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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium chloride'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Martinez, Ana Maria, Karin Sende Osen, Egil Skybakmoen, Ole Sigmund Kjos, Geir Martin Haarberg, and Kevin Dring. "New Method for Low-Cost Titanium Production." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.41.

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The present work deals with the investigation of an electrolytic method for titanium production that uses TiO2 enriched titania slag as raw material. The process involves two steps: i) carbothermal reduction of the slag to form titanium oxycarbide powder; and ii) electrolysis in a molten chloride-based electrolyte using a titanium oxycarbide consumable anode. Electrochemical studies show the stability of the different Ti species in the equimolar NaCl-KCl melt at 850oC. These results, together with previous work about the anodic oxidation mechanism of a consumable titanium oxycarbide anode in molten chlorides, allow us to optimize the anode and cathode voltages in the electrolysis experiments. The results show that best quality titanium deposits are obtained when the reduction occurs in a single electrochemical step, i.e. directly from di-valent titanium species to Ti metal. Then, the complete conversion of the Ti(III) ions released from the consumable oxycarbide anode to Ti(II) species by adding Ti sponge to the electrolyte, must be fulfilled.

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2

Narula, Suraj P., Sajeev Soni, Meenu Puri, Rishi D. Anand, and Jugal K. Puri. "Polyfluorophenylaminosilane–Titanium (IV) Chloride Adducts." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 181, no. 7 (June 1, 2006): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426500500366681.

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3

Gold, Helen J. "Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) Chloride." Synlett 1999, no. 1 (January 1999): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-6184.

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4

Popov, B. N., M. C. Kimble, R. E. White, and Z. Koneska. "Anodic behavior of titanium in the presence of titanium(III) chloride in molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic melts." Corrosion Science 33, no. 1 (January 1992): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(92)90022-u.

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5

Kagayama, Akifumi, Koji Igarashi, and Teruaki Mukaiyama. "Efficient method for the preparation of pinacols derived from aromatic and aliphatic ketones by using low-valent titanium reagents in dichloromethane-pivalonitrile." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-010.

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The reductive coupling reaction of aldehydes and ketones, including unsymmetrical aliphatic ketones, proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding pinacols in good to high yields under mild conditions by using combination of titanium(II) chloride and zinc or titanium(IV) chloride and zinc in dichloromethane-pivalonitrile. Meso-selective formation of the coupling products was observed in the cases of some aliphatic ketones. The diastereoselectivities of coupling products depend on both difference of bulkiness of 2-, and 2'-substituents of carbonyl group of the reactant, and overall steric effect around the carbonyl groups.Key words: diastereoselective pinacol reaction, dichloromethane-pivalonitrile, titanium(II) chloride, titanium(IV) chloride, zinc.

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6

K. ZH. DAKIEVA ,, ZH., B. TUSUPOVA,, V. A. SEDELEV,, S. A. GARMASHOVA,, R. S. BEISEMBAEVA,, A. P. TSYGANOV,, and A. S. KAISAROVA. "EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE FACTORS OF TITANIUM-MAGNESIUM PRODUCTION." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, no. 77 (October 15, 2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.16.

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Іn order to clarify the nature of pathological changes in animals that develop under the influence of a complex of toxic gases and dust (titanium dioxide aerosol, titanium metal dust, titanium tetrachloride and its hydrolysis products, as well as chlorine and phosgene), we performed experimental studies directly in the conditions of titanium-magnesium production. This approach, from our point of view, can create the most profitable experimental model that allows for the maximum completeness of the corresponding clinical and experimental Parallels. Therefore, a series of experimental animals were placed on the territory of the three main workshops of JSC «CC TMK». The animals were placed in specially made cages of 25-26 heads each, which were installed at the level of the human respiratory system. Experimental animals of the control series of the experiment were kept on the territory of the plant, but at a considerable distance from the main production shops in a separate, clean, well-ventilated room. The animals of the control group were slaughtered at the same time as the experimental animals. These studies help in the development of evidence-based measures to improve the health of workers engaged in harmful working conditions. In such production conditions, workers often had acute respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis, etc.the degree of retention of compounds containing chlorine anion (chlorine, hydrogen chloride, titanium tetrachloride, phosgene, magnesium dihloride) was relatively high and ranged from 39-85%. At the same time, higher indicators of the degree of delay in all the main workshops were usually observed for gaseous substances (chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene), which is probably due to their good solubility.

