Academic literature on the topic 'Title construction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Title construction"
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Sielanko-Byford, Elżbieta. "The Information Status of Old English Constructions with Titles and Proper Names." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 1 (December 30, 2015): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5632.
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The paper examines the information status of Old English structures consisting of proper names and titles. The nominal constructions under discussion fall into three categories: the Ælfred cyning type of structure, where the title appears without any determiner and follows the proper name, the Ælfred se cyning type, where the title appears with a determiner and follows the proper name, and the se cyning Ælfred type, where the title with a determiner precedes the proper name. It is demonstrated that the se cyning Ælfred construction is mainly used anaphorically: an overwhelming majority of the examples of the structure in the Old English texts examined here refer back to an entity mentioned in the preceding discourse. Moreover, most of the antecedents of the se cyning Ælfred structures appear to be local, that is they occur in the same or in the immediately preceding structural unit. It is argued that the anaphoric nature of the se cyning Ælfred constructions may be responsible for their distribution in Old English texts.
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DISTEFANO, GIOVANNI. "The Conceptualization (Construction) of Territorial Title in the Light of the International Court of Justice Case Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2006): 1041–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156506003748.
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The present article aims to examine a set of legal constructions related to the concept of legal title in territorial disputes. Any international jurist cannot but strongly feel the need of a theoretical approach and framework explaining the acquisition and loss of territorial sovereignty. This conceptualization will be put to the test in the light of the ICI's case law, especially, but not exclusively, the most recent ones. To this end, the article is structured in three main parts in addition to introduction: the first will be devoted to the building of a comprehensive concept of territorial title while rejecting the traditional ‘modes of acquisition’ of territorial sovereignty (part 2). Part 3 will deal with the legal processes through which territorial titles are actually created, extinguished, or modified: roughly speaking, this happens by an international agreements (legal acts) or by virtue of norm-creating facts. Last, but not least, we shall examine – in part 4 – the highly debated and sensitive topic of the relations between effectiveness and formal legal title from the standpoint of the establishment or loss of territorial sovereignty. As we have endeavoured to show in this writing the concept of legal title reunites and resolves the tension between fact (effectiveness) and formal gegal title (law). In this respect four situations will be put under scrutiny in order ultimately to test our construction of a new concept of territorial title.
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Heard, Stephen B., Chloe A. Cull, and Easton R. White. "If this title is funny, will you cite me? Citation impacts of humour and other features of article titles in ecology and evolution." FACETS 8 (January 1, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0079.
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Titles of scientific papers play a key role in their discovery, and “good” titles engage and recruit readers. Humour is a particularly interesting aspect of title construction, but little is known about whether funny titles boost or limit paper impact. We used a panel of scorers to assess title humour for 2439 papers in ecology and evolution, and measured associations between humour and subsequent citation (self-citation and citation by others). Papers with funnier titles were cited less, but this appears to reflect confounding with paper importance: self-citation data suggest that authors give funnier titles to papers they consider less important. After correction for this, papers with funny titles have significantly higher citation rates ( P < 2.2 × 10−16; roughly doubling from lowest to highest humour score)—suggesting that humour recruits readers. We also examined associations between citation rates and other features of titles. Inclusion of acronyms and taxonomic names was associated with lower citation rates, while assertive-statement phrasing and presence of colons, question marks, and political regions were associated with somewhat higher citation rates. Title length had no effect on citation. Our results suggest that scientists can use creativity with titles without having their work condemned to obscurity.
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Scheppke, Jim. "LSCA Title II and public library construction in Oregon." OLA Quarterly 2, no. 1 (1996): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/1093-7374.1393.
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Ali, Mohammad Javed. "The ‘Title’ of a Manuscript: Guidelines for its Construction." Seminars in Ophthalmology 36, no. 7 (2021): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1966725.
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O'Brien, Timothy. "Consider Title IX issues before starting new construction projects." Campus Legal Advisor 18, no. 2 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cala.30648.
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O'Brien, Timothy. "Consider Title IX issues before starting new construction projects." College Athletics and the Law 14, no. 5 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/catl.30371.
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Tyshchenko, Oksana. "Zvenyhorod field records by A. Krymskyі in the archival card index (The structure of the title element)". Synopsis: Text Context Media 28, № 4 (2022): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2022.4.7.
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In the article, the lexical material relevant to the renewal of Ukrainian identity in the context of the decolonization of the humanitarian sphere of Ukraine is introduced into scientific circulation — a fragment of the Zvenyhorod Card Index by A. Krymskyi (ZСІ). We consider these materials as a linguistic source as part of the Archival Card Index and an element of the source base of the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” ed. by A. Krymskyi and S. Yefremov (1924–1933). The article examines the problem of linguistic identity. For objective substantiation of the facts its author relies on theoretical literature and two types of linguistic sources: the primary (living language, literary texts in oral and written forms) and the secondary (dictionaries, dictionary materials). The article aims to analyse the titles of ZCI by A. Krymskyi in the context of language processes. The subject of the research is the title element of the ZСІ card. Using the method of structural analysis and description, its design features were determined. The novelty of the work is the analysis of additional units (DO) in the title part; the characteristics of title units (semantic, grammatical, etymological, stylistic). As a result of the study, it was found that the structure of the title element consists of the actual title word and its translated equivalent; additional units can be given to one or both heading words: a word variant of the same part of speech; an adjectival form of the title verb; descriptive construction (as a title or as an additional unit), a combined additional element (both a word and a descriptive construction); characteristics of the title word: semantic — containing clarifications regarding the object or subject of the action, signs, method of action; grammatical — the conjugation of the title word, its grammatical meaning; accentuation — additionally informing about the accent. Etymological, spelling and stylistic comments are rare. This structuring of the title element is an intermediate stage between the collection of field material (living language) and the compilation of a dictionary article. Prospects for further study consist in the analysis of thes variants of the title word (within the micro- and macrostructure of the ZСІ).
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Izanda, Nurul Sal Shabila, Salfarina Samsudin, and Aminah Mohsin. "A REVIEW BACKGROUND OF SPECIAL BUILDING REGULATORY IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 27 (2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.727003.
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Focusing on Malaysia, the development of multi-unit buildings that incorporate numerous ownerships for various sorts of land uses, such as residential, commercial, industrial or mixed-use properties, has been made possible by the phenomena of vertical building construction. Peninsular Malaysia (excluding Sabah and Sarawak) and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan are primarily governed by the Strata Titles Act 1985 (STA 1985), which also applies to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan. The most contentious issue now being debated in stratified development is the non-issuance and transference of strata title to the parcel owner (or purchaser) of the old-stratified scheme. As a result, the amended Strata Titles (Amendment) Act 2007 (Act A1290) has incorporated the 'special building' as a new element in the strata title application to minimize the aforementioned issue in the application. Furthermore, Strata Titles (Amendment) Act 2017 (Act A1518) also has promulgated for any parcel owners to apply for the strata title of their properties. Although the legislation for encountering the non-issuance and transference of strata title is being upgraded, there has been no discernible increase in the number of strata title applications for special building, as certain States have shown no increase in application numbers since the special building is been introduced. Therefore, this paper aims to review the legal aspects of strata title application for special building as stipulated in the Strata Titles Act 1985 to deliver a broad understanding of the special building concept. The research method used is qualitative research which will rely on the analysis of the relevant statutes, rules, regulations, books, journals, articles, thesis, monographs, research grants reports, seminar papers, electronic materials and data internet.
