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Journal articles on the topic 'Titanium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2025

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1

Asif Mammadov, Asif Mammadov, Gunel Pashazade, Afarida Gasymova, and Ulviya Sharifova. "Production of Iron, Titanium Dioxide Modofocations and Titanium." Chemistry and Chemical Technology 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.02.227.

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2

Ota, Akinori, Masahiro Yamazaki, and Hiroshi Izui. "Effects of Raw Powder Morphology and Size on Tensile Properties of SPS-Consolidated TiB/Ti Composites." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.276.

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Titanium matrix composites (TMC) exhibit excellent specific strength and corrosion resistance. TiB whiskers can be formed in titanium by solid-state reaction between titanium and TiB2 powders. The formation of TiB whiskers results in the improvement of tensile strength, Young's modulus and Vickers hardness. In this study, TiB reinforced pulverized or gas atomized pure titaniums were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. We focus on the effects of the powder morphology and size on the tensile properties of TiB/Ti composites. We will investigate the sintering performance and microstructures of TiB/Ti composites.

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3

El Khalloufi, Mohammed, Olivier Drevelle, and Gervais Soucy. "Titanium: An Overview of Resources and Production Methods." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121425.

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For several decades, the metallurgical industry and the research community worldwide have been challenged to develop energy-efficient and low-cost titanium production processes. The expensive and energy-consuming Kroll process produces titanium metal commercially, which is highly matured and optimized. Titanium’s strong affinity for oxygen implies that conventional Ti metal production processes are energy-intensive. Over the past several decades, research and development have been focusing on new processes to replace the Kroll process. Two fundamental groups are categorized for these methods: thermochemical and electrochemical. This literature review gives an insight into the titanium industry, including the titanium resources and processes of production. It focuses on ilmenite as a major source of titanium and some effective methods for producing titanium through extractive metallurgy processes and presents a critical view of the opportunities and challenges.

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4

Mitrofanova, Galina, Valentina Marchevskaya, and Anastasiya Taran. "Flotation separation of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline-titanite ores of anomalous zones of the Khibiny deposits." Записки Горного института 256 (November 10, 2022): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.81.

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Titanium raw materials are widely used for the synthesis of various functional materials – sorbents of radionuclides and rare earth elements, various additives, filler pigments, etc. Since most of titanium concentrates are imported, in line with the import substitution program, production of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits is a promising trend for supplying national industry with titanium raw materials. The article presents the results of laboratory studies of flotation separation of titanite concentrate from apatite-nepheline-titanite ores extracted from the upper ore horizon of the Koashvinskoye deposit, where titanite-enriched ores are concentrated. Recovery of titanite concentrate was accomplished using two reagent modes – a mixture of alkyl hydroxamic and carboxylic acids with the addition of distilled tall oil and a mixture of tall oils with the addition of polyalkyl benzene sulfonic acids. The results of the research showed that the first flotation mode, which allows a selective recovery of titanite into the concentrate (titanite content in the concentrate was 93.5 %) is the most efficient. It was shown that flotation separation of titanite concentrate is preferable compared to the chemical method based on sulfuric acid leaching.

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5

Stanec, Zlatko, Jasna Halambek, Krešimir Maldini, Martin Balog, Peter Križik, Zdravko Schauperl, and Amir Ćatić. "Titanium Ions Release from an Innovative Titanium-Magnesium Composite: an in Vitro Study." Acta Stomatologica Croatica 50, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15644/asc50/1/6.

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6

Alhmoud, Lina, Abdul Raouf Al Dairy, Hossam Faris, and Ibrahim Aljarah. "Prediction of Hysteresis Loop of Barium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles Based on Neuroevolutionary Models." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061079.

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Neuroevolutionary models are used to predict magnetic hysteresis for barium hexaferrites (to predict magnetic hysteresis for barium hexaferrites). Magnetic hysteresis for a specific set of samples of barium hexaferrite doped with titanium were measured experimentally at room temperature and reported before. Neural networks are trained using these experimental data in order to generate magnetization and predict magnetic hysteresis for various concentrations of titanum. We present the prediction for various methods of neural calculations and the deviations from actual data results were negligible. Finally, the predictions of magnetic hysteresis are summerized for the titanume concentration between 0.0 and 1.0.

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7

Lacki, Piotr, and Konrad Adamus. "Numerical Simulation of Welding Thin Titanium Sheets." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.407.