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7

Spasojevic, Miroslav, Tomislav Trisovic, Lenka Ribic-Zelenovic, and Pavle Spasojevic. "Development of RuO2/TiO2 titanium anodes and a device for in situ active chlorine generation." Chemical Industry 67, no. 2 (2013): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120414076s.

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Chlorine is used worldwide for water disinfection purposes. However, due to its toxicity the EU has imposed a set of standards that must be applied when transporting and storing chlorine. In Serbia, numerous studies have been conducted attempting to develop the technology for the generation of active chlorine disinfectant but with a non-toxic aqueous solution of sodium chloride as the raw material. This study provides an overview of the titanium anodes activated by thermally obtained solid solution of ruthenium and titanium oxide development. It also presents new findings on the effect of the temperature of thermal treatment, the composition, the thickness of an active coating on its microstructural properties, and consequently on the catalytic activity, ion selectivity, and corrosion stability during active chlorine generation through the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solutions at room temperature. The study also evaluates the effect of the kinetic and operational parameters of the electrochemical process of active chlorine generation on both current and energy efficiencies. The results obtained were used to determine optimal values of technological parameters of the production process. This comprehensive research resulted in the construction of different types of remote-controlled and fully automated active chlorine generating plants.

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8

Pratsinis, Sotiris E., Hebi Bai, Pratim Biswas, Michael Frenklach, and Sebastian V. R. Mastrangelo. "Kinetics of Titanium(IV) Chloride Oxidation." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 73, no. 7 (July 1990): 2158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb05295.x.

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9

Dawson, Alice, Andrew Parkin, Simon Parsons, Colin R. Pulham, and Amy L. C. Young. "Titanium(IV) chloride at 150 K." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 58, no. 10 (September 27, 2002): i95—i97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536802016665.

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10

Rolland, Willy. "Electrodeposition of Titanium from Chloride Melts." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1987-7, no. 1 (January 1987): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/198707.0775pv.

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11

Groeneveld, W. L., J. W. van Spronsen, and H. W. Kouwenhoven. "Titanium-tetra-chloride with phosphorus-trichloride and phosphorus-oxy-chloride." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 72, no. 11 (September 2, 2010): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19530721105.

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12

Li, Yuanyuan, Wei Nie, Yuliang Liu, Dandan Huang, Zheng Xu, Xiang Peng, Christian George, et al. "Photoinduced Production of Chlorine Molecules from Titanium Dioxide Surfaces Containing Chloride." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 7, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00704.

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13

Withers, J. C., V. Shapovalov, R. Storm, and R. O. Loutfy. "The Production of Titanium Alloy Powder." Key Engineering Materials 551 (May 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.551.32.

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Titanium alloy powder provides manufacturing variants to produce a variety of titanium intermediate materials and final products. However, titanium alloy powder is quite expensive at fifteen to thirty times the cost of sponge thus limiting the utilization of titanium powder to produce titanium products. The standard state-of-the-art processing to produce alloy powder results in very high cost of alloy powder. Three new processes have been demonstrated to produce titanium alloy powder at a cost of only 2-5 times the typical cost of sponge. The processes are (1) one step melting of sponge/alloying and gas blowing alloy powder, (2) metallothermic reduction of mixed chloride precursors to produce alloy powder and (3) electrolytic reduction in a fused salt of mixed alloying (TiCl4-AlCl3-VCl4) chlorides. These processes have beeSubscript textn demonstrated to produce low cost titanium alloy powder which can serve as feeds for the variant manufacturing processes to produce low cost titanium products.

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14

Enders, M., R. Rudolph, and H. Pritzkow. "Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Pentakis(dimethylsulfoxid)- oxo-titan(IV)chlorid / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Pentakis(dimethylsulfoxide)-oxo-titanium(IV) Chloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-0411.

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Abstract Pentakis(dimethylsulfoxide)-oxo-titanium(IV) chloride is obtained by reaction of titanium tetrachloride with a stoichiometric amount of water in dimethylsulfoxide. A single crystal structure determination (P1̄, a = 9.564(6), b = 10.504(7), c = 12.510(8) Å, α = 70.21(5), β = 83.48(5), γ = 89.82(5)°, V = 1174 Å3, Z = 2) shows a dicationic titanium(IV) complex with five dimethylsulfoxide ligands and one oxygen atom. The two chlorine anions are not bonded to the complex cation. The TiO6-fragment is a distorted octahedron, where five of the six oxygen atoms belong to the coordinated dimethylsulfoxide molecules.