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Soler, Viviana. "Estudio exploratorio de títulos de tesis doctorales redactados en lengua española." Lebende Sprachen 63, no. 2 (2018): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2018-0022.
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Abstract Este es un estudio sobre títulos de tesis doctorales redactados en lengua española con el objetivo de registrar las construcciones estructurales más recurrentes de este tipo de títulos, e intentar determinar si tales construcciones pueden considerarse variables disciplinares. Se trabajó sobre una base de datos que incluye 716 títulos de tesis doctorales realizadas y defendidas por los integrantes de una misma comunidad científica, la Universidad Nacional del Sur (Argentina). La lingüística de corpus utilizada como metodología de investigación demostró que, de las cuatro construcciones representativas de los títulos científicos altamente especializados, únicamente dos son las elegidas por los autores de tesis doctorales, a saber: la estructura nominal y la estructura de título compuesto. Este hallazgo contribuye a sentar las bases para la construcción de una pedagogía de la escritura específica de las tesis doctorales y sugiere que la estructura del título podría funcionar como variable disciplinar en determinadas áreas de estudio. A corpus containing 716 titles of Ph.D. theses written in Spanish and defended by members of the Universidad Nacional del Sur (Argentina) was constructed and analyzed to record the most recurrent Ph.D. thesis title structural constructions, and to determine if such constructions can be considered as disciplinary variables. Corpus linguistics was applied to analyze all the titles chosen and revealed that of the four representative structural constructions of highly advanced scientific titles, only the nominal construction and the compound construction are chosen. This finding lays the foundations for a specific Ph.D. thesis writing pedagogy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Title construction"
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Damême, Aurélie. "British, actually : Working Title Films et la construction d'un cinéma britannique à vocation internationale." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30061.
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Cas à part dans le cinéma britannique contemporain, depuis 30 ans la société de production Working Title Films connaît un succès régulier sur la scène internationale. Son box-office cumulé se compte en milliards de dollars pour une centaine de longs métrages, qui lui ont valu des dizaines d'Oscars et de BAFTA, ainsi que quelques distinctions à Cannes, Berlin ou Venise. Ce succès attire pourtant les critiques de certains commentateurs, qui lui reprochent de se laisser submerger par les conventions du cinéma hollywoodien et de manquer d'ambitions culturelles, notamment à cause de son contrat avec la major Universal et de ses stratégies de distribution. Ils déplorent les représentations stéréotypées de la « britannicité » de certains de ses films, à l'instar des comédies de Richard Curtis ou de Rowan Atkinson. En effet, si Working Title a débuté avec un film audacieux, My Beautiful Laundrette (Stephen Frears, 1985), son premier grand succès commercial est Four Weddings and a Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994). Néanmoins, malgré leurs ambitions commerciales mondiales, Tim Bevan et Eric Fellner, les directeurs de Working Title, revendiquent leur britannicité et une « sensibilité européenne ». Celle-ci est concrétisée par un partenariat avec PolyGram Filmed Entertainment puis avec StudioCanal. Cette dimension transnationale – plutôt que transatlantique – n'est pas sans influence sur les films eux-mêmes, et concourt également à leur succès international. Plusieurs intrigues mettent même en scène des relations interculturelles. Les films affichent des stratégies de compromis entre spécificité culturelle et universalité, avec des équilibres changeants. En effet, on ne peut nier la diversité déconcertante de la filmographie, tant du point de vue des contenus culturels que du degré de créativité. Working Title collabore avec des réalisateurs britanniques d'horizons variés, comme Richard Curtis, Stephen Frears, Edgar Wright ou Joe Wright. De plus, elle franchit souvent les frontières nationales, essentiellement outre-Atlantique, en particulier grâce à son partenariat avec les frères Coen, mais aussi en Australie, en Afrique du Sud ou dans d'autres pays européens. Tout cela place donc Working Title au cœur des débats sur les enjeux du cinéma britannique actuel, concernant son identité (cinéma national / post-national), l'équilibre entre les aspects économiques et artistiques, les relations avec Hollywood, ou encore le rôle des politiques culturelles. Ainsi, cette thèse tâche de comprendre l'évolution et le succès de cette société phare du cinéma britannique, en s'attachant autant à l'étude de son fonctionnement (partenariats, développement, production, distribution) qu'à l'analyse textuelle de ses films<br>A unique entity in today's British film industry, production company Working Title Films has been responsible for many international hits since its creation in 1984. Its films have earned billions of dollars, and they have won many film awards, including dozens of Academy Awards and BAFTA Awards, but also accolades in Cannes, Berlin or Venice. Yet, some commentators criticize Working Title for being excessively influenced by Hollywood, hence lacking cultural ambitions. They blame the company's partnership with Universal and underline that some of its films broadcast a stereotypical view of Britishness, especially successful comedies by Richard Curtis, or the ones starring Rowan Atkinson. Indeed, the company's first film was My Beautiful Laundrette (Stephen Frears, 1985), a creative, committed film, but its more recent films tend to be more mainstream and its first international hit was Four Weddings and A Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994). However, Working Title seems to draw some of its strength from its British identity. Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner, the two producers behind Working Title, also defend its “European sensibility”. The latter is reinforced by a partnership with PolyGram Filmed Entertainment in the nineties, and then with StudioCanal. So it is a transnational rather than a transatlantic company. Its films are transnational too, and some plots even include intercultural relationships. They use various strategies to broaden their audience, such as crossover and polysemy, and they try to balance cultural specificity with universality. However, most importantly, one cannot deny the incredible diversity of the films – regarding both their national identity and their level of creativity. Therefore, Working Title offers a fascinating case study to learn more about the issues of British cinema, about its identity (national / post-national cinema), the balance between art and industry, its relationship with Hollywood, and the role of cultural policies. In other words, this dissertation will study the evolution of Working Title Films, focusing on its methods, its strategies and also on the textual analysis of its diverse films, as a way to investigate contemporary British cinema and its issues
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Jalia, Aftab. "Innovative masonry shell construction in India's evolving building crafts : a case for tile vaulting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271686.
