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Journal articles on the topic 'Tithes, France, 18th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bonner, Elizabeth. "Inheritance, war and antiquarianism." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 143 (November 30, 2014): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.143.339.361.

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This article concerns the establishment in France of the Lennox-Stuarts/Stewarts of Darnley at the height of the Hundred Years War in the 1420s. In time, they were to become possibly the single most important family involved in the politics and diplomacy of the monarchies and government in the kingdoms of Scotland, France and England during the entire 15th and 16th centuries. This research also concerns a re-evaluation of the works of those 18th- and 19th-century antiquarians who have been the principal authors of this family's Histories, by verifying their interpretations of sources, in parti

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2

Tipton, Charles M. "The emergence of Applied Physiology within the discipline of Physiology." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 2 (2016): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2015.

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Despite the availability and utilization of the physiology textbooks authored by Albrecht von Haller during the 18th century that heralded the modern age of physiology, not all physicians or physiologists were satisfied with its presentation, contents, or application to medicine. Initial reasons were fundamental disagreements between the “mechanists,” represented by Boerhaave, Robinson, and von Haller, and the “vitalists,” represented by the faculty and graduates of the Montpellier School of Medicine in France, notably, Bordeu and Barthez. Subsequently, objections originated from Europe, Unite

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3

Gołaszewski, Łukasz. "Dziesięcina w dawnym prawie polskim XVI–XVIII wieku na tle europejskim." Studia Iuridica, no. 88 (December 13, 2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2021-88.5.

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The article is shortly describing the history of tithes in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the 16–18 centuries, the nobility achieved their primary goals: 1. establishing the conversion of tithes in sheaves or grains into money, 2. determining the nobility’s courts as exclusively appropriate in cases about tithes. However, tithes in different parts of Europe were subject to, sometimes similar, changes. Consequently, the article describes the history of tithes in England, France, Germany, and other countries. Consequently, this topic is perceived as interest

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4

Jewuła, Łukasz, Tomasz Kargol, and Krzysztof Ślusarek. "The Polish Village in the Face of Political, Social and Economic Changes From 1772-1815: A Study of Western Lesser Poland (Małopolska)." Studia Historyczne 62, no. 4(248) (2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.62.2019.04.04.

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The article examines the impact of social, economic and political changes of the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century on the functioning of rural society of Lesser Poland province. The study considers the situation of peasants, nobles and the clergy. The first part of the article presents the state of research on the problem and the available sources. The second part is devoted to the presentation of selected examples of social relations observed in contemporary Lesser Poland rural society. Conflicts between landowners and lease owners over abused peasant labour, debat

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5

Wilson, Anthony. "17th- and Early 18th-Century France." Musical Times 136, no. 1826 (1995): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1004174.

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6

Corvol-Dessert, Andrée. "Famines in 17th and 18th-century France." Notes académiques de l'Académie d'agriculture de France / Academic Notes of the French Academy of Agriculture 19, no. 1 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.58630/pubac.not.a134441.

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Engaged in a long-running conflict (1688-1714) that prevented it from importing cereals, France experienced two major crises: 1692-1693 and 1709-1710. Their management was hampered by a lack of memory of past crises. These famines decimated the population: in the first one, 1.3 million more deaths (54,000 deaths/month) than normal; in the second one, 300,000 more deaths, as the famine had been limited thanks to spring barley. Measures designed to relieve the needy returned in 1740, but the mortality rate recorded at that time wiped out the demographic recovery.

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7

Wilson, Catherine. "The Cartesian background: England and France." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2877, no. 1 (2024): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2877/1/012011.

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Abstract The 17th and 18th century opposition between Cartesian and Newtonian science is often depicted as a contest between a priorism and speculation on one hand, and observation and mathematical proof on the other, one of which won out. This is a simplification. In 17th century England Cartesian natural philosophy, including the vortex theory of the planetary orbits, was (intentionally) easy to understand. It was seen however as poorly disguised atheism and widely disparaged on that account by influential theologians. Amongst the 18th century French philosophes, this aspect of Cartesianism

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8

Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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9

Simon, Jonathan. "Mineralogy and mineral collections in 18th-century France." Endeavour 26, no. 4 (2002): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(02)01467-9.