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15

Popov, B. N., M. C. Kimble, R. E. White, and H. Wendt. "Electrochemical behaviour of titanium(II) and titanium(III) compounds in molten lithium chloride/ potassium chloride eutectic melts." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 21, no. 4 (April 1991): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01020221.

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16

Okour, Y., H. K. Shon, and I. El Saliby. "Characterisation of titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate flocculation in wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 12 (June 1, 2009): 2463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.254.

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Flocculation with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and titanium sulfate (Ti(SO4)2) was investigated in terms of different coagulant doses, pH, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV-254, colour, zeta potential, particle size and molecular weight distribution. The two coagulants were compared with the commonly used coagulants such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) and aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3). Titanium tetrachloride showed the highest turbidity removal, while titanium sulfate showed the highest reduction of UV-254 and colour at all pH values. The four coagulants were found to have similar organic removal up to 60–67% and resulted in similar organic removal in terms of various MW ranges. The decantability of the settled flocs was very high for titanium tetrachloride, titanium sulfate and ferric chloride compared with aluminium sulfate. The dominating coagulation mechanisms for titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate are still to be studied, since different precipitation reactions might take place at different pH even without flocculant addition. Titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate were found as effective new coagulants in wastewater treatment not only in terms of organic matter removal, but also in sludge reduction through the production of titanium dioxide.

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17

Baumgartner, Charles E. "Controlled potential coulometric method to determine the average titanium oxidation state of titanium chlorides in sodium chloride." Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 17 (September 1992): 2001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00041a042.

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18

VENKATARAMANI, Balakrishnan. "Surface Chemical Characteristics of Hydrous Titanium Oxide Prepared from Titanium Chloride." Journal of Ion Exchange 14, Supplement (2003): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_97.

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19

Doblin, Christian, Andrew Chryss, and Andreas Monch. "Titanium Powder from the TiRO™ Process." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.95.

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A new continuous process for the direct production of CP titanium powder is being developed at CSIRO. The TiRO™ process has two major steps. The first step is conducted in a fluidised bed where titanium tetrachloride and magnesium powder react to form small (1.5 µm) titanium metal particles uniformly dispersed inside larger spheroidal magnesium chloride particles with an average particle size of 350 µm. The second step involves vacuum distillation in which the magnesium chloride is removed from the titanium. During vacuum distillation the magnesium chloride is volatilised and the micron sized titanium particles come together to form partially sintered predominantly spheroidal porous particles with a similar shape to the starting particle, some which appeared to be hollow. A mechanism for their formation is proposed. The spheroidal particles are all lightly sintered together. The vacuum distilled product was very lightly ground to liberate the spheroidal particles which had an average particle size of about 200 µm. With further grinding an angular Ti powder was produced. The ground titanium was free flowing and had a tap density of 2.4 g/cm3.

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20

Kumaran, G., and Gurunath H. Kulkarni. "Titanium(IV)chloride-triethylsilane mediated conversion of υ-nitrostyrenes to phenylacetohydroximoyl chlorides." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 48 (November 1994): 9099–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(94)88438-2.

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21

Mach, Karel, Vojtech Varga, Günter Schmid, Jörg Hiller, and Ulf Thewalt. "The Dimeric Structure of Bis(1,3-Dimethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) Chloride." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 9 (1996): 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19961285.

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The X-ray crystal structure analysis of bis(1,3-dimethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride revealed that it is a centrosymmetric chlorine-bridged dimer [(η5-C5H3Me2)2Ti(μ-Cl)]2 (1) with the Ti-Ti distance of 3.9155(8) Å. Its skeleton is virtually identical with those of the [(η5-C5H5)2Ti(μ-Cl)]2 and [(η5-C5H4Me)2Ti(μ-Cl)]2 dimers. The solution EPR study proved that 1 remains a dimer in toluene whereas it dissociates in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) to give (η5-C5H3Me2)2TiCl . MTHF. The EPR spectra of frozen toluene solutions proved that 1 forms the triplet state whose g-tensor and zero-field splitting D are virtually the same as those of [(η5-C5H5)2Ti(μ-Cl)]2.