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This thesis uses the lens of building technology to examine cultural exchange and its relationship to the building crafts. By focusing on masonry vaulting in India, my research brings together two worlds – one that shines light on the variety of innovative masonry shell construction techniques that exist in the county and another that seeks to evaluate the scope of tile vaulting, an over 600-year old Mediterranean building technique, within India’s evolving building crafts culture. This thesis is organized in three parts: PART ONE Tile Vaulting and Relevance Today | A Brief History of Masonry Shells in India Part one introduces tile vaulting’s unique principles compared to other vaulting traditions while contextualizing its relevance to present day India. A survey of varied masonry vaulting techniques and modules, endemic and imported, practiced across India is presented against the backdrop of what is a predominantly reinforced concrete-based construction industry. PART TWO Modules, Methods and Motivations The second part of this research comprises case studies that include some of India’s most iconic buildings such as the Villa Sarabhai by Le Corbusier, the National Institute of Design by Gautam Sarabhai and Sangath by B.V. Doshi, each of which employed innovative construction techniques for its vaults. The production and use of the enigmatic ceramic fuses in India is examined for the first time alongside their indigenous cousins: burnt clay tubes. Together with Muzaffarnagar vaulting, the case studies reveal cultural motivations for architectural expression and production in postcolonial India. PART THREE Prototypes | Comparatives | Limitations & Extension of Research Part three presents five tile vaulting prototypes in India constructed with local artisans to gain understanding of its cultural reception, assess effective transfer of skills and potential internalisation. Recommendations for tile vaulting’s potential uptake into mainstream architectural production is evaluated by comparing findings against prevalent building methods and by contextualizing current architectural trends and social policy. Limitations and scope for extension of research are also discussed.
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Serumula, Doreen Lame. "The relevance of the South African sectional titles law in interpretation and application of the sectional titles legislation of Botswana : an analysis of provisions pertaining to establishment of schemes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/15599.
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Thesis (LLM )-University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>150 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i-xi and numbered pages 1-138. Includes bibliography.<br>Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The concept of sectional ownership has been unknown in the Botswana common law
because of the maxim superficies solo cedit, which does not recognize separate ownership
of apartments in a building. The law must always serve the felt and real needs of the times,
and in order to give effect to those needs, the Botswana Sectional Titles Act was enacted in
1999. It is based on the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986, as amended, which
repealed the 1971 Act.
In this thesis, a comparative analysis of the South African and Botswana sectional titles law
is made to determine whether and, if so, how the existing position in the South African
sectional titles law could aid interpretation and application of the sectional titles legislation
of Botswana, specifically pertaining to aspects of establishment of sectional title schemes.
The main focus is on the legislative provisions of both jurisdictions. However, South
African case law is also considered.
Landownership and sectional titles is discussed, to determine whether sectional ownership
is genuine ownership. This entails a discussion on the publicity principle, which in the case
of land is normally achieved by means of registration in the Deeds Registries. The thesis
analyses the Botswana and South African statutes on the requirements and procedures
involved in the establishment of sectional title schemes to bring to light any shortcomings
that may exist in either of the two statutes. An understanding of the shortcomings of the
South African statute is relevant to the interpretation and application of the Botswana
statute. An examination of the procedural aspects of establishment of a sectional title
scheme, as well as the roles of the parties involved in the establishment thereof is
undertaken, so as to identify consequences that may ensue if they fail to comply with the
requirements of either of the statutes. Consequently, a comparative analysis on the effect of
registration of the sectional plan and opening of the sectional title register is made.
Although it is not suggested that the Botswana Act should be completely similar to the
South African Act, as Botswana may have its own peculiar circumstances, suggestions as to
the amendment of the Botswana statute are made. Amendments would make the Botswana
Act even more flexible, and would open up the possibilities of development to achieve greater access to land. Further more improvements to the Act will have to be made, some
before its implementation, and some after a period of application of the Act, as real
practical problems become apparent.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konsep van deeltitel was tot dusver in Botswana se gemenereg onbekend weens die
maxim superficies solo cedit, wat nie aparte eienaarskap van woonstelle in 'n gebou erken
nie. Die wet moet altyd die werklike behoeftes van die tyd dien, en om te voldoen aan
daardie behoeftes is die Botswana Wet op Deeltitels in 1999 uitgevaardig. Dit is gebaseer op
die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Deeltitels van 1986, soos gewysig, wat die 1971 Wet herroep
het.
In hierdie tesis word 'n vergelykende studie gedoen van die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op
Deeltitels en die gelyknamige Wet in Botswana om te bepaal of, en indien wel, hoe die
bestaande posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Deeltitels kan help met die interpretasie en
toepassing van die deeltitel wetgewing van Botswana, veral waar dit gaan oor die vestiging
van deeltitelskemas. Die tesis fokus op die wetgewende bepalings in albei lande, maar
konsentreer op probleemareas in die nuwe Deeltitel wet van Botswana.
Grondeienaarskap en deeltitels word bespreek om te bepaal of deeltiteleienaarskap werklike
eienaarskap is. Dit behels 'n bespreking van die publisiteitsbeginsel, waaraan gewoonlik, in
die geval van grond, voldoen word deur registrasie in die Akteregister. Die tesis ontleed die
Suid-Afrikaanse statuut en die statuut van Botswana wat gaan oor die vereistes en
prosedures betrokke by die vestiging van deeltitelskemas en enige tekortkominge wat
bestaan in enige van die twee statute. Dit is belangrik om die tekortkominge van die Suid-Afrikaanse
statuut te begryp, as die statuut van Botswana geinterpreteer en toegepas moet
word. Die prosedures wat gevolg word in die vestiging van 'n deeltitelskema, asook die
rolle van die verskillende partye betrokke, word bespreek sodat die gevolge as daar nie aan
die vereistes van die statuut voldoen word nie, identifiseer kan word. Gevolglik word 'n
vergelykende ontleding gedoen van die effek van registrasie van die deeltitelplan en die
opening van die deeltitelregister. Die slothoofstuk bevat aanbevelings vir verdere
navorsing.
Alhoewel daar nie voorgestel word dat die wet in Botswana identies aan die Suid-Afrikaanse
wet moet wees nie, (Botswana het te make met ander omstandighede) word
voorstelle aan die hand gedoen vir die wysiging van die wet in Botswana. Hierdie wysigings sal die wet meer buigsaam maak en daar sal meer moontlikhede wees vir
ontwikkeling wat groter toegang tot grond sal bewerkstellig. Verder sal daar verbeterings
aan die wet aangebring moet word nadat dit eers in werking getree het en die werklike
probleme kop uitsteek.
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Corbeel, Séverine. "Les producteurs de matériaux de construction en terre cuite et d'amphores en Gaule Narbonnaise : l'apport des estampilles à la connaissance des structures socio-économiques d'une province romaine (fin Ier s. av. - fin IIIème s. ap.)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30046.