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Different titanium grades are used in aircraft construction because of titaniums unique properties. These materials are mostly joined by different welding methods. Electron beam welding technology is often used in the aircraft industry to join structural elements made of titanium alloys. The goal of the work is a numerical analysis of the electron beam welding process applied to joining thin titanium sheets. The analysis was performed using finite element method, FEM. Temperature distribution, size of heat affected zone (HAZ), depth and width of fusion zone were determined for the assumed heat source model. Thermo-mechanical (TMC) simulation of the electron beam welding process using FEM is presented in the paper. The joining of two sheets, one made of commercially pure titanium Grade 2 and the other made of titanium alloy Grade 5 (Ti6Al4V), is analysed in the work. For the sheet welding process distributions of temperature, effective stress, and sheet deformation were calculated.

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8

Tsyryatieva, A. V. "Effect of titanosilicate additives on the strength of a self-cleaning cement stone." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 3-2020 (November 25, 2020): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.3.4.045.

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The possibility of modifying cement composite by titanosilicate additive, consisting of the mixture of silicon and titanium oxides (TSP —titanosilicate precipitate), obtained by coprecipitation during the interaction of titanite with hydrochloric acid was studied. The properties of the modified TSP cement composite and mechanically prepared mixtures of titanium dioxide (anatase) with silica and titanium dioxide (rutile) with silica are compared. It has been shown that titanosilicate additives in cement compositions increase the compressive strength and give the surface self-cleaning properties.

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9

Rocha-Rangel, Enrique, David Hernández-Silva, Eduardo Terrés-Rojas, and Enrique Martínez-Franco. "Alumina-based composites strengthened with titanium and titanium carbide dispersions." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 62, no. 3 (2010): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2010.15.

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10

Vasylyeva, H., M. Tsyba, Yu Kylivnyk, and V. Yakovlev. "The Influence of Chemical Modificate of Surface of Titanium Phosphate on its Ability to Sorb Strontium Ions From Aqueous Solutions." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.4.548-551.

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The influence of chemical modificate of surface of titanium phosphate on its ability to sorb of strontium ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The samples of titanium phosphate were modificated by NH4OH solution and irradiate by Bremsstrahlung gamma rays. It was shown, that phosphate titanium’s ability to sorb of strontium ions from aqueous solutions is increasing after modificated.

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11

Bachoura, Abdo, Ruriko Yoshida, Christian Lattermann, and Srinath Kamineni. "Late Removal of Titanium Hardware from the Elbow Is Problematic." ISRN Orthopedics 2012 (February 6, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/256239.

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A retrospective review of 21 patients that underwent bone screw removal from the elbow was studied in relation to the type of metal, duration of implantation, and the location of the screws about the elbow. Screw failure during extraction was the dependent variable. Five of 21 patients experienced hardware failure during extraction. Fourteen patients had titanium alloy implants. In four cases, titanium screws broke during extraction. Compared to stainless steel, titanium screw failure during removal was not statistically significant (P=0.61). Screw removal 12 months after surgery was more likely to result in broken, retained screws in general (P=0.046) and specifically for titanium alloy (P=0.003). Bone screws removed from the distal humerus or proximal ulna had an equal chance of fracturing (P=0.28). There appears to be a time-related association of titanium alloy bone screw failure during hardware removal cases from the elbow. This may be explained by titanium’s properties and osseointegration.

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12

Saber, Osama, Hicham Mahfoz Kotb, Mostafa Osama, and Hassan A. Khater. "An Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of Industrial Pollutants through Converting Titanium Oxide to Magnetic Nanotubes and Hollow Nanorods by Kirkendall Effect." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030440.

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Controlling of morphology from nanoparticles to magnetic nanotubes and hollow nanorods are interesting for developing the photo-active materials and their applications in the field of photocatalysis and decontamination of aquatic effluents. In the current study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites were prepared by different techniques to produce various morphologies. The nanoparticles of pure titanium dioxide were prepared by sol-gel technique. Magnetic nanotubes and hollow nanorods were prepared by combining titanium with di- and tri-valent iron through two stages: urea hydrolysis and solvent thermal technique. According to the Kirkendall effect, magnetic nanotubes were fabricated by unequal diffusion of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Ti4+ inside the nanocomposite to produce maghemite-titanian phase. In the same trend, hollow nanorods were synthesized by limited diffusion of both trivalent iron and tetravalent titanium producing amorphous structure of titanium iron oxides. The magnetic and optical properties showed that these nanotubes and hollow nanorods are magnetically active and optically more effective compared with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Therefore, the Naphthol green B dye completely disappeared after 45 min of UV light irradiation in presence of the hollow nanorods. The kinetic study confirmed the high performance of the hollow nanorods for the photocatalytic degradation of Naphthol green B compared with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

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13

Goenharto, Sianiwati, and Achmad Sjafei. "Breket titanium (Titanium bracket)." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v38.i3.p120-123.