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22

Kuhn, A., H. Hoppe, J. Strähle, and F. Garcı́a-Alvarado. "Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation in Titanium Nitride Chloride." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 6 (2004): A843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1740782.

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23

Sera, Akira, Toshihiro Tsuzuki, Eishi Satoh, and Kuniaki Itoh. "Titanium(III) Chloride Mediated Reduction of Dicyanoalkenes." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 65, no. 11 (November 1992): 3068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.65.3068.

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24

Ning, Xiaohui, Henrik Åsheim, Hefei Ren, Shuqiang Jiao, and Hongmin Zhu. "Preparation of Titanium Deposit in Chloride Melts." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 42, no. 6 (August 25, 2011): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9559-5.

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25

Snook, Graeme A., Katherine McGregor, Andrew J. Urban, Marshall R. Lanyon, R. Donelson, and Mark I. Pownceby. "Development of a niobium-doped titania inert anode for titanium electrowinning in molten chloride salts." Faraday Discussions 190 (2016): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00235d.

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The direct electrochemical reduction of solid titanium dioxide in a chloride melt is an attractive method for the production of titanium metal. It has been estimated that this type of electrolytic approach may reduce the costs of producing titanium sponge by more than half, with the additional benefit of a smaller environmental footprint. The process utilises a consumable carbon anode which releases a mixture of CO₂and CO gas during electrolysis, but suffers from low current efficiency due to the occurrence of parasitic side reactions involving carbon. The replacement of the carbon anode with a cheap, robust inert anode offers numerous benefits that include: elimination of carbon dioxide emissions, more efficient cell operation, opportunity for three-dimensional electrode configurations and reduced electrode costs. This paper reports a study of Nb-doped titania anode materials for inert anodes in a titanium electrolytic reduction cell. The study examines the effect of niobium content and sintering conditions on the performance of Nb-doped TiO₂anodes in laboratory-scale electrolysis tests. Experimental findings, including performance in a 100 h laboratory electrolysis test, are described.

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26

Mao, Xue Hua, and Dai Jun Liu. "Solvent Extraction and Stripping of Tetravalent Titanium from Acidic Chloride Solutions by Trioctylphosphine Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.616.

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The solvent extraction and stripping of titanium(Ⅳ) from acidic chloride solutions by trioctylphosphine oxide（TOPO） in kerosene has been investigated. The solvent extraction results demonstrate that the extracted titanium is present as TiCl4.2TOPO. The kinetics of the extraction process is very fast, since the equilibrium is reached in 5 min. In addition, the extraction of titanium (Ⅳ) increases with the total chloride concentration in the aqueous phase, as well as with the extractant concentration in the organic phase. The loading capacity of TOPO for titanium (Ⅳ) is 4.60g/100g TOPO. The stripping results show that when the O/A phase radio changing from 1 to 10, titanium (Ⅳ) is completely stripped from the mental loaded organic phase of TOPO with 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. Thus titanium (Ⅳ) can be enriched to tenfold concentration by the stripping.

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27

Tan, Jian Hong, Hai Yan Chen, Sheng Tao Zhang, and Qing Xiang. "The Comparison of Electrolysis Manganese Craft on Stainless Steel and Titanium." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.275.

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In this paper, Potentiodynamic scans and Potentiostatic experiments are used to study manganese electro deposition on stainless steel and titanium substrates from simple chloride solutions with addition of ammonium chloride. The surface morphology and the crystal structure of manganese electrodeposits are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD), respectively. The comparison of electrolysis manganese craft on stainless steel and titanium, It is found that precipitation hydrogen is easier and the cell voltage is higher on stainless steel ,but there are more side reactions on titanium; The cubic crystal form manganese deposite on stainless steel and titanium, but the higher pure degree manganese can be obtained on stainless steel, the depositions on the titanium are imply impurity.

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28

Chen, George Zheng, Derek J. Fray, and Tom W. Farthing. "Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride." Nature 407, no. 6802 (September 2000): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35030069.

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29

Zhu, Fuxing, Liang Li, Dafu Zhang, Shangrun Ma, Zhanshan Ma, and Kehui Qiu. "Separation and Rectification of Chloroacetyl Chloride from TiCl4." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020287.