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La valeur et le caractère informatif des inscriptions présentes sur l’instrumentum domesticum ont véritablement été appréhendés pour la première fois à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, notamment grâce aux travaux pionniers d’Heinrich Dressel sur briques, tuiles et amphores découvertes à Rome. Pour la province de Gaule Narbonnaise, il a fallu attendre près de cent ans, avec la publication de la thèse de Fanette Laubenheimer sur les amphores gauloises, ce qui a permis de répertorier des graffiti et des tituli picti, mais surtout de regrouper un corpus de 289 estampilles, soit 61 timbres distincts. Les premiers recueils de timbres sur matériaux de construction en terre cuite sont des travaux de collectes et d’inventaires réalisés à une échelle régionale ou micro-régionale, également dans les années 1980.Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité de ces recherches. Elle présente deux catalogues. Le premier concerne les matériaux de construction en terre cuite avec 3183 timbres correspondant à 241 estampilles distinctes. Et le deuxième, les amphores gauloises et les couvercles de celles-ci, avec au total 941 timbres, soit 209 estampilles distinctes. Ce travail d’inventaire a été possible grâce au dépouillement de nombreuses revues, ouvrages et autres ressources bibliographiques. Les normes de cette documentation étant différentes, toutes les illustrations ont été homogénéisées afin d’être publiées à l’échelle 1/1, avec un même code couleur.La réalisation de tels corpus de timbres ouvre la porte à des études préliminaires qui apportent d’importants renseignements sur les différentes structures de productions mais aussi sur les producteurs. L’étude chronologique de la paléographie des estampilles permet d’aborder les habitudes de timbrage d’une province, à un moment donné et parfois en fonction de la zone de production. La réalisation de cartes de répartition permet d’étudier la diffusion des matériaux. Enfin, les études prosopographiques permettent d’en apprendre un peu plus sur l’identité des personnages qui apposaient leur nom sur les productions.Un des objectifs premiers de cette thèse est de fournir aux archéologues et aux historiens un outil de travail exploitable lors de la découverte de timbres sur tuiles, briques ou amphores gauloises. Nous avons également souhaité faire prendre conscience de l’intérêt de communiquer ces découvertes et de mentionner les contextes chrono-stratigraphiques, afin de pouvoir mener une réflexion socio-économique à l’échelle d’une province entière<br>The value and the informative nature of the inscriptions on the instrumentum domesticum were actually understood for the first time after the end of the 19th century, thanks to the pioneering work of Heinrich Dressel on bricks, tiles and amphorae discovered in Rome. For the province of Gaule Narbonnaise, it was necessary to wait nearly one hundred years for the publication of Fanette Laubenheimer’s thesis on Gallic amphorae, which made it possible to list graffiti and tituli picti, but especially to gather a body of 289 stamps, of which 61 were distictively different. The earliest collections of stamps on terracotta building materials are collections and inventories carried out on a regional or micro-regional scale, also in the 1980s.This thesis is part of the continuity of this research. It presents two catalogs. The first concerns terracotta building materials with 3183 stamps corresponding to 241 different stamps. And the second, the Gallic amphorae and their corresponding lids, with a total of 941 stamps, of which 209 are separate stamps. This inventory work was made possible through the compilation of numerous journals, books and other bibliographic resources. The standards of this documentation being different, all the illustrations have been adapted to be published at the scale 1/1, with the same color code.The compilation of such a body of stamps opens the door to preliminary studies, thus providing important information not only on the different structures of productions, but also on the producers. The chronological study of the palaeography of the stamps makes it possible to examine the stamping habits of a province, at a given time and sometimes in relation to the production area. The creation of distribution maps makes it possible to study the diffusion of materials. Finally, prosopographic studies make it possible to learn a little more about the identity of the people who put their name on the productions.One of the primary objectives of this thesis is to provide archaeologists and historians with a workable tool that can be useful when discovering stamps on Gallic tiles, bricks or amphorae. We also wanted to raise awareness of the value of communicating these discoveries and to mention the chrono-stratigraphic contexts, in order to be able to carry out a socio-economic reflection on the scale of a whole province
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Coluchi, Alaís Amaral Reimão Mendes. "Promoção de exportações brasileiras: avaliação de desempenho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-26102011-170129/.
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Este estudo consiste em pesquisa realizada com a Agência Brasileira de Promoção de Exportações e Investimentos, agências estrangeiras de promoção de exportações, empresas brasileiras exportadoras e entidade setorial que conduz um programa de promoção de exportações, escolheu-se como foco do estudo o setor de revestimentos cerâmicos. O estudo foca a avaliação de desempenho. Descreveu-se e considerou-se métodos de avaliação utilizados por diversas agências de promoção de exportações. Por meio de questionário, 33 empresas participantes de um programa de promoção de exportações forneceram informações sobre avaliação e satisfação em relação ao programa que participam. Utilizando-se entrevistas dois representantes de agências de promoção de exportações e um representante de entidade setorial forneceram impressões sobre a avaliação de desempenho desses programas. Observou-se que a complexidade do processo de avaliação de desempenho de um programa de promoção de exportações está relacionada às múltiplas origens dos fatores que influenciam esse programa. O desempenho de um programa de promoção de exportações está relacionado tanto a fatores internos ao programa quanto a fatores externos, alheios, não controlados e não previsíveis. Ademais, a análise dos dados revelou que a avaliação de desempenho dos programas de promoção de exportações é complexa e deveria ser conduzida dividindo-se o programa em ações e realizando a avaliação de cada uma das ações individualmente, para então avaliar-se o todo. Verificou-se também as principais oportunidades e ameaças a um programa de promoção de exportações, como forma de propor melhorias.<br>This study consists of a research with the Brazilian Trade and Investment Promotion Agency, foreign export promotion agencies, Brazilian exporting companies and a sectorial organization that implements an export promotion program, the ceramic tile sector was chosen for this study. The study focuses on performance evaluation. Evaluation methods used by different export promotion agencies were described and considered. Thirty three companies that participate in an export promotion program responded a questionnaire providing information about the evaluation and satisfaction towards the program in which they participate. Two representatives of export promotion agencies and one representative of a sectorial organization were interviewed and gave their impressions of the performance evaluation of these programs. It was observed that the complexity of a performance evaluation process of an export promotion program is related to the multiple origins of the factors that influence this program. The performance of an export promotion program is related to factors both internal to the program and external, uncontrollable and unpredictable. Furthermore, the data analysis showed that performance evaluation of export promotion programs is complex and should be conducted from parts to the whole, meaning that each activity or service of the programa should be evaluated separately. In addition, as a way to propose improvements, the main opportunities and threats to an export promotion program were also verified.
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Rouquette, Maïeul. "Étude comparée sur la construction des origines apostoliques des Églises de Crète et de Chypre à travers les figures de Tite et de Barnabé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0103.