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14

Withers, J. C., V. Shapovalov, R. Storm, and R. O. Loutfy. "There is Low Cost Titanium Componentry Today." Key Engineering Materials 551 (May 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.551.11.

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In spite of titanium’s excellent combinations of lightweight, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance it has been excluded from many applications because of its high cost in fabricated componentry. The major cost to produce a titanium alloy component is the processing of the sponge into alloy plus the several processing steps for fabricating the final finished component. If low cost titanium is to become a reality, the cost of post sponge processing to final finished components must be dramatically reduced. Processing to convert sponge directly in one step to an alloyed near net shape low cost component has been demonstrated. The mechanical properties are equivalent to better than standard processed wrought titanium. Example, automotive components and other applications that confirm titanium componentry at substantially lower cost than standard processing will be provided.

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15

Khabas, Tamara, Ekaterina Kulinich, Victor Merkulov, Сhristoph Roesli, and Mihail Martusevich. "Development of Radioactive Sources on the Basis of Bioinert Ceramic Materials for Medical Applications and their Pre-Clinical Testing." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.286.

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In this article, both the composition and composite properties of radioactive sources for medical applications are worked out and studied. The bases of these sources are bioinert ceramic solids and radionuclides. The active source is constituted from dispersed radioactive yttriа oxide or strontium oxide monolithically encapsulated with bioinert glass flux. The thermal expansion properties of the analyzed composites are highly similar to the ones of both titanium metal and titanum alloys. Therefore, the developed radioactive sources can be mounted on titanium holder. Importantly, all utilized elements and alloys are already applied in medicine. In this article we demonstrate the use of a radioactive β-source placed on a titanium holder. The device is finally applied in a oncological model disease treatment.

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16

Li, A. H., T. Li, X. G. Chen, W. B. Guo, H. T. Xue, and C. X. Chen. "Effect of copper interlayer to the microstructure and strength of alumina/304 stainless steel joint brazed with silver‐copper‐titanium filler." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 54, no. 12 (December 2023): 1717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202300082.

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AbstractAlumina and 304 stainless steel were brazed with silver‐copper‐titanium filler+copper foil. The effect of adding copper foil to the filler on the microstructure of the alumina/304 joint was studied, and the reasons for the effect of adding copper foil with different thicknesses on the joint performance were also analyzed. The standard microstructure of alumina/304 joint with silver‐copper‐titanium+copper foil filler is alumina ceramic/copper compound with titanium and oxygen (3 : 3 : 1) (Cu3Ti3O) continuous layer+copper titanide (TiCu)/silver solid solution+copper solid solution/titanium compound with iron (1 : 2) (TiFe2)+iron‐chromium compound/304 stainless steel. The added copper foil inhibits the diffusion of titanium elements, thereby reducing the formation of the brittle copper compound with titanium and oxygen (3 : 3 : 1) (Cu3Ti3O) and alleviating the residual stress. In addition, after adding copper foil, the copper solid solution is distributed in blocks in the joint, which also improves the plastic deformation ability of the joint. Under the synergistic effect of these two effects after adding copper foil, the joint strength is improved. When the copper foil was 200 μm, the shear strength is 198.10 MPa.

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17

Gerasimova, Lidia G., Anatoly I. Nikolaev, Ekaterina S. Shchukina, and Marina V. Maslova. "Titanite-Containing Mineral Compositions and Their Chemical Treatment with Preparation of Functional Materials." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071599.

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The waste of apatite-nepheline ore processing was chosen as the material of study for the present investigation. The chemical and phase compositions have been analyzed and the route of the new technology has been developed. Treatment of the waste with diluted hydrochloric acid enables to separate apatite, nepheline, titano-magnetite minerals from titanite (CaSiTiO5). The obtained titanite concentrate contains 30–32% of titanium dioxide. Interaction of titanite with hydrochloric acid under heating and stirring conditions results in calcium leaching. The titanite decomposition is accompanied by titanium and silica oxides precipitation. The resulting solid has been used as a precursor for the synthesis of functional materials. Mechanochemical activation of the precursor provides the structural and morphological disorder of the initial particles. Thermodynamic stability of activated particles is achieved by chemisorption or roasting.