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Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is an important intermediate material for the preparation of titanium products. The organic impurities in TiCl4 are easily accumulated during the production of titanium sponges due to the problems of imperfect detection methods and the lack of effective control methods, resulting in a poor quality of sponge titanium. Among all impurities, chloroacetyl chloride (CAC) is the most important in TiCl4. Herein, the determination of the CAC content in TiCl4 solution, with a low detection limit of 0.633 ppm, was established by the standard addition method using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. This test method presented good repeatability, excellent accuracy, and moderate precision. Furthermore, the influencing factors of CAC separation in the continuous rectification process, including the heating power (the ratio of total heating power to feed rate), reflux temperature, top tower pressure, and feed temperature were optimized based on an orthogonal experimental design. The experimental data demonstrated that the average CAC removal rate reached 78.94% ± 1.00% under the optimal distillation conditions, with 72.21% of the CAC removed via the off-gas system. Therefore, excellent control of the negative pressure of the tail gas is highly desirable for the removal of CAC impurities.

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30

Omel’chuk, Anatoliy, Olexandr Ivanenko, Yuliia Pohorenko, Tamara Pavlenko, and Igor Skryptun. "INTERACTION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WITH EUTECTIC MELT NaCl - CaCl2." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 11 (December 15, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.11.2020.24-33.

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The results of studies of the interaction of titanium dioxide with the eutectic melt of (0.48) NaCl–(0.52) CaCl2 (mol.) in the temperature range of 823–1073 K are shown. It is established that the interaction of titanium dioxide with the melt of sodium chlorides and calcium is accompanied by the formation in the salt phase of titanium compounds soluble in 1.0% solution of hydrochloric acid, and in the solid residue is recorded calcium titanate, and the number of products formed in both phases substantially. At temperatures above 923 K is formed calcium titanate, the relative amount of which increases with increasing temperature by reducing the equilibrium content of titanium compounds in the salt phase. At temperatures below 923 K, calcium titanate was not detected in the interaction products, and the content of titanium compounds in the salt phase was higher than at higher temperatures. The absence of calcium titanate in the solid residue after prolonged isothermal contact of TiO2 with the NaCl-CaCl2 melt in the temperature range 823–923 K may be due to the fact that at such temperatures, the dissolution of titanium dioxide occurs by physical mechanism or by a mixed physicochemical mechanism. The results of the calculations by the Schroeder-Le Chatelier equation support this. In the specified temperature range, the concentration of titanium compounds increases with temperature. Starting from 923 K the nature of the interaction between titanium dioxide and the melt changes. Apparently at such temperatures (923–1073 K), the contribution of the chemical interaction between the components accompanied by the formation of calcium metatanate and volatile titanium compounds is dominant. The quantitative content of the phase, which in composition in the solid residue is identified as CaTiO3, increases, and the number of titanium compounds in the salt phase (based on TiO2) decreases. The change of isobaric isothermal potential (∆G) in the temperature range of 300–1300 K of the exchange reactions between sodium chloride and calcium and titanium oxide is positive, so self-directed course is unlikely. The lowest Gibbs free energy values correspond to the reaction of the interaction of calcium chloride with titanium dioxide to form titanate or calcium oxide and tetrachloride or titanium oxochloride.

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31

Prando, Davide, Andrea Brenna, Fabio M. Bolzoni, Maria V. Diamanti, Mariapia Pedeferri, and Marco Ormellese. "Electrochemical Anodizing Treatment to Enhance Localized Corrosion Resistance of Pure Titanium." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000344.

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Background Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance due to the thin protective oxide layer that is formed on its surface. Nevertheless, in harsh and severe environments, pure titanium may suffer localized corrosion. In those conditions, costly titanium alloys containing palladium, nickel and molybdenum are used. This purpose investigated how it is possible to control corrosion, at lower cost, by electrochemical surface treatment on pure titanium, increasing the thickness of the natural oxide layer. Methods Anodic oxidation was performed on titanium by immersion in H2SO4 solution and applying voltages ranging from 10 to 80 V. Different anodic current densities were considered. Potentiodynamic tests in chloride- and fluoride-containing solutions were carried out on anodized titanium to determine the pitting potential. Results All tested anodizing treatments increased corrosion resistance of pure titanium, but never reached the performance of titanium alloys. The best corrosion behavior was obtained on titanium anodized at voltages lower than 40 V at 20 mA/cm2. Conclusions Titanium samples anodized at low cell voltage were seen to give high corrosion resistance in chloride- and fluoride-containing solutions. Electrolyte bath and anodic current density have little effect on the corrosion behavior.

