Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tjockhet'
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Moen, Linn. "Kropp, tjockhet och genus : En kritisk diskursanalys av nätdiskussionsforumet Flashback." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43534.
Full textForsberg, Anna. "Representation av kroppar : En analys av vilken representation av kvinnlighet och kroppar som syns i livsstilsmagasin riktade mot kvinnor." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-38995.
Full textGrundberg, Hans-Olof. "Oljefilmens tjocklek mellan kolvring och cylinderlopp." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101104.
Full textHägglunds Drives i Mellansel tillverkar hydraulmotorer av radialkolvs typ, främst för industriella applikationer. I dessa motorer finns flertalet glidande kontakter varav en av dessa är kolvring mot cylinderlopp. Hydraulmotorns stora fördelar är att producera högt vridmoment vid mycket låga rotationshastigheter, vilket medför att den maximala glidhastigheten under ett arbetsslag är mycket låg. Den låga glidhastigheten får som följd att kontakten mellan kolvringen och cylinderloppet, under hela arbetsslaget, befinner sig i gränsskiktssmörjning. Detta medför att kolvringen blir utsatt för nötning, nötning som i sin tur påverkar livslängden på hydraulmotor i mycket hög grad. För att minimera nötning av kolvringen är det väsentligt att bestämma oljefilmens tjocklek mellan kolvringen och cylinderloppet. Detta för att man sedan skall kunna vidta åtgärder hos de glidande ytornas topografi, vilka i sin tur kan påverka oljefilmens uppbyggnad vid lägre glidhastigheter. I detta examensarbete har en metod för att mäta filmtjocklekar utförts i en testrigg som simulerar en hydraulmotor från Hägglunds Drives. Metoden baseras på att använda kapacitiva givare som placeras i cylinderfodret och mäter avståndet från givarens placering till kolvringen. Givarens har placerats med en offset från cylinderloppet varpå oljefilmens tjocklek baseras på avståndet mellan givaren och kolvringen minus avståndet från givaren till cylinderloppet. En förändring av oljefilmens tjocklek i förhållande till kolvhastigheten har observerats, dock inom området för standard avvikelsen i testet. En tydlig trend kan dock anas för trycket 30 MPa, där oljefilmen ökar med ökad kolvhastighet.
Bergdahl, Sara. "Skillnaden i central och perifer retinal tjocklek mellan olika ametropier - en OCT-studie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medicin och optometri (MEO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26595.
Full textJohansson, Christoffer. "Analys av Tjocklut med Akustisk Spektroskopi : Prediktering av Torrhalt." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33533.
Full textSunesson, Philip. "Sannolikhetsbaserad dimensionering av sprutbetong : Fördelningar för tjocklek och böjdraghållfasthet." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210236.
Full textOne of the probability based methods that may be used when designing a tunnel is the partial factor method. This method adjusts the value of variables with the help of partial factors, which may be calibrated using a reliability-based approach. The Eurocodes provide these partial factors for different materials and structures, such as reinforced concrete. A limitation with the provided partial factors from Eurocode is the lack of consideration for the usage of the concrete. This thesis aims to investigate the possibility to derive new partial factors specifically for shotcrete reinforcement, for the failure mechanism of flexural failure. This has been done by means of reliability theory,FORM/FOSM. Flexural failure in shotcrete may occur when the adhesion between the rock and shotcrete is low. Further, the shotcrete has to have the capacity to withstand bending moments from the rocks. To derive the new partial factors, the measured data of thickness and flexural strength of shotcrete in one of Citybanan's tunnels, Norrströmstunneln, in central Stockholm have been used as the basis for the analysis. The data was described by a statistical distribution which enabled the usage of them in the reliability analysis. The results showed that a lognormal distribution best described the shotcrete thickness while flexural strength was best fitted by a beta distribution. The results also showed that it is not recommended to use probabilistic methods in design for this failure mechanism unless uncertainties, arising from some of the models and variables used, are reduced. It clearly shows that it would lead to oversizing compared with the design methods used today.
Westlinder, Johan. "Delmekanisering av aluminiumsvetsning i tjockt gods." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156724.
Full textHultqvist, Emelie. "Förändringen av lipidskiktets tjocklek i tårfilmen mellan förmiddag och eftermiddag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12323.
Full textÖsterlund, Patrik. "Förändrat körsätt av sodapannan." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90390.