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18

Maksimkin, Aleksey V., Fedor S. Senatov, Kirill Niaza, Tarek Dayyoub, and Sergey D. Kaloshkin. "Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Titanium-Hybrid Implant for Bone-Defect Replacement." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133010.

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A hybrid implant with a structure mimicking that of natural bone was developed. Titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V prepared with three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology was used to simulate the cortical-bone layer. The mismatch in the mechanical properties of bone and titanium alloy was solved by creating special perforations in the titanium’s surface. Porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with high osteogenous properties was used to simulate the cancellous-bone tissue. A method for creating a porous UHMWPE structure inside the titanium reinforcement is proposed. The porous UHMWPE was studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm that the pores that formed were open, interconnected, and between 50 and 850 μm in size. Mechanical-compression tests done on the obtained UHMWPE/titanium-hybrid-implant samples showed that their mechanical properties simulated those of natural bone.

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19

KINO, Keisuke. "Titanium Anodizing - Color Titanium Method." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.73.38.

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20

Suzuki, R. O., Y. Yashima, N. Suzuki, E. Ahmadi, S. Natsui, and T. Kikuchi. "Titanium Production via Titanium Sulfide." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032107003.

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A new metallurgical process via titanium sulfide from ilmenite is proposed and experimentally approved: It consists of several stages; 1) The ilmenite ore is exposed to gaseous CS2 to selectively sulfurize to FeS, which is wet-chemically removed. 2) The residual oxide is again exposed to CS2 to form TiS2. 3) TiS2 is electrochemically reduced to metallic Ti using molten CaCl2-CaS as an application of OS process. TiFeO3 was exposed to Ar-CS2 mixed gas flow at 1173 K to form the mixture of FeS+TiO2. FeS was easily separated by immersing in H2SO4 solution at 313 K. After recovery of TiO2, it was converted completely to TiS2 by the second sulfurization with CS2. TiS2 could be reduced to Ti powder by calciothermic reduction and simulteneous electrolysis in a CaS-CaCl2 melt for about 6 hours at 1173 K and 3.0 V. The impurity decreased to a low level such as 0.021 mass%S due to very small solubility of S in a-Ti. However, 1.06 mass%O remained because of wide solubility of oxygen in a-Ti and water contamination in initial CaCl2.

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21

Firstov, S. A., S. V. Tkachenko, and N. N. Kuz’menko. "Titanium “irons” and titanium “steels”." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 51, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-009-9119-7.

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22

Morsi, K. "Review: titanium–titanium boride composites." Journal of Materials Science 54, no. 9 (January 8, 2019): 6753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03283-w.

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23

Duncan, Austin, Baviththira Suganthan, Hamid Asadi, Or Zolti, and Ramaraja Ramasamy. "Evaluation of Microbiologically Induced Corrosion in the Presence of Streptococcus Mutans." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0210700mtgabs.

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Titanium and titanium alloys are used in biomedical implants such as dental screws due to their excellent mechanical strength and high resistance to corrosion. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is largely due to the formation of a passive oxide layer on the titanium surface when in contact with oxygen. For the application of use in dental implants, titanium’s ability to withstand corrosion in the presence of oral bacteria is of utmost importance, specifically in the presence of Streptococcus mutans, the most common plaque causing oral bacteria. Previous literature has explored the effects of the formation of a S. mutans biofilm on the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium [1]. A decrease in corrosion resistance is observed following the formation of the biofilm, however this decrease in corrosion resistance does not invalidate the viability of titanium for use in orthodontic systems. Due to the electrochemical and material similarities between titanium and zirconium, including the formation of a passive oxide layer on the zirconium surface and high material strength, there is evidence to suggest zirconium and zirconium alloys may be a viable alternative to titanium for these applications [2]. Previous literature has explored the use of titanium-zirconium alloys in such applications and found no decrease in their ability to withstand colonization and microbiologically induced corrosion in the presence of Streptococci species relative to commercially available titanium [3]. The aim of this current research is to begin the exploration of the feasibility of zirconium based materials in orthodontic applications by investigating the microbiologically induced corrosion of commercially pure zirconium and a zirconium-niobium alloy in the presence of S. mutans and compare them against commercially pure titanium. References: [1] Souza, Júlio C.M., et al. “Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium in the Presence of Streptococcus Mutans.” Journal of Dentistry, vol. 41, no. 6, 2013, pp. 528–534., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.008. [2] Renganathan, Gunarajulu, et al. “Orthopedical and Biomedical Applications of Titanium and Zirconium Metals.” Fundamental Biomaterials: Metals, 2018, pp. 211–241., https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102205-4.00010-6. [3] Siddiqui, Danyal A., et al. “Evaluation of Oral Microbial Corrosion on the Surface Degradation of Dental Implant Materials.” Journal of Periodontology, vol. 90, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–81., https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.18-0110.