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32

Akers, Hugh A., Meng C. Vang, and Tracie D. Updike. "The reduction of specific disulfides with titanium(III) chloride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-230.

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The reaction between titanium(III) chloride and disulfides was investigated. Aryl and alkyl disulfides did not react while heterocyclic aromatic disulfides with a nitrogen α to the sulfur were reduced to the corresponding thiols. Products were identified and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra, and melting point comparisons with authentic compounds. The reductions occurred only in the presence of citrate and were found to require 2 moles of titanium(III) per mole of disulfide.

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33

Shi, Min, Jian-Kang Jiang, and Shi-Cong Cui. "Amine and Titanium (IV) Chloride, Boron (III) Chloride or Zirconium (IV) Chloride-Promoted Baylis-Hillman Reactions." Molecules 6, no. 11 (October 31, 2001): 852–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/61100852.

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34

Surdu, Lilioara, Maria Daniela Stelescu, Elena Manaila, Gheorghe Nicula, Ovidiu Iordache, Laurentiu Christian Dinca, Mariana-Daniela Berechet, Mariana Vamesu, and Dana Gurau. "The Improvement of the Resistance toCandida albicansandTrichophyton interdigitaleof Some Woven Fabrics Based on Cotton." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/763269.

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This paper presents the improvement of the antimicrobial character of woven fabrics based on cotton. The woven fabrics were cleaned in oxygen plasma and treated by padding with silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles. The existence of silver and titanium on woven fabrics was evidenced by electronic microscope images (SEM, EDAX) and by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial tests were performed with two fungi:Candida albicansandTrichophyton interdigitale. The obtained antimicrobial effect was considerably higher compared to the raw fabrics. Treatment of dyed fabrics with a colloidal solution based on silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles does not considerably influence colour resistance of dyes.

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35

Kim, Sung-Yup, and Adri C. T. van Duin. "Simulation of Titanium Metal/Titanium Dioxide Etching with Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride Gases Using the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 117, no. 27 (June 26, 2013): 5655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp4031943.

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36

Liu, Jing, Akram Alfantazi, and Edouard Asselin. "The Effect of Chloride Ions on the Passive Films of Titanium in Sulfuric Acids." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.67.

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The effect of chloride ions on the passivity of titanium in sulfuric acids was investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic anodizing, Mott-Schottky analysis and the point defect model (PDM). The anodizing results indicated that chloride ions facilitate the anodic passivity of titanium in sulfuric acids. Based on the Mott-Schottky analysis in conjunction with the PDM, it was shown that the donor density decreases exponentially with increasing film formation potential. Also, the results indicated that with the increasing concentration of chloride ions, the donor density decreases, while the diffusivity of the donors increases at the same film formation potential.

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37

Nersisyan, H. H., J. H. Lee, and C. W. Won. "Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of nano-sized titanium carbide powder." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 11 (November 2002): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0415.

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The combustion process of a titanium–carbon system with sodium chloride as an inert diluent was investigated. The combustion laws and microstructure of final products according to diluent content were obtained. It was shown that sodium chloride not only decreases combustion temperature but also makes effective protective shells around primary carbide crystals and keeps this ultrafine structure up to the end of combustion. As a result, nano-sized titanium carbide powders were successfully obtained.

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38

Narula, Suraj P., Sajeev Soni, and Meenu Puri. "Polyfluorophenylamino Germanes and Their Titanium (IV) Chloride Adducts." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 183, no. 11 (October 7, 2008): 2714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426500801968219.

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39

Puvvada, G. V. K., R. Sridhar, and V. I. Lakshmanan. "Chloride metallurgy: PGM recovery and titanium dioxide production." JOM 55, no. 8 (August 2003): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0103-1.

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40

Farina, Mario, and Cristiano Puppi. "Electrophilicity of titanium atoms supported on magnesium chloride." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 82, no. 1 (June 1993): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(93)80064-2.

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41

Polyakova, L. P., P. T. Stangrit, and E. G. Polyakov. "Electrochemical study of titanium in chloride-fluoride melts." Electrochimica Acta 31, no. 2 (February 1986): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(86)87102-x.

