures was increased from 80.92µA/pH to 122.21µA/pH as the annealing temperature is increased from 300℃ to 500℃ while the sensitivity of the TiO2/ITO/Glass structure is declined to 78.01µA /pH from 68.96µA /pH as the annealing temperature is increased from 300℃ to 500℃. Two important factors are investigated in more detail: (1).the difference in sensing properties for the identical sensing structures by different precursor. (2).the influences of sensor processing parameters, such as the annealing temperature, the O2 ambient/duration in pH sensitivity
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Chen, S. N., and 陳秀女. "Impedance Behavior of Surgical Titanium in Phosphoric and Chloride Acid Solution." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26623529516773429514.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
材料及資源工程系碩士班
88
Abstract Titanium specimens with medical grade were immersed in 1 N phosphate and hydrochloride acid solutions. The samples may or may not be anodically treated. Impedance measurement via AES and SEM were used for the characterization in this study. The mechanisms of the oxidation as a function of time were deduced by one or two system of the fitted equivalent circuits. The corresponds between experimental data and the parameters from circuits showed that the high and low frequency region in the NYQUIST figure were the resistance of double layer and oxide film respectively. Effect of times on double layers of immersed specimens illustrated that the interfacial reactions were different from each grade of titanium metals. Impedance values were increased with immersed time in both solutions due to thicken and dense of the oxidation films. The formed films from treated specimens possessed higher impedance than untreated ones for always. However, the impedance dropped dramatically with times especially in the case of hydrochloride acid immersion. It is then found that the oxidation mechanisms were different from the immersion. The density of oxidation film formed on the untreated titanium varied its thickness in phosphate solution. Neverthness, the resistance was increased for the immersion of hydrochloride acid. The latter indicated that the densification and thickness of the oxide layers were enlarged. In spite of this, the oxidation layers of anodically treated specimens were becoming thinner for the long period of immersion in hydrochloride solution. Finally, this study suggested that the titanium of medical grade 3 would be considered the most stable one among the others in both acids.
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Pei-ChiungLin and 林姵瓊. "Corrosion Characteristics of Iron, Copper, Nickel, Titanium and the Alloys in Aluminum Chloride – 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01024002443586316673.
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Singh, Gursaran. "Dissolution of titanium and iron during leaching of ilmenite in H2SO4 or hydrogen chloride." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=370111&T=F.
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He, Geng-Shuo, and 何耿碩. "Effects of calcium chloride electrolyte on properties of micro-arc coatings on pure titanium." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02299448905166748867.
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碩士大同大學
材料工程學系(所)
99
Most of coatings on pure titanium were fabricated in a solution containing glycerophosphate and calcium acetate. In this study, porous ceramic oxide coatings were prepared on pure titanium by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in an electrolytic solution containing calcium chloride and calcium glycerophosphate due to its low-cost and high conductivity.SEM and XRD were adopted to investigate the microstructure and phase composition of the coatings. The coatings were formed using the bipolar pulse anodization under different calcium chloride concentration at Ca/P ratio, various voltages and process duration. The effect of CaCl2 concentration and anodization duration on the formation of MAO size and morphology has been studied. Pore diameter , oxide layer thickness and roughness of MAO coatings increased with increasing CaCl2concentration due to its high conductivity than no CaCl2 addition. Above 0.03M CaCl2 concentration and 310V, the oxide layer thickness and roughness decreased owing to the probable separating. Perovskite and α-Ca3(PO)2 phase were found in oxide layers under above 280V condition, but hydroxyapatite phase was not found in the layer.
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Li, Chin-sheng, and 李進勝. "A general method to synthesize triarylmehtanes by titanium(IV) chloride to promote dimethyl acetals and aromatic compounds." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24484417015763331332.
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碩士國立中正大學
化學所
94
We found that the ring opening of the cyclic carbonate in the presence of nucleophilic arenes and titanium tetrachloride to give the corresponding double Friedel-Crafts reaction product in good yields. In continuation with this result, we also found that the acetals are also useful in this double Friedel-Crafts reaction. In general, the reactivity of aromatic dimethyl acetals is much better than those of aliphatic analogues. The acetal is a much better substrate in comparison with its aldehyde in this reaction. The aromatic dimethyl acetals with electron-withdrawing groups afford the desired products in excellent yields. The aromatic dimethyl acetals with electron-donating substituent, such as methyl group, at the para- or ortho-position of the aromatic ring also afford the desired products in reasonable good yields. Although the meta-methoxy-substituted aromatic dimethyl acetals affords the modest yield of the desired product, there is no reactivity of its para-methoxy analogue in this type of reaction. In comparison with 1,4- and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, the heteroaromatic compounds are less effective in this type of reaction. Interestingly, the heteroaromatic reagents prefer to react with the aromatic aldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid to give the desired product in reasonable good yields.