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10

Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (1991): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1991.0003.

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11

Dębowski, Marek. "A HUNDRED YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE 18TH‑CENTURY THEATRE IN POLAND AND FRANCE." Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.4.

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Among the modern researchers conducting studies on the 18th century, there is a widespread belief that research on Polish theatre of that era did not develop until the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. It is only part of the truth. The apogee of theatrical research coincided with those years, resulting from the 200th anniversary of the National Theatre, which was widely promoted by the authorities. However, the first diagnoses of Polish theatre scientists dealing with the 18th century are much earlier. Suffice it to recall Ludwik Bernacki’s monumental work, “Theatre, Drama and Music under Stanislaw

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12

Trujillo-González, Verónica C. "Le discours préfaciel au XVIIIe siècle à travers le Dictionnaire de l’Académie (1718) et le Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721). Essai de classification." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, no. 2 (2019): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.17014.tru.

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Abstract The 18th century was a very productive period from a lexicographic point of view. In that century, the French Academy published four new editions of their dictionary, being the second edition (1718) the one that included major revisions (1718). The Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721) is also considered to be one of the pillars of 18th century lexicography in France, with eight published editions. The comparison of the prefaces of these two major pieces of French lexicography, in spite of their different conceptions, will allow us to establish the big strategical lines that have marked Fren

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13

Kebadze, Madona, and Natali Tsiklauri. "The state and its laws during the Napoleonic era." International journal of humanities, literature and arts 8, no. 1 (2025): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhla.v8n1.2377.

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The Napoleonic era, which spans from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, was marked by significant changes in the state and legal systems, especially in France and the territories influenced by Napoleon's reign.

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14

Newland, Carlos. "La evolución macroeconómica del Espacio Peruano 1681 -1800." Economia 25, no. 49 (2002): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/economia.200201.003.

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En este trabajo se describe la evolución macroeconómica del Espacio Peruano entre1681 y 1800. Las magnitudes de la producción se estiman a través de los diezmos yde la acuñación. Las series obtenidas muestran que la región sufrió una involuciónentre finales del siglo XVll y la tercera década del siglo XVll (1720-1730), momentoa partir de la cual se produce un crecimiento hasta finales del siglo. El comportamientomacroeconómico se atribuye a las cambiantes condiciones del comerciointernacional. -- This article describes the macroeconomic evolution of the Peruvian Space between1681 and 1800. Pro

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Rahimjonov, Mirzohid. "THE ROLE OF FRANCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DURING THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION." Modern Scientific Research International Scientific Journal 2, no. 1 (2024): 188–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10515741.

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This article examines international relations during the revolutionary processes in France between 1789 and 1799, including the coalitions formed by the leading Western European powers against France, the isolation of France, and Europe in the last decade of the 18th century. the political processes that took place in the diplomacy have been revealed.

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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Ne

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Molnar, Aleksandar. "The light of freedom in the age of enlightenment (2): England and France." Filozofija i drustvo 22, no. 2 (2011): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1102129m.

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Although the philosophy (as well as the whole movement) of Enlightenment was born in the Netherlands and England in the late 17th and early 18th century, there were considerable problems in defying the freedom. By the mid 18th century, under the influence of ?national mercantilism? (Max Weber), the freedom was perceived in more and more collective terms, giving bith to the political option of national liberalism. That is why in the second half of 18th century this two countries have been progresively loosing importance for the movement of Enlightenment and two new countries emerged at its lead

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Albertan, Christian. "Stephane Roy (éd.), Making The News in 18th-Century France." Annales historiques de la Révolution française, no. 374 (December 1, 2013): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12994.

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Albertan, Christian. "Stephane Roy (éd.), Making The News in 18th-Century France." Annales historiques de la Révolution française 374, no. 4 (2014): 206–7. https://doi.org/10.3917/ahrf.374.0206.