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24

Golubeva, I. I., A. S. Shuisky, V. N. Filippov, E. M. Tropnikov, S. I. Isaenko, I. N. Burtsev, and V. N. Ledentsov. "New data on titanium mineralization in fenitized precambrian carbonate rocks of Middle Timan bystrinskaya series." Vestnik of Geosciences 6 (2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2021.6.4.

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Fenitized Precambrian carbonate rocks (Middle Timan) are parent rocks for bauxite — phosphate weathering crusts. Therefore, the mineral composition of fenites, characterized by rich and varied mineralization, is of great interest. Titanium minerals especially attract attention, since their high concentrations are noted in bauxite-phosphate weathering crusts. For example, in the bauxites of the Verkhne-Shchugorsk area, the amount of rutile may reach 6000—7000 g/t. Titanium mineralization is represented by titanite, rutile, anatase, and cassite.

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25

Cavalcanti, Yuri Wanderley, Rodrigo Villamarim Soares, Marina Araújo Leite Assis, Elton Gonçalves Zenóbio, and Francisco Mauro da Silva Girundi. "Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 2 (2015): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1651.

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ABSTRACT Some surface treatments performed on titanium can alter the composition of salivary pellicle formed on this abiotic surface. Such treatments modify the titanium's surface properties and can promote higher adsorption of proteins, which allow better integration of titanium to the biotic system. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between salivary proteins and titanium disks with different surface treatments. Materials and methods Machined titanium disks (n = 48) were divided into four experimental groups (n = 12), according to their surface treatments: surface polishing (SP); acid etching (A); spot-blasting plus acid etching (SB-A); spot-blasting followed by acid etching and nano-functionalization (SB-A-NF). Titanium surfaces were characterized by surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were incubated with human saliva extracted from submandibular and sublingual glands. Total salivary protein adsorbed to titanium was quantified and samples were submitted to western blotting for mucin glycoprotein 2 (MG2) and lactoferrin identification. Results Surface roughness was statistically higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that titanium surface treatments increased surface roughness with higher number of porous and scratches for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Total protein adsorption was significantly higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups (p < 0.05), which also presented higher interactions with MG2 and lactoferrin proteins. Conclusion The roughing of titanium surface by spot-blasting plus acid etching treatments contribute to higher interaction with salivary proteins, such as MG2 and lactoferrin. Clinical significance Titanium surface roughing increases the interactions of the substratum with salivary proteins, which can influence the integration of dental implants and their components to the oral environment. However, those treatments should be used carefully intraorally, avoiding increase biofilm formation. How to cite this article Cavalcanti YW, Soares RV, Assis MAL, Zenóbio EG, da Silva Girundi FM. Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(2):141-146.

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Pribytkov, Gennady A., Anton V. Baranovskiy, Victoria V. Korzhova, Irina A. Firsina, Kirill O. Akimov, and Vladimir P. Krivopalov. "Study of synthesis products in mechanically activated mixtures of copper titanides with carbon." Himičeskaâ fizika i mezoskopiâ 26, no. 1 (2024): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.62669/17270227.2024.1.10.