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Le, Roux J. T. F. (Johannes Theodorus Ferreira). "Fluidised-bed chlorination of titania slag." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26413.
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Beard, James David. "The synthesis of group 3 and group 4 metal amidate chloride complexes and titanium catalysts for olefin hydroamination." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16590.
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The work presented in this thesis bridges the boundaries between what is
considered traditional inorganic and organic chemistry. The uniting principle is a focus
on synthesis. This manifests in the development of new synthetic strategies for preparing
novel organometallic complexes, and in the investigation of the reactivity of these
coordination compounds. The ultimate goal is the development of rationally designed,
and well characterized metal complexes for use in new catalytic organic transformations.
Two routes for the synthesis of amidate complexes from group 4 metal chlorides
were developed. A variety of group 4 metal bis(amidate) dichloride complexes were
synthesized and characterized. The structures of three titanium bis(amidate) dichlorides
complexes were solved by X-ray crystallography. The first known homoleptic yttrium
amidate complex was prepared and its structure was solved by X-ray crystallography.
Investigations were made into the application of titanium bis(amidate) bis(amido)
complexes for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds. Several titanium catalysts for
the intramolecular hydroamination of unactivated alkenes were discovered. A study was
undertaken to elucidate the influence that steric and electronic factors in the amidate
auxiliary ligand have on the activity of titanium bis(amidate) imido hydroamination
catalysts. Finally, preliminary work was done on exploring the application of lanthanide
chloride complexes toward new carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, and in the
development of chiral amidate ligands for potential applications in asymmetric catalysis.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Van, Dyk Jacobus Philippus. "Process development for the production of beneficiated titania slag." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28654.
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There is a range of feed materials available for the production of Ti02 pigment. These range from natural materials like ilmenite and rutile to synthetic materials like synthetic rutile. There is a large increase in the price of titaniferous feed materials as the Ti02content of the material increases. To take advantage of the difference in price between chloride grade slag and natural rutile a process was developed to increase the Ti02 content of chloride grade slag from ~85% to more than 95%. This beneficiated titania slag product (BTS) should be ideal as feed material to the chloride pigment process. Initially several processes were evaluated. Particular emphasis was placed on the slag pre-treatment procedure. This was necessary as impurities could only be leached with difficulty from as-cast slag. A suitable pre-treatment procedure would render the impurities easily leachable, while the titanium is retained in an insoluble form. The results indicated that a process consisting of oxidation and reduction roasting would satisfy these requirements. Detailed process development was then undertaken on this process. The first phase of the process development was conducted in a coal fired fluid bed roaster. This allowed a set of semi optimised process parameters to be established, but the highest Ti02 content that could be achieved was 94%. A second stage of process development was under taken under more controlled conditions, using a small fluid bed reactor connected to a gas mixing system. Based on the results in this phase of the process development a new set of optimum process parameters was established. They are oxidation at 850°C for 1.5 h in an atmosphere containing 8% O2; reduction at 850°C for 10 min in a 100% CO atmosphere and leaching in boiling 20% hydrochloric acid for 12 h. Under these conditions it was possible to produce BTS containing > 97% Ti02. During oxidation of titania slag several important morphological changes occur. These are the conversion of the original M305 phase in the slag to a mixture of rutile/anatase, hematite and ferric M305. In the process the iron in the slag migrates to the outside surfaces of the slag particles where it is easily accessible during leaching. The iron containing phases are converted to ilmenite during reduction and during leaching the ilmenite is removed. This yields the BTS product. As the oxidation roast appeared to be a very important of the BTS process it was decided to investigate the mechanism of titania slag oxidation. A mechanism based on the nucleation energy that is required to form the relevant phases during oxidation was proposed. This mechanism was tentatively confirmed through selected experiments.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
unrestricted
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Поляков, В. В., and V. V. Polyakov. "Исследование восстановительной способности расплавов Ca-CaCl2, Na-NаCl : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/44492.