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20

Welton, Michael. ""A Country at the End of the World": Living and Learning in New France, 1608-1760." Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education 23, no. 1 (2024): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56105/cjsae.v23i1.29.

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This perspectives essay sketches how men and women of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries learned to make a living , live their lives, and express themselves under exceptionally difficult circumstances. This paper works with secondary sources, but brings new questions to old data. Among other things, the author explores how citizen learning was forbidden in 17th- and 18th-century New France, and at what historical point a critical adult education emerged. The author's narrative frame and interpretation of the sources constitute one of many legitimate forms of historical inquiry.

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Demicheva, Taisiia M. "Library and Librarian in the Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 2 (2020): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-158-165.

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The article discusses peculiarities of perception of library and librarian in France during the age of Enlightenment using the example of Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert. The author notes that this article considers the period of the 18th century before the French revolution and only on the territory of France. The author notes that the idea of continuity in obtaining and possessing the knowledge was built by enlighteners using the examples of public libraries in ancient times. The article focuses attention on the difference between the concepts of librairie/ bibliothèque and thei

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Tverytnykova, Elena, Manfred Heinemann, and Maryna Gutnyk. "Engineering Education in Ukraine and Europe (18th–Early 20th Century)." Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum 12, no. 2 (2024): 110–34. https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2024.2.05.

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The article examines the system of engineering education in European countries, analyzing the formation of polytechnical education in France on the example of l'École Polytechnique (the Polytechnic School of Paris), which became the foundation of the French educational model and influenced the subsequent development of engineering education not only in France but also in Europe. The article also highlights the process of preparing engineering professionals in Germany, one of the features of which was the introduction of vocational training. It was a type of study separate from the general syst

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23

Wang, Xinchi. "Enlightenment Response: A Study of Rational Spirit in the Works of Jean-Honoré Fragonard." International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies 3, no. 4 (2023): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.4.7.

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This paper utilizes Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s paintings, housed in collections across Europe and North America, as primary source material. Employing methods from art history, social art history, literary analysis, and intellectual history, the study aims to explore the connections between Fragonard’s artistic philosophy, the social context of 18th-century France, and the cultural trends of the time. The paper investigates Fragonard’s response to Enlightenment and rationality through his paintings. The results indicate that, situated in an era oscillating between Rococo and realistic styles, Fra

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Agratina, Elena E. "ART EXHIBITIONS IN THE 18TH CENTURY PARIS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2021): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2021-3-148-172.

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For the first time in Russian historiography the article collects and systematizes information concerning art exhibitions in Paris in the eighteenth century, which makes it possible to identify the cultural and social significance of that phenomenon. Exposition activity is seen as a new and very significant phenomenon of cultural life at that time, a symptom of the democratization of art, which entailed the development of mass reflection on the role and significance of creative work in the form of a well-developed art criticism. A study of sources such as the minutes of the Royal Academy and t

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Pomazan, Dmytro. "IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN 18 CENTURY ON DEPLOPMENT OF “MAGICAL REVIVAL” PROCESS IN FRANCE." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.2.

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The purpose of the study is to unveil the religious crisis through the impact of the “Magical Revival” and esoteric secret organizations in France during the 18th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. In addition to general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, special historical methods are used in the research: historical-comparative and historical-typological method, as well as for interdisciplinary sympathetic method was used for the complex study of esotericism as a religious component of

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Demicheva, Taisiia. "French goose games of the mid 18th century as sources for the study of the anthropology of power (based on the State Hermitage collection) in Modern history." Metamorphoses of history, no. 27 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s230861810023856-1.

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In this article we will focus on French board games of the mid-18th century – the Fortification Game and the New Marine Game. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse and symbolism of these engravings and consider the ideas that they conveyed. In this study, we are primarily interested not in the mechanics and rules of the game of goose, but in the symbolism and iconography used in XVIII century France. Our goal will be to analyze the discourse of the goose board game of the middle of the 18th century. The sources on which the study is based are kept in the Department of Western E

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Cameron, Vivian. "Gender and power: Images of women in late 18th-century France." History of European Ideas 10, no. 3 (1989): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90131-9.