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La fondation d’une Église locale par un apôtre constitue un élément important dans les relations interecclésiales. Une telle fondation peut cependant être l’objet de contestation, en particulier si le statut apostolique de la figure fondatrice n’est pas manifeste dans le Nouveau Testament. Une Église peut donc être amenée à se construire un passé apostolique, notamment par l'écriture de vies d’apôtre, qui peuvent souligner tant le statut apostolique de la figure que son caractère fondateur pour l’Église. La comparaison des modalités par lesquelles les Églises de Crète et de Chypre construisent leurs passés apostoliques à travers les figures de Tite et de Barnabé est l’objet du présent travail, lequel s’attache également à analyser les enjeux ecclésiaux et politiques de ces constructions et à étudier la réception de celles-ci par les Églises extérieures à ces îles. Après avoir présenté les données bibliques sur Tite et sur Barnabé puis avoir étudié la réception de ces figures dans le christianisme des cinq premiers s., cette thèse analyse le rapport que les Églises de Crète et de Chypre entretiennent avec elles. Elle s’intéresse d’abord aux écrits chypriotes et crétois composés à partir du Ve s. à leur sujet, puis aux textes qui les mentionnent de manière incidente, avant d’étudier les dévotions envers ces figures et les emplois identitaires de celles-ci, notamment durant les périodes franque et vénitienne. Ce travail examine enfin la réception des traditions sur Tite et sur Barnabé en dehors de leurs îles, dans la littérature de l’Empire byzantin et des mondes copte, syriaque et arménien<br>The foundation of a local Church by an apostle is a major component in inter-ecclesial relationships. However, such foundation could be an object of dispute, especially if the apostolic status of the founder is not obvious in the New Testament. That is why a Church could be brought to build an apostolic past, notably by the production of apostle' lives, which can emphasize both the apostolic status of the figure and its founding feature of the church. The aim of this study is to compare how the Churches of Crete and Cyprus build their apostolic past through the figures of Titus and Barnabas. This work also analyzes the ecclesial and politic stakes of theses constructs and their reception by the Churches outside Crete and Cyprus. After presenting the New Testament datas about Titus and Barnabas, this thesis studies the reception of these figures in the Christianity in the first five centuries. Then it analyzes the relationship between these figures and the Churches of Crete and Cyprus. To do it, it interests first to the writings composed about them from the 5th century, then to the Cretan and Cypriot texts which mention them in an indirect way. Then, it intends to study the devotional practices toward these figures and their identity uses, especially during the periods of Frankish and Venetian rule. Finally, this work examines the reception of Cretan and Cypriot traditions regarding Titus and Barnabas outside their respective island, in the hagiographical and not hagiographical literature of the Byzantine Empire and of the Coptic, Syriac and Armenisch worlds
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Flament, Cédric. "Valorisation des fines de lavage de granulats : application à la construction en terre crue." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0202/document.
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Les fines de lavage de carrières sont à l’heure actuelle peu valorisées. Pourtant, leurs caractéristiques physiques font de ces fines une matière première intéressante pour le domaine de la construction. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer la formulation de produits préfabriqués non porteurs à base de fines de lavage, en considérant ces fines comme de la terre crue. Deux catégories de produits préfabriqués sont visées : un produit dit « lourd » (brique de terre comprimée) et un produit « léger » (carreau). Pour la valorisation en BTC, une étude de compacité par essai Proctor a permis de cibler la teneur en eau de fabrication et la masse volumique sèche à obtenir. Les performances mécaniques des briques ont été améliorées par surcompactage, renforcement granulaire et traitement au liant hydraulique. L’étude de formulation du carreau a associé les fines de lavage et la chènevotte. La consistance des mélanges à l’état frais a été étudiée avec le consistomètre VEBE. Les performances mécaniques en flexion et en compression des mélanges fibrés ont été mesurées. De la chaux et un superplastifiant ont été ajoutés dans la formulation pour satisfaire aux conditions de tenue mécanique. Les deux voies de valorisation ont été validées par mesures des performances physico-mécaniques sur produits fabriqués à l’échelle industrielle. La formulation optimale de BTC valorise près de 80% de fines de lavage et se classe dans la catégorie BTC 40 de la norme expérimentale XP13-901 (brique faiblement capillaire et résistante à la projection en eau). La formulation optimale de carreau se compose de 60% de fines de lavage, et répond aux exigences mécaniques des carreaux de plâtre<br>Currently, few re-use ways are developed with clay fines from washing units in quarries. However, these clayey fines represent interesting materials for construction domain. This research work aims to develop non-load bearing precast products and to re-use these fines without thermal treatment as for unfired clay products. Two types of precast products are wished: a “heavy” product (compressed earth brick) and a “light” product (tile hemp-clay).For the CEB re-use way, the level of compaction has to be high. Proctor tests have been done to define the moisture content and dry density to obtain. Mechanical performances of bricks have been increased by overcompaction, granular reinforcement and lime treatment.For the tile re-use way, mixes with quarry fines and hemp have been studied. The behaviour of fresh material has been studied with VEBE consistometer. Flexural and compression strengths have been measured on hardened mixes. Lime and water-reducing agent have been necessary for a good mechanical behaviour.The two re-use ways have been validated by measuring mechanical and physical performances of products manufactured at industrial scale. The optimal mix for CEB includes almost 80% of quarry fines. The CEB is classed in BTC40 category according to experimental standard XP13-901 (brick with a low water absorption level and resistant to water spray). The optimal mix for tile includes 60% of quarry fines and satisfies mechanical requirements for gypsum blocks
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Pezzato, Leila Maria. "Patologias no sistema de revestimento cerâmico: um estudo de caso em fachadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-30042010-101558/.
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as patologias do sistema revestimento cerâmico (SRC) a fim de contribuir com os estudos relacionados à temática. Além disso, buscou-se conhecer e analisar a realidade de um canteiro de obra de recuperação de fachadas com patologias no sistema de revestimento cerâmico e compreender como ocorre o processo de recuperação das mesmas. Este estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: uma revisão da literatura que procurou abranger o sistema revestimento cerâmico e as patologias do sistema revestimento cerâmico e uma pesquisa de campo que optou por realizar um estudo de caso em três edifícios, revestidos com cerâmica, localizados na cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo. Os estudos de caso evidenciam a produção bibliográfica consultada. Nos três casos analisados ficou evidente a falta de formação dos profissionais envolvidos, faltando-lhes conhecimento aprofundado das patologias recorrentes e do entendimento de que o revestimento cerâmico constitui um sistema. O trabalho se refere a todos os profissionais que fazem parte da cadeia produtiva do setor, formada por fabricantes de placas cerâmicas, argamassas e rejuntes, projetistas-especificadores, engenheiros, arquitetos, mestres de obra e assentadores. Esta constatação comprova ser necessário investir na formação profissional e criar condições de qualificar os profissionais envolvidos para minimizar a quantidade de patologias relacionadas ao sistema de revestimento cerâmico e, especificamente, ao sistema de revestimento cerâmico de fachada.<br>The present research aims to review the current literature on ceramic tile system pathologies, with the intention to contribute with studies related to the theme. In order to do this, the work sought to understand and to analyses the reality of a specific site of ceramic tile facade recuperation. The work is divided in two parts. The first is a review of the literature on ceramic tile system pathologies. The second is based on field research of three case studies of buildings located in Piracicaba, São Paulo, all of which confirm the trends appointed by the literature review. In all case studies it can be noticed that professionals involved lack the proper knowledge of the most common pathologies and of the ceramic tiling as a system. The research comprehends all professionals present in the industry and along the chain of production for ceramic tiling: producers of dry-set mortar, ceramic tile and ceramic tile grouts, designers, architects, engineers, construction workers. This has confirmed that it is necessary to invest in a qualified professional education, so as to reduce pathologies related to the ceramic tile system and, specifically, ceramic tiled building facades.