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The aim is to develop intensive methods for producing powdered iron or titanium, by mixing melts containing chlorides with molten salt reducing Ca-CaCl2 and Na-NaCl. As a result of this work was the possibility of obtaining metallic iron powder and products containing nedovosstanovleniya titanium compound. Conducted microscopic, X-ray, mikrorentgenoskopicheskie and particle size analysis of powders obtained. To discover the causes of titanium nedovosstanovleniya that need to be addressed in the future. The developed method can improve the performance as compared with the Kroll method because the reduction process within the melt, and not only at the interface between the salt and metal phases.Целью работы являлось разработка интенсивных способов получения порошкообразных железа или титана, при смешении расплавов содержащих их хлориды с расплавленными солевыми восстановителями Ca–CaCl2 и Na–NaCl. В результате проведенной работы была показана возможность получения порошкообразного металлического железа и продукта, содержащего недовосстановленные соединения титана. Проведены микроскопические, рентгенофазовые, микрорентгеноскопические и гранулометрические анализы полученных порошков. Вскрыты причины недовосстановления титана, которые необходимо устранить в будущем. Разрабатываемый способ позволяет увеличить производительность по сравнению с методом Кролла благодаря тому, что процесс восстановления протекает в объеме расплава, а не только на границе раздела солевой и металлической фаз.
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Hwang, Chyuan-Der, and 黃全德. "Camphorsulfonic acid chloride derivatives complex with titanium or aluminum as modifier employee to the asymmetric addition reaction of carbonyl or imine group." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02395517237802403902.
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博士國立清華大學
化學系
87
Abstract A series of chiral ligands were prepared with simple operations from camphorsulfonic acid. They were found to be quite stable to acid and base. These chiral ligands have been employed in the studies of asymmetric reduction of ketones, enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes, chiral cyanohydrins and chiral aminonitrile syntheses. In asymmetric reduction of ketones, the chiral secondary alcohols were produced in 75-94% yield with 19-60% ee by using 3.0 equivalents of chiral ligand 24 and lithium aluminum hydride. When using 20 mol% of chiral ligand 43 and 140 mol% of Ti(OiPr)4 as catalyst to catalyze the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes, the addition products were obtained in 89-99% yield with 59-99% ee. For the cyanohydrins synthesis, a mixture of 16.5 mol% of chiral ligand 49 and 15 mol% of Ti(OiPr)4 was able to catalyze trimethylsilylcyanide addition to aldehydes in the presence of MS 4A. The chiral cyanohydrins were obtained in high yield with 88-97% ee. This catalyst was able to catalyzed aminonitrile formation from aldehydes but without any ee. When (R)-Binol-Et2AlCl (2:1) was used as catalyst and the presence of MS13A , the chiral aminonitrile was synthesized in high yield with 11% ee.
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Шайхмулин, И. Г., and I. G. Shayhmulin. "Разработка электрохимической технологии получения порошков титана : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/55450.
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The purpose of this work is to study the saturation of the sodium NaCl melt, dissolve the titanium rod, and restore TiCl2 in the electrolyte volume with a Na-NaCl melt to develop an electrochemical technology for producing titanium powders.
To substantiate the electrode processes, an attempt was made to create reference electrodes for the systems under study. According to the published data, the equations of temperature dependences of the standard, conventional-standard and redox potentials and the concentration dependence of the equilibrium potentials of titanium in molten sodium chloride, which were used in the analysis of polarization curves, were calculated.
The kinetics of electrode processes in a sodium chloride melt is studied when metallic titanium is dissolved in it and when sodium is deposited on the iron cathode. An explanation of the processes occurring at the electrodes is given. Powders of metallic titanium are obtained.Целью данной работы является исследование насыщения расплава NaCl натрием, растворение титанового стержня и восстановление TiCl2 в объеме электролита расплавом Na-NaCl для разработки электрохимической технологии получения порошков титана. Для обоснования электродных процессов, предпринята попытка созданы электроды сравнения для изучаемых систем. По литературным данным рассчитаны уравнения температурных зависимостей стандартного, условно-стандартного и окислительно-восстановительных потенциалов и концентрационной зависимости равновесных потенциалов титана в расплавленном хлориде натрия, которые использовались при анализе поляризационных кривых. Изучена кинетика электродных процессов в расплаве хлорида натрия при растворении в нем металлического титана и при осаждении натрия на железном катоде. Дано объяснение происходящих на электродах процессов. Получены порошки металлического титана.
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Ri, Chang-seop. "Surface structural studies of the titanium/chlorine system." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38082.
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Καράκαλος, Σταύρος-Γεώργιος. "Μελέτη πρότυπων καταλυτικών συστημάτων με επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές." Thesis, 2009. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/1627.