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28

Kowalski, Marcin. "Rzymskokatolickie parafie diecezji przemyskiej w dobrach Ordynacji Zamojskiej w połowie XVIII wieku." Studia Archiwalne 6 (2019): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/17347513sa.19.002.14557.

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W artykule przedstawiono dzieje oraz uposażenie czterech parafii wchodzących w skład rzymskokatolickiej diecezji przemyskiej, będących jednocześnie częściami dóbr Ordynacji Zamojskiej, a mianowicie Krzeszowa, Łukowej, Potoku i Tarnogrodu. Do dóbr parafialnych zaliczano ziemię (łany, ogrody, sady, stawy), własne gospodarstwa, pańszczyznę poddanych (wymiarową i tzw. darmochy), dziesięciny i meszne (zbożowe lub pieniężne). Ukazano również podstawy funkcjonowania szpitali i bractw. Agendy te utrzymywały się przeważnie z wypłacanych czynszów oraz niewielkich nadziałów ziemskich. Roman Catholic Pari

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Zetina Luna, Victor Manuel. "In search of the episcopal chair. The proposals of the city council of San Luis Potosí for the erection of a bishopric, 1776-1804." Gentrification 3 (February 15, 2025): 99. https://doi.org/10.62486/gen202599.

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Introduction: The Spanish 18th century represented a period of profound reforms promoted by the House of Bourbon with the aim of reorganizing the government and strengthening state control. In this context, the Royal Ordinance of Intendants and ecclesiastical reforms were key measures to consolidate royal authority. Among the latter, the secularization of parishes in 1749 and the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 stood out. Within the context of these changes, the council of San Luis Potosí sought to obtain its own episcopal see, presenting proposals to the king on different occasions between 1

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Pautet, Sébastien. "La Chine : un défi des Lumières techniciennes." Didactica Historica 9, no. 1 (2023): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2023.009.01.29.

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A vast circulation of technical knowledge between China and Europe happened during the 18th century. While the circulation of knowledge is well known in the scientific field, it is still little studied in the technical field. Yet Chinese inventions « heritage » (printing, gunpowder, compass, etc.) has long been a received idea and the « transfer » of techniques has been the subject of many simplified accounts. The article analyzes to the complexity of the processes of knowledge circulation and highlights how the kingdom of France organized a huge accumulation of Chinese technical knowledge dur

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Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to poin

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ICHIKAWA, Hidekazu. "THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY FRANCE AND MAISON DE PLAISANCE : A study on the trend of architectural thought between France and Germany in 18th century enlightenment Part 1." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 523 (1999): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.315.

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Мирошников, А. В. "THE PALETTE OF LATE 18TH CENTURY IRISH NATIONALISM." Британские исследования, no. VIII(VIII) (June 7, 2024): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2024.viii.viii.013.

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В статье анализируются причины зарождения ирландского национализма в конце XVIII века. Выявлены факторы проявления национального самосознания среди протестантского населения Ольстера. Исследованы истоки индифферентного отношения католиков Ирландии к вопросам государственного самоуправления. Показаны важность и ограниченность «Конституционной революции» 1782 года. Особое внимание в статье уделено проблемам мировоззренческой модернизации политической элиты Ирландии, вызванной усилением внутри неё идей Просвещения, адаптацией примеров и опыта Американской и Французской революций XVIII столетия. А

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Bardet, Nathalie. "The Mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, no. 1 (2012): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.35.

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AbstractTaking advantage of the venue in Paris of the Third Mosasaur Meeting (May 2010), the mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) have been entirely checked and revised. The French holotypes have all been restored and most specimens kept at the MNHN have been placed in the Paleontology Gallery as part as a small exhibition organized especially for the meeting. The MNHN mosasaur collections include specimens from the 18th, 19th and 20th century from France, The Netherlands, Belgium, the United States of America, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and Niger. Most of

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Brennan, Thomas. "Taverns in the Public Sphere in 18th-Century Paris." Contemporary Drug Problems 32, no. 1 (2005): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200104.