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Pedrazzini, Ana Mercedes. "La construction de l’image présidentielle dans la presse satirique : vers une grammaire de l’humour. Jacques Chirac dans l’hebdomadaire français Le Canard enchaîné et Carlos Menem dans le supplément argentin Sátira/12." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040203/document.
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Cette thèse analyse la manière dont le discours satirico-humoristique se constitue lorsqu’il cible la figure présidentielle, en se focalisant sur des dimensions de contenu et de forme qui le structurent, et en faisant attention à leur articulation. A partir d’une étude biculturelle (France-Argentine), qui vise à la conceptualisation d’un humour transculturel, nous supposons qu’au-delà des spécificités locales, il est possible de parvenir à une grammaire, et donc à un système d’invariants, constituée des codes verbaux et visuels.Suivant une approche basée sur les sciences de l’information et de la communication, nous intégrons des perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques complémentaires pour analyser deux corpus de titres et d’images (caricatures politiques à une ou plusieurs vignettes) de l’hebdomadaire Le Canard enchaîné et du supplément Sátira/12 qui portent sur Jacques Chirac et Carlos Menem respectivement, à des moments de grande importance politique pendant leurs deux mandats<br>This thesis analyzes the satirical humour discourse that aims at the presidential institution, by focusing on how its content and form are constituted and interrelated. Based on a bicultural approach (France-Argentina) aiming to contribute to the conceptualization of transcultural humour, we put forward that beyond local specificities, it is possible to construct a grammar, or a system of invariants, constituted by verbal and visual codes.Following an approach based on information and communication sciences, we merge different theoretical and methodological perspectives to analyse two corpora of titles and images (political cartoons and strips), from the weekly Le Canard enchaîné and the weekly newspaper supplement Sátira/12, that deal with Jacques Chirac and Carlos Menem, respectively, at moments of great political importance of their two presidential terms<br>En este trabajo abordamos la construcción de la imagen mediática del ex presidente JacquesChirac en el semanario satírico francés Le Canard enchaîné, centrándonos en los rasgos depersonalidad que el periódico atribuye al personaje. Nuestro corpus está conformado por 234títulos que tratan sobre el mandatario en cuatro períodos de análisis seleccionados por suimportancia en el contexto político de Francia a lo largo de sus dos mandatos. Realizamosinicialmente un análisis de discurso y un análisis de contenido de los títulos con el fin deidentificar y clasificar los rasgos de personalidad y detectamos que la mayoría son negativos.Acto seguido, aplicamos un test χ² que nos permitió determinar la existencia de unadependencia entre los rasgos negativos y los períodos analizados. Un Análisis Factorial deCorrespondencias Simples posibilitó identificar tres grupos con algunas modalidadesasociadas. La decisión de conformar estos grupos fue luego confirmada por un Análisis deClasificación Jerárquica. Los rasgos agrupados según un ethos preponderante constituyenaspectos nucleares en la figura de un Presidente y su variación a lo largo de los cuatroperíodos analizados no responde a un criterio cronológico sino que parece guardar relacióncon las vicisitudes del escenario político
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Charlier, Fabrice. "Technologie des tuiliers gallo-romains (Gaules et Germanies) : analyse comparative et régressive des structures de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite de l'époque contemporaine à l'Antiquité." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1006.
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Cette recherche porte sur les techniques de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuiteà l’époque romaine dans les provinces de Gaule et de Germanie. Ces techniques ne nous sontaccessibles directement que par l’archéologie, à la fois par les vestiges mobiliers : les matériauxfabriqués eux-mêmes, et par les vestiges immobiliers : les tuileries qui sont régulièrement mises aujour. Seules les structures de production sont examinées, mais il est souvent fait référence auxmatériaux. L’étude est menée selon deux lignes directrices, l’une horizontale : la chaîne opératoire, l’autreverticale : le temps, du présent vers le passé. Les structures de production sont traitées selon l’ordrede la chaîne opératoire : l’extraction, la préparation de la terre, le façonnage, le séchage et lacuisson. À l’intérieur de chacune de ces cinq phases sont étudiées successivement des structuresd’époque contemporaine (ateliers artisanaux), moderne, médiévale et enfin gallo-romaine. Cettedémarche régressive permet de mettre en évidence les continuités et les ruptures dans lestechniques mises en oeuvre et ainsi de mieux caractériser et comprendre la plus ancienne d’entreelles, celle des tuiliers gallo-romains. Le fonctionnement des structures de production les plusrécentes éclaire celui des structures romaines. Des comparaisons ponctuelles ne sont utilisées quepour tenter d’expliquer certaines caractéristiques originales des structures gallo-romaines. Lesrésultats les plus novateurs ont été obtenus dans l’étude des structures employées dans les phasesde façonnage, de séchage et de cuisson<br>This research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing
Books on the topic "Title construction"
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Library, Montana State. Montana Library and Services Construction (LSCA) grant manual: Title I, Title II, Title III, fiscal year 1996. Montana State Library, 1995.
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Library, Montana State. Montana Library and Services Construction (LSCA) grant manual: Title I, Title II, Title III, fiscal years 1994-1997. Montana State Library, 1993.
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California. Dept. of Transportation., ed. Civil rights, Title VI program: Guidelines. Dept. of Transportation, 2002], 2002.
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Reese, Megan L. Structural analysis and assessment of Guastavino vaulting: Anàlisi estructural i avaluació de les voltes de Guastavino = Análisis estructural y evaluación de las bóvedas de Guastavino. Ajuntament de Vilassar de Dalt, 2011.
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United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Library Programs. and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Greenville Public Library: Final performance report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI : Library Literacy Program. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Library Programs, 1993.
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Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Claiborne Parish Library: Final performance report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI : Library Literacy Program. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1993.
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Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Pawtucket Public Library: Final performance report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI : Library Literacy Program. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1993.
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Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Orange Public Library: Final performance report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI : Library Literacy Program. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1993.
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Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Jackson District Library: Final performance report for Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) Title VI : Library Literacy Program. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Title construction"
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Duari, Swagata, and Vasudha Bhatnagar. "Semi-automatic System for Title Construction." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1384-8_18.
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"Title page." In Construction 4.0. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821797-9.00014-3.
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"Title." In The NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119478737.ch17.
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"Title page." In Industrial Construction Estimating Manual. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823362-7.00012-0.
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"Title page." In Eco-Efficient Pavement Construction Materials. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818981-8.00016-3.
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"Title page." In The Offshore Pipeline Construction Industry. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820288-3.00017-2.
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"Title." In A Practical Guide to the NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119522560.ch10.
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"Title." In A Practical Guide to the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444340181.ch10.
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"Title." In A Practical Guide to the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119033035.ch10.
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"Title page." In Bio-Based Materials and Biotechnologies for Eco-Efficient Construction. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819481-2.00019-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Title construction"
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"Title Page i." In 2019 International Conference on Advances in Construction Machinery and Vehicle Engineering (ICACMVE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacmve.2019.00001.
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"Title Page iii." In 2019 International Conference on Advances in Construction Machinery and Vehicle Engineering (ICACMVE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacmve.2019.00002.