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Metal matrix composites reinforced with dispersed carbide particles have an optimal combination of strength and wear resistance. The composites are used as structural materials, wear-resistant materials and coatings as well as functional materials. Copper matrix composites for electrical purposes are strengthened with particles of refractory compounds (carbides, borides, silicides). They are used to manufacture breaking electrical contacts which have increased resistance to erosion under the electric arc exposure. The highest arc erosion resistance is achieved by composites with a structure, in which submicron particles of refractory compounds are homogeneously distributed in the copper matrix. Powder technologies are used to obtain the copper matrix composites. A large number of publications concerns with the production of copper matrix composites strengthened by dispersed particles of titanium diboride. The composite powder was obtained by self-propagating high- temperature synthesis (SHS) occurring through mechanically activated mixtures of titanium, copper and carbon. The synthesis products were compacted by spark plasma sintering (SPS). In the present work, the microstructure, elemental and phase composition of the products of the synthesis reaction occurring through mechanically activated reactant powder mixtures of copper titanides with carbon (soot) subjected to additional heat treatment were studied using the methods of X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Copper matrix composites strengthened by carbide particles were obtained by copper reduction from intermetallic compounds (copper titanides) via reaction: TimCun+ C → TiC + Cu. The use of the copper titanides instead of titanium and copper powders eliminates the blocking of surface titanium-carbon reaction by copper during the mechanical activation of titanium-copper-carbon powder mixtures. This ensures a more complete conversion of titanium carbide in the synthesis reaction. It is established that the dispersion of the carbide phase in the structure of the synthesized ‘titanium carbide-copper binder’ composite depends on the elemental ratio of titanium and copper in the reaction mixtures. With an equiatomic content of titanium and copper the synthesis results in a matrix-type composite, in the structure of which submicron (less than 300 nm) carbide inclusions are homogeneously distributed throughout the copper binder. Unreacted copper and titanium in the titanide powders do not prevent the attainment of target phase composition of the synthesis products that include only titanium carbide and copper.

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27

Kováčik, Peter, Vladimír Šimanský, Pavel Ryant, Marek Renčo, and Jozef Hudec. "Determination of the Titanium Contents in the Winter Oilseed Rape Plants (Brassica napus L.) by the Application of Fertilizer Containing Titanium." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 1 (2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664010081.

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In order to obtain the information about changes of titanium contents in the phytomass during the growing season of winter oilseed rape and about the titanium contents drawn by the rape yield during two farming years the small plot field trial was established. In the trial the fertilizer Mg-Titanit (MgTi) containing 8.5 g of titanium in 1 liter was used. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments. 0 – control treatment without MgTi fertilizer; 2xTi0.2 – two applications of MgTi in the dose of 0.2 l/ha; 3xTi0.2 – three applications of MgTi in the dose of 0.2 l/ha; 2xTi0.4 – two applications of MgTi in the dose of 0.4 l/ha; 3xTi0.4 – three applications of MgTi in the dose of 0.4 l/ha. The fertilizer was applied in spring during two, or three different growth stages: BBCH 50, BBCH 59, BBCH 66. The first plant sampling was carried out shortly before the first application of fertilizer (BBCH 50). The second, third and fourth sampling was taken 2–3 weeks after the application of Mg-Titanitu (BBCH 59, BBCH 66, BBCH 71). The obtained results showed that the titanium content in the phytomass of rape was falling during the monitored period. The titanium content in the rape aboveground phytomass varied in the interval from 16.81 to 67.6 mg/kg and in the root in the interval from 56.6 to 258.81 mg/kg. The titanium application on plant leaves in the quantities from 3.4 to 10.2 g per hectare of soil did not have the unambiguous impact on the titanium content in the rape phytomass. In the yield of one tonne of seed and appropriate quantity of rape straw on average 20 grams of titanium was taken in.

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28

Sooknoi, Tawan, Siriya Jiamesakul, Sitthisuntron Supothina, Angkhana Jaroenworaluck, Thammarat Panyathanmaporn, and Kannikar Juengsuwattananon. "G-1 Metal-loaded Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as Oxidation Catalyst(Session: Titanium Oxide)." Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.126.

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29

Francis, J. A. "Titanium." Materials Science and Technology 35, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1573031.

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30

Peacock, David. "Titanium:." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 39, no. 12 (December 1992): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007316.

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31

CONNELLY, THOMAS M. "TITANIUM." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 36 (September 8, 2003): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p070.

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32

Lynam, Mary. "Titanium." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 127, no. 1-2 (September 1993): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)80054-9.

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33

DeMaris, Rose. "Titanium." New England Review 44, no. 1 (2023): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ner.2023.0021.

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34

Yonesawa, K. "Welding of titanium and titanium alloys." Welding International 1, no. 12 (January 1987): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709452163.

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35

Goren, S. D., C. Korn, H. Riesemeier, E. Rössler, and K. Lüders. "Titanium Knight shift in titanium hydride." Physical Review B 34, no. 10 (November 15, 1986): 6917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.34.6917.

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36

Alivov, Yahya, Z. Y. Fan, and D. Johnstone. "Titanium nanotubes grown by titanium anodization." Journal of Applied Physics 106, no. 3 (August 2009): 034314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3187927.