Full textThe student thesis has been carried out for five weeks at Smurfit Kappa Kraftliner in Piteå. The project assigned was to perform a change in their driving behaviour of the combustion air to the recovery boiler and eventually minimize problems with dust departure. The method of the experiments was to close the 1,1 MPa steam and only inject 0,3 MPa steam to the air preheater before injection into the recovery boiler. The purpose of the thesis was to analyse the experiments and evaluate if there are any negative consequences to run the plant with only 0,3 MPa steam. The computer program WinMops was used to evaluate how the facility had been running earlier in the year and then compare this with the results of the experimental runs. The purpose of the recovery boiler is to recover chemicals by burning black liquor and to produce overheated steam to the turbines. The control and driving style of the recovery boiler is important for the black liquor combustion to be optimal. The combustion depends on the composition of the black liquor and the combustion air that is added. With the right amount of air and in the right places, you can control how well the combustion will be depending on the composition of the black liquor. Therefore, the combustion air is inserted to the recovery boiler at four different levels. Combustion tests were performed on two occasions, 24 hours each, and resulted in many negative consequences. The degree of reduction of green liquor and outgoing steam quantity was reduced. The amount of air into the boiler increased when the air pressure went down as the temperature of the combustion air was lowered from 170°C to 132°C. Increased amount of air in the boiler led to increased amount of fumes, which had a negative effect on the dust departure. The conclusion from this study is that the problems of high dust departure continued even with the changed driving behaviour of the combustion air. The conditions for combustion experiments have not been optimal when a number of breakdowns occurred in the steam network. The results probably had become more reliable with longer trial periods because the black liquor composition varies from day to day.
Fournstedt, Daniel. "Jämförelse mellan Scheimpflug imaging och anterior segment OCT i mätning av Corneal tjocklek." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medicin och optometri (MEO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44694.
Full textMattsson, Anna. "Är variation i STFI-tjocklek ett bra mått på kartongs bulighet? : Are variation in STFI-thickness a good measure of uneven surface, bumpiness, on cardboard?" Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Grafisk teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4100.
Full textStar-Tenn, Johanna. "Manuell- och semi-automatisk mätning av carotis intima-media tjocklek hos yngre och äldre individer." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-35702.
Full textHolmgen, Jonas. "Ger olika temperaturförhållanden ¨trade off¨- effekter mellan tillväxt och exokutikulans tjocklek hos Gammarus pulex? En pilotstudie." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-928.
Full textI rinnande vatten, så som bäckar och åar, har Gammarus pulex en viktig ställning i näringsväven. Arten bidrar till att bryta ner organiskt material och göra energin i detta tillgänglig för andra organismer. G. pulex är dessutom en viktig föda för ett stort antal predatorer. Flera studier visar att G. pulex reagerar på olika temperaturer. Tillväxthastighet, livslängd, reproduktion, aktivitet och syreförbrukning är exempel på karaktärer som påverkas av temperaturen. Ingen studie har tidigare behandlat om anläggningen av exokutikula påverkas av temperaturen. En höjd temperatur ökar tillväxthastigheten och detta skulle kunna ge minskade resurser till generering av exokutikula, såkallad ”trade off”. Min studie syftar till att undersöka hur G. pulex tvingas fördela sina resurser mellan tillväxt och exokutikulans tjocklek i förhållande till förändrade temperaturförhållande. Till undersökningen användes 80 djur från två naturliga system med en genomsnittlig temperaturskillnad på 1,9ºC. Säsongsvariation mellan höst och vinter studerades utifrån samma lokaler. Exokutikulans tjocklek mättes och kroppslängden användes som storleksreferens. Statistisk analys gjordes av kvoten exokutikulatjocklek/kroppslängd och ingen signifikant skillnad hittades mellan de olika grupperna. Denna studie visar att ingen ”trade off” finns mellan exokutikulans tjocklek och tillväxt hos G. pulex, varken i de två systemen, eller p.g.a. säsongsvariation, höst och vinter. Detta kan bero på Amfipoders möjligheter att återanvända kalcium för uppbyggnad av en ny exokutikula samt eventuell god tillgång på resurser. Dessutom ger en höjd metabolism vid ökad temperatur ökade möjligheter till en snabb generering av en ny exokutikula. Vidare studier bör göras i både naturliga och artificiella miljöer för att vidare undersöka en eventuell ”trade off” mellan tillväxt och exokutikula.
Johansson, Emelie, and Anna Lindgren. "Intima-media tjocklek och lumendiameter i arteria carotis communis: en jämförelse av höger och vänster sida." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för naturvetenskap och biomedicin, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40127.