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Chen, Hao, Lin Chen, Xiaoyun Kuang, Aidong Xu, and Yiwei Yang. "A Safe and Intelligent Knowledge Graph Construction Model Suitable for Smart Gridaper Title." In 2021 6th International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icivc52351.2021.9526942.
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Sajnóg, Natalia, and Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska. "Limitations Imposed on Land Properties Resulting from the Construction and Exploitation of Transmission Devices in Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.236.
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Sustainable social and economic development of the country, as well as the need to ensure its energy safety requiresthe modernisation of the existing and construction of new transmission devices. The characteristic feature of technical infrastructure is its linear nature, i.e. its course through numerous real estates, resulting in limitations imposed on such properties. The limitations differ depending on the stage of the investment process. Such stages include the formal legal stage (designing and collecting appropriate permits and decisions), the investment implementation stage, and the stage of exploitation of transmission devices. Within the first stage, a limitation concerning land development may occur (location of investments in planning documents); limitations of the use of land properties always occur in this case (acquisition of a legal title to the land property disposal for building purposes). At the stage of construction, i.e. the investment implementation, limitations related to the deterioration of the use of the land property may appear. The third stage may involve limitations connected with the presence of transmission devices in the space of the land property, i.e. limitations which result from the actual use of the land property by the transmission company. The objective of this paper is to identify limitations imposed on land properties resulting from the construction and exploitation of transmission infrastructure in Poland.
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Selz, Allen, and Daniel R. Sharp. "The Applicability of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XII, Transport Tanks, for Use in U.S. Federal Maritime Regulations." In ASME/USCG 2010 2nd Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2010-0210.
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Developed at the request of the US Department of Transportation, Section XII-Transport Tanks, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code addresses rules for the construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of dangerous goods by road, air, rail, or water. The standard is intended to replace most of the vessel design rules and be referenced in the federal hazardous material regulations, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). While the majority of the current rules focus on over-the-road transport, there are rules for portable tanks which can be used in marine applications for the transport of liquefied gases, and for ton tanks used for rail and barge shipping of chlorine and other compressed gases. Rules for non-cryogenic portable tanks are currently provided in Section VIII, Division 2, but will be moved into Section XII. These portable tank requirements should also replace the existing references to the outmoded 1989 edition of ASME Section VIII, Division 1 cited in Title 46 of the CFR. Paper published with permission.
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Hawryszkow, P., K. Galik, and M. Bocian. "Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – Project "Bridge Builders" Organised by Wroclaw European Capital of Culture." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0364.
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<p>Wrocław in Poland and San Sebastian in Spain were awarded the title “European Capital of Culture 2016”. The project “Bridge Builders” was one of many events organised within the cultural programme organised under this patronage taking place in Wrocław in 2015. For one day 27 bridges were converted into theatre scenes, concert spaces and art studios. Visitors had an opportunity to experience cinematography, dance, theatre, literature, and spatial installations. The project “Bridge Builders” is presented in this paper in many of its offerings. A particular attention is given to the project “Zwierzyniecki Bridge Copy – Paste”. Within this project, a 1:4 scaled model of a steel arch bridge – Zwierzyniecki Bridge, was designed, constructed and taken on a journey around the city. The whole process of realization of this undertaking is presented, starting from the design specifications, through concept design, detail design and construction, to transport of the bridge model to its final destination. Selected technical challenges and their solutions are discussed, pertaining to material selection, load effects and construction.</p>
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Romová, Hana, and Tomáš Římský. "Innovative approach to language testing." In Nové trendy profesijnej prípravy v Ozbrojených silách. Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/ntpp.b.2022.9788080406301.125-134.
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This article with the title Innovative Approach to Language Testing deals with a new approach to language testing at the Department of Languages. It focuses on establishing an item bank with individual subtests with the same specification and construction for full-time and combined studies. The language level is based on The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages – specialist vocabulary level B2. The comparison of percentage success rate of full-time and part-time students was followed. The main objective of data collection was supported by information technology. The tests were administered in all types of study and the output of percentage success rate of respondents was found out as well as the possible dependency between the percentage success rate of the groups.
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Lin, Sean, Bahaa Albarhami, Salvador Mayoral, and Joseph Piacenza. "Understanding the Importance of Capturing Climate and Occupancy Trends During Concept-Stage Sustainable Building Design." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85329.
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This paper presents a comparison of concept stage computational model predictions to capture how building energy consumption is affected by different climate zones. The California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) Student Housing Phase III, which received a Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for the Building Design and Construction category, and its performance in a LEED California Nonresidential Title 24 (NRT24) and ASHRAE 90.1 climate zones is used as a case study to illustrate the method. Through LEED approved simulation software, the standard compliant energy simulation models are compared to the occupancy scheduled models along with the actual energy consumption in different climate zones. The results provide insight to how variables within student dormitory life affect total building energy usage. Total amount of energy consumed per area is one new factor providing understanding into occupancy trends. This new data set reveals more understanding regarding how and where the energy is consumed to maintain a comfortable learning environment.
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Lippy, Ronald C. "Inservice Testing Program Improvements for New Reactors Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3344.
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The nuclear industry is preparing for the licensing and construction of new nuclear power plants in the United States. Several new designs have been developed and approved, including the “traditional” reactor designs, the passive safe shutdown designs and the small modular reactors (SMRs). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides specific Codes used to perform preservice inspection/testing and inservice inspection/testing for many of the components used in the new reactor designs. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews information provided by applicants related to inservice testing (IST) programs for Design Certifications and Combined Licenses (COLs) under Part 52, “Licenses, Certifications, and Approvals for Nuclear Power Plants,” in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 52) (Reference 1). The 2012 Edition of the ASME OM Code defines a post-2000 plant as a nuclear power plant that was issued (or will be issued) its construction permit, or combined license for construction and operation, by the applicable regulatory authority on or following January 1, 2000. The New Reactors OM Code (NROMC) Task Group (TG) of the ASME Code for Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (NROMC TG) is assigned the task of ensuring that the preservice testing (PST) and IST provisions in the ASME OM Code to address pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints (snubbers) in post-2000 nuclear power plants are adequate to provide reasonable assurance that the components will operate as needed when called upon. Currently, the NROMC TG is preparing proposed guidance for the treatment of active pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints with high safety significance in non-safety systems in passive post-2000 reactors including SMRs.
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Neve, Oliver. "Modular CLT – Time to swallow the offsite pill." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0641.