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The 18th-century Parisian tavern was public space that lay beyond the private spheres of home, family, or corporate identity. Taverns, like markets or roads, were without inherent order, so they required the ordering of public authority. For much of the old regime, taverns illustrate the public sphere in its subjection to public control. A second public sphere, found in the coffeehouses of Britain and the cafés of France, was a place of intellectual and social exchange that gradually challenged the royal monopoly on public issues. Yet taverns demonstrated the evolution of a third public sphere

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Choi, Yoojin. "A Study on Marchande de Modes in the late 18th Century France." Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 65, no. 3 (2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2015.65.3.015.

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Bertrand, B., T. Colard, C. Lacoche, J. F. Salomé, and S. Vatteoni. "An Original Case of Tin Dental Fillings from 18th Century Northern France." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 3 (2009): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034508329872.

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38

Charlier, Philippe. "Oldest medical description of a near death experience (NDE), France, 18th century." Resuscitation 85, no. 9 (2014): e155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.039.

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Maggetti, M., J. Rosen, and V. Serneels. "The Origin of 18th-19th Century Tin-Glazed Pottery from Lorraine, France." Archaeometry 57, no. 3 (2014): 426–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12098.

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Bols, Peter E. J., and Hannelore F. M. De porte. "The Horse Catalyzed Birth of Modern Veterinary Medicine in 18th-Century France." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 41 (June 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.003.

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Jansen, Steen. "Avec Goldoni à travers l’Europe." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 49, no. 1 (2014): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.49.1.05jan.

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This paper looks at how a given text, Carlo Goldoni’s comedy Un curioso accidente, has been translated, received and used in different adaptations in France, Germany and Denmark. In France and Germany the comedy is met with great interest already in the 18th century, mostly through very different adaptations (in France by François Roger and in Germany by Johann Christian Bock) used with considerable success on stage, less for the actual translations. Later the comedy was forgotten in those two countries. In the rest of Europe, the comedy is not translated till the 19th century ; in Denmark it

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Kutuzova, A. A. "Church and State during the French Revolution in the Works of J.M. Zakher." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 6 (2020): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.121-133.

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The relations between the church and the state during the revolutionary events in France in the late 18th century were discussed based on the works of Jakov Mikhailovich Zakher (1893–1963), an outstanding Soviet historian. J.M. Zakher’s works cast light on a number of questions: the general position of the church; the frame of people’s mind in the pre-revolutionary period; the emergence and development of the antireligious struggle; the roles played by J. Foucher and A. Schomet, two most prominent public figures of the deсhristianization movement who triggered the most dramatic changes in the

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Sjöblad, Christina. "Att amma eller inte amma - ett problem i 1700-talets litteratur och verklighet." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 18, no. 1 (2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v18i1.4675.

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Starting with the diary written in the 1740's by Christina Hiärne, a member of the Swedish bourgeoisie, problems related to breast feeding and the role of the mother in the mid-18th-century are discussed. Christina Hiärne handed her firstborn over to a wet-nurse. Circumstances in Sweden, treated for example in the thesis of A. Brändström, are compared to the ones described in the wellknown studies by P. Aries and E. Badinter on the situation of children in 18th-century France. Different points of view in catholic and Protestant congregations are focused upon and the position of the church as r

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TCHEKEMIAN, Anthony. "THE WEST IN THE FACE OF CRISES SINCE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. RETURNING TO THE LAND AND TO LOCALITY IS ONE OF THE TRADITIONAL RESPONSES TO CRISES." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 53, no. 2 (2024): 752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.53239-1251.