Full textBackground: A common cause to cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis. An increased IMT and LD reflects early stages of atherosclerosis. Ultrasound is used to investigate IMT and LD. There are several risk factors for an increased IMT and LD. Possibly there is a side difference of IMT and LD, but the cause is not clear. Aim: The aim was to compare intima-media thickness (IMT) and lumen diameter (LD) between right- and left common carotid artery (CCA). The aim was also to compare if there was any side difference based on risk groups related to each corresponding reference group. Method: This thesis was a retrospective study including 41 randomly selected participants. Results: No significant side difference of IMT and LD was seen in the entire group. When comparing side difference of IMT and LD between the risk groups and reference groups, no significant side difference could be seen. Discussion: The aim was achieved, but limitations that could affect the result occurred. Compared with previous studies, this work has both similar results as well as divergent results. Conclusion: Future studies are recommended to improve more knowledge. Thus, measurement of IMT and LD can be developed and used to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
KRAKAU, OLIVIA, and TORRE RAPP VIKTOR LA. "Optimal tjocklek av isoleringsmaterial i en energieffektiv byggnad : Minimering av primärenergianvändning, växthuspotential och kostnad ur ett livscykelperspektiv." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238664.
Full textIn Sweden, the construction and real estate sector accounts for approximately one fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions and one third of the total energy use, mainly due to heating. In order to reduce both energy requirement and environmental impact, energy efficient measures are of great importance. Insulation materials play a major role in reducing heat losses. However, manufacturing of insulation materials is an energy-intensive process with impact on the environment. In this study, the life cycle impact of seven different insulation materials was determined. The study considers the energy efficient building “Backåkra 2” in Sweden, planned to be completed next year, as a case study for evaluating lifecycle environmental and economic performances. It is investigated how the operating energy in “Backåkra 2” is affected by the choice of different insulation materials and their thicknesses. The optimal thickness of each insulation material in the building was determined in order to minimize primary energy use, global warming potential and cost over a period of 50 years. For the determined thicknesses, other environmental impacts were also investigated. The evaluated insulation materials are glass wool, cellulose insulation, polyuretan/polyisocyanurat, vacuum insulation, aerogel, graphite foam insulation, and phenolic based insulation. In the lifecycle analysis, two different waste scenarios are also implemented, of which one has high material recycling and the other has high energy recovery. A sensitivity analysis examines the impact of the primary energy factor, the lifespan of the insulation materials, the carbon dioxide factor, the U-values in the building's windows and other values for the life cycle impact. The results show that the selected thickness of insulation material in the building today of 19 cm is close to the optimal thickness with respect to minimal primary energy use. If the insulation material has lower carbon dioxide emissions during its lifecycle, the thickness is at present close to the optimal thickness in terms of minimizing the global warming potential. Aerogel has the highest values in all impact categories in both waste scenarios. Vacuum insulation will achieve the lowest primary energy use at its optimal thicknesses of 11,26 cm for waste scenario 0 while cellulose will achieve the lowest primary energy use of all materials at a thickness of 64,5 cm for waste scenario 50. Cellulose insulation also has the lowest global warming potential, while graphite foam insulation has the lowest cost for the optimal thicknesses in both waste scenarios. Higher material recovery rates give optimum at larger thicknesses, while high energy recovery rates lead to thinner insulation thickness. Optimizing the thickness of insulation materials based on all three criteria (primary energy use, global warming potential and cost) can cause difficulties due to a high difference in results. The result in the analysis is sensitive to changes in lifespan, and this should be more carefully evaluated in future studies to resemble the real building. Future studies can also revolve around more general application of similar analysis for different types of buildings in different geographic regions. In some types of buildings, the impact of insulation materials on primary energy use and global warming potential compared to the total building is significant. In such cases, optimization of insulation thickness has a significant impact on the overall performance and can reduce the environmental impact generated by the building. In conclusion, this study can contribute to a reduction of the primary energy use, the environmental impact and the costs in an energy efficient building throughout the whole life cycle.
PETTERSSON, EMILIE, and NI GIAN LIEU. "Elektriskt ledande filter : funktionoch prestanda." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17365.
Full textProgram: Textilingenjörsutbildningen
Sällström, Benjamin, and Tobias Kareliussén. "Hur påverkas muskelaktiviteten vid styrketräning med en tjock stång i jämförelse med en standardolympisk stång? : En EMG- studie." Thesis, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5049.