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37

Tepper, T., D. Shechtman, D. van Heerden, and D. Josell. "fcc titanium in titanium/silver multilayers." Materials Letters 33, no. 3-4 (December 1997): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(97)00095-5.

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38

Najafova, Lamia, and Hüseyin Mehmet Kurtulmuş. "Protetik Diş Tedavisinde Titanyum Alerjisi Titanium Allergy In Prosthodontics." AYDIN DENTAL 6, no. 2 (2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/iau.dental.2015.009/dental_v06i2006.

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39

Miralami, Raheleh, Laura Koepsell, Thyagaseely Premaraj, Bongok Kim, Geoffrey M. Thiele, J. Graham Sharp, Kevin L. Garvin, and Fereydoon Namavar. "Comparing Biocompatibility of Nanocrystalline Titanium and Titanium-Oxide with Microcrystalline Titanium." MRS Proceedings 1569 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.804.

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ABSTRACTTitanium (Ti) is the material of choice for orthopaedic applications because it is biocompatible and encourages osteoblast ingrowth. It was shown that the biocompatibility of Ti metal is due to the presence of a thin native sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide layer which enhances the adsorption of mediating proteins on the surface [1]. The present studies were devised to evaluate the adhesion, survival, and growth of cells on the surface of new engineered nano-crystal films of titanium and titanium oxides and compare them with orthopaedic-grade titanium with microcrystals. The engineered nano-crystal films with hydrophilic properties are produced by employing an ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique. IBAD combines physical vapor deposition with concurrent ion beam bombardment in a high vacuum environment to produce films (with 3 to 70 nm grain size) with superior properties. These films are “stitched” to the artificial orthopaedic implant materials with characteristics that affect the wettability and mechanical properties of the coatings.To characterize the biocompatibility of these nano-engineered surfaces, we have studied osteoblast function including cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation on different nanostructured samples. Cell responses to surfaces were examined using SAOS-2 osteoblast-like cells. We also studied a correlation between the surface nanostructures and the cell growth by characterizing the SAOS-2 cells with immunofluorescence and measuring the amount alizarin red concentration produced after 7 and 14 days. The number of adherent cells was determined by means of nuclei quantification on the nanocrystalline Ti, TiO2, and microcrystalline Ti and analysis was performed with Image J. Our experimental results indicated that nanocrystalline TiO2 is superior to both nano and microcrystalline Ti in supporting growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Improving the quality of surface oxide, i.e. fabricating stoichiometric oxides as well as nanoengineering the surface topology, is crucial for increasing the biocompatibility of Ti implant materials.

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40

M, Saktheesh, and Dr Boopathi R. "Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure Evolution of Titanium Alloys with Hot Working Process." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55131.

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Abstract: The behaviour of the high-temperature deformation mechanism of titanium alloys at different temperatures and strain rates and the associated changes in the microstructure have been studied. In addition to good heat transfer properties, titanium has a low density, can be reinforced with alloys, and can be deformed and formed to increase strength. Titanium is nonmagnetic and a good conductor of heat. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is slightly lower than that of steel and less than half that of aluminium. Titanium's combination of mechanical and physical properties, as well as its resistance to corrosion, m ake it an ideal material for critical applications in the aerospace, industrial, chemical and energy sectors. It has been found t hat the appropriate parameters of the titanium deformation process are different temperature conditions and strain rates. The influence of the micro-structural properties of the deformed specimen was studied and correlated with the test temperature, total strain and strain rate to develop a constitutive equation for the relationship between yield strength, strain rate and temperature. Micro-structural studies were performed on the sample and the results analysed..

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41

Benea, Lidia, Iulian Bounegru, Alexandra Forray, Elena Roxana Axente, and Daniela Laura Buruiana. "Preclinical EIS Study of the Inflammatory Response Evolution of Pure Titanium Implant in Hank’s Biological Solution." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 18, 2023): 4837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124837.

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Pure titanium (Ti) is investigated in a pre-clinical study in Hank’s biological solution using electrochemical methods, open circuit potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to highlight the time effect in extreme body conditions, such as inflammatory diseases, on degradability due to corrosion processes occurring on the titanium implant. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data are presented as Nyquist and Bode plots. The results show the increasing reactivity of titanium implants in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is an oxygen-reactive compound that describes inflammatory conditions. The polarization resistance, which results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, declined dramatically from the highest value registered in Hank’s solution to smaller values registered in all solutions when different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were tested. The EIS analysis provided insights into titanium’s in vitro corrosion behavior as an implanted biomaterial, which could not be solely obtained through potentiodynamic polarization testing.