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Responses to epidemics and climate change since ancient times, as well as their interpretations, ar e recurrent in times of crisis. Confronted with what may appear to be a series of global crises - health, environmental, economic and even democratic - the ideas on the virtues of what is local and rural are becoming increasingly important. We propose to put this return to locality ‘in historical perspective’. The first part of the paper presents the major events, in France, and explains the major changes in the agricultural world between the 18th and 19th centuries. The second part highlights t

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Deias, Dalia. "The Constitution of the Scientific Observation Site (15th–18th Century)." Nuncius 40, no. 1 (2025): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10133.

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Abstract In this special issue, we aim to study the places where observations, experiments, studies and instruments were practised, in France, between the fifteenth century and the end of the eighteenth century. We want here to react to previous existing studies on scientific observation, by focusing on the new and fundamental aspect of places and material conditions of observation and, complementary to the literature, by using especially images. While the prevailing literature has described places of observational practice (called observatories, laboratories, ateliers …) isolating them from t

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Cleary, Richard. "Romancing the Tome; Or an Academician's Pursuit of a Popular Audience in 18th-Century France." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, no. 2 (1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990352.

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The Parisian building industry prospered throughout most of the 18th century serving a wide range of clients. At one end of the scale were the members of the nobility and amateurs of architecture who approached the design of a building with a well-trained eye and an ability to speak of the principles governing good taste. The majority of clients, however, had little if any knowledge of or interest in art theory and relied on instinct, fashion, and the advice of experts. Concern for the effect an untutored public could have on the future of French architecture led Jacques-François Blondel, the

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Blyzniak, Mykola. "THE RENT OF THE CITIZENS OF VOLYN IN THE 18-th CENTURY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 35 (2024): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2024-35-19-36.

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The article attempts to analyze the rent of Volyn Burghers during the 18th century. The owners (the king, magnates, and the church) had full power over the city. They provided all lands and territories at the disposal of the community on the condition of fulfilling the established duties. In the cities of Volyn during the research period, there were three types of rent – work rent, kind rent and cash rent in different sizes and ratios. The levy belonged to the national tax, and the representatives of the Jewish community paid the corresponding general tax. City dwellers preferred to chinsh to

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Promyslov, Nicolas, and Evguenia Prusskaya. "L’Orient dans la vision des soldats français de l’armée napoléonienne : de l’Égypte à la Russie." Slavica Occitania 39, no. 1 (2014): 365–84. https://doi.org/10.3406/slaoc.2014.922.

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The Orient in the vision of French soldiers of Napoleon’s Army : from Egypt to Russia By the end of the 18th century Russian and Arab-Ottoman lands were the front line of European intellectual developing of the world. Both Egypt and Russia seemed like wild oriental countries which had a number of characteristic features of the barbarian world. The propaganda machine created in France at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, helped to diffuse and fix in a broader part of society fixed stereotypes of ideas about Egypt and Russia which survived for a long time.

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Winzer, Margret A. "A Tale Often Told." Remedial and Special Education 19, no. 4 (1998): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900404.

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ABSTRACT From the earliest educational attempts, deafness has been of primary interest to philosophers and teachers. Almost invariably, persons with deafness were the first to be educated, followed by people who were blind and, later, those with mental retardation. This paper explores the reasons why deafness was propelled to prominence in England and France. It focuses on philosophical enquiry, the most compelling force that accounted for the consistent progression in early special education. A conjunction of deafness, language development, and intellect and reason led philosophers in 17th-ce

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Boguszewska, Kamila Lucyna. ""Poplars and Cypresses” – that is the phenomenon of popularity of Populus Italica in the Kingdom of Poland in the 19th century." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no. 4 (2020): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2307.

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Lombardy poplar is a tree with a distinctive cypress shape, which grows very fast and has little soil requirements. The species probably originated at the turn of the 17th and 18th century in Lombardy, where it spread via France and Germany, arriving at the territory of the Crown in the second half of the 18th century. However, it was only in the 19th century that its popularity reached its peak. The Lombardy poplar was being planted as a popular avenue plant. It was also an important part of the park complexes designed in a sentimental landscape style inspired by the work of Jean Jacque

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