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<p>The threatening title of the United Kingdom’s 2016 Farmer Review ‘Modernise or Die’ was a stark prognosis for the construction industry likened to a sick or dying patient. The review recommended a shift towards pre- manufacture approaches and away from the traditional methods that we seem so reluctant to divert from. The paper recommends that Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) is to be explored as the potential medicine required to cure the symptoms of a deteriorating industry.</p> <p>The antidote comes in the form of modular cross laminated timber (CLT). Originally, CLT was associated with in-situ construction techniques, which are reliant on-site operations. The industry has since progressed to a hybrid state of using both in-situ techniques with some pre-fabrication. Modular CLT is the next step in the evolution of mass timber which looks to solve the housing crisis affecting multiple global cities in terms of sustainability, cost and speed.</p> <p>The paper will look at:</p> <ul> <li>The advantages and opportunities for modular CLT</li> <li>The engineering challenges that need to be overcome</li> <li>Digitalisation techniques employed in the design of modular CLT</li> <li>A case study of the Watts Grove project in London, UK</li> </ul>
Reports on the topic "Title construction"
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Author, Not Given. Title I Design Report: Fermilab Main Injector, Volume 2 - Civil Construction, August 1992 (Revision 0). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1568879.
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Reis, Evan. Development of Index Buildings, (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/fudb2072.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 2: Development of Index Buildings and focuses on the identification of common variations and combinations of materials and construction characteristics of California single-family dwellings. These were used to develop “Index Buildings” that formed the basis of the PEER–CEA Project testing and analytical modeling programs (Working Groups 4 and 5). The loss modeling component of the Project (Working Group 6) quantified the damage-seismic hazard relationships for each of the Index Buildings.
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Cobeen, Kelly, Vahid Mahdavifar, Tara Hutchinson, et al. Large-Component Seismic Testing for Existing and Retrofitted Single-Family Wood-Frame Dwellings (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/hxyx5257.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. Quantifying the difference of seismic performance of un-retrofitted and retrofitted single-family wood-frame houses has become increasingly important in California due to the high seismicity of the state. Inadequate lateral bracing of cripple walls and inadequate sill bolting are the primary reasons for damage to residential homes, even in the event of moderate earthquakes. Physical testing tasks were conducted by Working Group 4 (WG4), with testing carried out at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of California Berkeley (UCB). The primary objectives of the testing were as follows: (1) development of descriptions of load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in development of numerical modeling; and (2) collection of descriptions of damage at varying levels of peak transient drift for use by Working Group 6 in development of fragility functions. Both UCSD and UCB testing included companion specimens tested with and without retrofit. This report documents the portions of the WG4 testing conducted at UCB: two large-component cripple wall tests (Tests AL-1 and AL-2), one test of cripple wall load-path connections (Test B-1), and two tests of dwelling superstructure construction (Tests C-1 and C-2). Included in this report are details of specimen design and construction, instrumentation, loading protocols, test data, testing observations, discussion, and conclusions.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component - Test Program: Comparisons (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lohh5109.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofit and existing cripple walls. Amongst the body of reports from WG4, in the present report, a suite of four small cripple wall test phases, in total 28 specimens, are cross compared with varied exterior finishes, namely stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) exterior finishes. Details representative of era specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction are of predominant focus in the present effort. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto cripple walls of 12 ft in length and 2 ft or 6 ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions and tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing); and dry exterior finishes (horizontal siding, horizontal siding over diagonal sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels) with attention towards cripple wall height and the retrofit condition. The present report provides only a brief overview of the test program and setup; whereas a series of three prior reports present results of test groupings nominally by exterior finish type (wet versus dry). As such, herein the focus is to cross compare key measurements and observations of the in-plane seismic behavior of all 28 specimens.
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Jansson, Anna, Arun Heer, Suzana Rice, et al. South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation : an overview of challenges and opportunities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43920.
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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is conducting the “South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation” to further understand sediment dynamics and to develop a comprehensive regional sediment management plan for the south shore of Long Island, New York. Regional sediment management is a systems approach using best management practices for more efficient and effective use of sediments in coastal, estuarine, and inland environments. This investigation seeks to characterize sediment movement on the south shore of Long Island as a holistic system across the entire study area. It focuses on the regional system post-Hurricane Sandy (October 2012) as the storm significantly altered the physical landscape with severe shoreline erosion, which resulted in the construction of projects to reduce the risk of future storms and stakeholder priorities with a new emphasis on bay-side sediment dynamics, such as channel shoaling and disappearing wetlands. Despite the fact the storm caused severe erosion, the equilibrium beach profile, depth of closure, and general shoreline orientation seem to be unaffected. Previous studies have characterized sediment movement at specific sections of the south shore, but these data have not been incorporated to create a system-wide perspective. Coordinating sediment management across the six Atlantic Ocean inlets, Great South Bay Channel, Intracoastal Waterway, and coastal storm risk management (CSRM) projects could save the federal government millions of dollars in dredging and sand placement actions. This technical note presents the progress the investigation has made to date and will be followed with a more in-depth technical report titled South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation: A Post-Hurricane Sandy Shoreline Evaluation, currently in preparation.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Reis, Evan, Yousef Bozorgnia, Henry Burton, et al. Project Technical Summary (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/feis4651.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER-CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 7: Reporting and is a summary of the PEER–CEA Project work performed by Working Groups 1–6. This report does not present new information apart from the rest of the project, and its purpose is to serve as a reference for researchers and catastrophe modelers wishing to understand the objectives and key findings of the project. The key overall findings of the PEER–CEA Project are summarized in Chapters 8 and 10, which describe the efforts of the WG5 and WG6 Working Groups. The reader is referred to the individual reports prepared by the Working Groups for comprehensive information on the tasks, methodologies, and results of each.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/vsjs5869.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measures and documents seismic performance of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Three primary tasks support the earthquake loss-modeling effort. They are: (1) the development of ground motions and loading protocols that accurately represent the diversity of seismic hazard in California; (2) the execution of a suite of quasi-static cyclic experiments to measure and document the performance of cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies to develop and populate loss models; and (3) nonlinear response history analysis on cripple wall-supported buildings and their components. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This present report focuses on non-stucco or “dry” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present report involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction–specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction–are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses all eight specimens in the second phase of testing and three of the six specimens in the fourth phase of testing. Although conducted in different testing phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of all dry finished specimens. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto eleven cripple walls. Each specimen was 12 ft in length and 2-ft or 6-ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls. Parameters addressed in this report include: dry exterior finish type (shiplap horizontal lumber siding, shiplap horizontal lumber siding over diagonal lumber sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels), cripple wall height, vertical load, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol (including instrumentation), and measured as well as physical observations are summarized. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100 Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Zareian, Farzin, and Joel Lanning. Development of Testing Protocol for Cripple Wall Components (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/olpv6741.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA project is to provide scientifically-based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3.2 and focuses on Loading Protocol Development for Component Testing. It presents the background, development process, and recommendations for a quasi-static loading protocol to be used for cyclic testing of cripple wall components of wood-frame structures. The recommended loading protocol was developed for component testing to support the development of experimentally informed analytical models for cripple wall components. These analytical models are utilized for the performance-based assessment of wood-frame structures in the context of the PEER–CEA Project. The recommended loading protocol was developed using nonlinear dynamic analysis of representative multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems subjected to sets of single-component ground motions that varied in location and hazard level. Cumulative damage of the cripple wall components of the MDOF systems was investigated. The result is a testing protocol that captures the loading history that a cripple wall may experience in various seismic regions in California.