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Μελετήθηκαν με μία σειρά από επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές δύο πρότυπα συστήματα με ενδιαφέρον για την ετερογενή κατάλυση. (Α) Στο διμεταλλικό σύστημα Sn/Ni διερευνήθηκαν οι συνθήκες και ο μηχανισμός κραματοποίησης του Sn στην επιφάνεια Ni(111). Το πλήρες επιφανειακό κράμα με δομή (√3×√3)R30°(από περίθλαση ηλεκτρονίων) σχηματίζεται θερμαίνοντας στους 7000C πάνω από 1,2 μονοστρώματα Sn. Οι διατεταγμένες δομές c(4x2) και c(2x2) αποτελούν ένα ενδιάμεσο στάδιο της κραματοποίησης σε χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες. Με θερμοπρογραμματισμένη εκρόφηση CO διαπιστώθηκε η βαθμιαία παρεμπόδιση της ρόφησης κατά το σχηματισμό του κράματος. Η διεπιφανειακή αλληλεπίδραση Sn/Ni(111) διερευνήθηκε τόσο με φασματοσκοπίες φωτοηλεκτρονίων, όσο και με θεωρητικούς υπολογισμούς από πρώτες αρχές. (Β) Μελετήθηκαν με φασματοσκοπίες ηλεκτρονίων και σκέδαση ιόντων He ρεαλιστικά πρόδρομα καταλυτικά συστήματα Ziegler – Natta (ZN), παρασκευάζοντας διάφορες σχετικές διεπιφάνειες με εξάχνωση MgCl2 σε υποστρώματα Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) και SiO2. Η ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ MgCl2 και Si(111)7×7 γίνεται κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Mg, τα οποία σε χαμηλές καλύψεις συμμετέχουν στη δημιουργία της υπερδομής (√3×√3)R30°. Η αλληλεπίδραση ενισχύεται μετά από θέρμανση, οπότε παραμένει στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα Mg. Από την άλλη πλευρά, το MgCl2, ακόμα και σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου αλληλεπιδρά ισχυρά με το Ti(0001), κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Cl. Μετά από θέρμανση, ποσότητα Cl παραμένει συνδεδεμένη με το Ti ενώ απομακρύνεται από την επιφάνεια το Mg. Ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση παρατηρήθηκε μεταξύ MgCl2 και SiO2, ενώ η θέρμανση άφησε στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα οξειδωμένου Mg. Τέλος, μεταλλικό Ti που αποτέθηκε σε μικτό υπόστρωμα MgCl2 /SiO2 παρουσιάζει οξειδωτικές καταστάσεις οφειλόμενες στην ύπαρξη ατόμων Cl και O στην επιφάνεια, ενώ η θέρμανση οδηγεί στη δημιουργία επιφανειακών συμπλόκων, τα οποία είναι πιθανόν να προσομοιάζουν αντίστοιχα είδη στους πρακτικούς καταλύτες.Two model systems, important in heterogeneous catalysis, where investigated using surface sensitive spectroscopies. (A) In the bi-metallic system Sn/Ni, the formation conditions and the mechanism of Sn surface alloying on Ni(111) were initially studied. The epitaxial surface alloy formation with LEED structure(√3×√3)R30°, requires annealing at 7000C of more than 1.2 monolayers Sn. The c(4x2) and c(2x2) structures were found to be an intermediate step of surface alloying. Temperature-programmed desorption showed a gradual blocking of CO adsorption with progressing alloying. The interfacial interactions in Sn /Ni(111) were demonstrated both by electron spectrosopies and via first principle calculations. (B) Surface science compatible model catalysts of the Ziegler-Natta (ZN) system were investigated by electron spectroscopies and He ion scattering on relevant interfaces formed via evaporation of MgCl2 on Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) and SiO2 and upon evaporation of Ti on a MgCl2 /SiO2 mixed substrate.. The weak interaction between MgCl2 and Si(111)7×7 takes place through the Mg atoms, which at low coverage form a new surface structure, namely (√3×√3)R30°. The interaction was stronger after annealing, whereby a submonolayer coverage of Mg atoms remain on the surface. On the other hand, MgCl2 interacts strongly with the Ti substrate even at room temperature via the Cl atoms. Annealing causes the desorption of MgCl2 followed by decomposition, that leaves on the surface only Cl atoms attached to Ti, while no Mg atoms remain on the surface. Only a weak interaction was observed between MgCl2 and SiO2, while annealing resulted in the desorption and decomposition of MgCl2 leaving on the surface a sub-monolayer coverage of oxidized Mg. Upon Ti metal evaporation on the mixed MgCl2 / SiO2 support at room temperature, Ti appears at higher oxidation states, due to reaction with Cl and O atoms at the surface. Annealing causes the formation of surface complexes, which are very likely similar to species formed on practical ZN catalysts.