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42

Jacobsen, Stuart M., Markus Herren, and Hans U. Güdel. "Energy transfer in titanium (II) doped magnesium chloride." Journal of Luminescence 45, no. 1-6 (January 1990): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(90)90197-j.

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43

Cambie, RC, SE Holroyd, DS Larsen, PS Rutledge, and PD Woodgate. "Experiments Directed Towards the Synthesis of Anthracyclinones. XVI. Tin(IV)- and Titanium(IV)-Mediated Cyclizations of ortho-Allyl-Substituted Homochiral Hydroxyanthraquinone Dioxolans." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 10 (1992): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921589.

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Tin(IV) chloride and titanium(IV) chloride mediated cyclizations of the ortho-allyl-substituted homochiral hydroxyanthraquinone acetals (7)-(10), prepared by optimized redictive Claisen rearrangements, have afforded monochloro and dichloro tetracyclic products, the tereochemistry of which has been assigned by using n.m.r. techniques. An Sn2-like process in which the dioxolan ring is maintained as an ion pair intermediate is favoured when either tin(IV) chloride or titanium(IV) chloride is used at -78�. Thereafter the direction of addition of chloride at C9 is largely governed by the orientation of this ion pair. An alternative path which probably involves a free oxocarbenium ion predominates at higher temperatures. An adjacent methoxy group on the anthraquinone lowers the stereoselectivity at both C7 and C9, possibly by bidentate coordination of the Lewis acid involving the quinone carbonyl, the methoxy oxygen and the acetal oxygens.

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44

Kurogi, Takashi, Kaito Kuroki, Shunsuke Moritani, and Kazuhiko Takai. "Structural elucidation of a methylenation reagent of esters: synthesis and reactivity of a dinuclear titanium(iii) methylene complex." Chemical Science 12, no. 10 (2021): 3509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc06366e.

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45

Rahtu, Antti, Mikko Ritala, and Markku Leskelä. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Zirconium Titanium Oxide from Titanium Isopropoxide and Zirconium Chloride." Chemistry of Materials 13, no. 5 (May 2001): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0012062.

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46

Chen, Chien-An, Liang-Ying Chiang, and Han-Mou Gau. "Dichlorido(N,N′-dibenzylideneethane-1,2-diamine-κ2 N,N′)[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylmethanolato)-κ2 O,O′]titanium(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (October 31, 2007): m2842—m2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807052725.

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The title compound, [TiCl2(C31H28O4)(C16H16N2)], is a titanium(IV) complex of the bidentate 2,2-dimethyl-α,α,α′,α′-tetraphenyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanolate (TADDOLate) ligand containing also two chloride ions and a bidentate neutral N,N′-dibenzylideneethane-1,2-diamine ligand. The molecular structure has a distorted octahedral geometry around the titanium metal center. The Ti—N bond lengths of 2.246 (2) and 2.2476 (17) Å are long, indicating weak bonding between the titanium(IV) metal center and the imine N atoms. Though the two chloride ligands are trans to each other, they bend away from the Ti–TADDOLate bonds with a Cl—Ti—Cl angle of 163.96 (3)°.

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47

Flengas, S. N. "SOLUBILITIES OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE IN MIXTURES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND THE ELECTRODE POTENTIALS OF THE TITANIUM CHLORIDES IN 1/1 (MOLE) KCl-NaCl SOLUTIONS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 79, no. 11 (December 15, 2006): 853–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42759.x.

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48

Cameron, Mailer, and Brian G. Gowenlock. "The coordination complexes of nitrosobenzene with tin(IV) chloride and titanium(IV) chloride." Polyhedron 11, no. 21 (January 1992): 2781–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)83636-0.

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Lantelme, Frédéric, Kensuke Kuroda, and Abdeslam Barhoun. "Electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of titanium chloride solutions in various alkali chloride mixtures." Electrochimica Acta 44, no. 2-3 (September 1998): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00168-6.

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Kang, Jungshin, Gyeonghye Moon, Min-Seuk Kim, and Toru H. Okabe. "Production of High-Grade Titanium Dioxide Directly from Titanium Ore Using Titanium Scrap and Iron Chloride Waste." Metals and Materials International 25, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0175-7.

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