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42

Watazu, Akira, Kay Teraoka, Hirofumi Kido, Kenzo Morinaga, Kae Okamatsu, Yoshiyuki Nagashima, Masaro Matsuura, and Naobumi Saito. "Formation of Titanium Oxide/Titanium/Plastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.487.

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Titanium oxide/ titanium/ plastic composite implants were formed by coating commercially pure titanium thin films on the surfaces of plastic cylinders by DC magnetron sputtering method. The composite is uniformly formed and the surface of the composite implant is smooth. The implants in rat tibias were not broken and the films on the surfaces of the samples did not decompose. The samples with bone were able to cut by diamond knife and observations between bone and titanium oxide on titanium by TEM succeeded. Therefore, the composite is useful for implants or observations the interactions between titanium oxide and bone in detail.

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43

DAI, J. J., and S. Q. HOU. "LASER GAS NITRIDING OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS." Surface Review and Letters 16, no. 06 (December 2009): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x09013311.

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Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in many fields due to some of their characteristics such as light density, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, poor mechanical performances limit their practical applications. Laser gas nitriding is a promising method used to improve the surface properties of components. Recent developments on laser gas nitriding of titanium and titanium alloys are reviewed. The processing parameters have important effects on the resulting characteristics of titanium and titanium alloys. The resulting microstructure and properties of laser gas nitrided specimens are presented. The problems to be solved and the prospects in the field of laser gas nitriding of titanium and titanium alloys are discussed.

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44

Guu, Yeong Yan, Jen Fin Lin, and Chi-Fong Ai. "The tribological characteristics of titanium nitride, titanium carbonitride and titanium carbide coatings." Thin Solid Films 302, no. 1-2 (June 1997): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(96)09546-6.

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45

Kiparisov, S. S., Yu V. Levinskii, O. V. Padalko, A. P. Petrov, and I. P. Deulina. "Properties of titanium carbide powders produced from titanium and titanium alloy swarf." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 24, no. 8 (August 1985): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00791944.

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46

Sung, Tek Kyoung, In-Shup Ahn, Sung-Yeal Bae, Woo Hyun Jeong, Dong-Kyu Park, Kwang Chul Jung, and You-Young Kim. "Characteristics of Titanium Carbide Fabricated by Fine Titanium Hydride Powder." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2005.12.3.174.

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47

Kostyk, Kateryna, and Viktoriya Kostyk. "Nanodispersed boriding of titanium alloy." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet. Pratsi, no. 3 (December 23, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.3.47.2015.04.

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48

Protokovilov, I. V., T. Beinerts, V. B. Porokhonko, and D. A. Petrov. "ESR of titanium in vacuum." Paton Welding Journal 2024, no. 3 (March 28, 2024): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2024.03.06.

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49

Simcoe, Charles R. "Titanium: A Metal for the Aerospace Age, Part III." AM&P Technical Articles 173, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2015-05.p028.

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Abstract Titanium's potential was not fully realized until 1956 when metal production reached 5200 tons and sponge production nearly 15,000 tons. After a decade of difficult R&D and an investment of several hundred million dollars by government and industry, titanium fulfilled its promise as a new metal for jet engine and airframe applications.

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50

Tang, Peifu, Wei Zhang, Yan Wang, Boxun Zhang, Hao Wang, Changjian Lin, and Lihai Zhang. "Effect of Superhydrophobic Surface of Titanium onStaphylococcus aureusAdhesion." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/178921.

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Despite the systemic antibiotics prophylaxis, orthopedic implants still remain highly susceptible to bacterial adhesion and resulting in device-associated infection. Surface modification is an effective way to decrease bacterial adhesion. In this study, we prepared surfaces with different wettability on titanium surface based on TiO2nanotube to examine the effect of bacterial adhesion. Firstly, titanium plates were calcined to form hydrophilic TiO2nanotube films of anatase phase. Subsequently, the nanotube films and inoxidized titaniums were treated with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl-triethoxysilane (PTES), forming superhydrophobic and hydrophobic surfaces. Observed by SEM and contact angle measurements, the different surfaces have different characteristics.Staphylococcus aureus(SA) adhesion on different surfaces was evaluated. Our experiment results show that the superhydrophobic surface has contact angles of water greater than 150∘and also shows high resistance to bacterial contamination. It is indicated that superhydrophobic surface may be a factor to reduce device-associated infection and could be used in clinical practice.

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