Full textMany everyday tasks and also many sports require good grip and forearm strength. Everything from carrying boxes and lifting a child to grab the arms and legs in various martial arts, or holding a tennis racket involving the hand and forearm muscles in various ways. It is therefore important to train these muscles to prevent injuries and congestion and to perform well in sport. A well known way to train functional strength in the hand and forearm muscles is weight training with thick handles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in muscle activity in the upper arm and forearm muscles as well as the deltoids between two bars of different diameter (28mm and 57mm) in two different weight training exercises using electromyography (EMG). The weight training exercises consisted of a pulling exercise in the form of a bench row and a pressing exercise in the form of close-grip bench press. The study also examines whether there is a connection between hand strength and muscle activity, and if there is any connection between hand size and muscle activity. Results show that muscle activity between the thick bars remained unchanged in the close-grip bench press. In the bench row exercise, however, significant increases were seen in the forearm flexors and m. biceps brachii while lifting the thicker bar. The forearm extensors showed an indication of muscle activity increases while lifting the thicker bar. However, there was no connection between hand strength and muscle activity and no correlation between hand size and muscle activity. The conclusion is that the pulling exercise with the thicker bar results in higher muscle activity in comparison to a standard Olympic bar in several muscles involved, not just those directly affected by the thicker bar.
Ericsson, Daniel, and Ida Lagergren. "Lutens kretslopp på Södra Cell Värö." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12795.
Full textWang, Lisa. "Intima-media tjockleken i arteria carotis communis: en jämförelse mellan män och kvinnor." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92914.
Full textBackground: Atherosclerosis is a known underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. The progression of atherosclerosis is a slow process that begins at an early age. An accepted subclinical marker for the development of atherosclerosis is carotid intima media thickness. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a statistically significant difference in intima-media thickness in the carotid artery between young women and men without any known cardiovascular risk factor. Method: The study examined 38 healthy participants with a mean age of 24.5 years. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured by ultrasound. Results: The results showed no statistically significant difference in carotid intima-media thickness between young women and men. Discussion: The result can be affected by the small sample size and in order to be able to draw more general conclusions, a larger population should be examined.
Svensson, Ludvig. "Dimensionsmätare : En PLC-baserad mätmetod för att bestämma en brädas dimension." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31482.
Full textIn this project a measurement system for dimension measurements on boards have been developed. The measurement system consists of a programmable logic controller (PLC), a human-machine-interface (HMI), an encoder for measuring width and two laser distance sensors for measuring thickness. The goal of the project is to compare between different distance sensors suitable for measuring the thickness of a board, to create electrical drawings for the system, to develop a PLC-program which collects and analyzes the measurement data and sends the results to a higher level system, to develop a HMI which will be used for monitoring and to change parameters and settings and test the measurement system at an sawmill in order to determine its accuracy. A literature study was made in order to increase the knowledge of different kinds of encoders and distance sensor. The study showed that there are mainly two kind of encoders, the absolute and the incremental. The incremental encoder generates a square wave signal while the absolute encoder generates a signal that represents the angular position of the encoder. The study also showed that an optical laser sensors based on the time of flight (TOF) or the triangulation principle proved to have high precision and fast response time. The TOF-principle is based on measuring the time it takes for a pulse of laser to travel to an object and reflect back to a receiver. By knowing the time difference between the transmitter and receiver and the speed of light makes it possible to calculate the distance to the object. The triangulation principle is based on using known distances and reflection angles to calculate unknown distances. Electrical drawings was made in ELPROCAD and previous knowledge provided the basis for how the program was used and how the drawings were constructed. A literature study was made to gather information about different types of distance sensors, which was later used to compare price and performance. A PLC-system from Siemens was chosen and the PLC-program was developed in Simatic Step 7. The HMI that was chosen in the project was Beijer X2 Pro 4” from Beijer Electronics. The measurement system was able to measure the thickness with an uncertainty of ± 0.3 mm and the width with an uncertainty of ± 0.6 mm with a confidence level of 95 %. The goal of the project was fulfilled but there is some work left for the future. That is making a filter for removing thin edges on the board and develop a pressurized air system that can clean the sensors from dust in a defined time interval.
Basim, Weaam, Khader Nour Abdul, and Vijan Rehsid. "Beteende hos laminerade glasbalkar med och utan sprickor." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97934.
Full textIt is becoming increasingly common to use laminated glass as a construction material. But glass is a sensitive and translucent material that can give an unpleasant feeling if it cracks. Especially if it is a glass structure that will hold a large part of a building. A glass structure should be considered safe to stay in. Today, it is difficult to replace supporting structural parts with glass in Sweden due to the lack of design rules. In this thesis, a study is conducted on how laminated glass bends when exposed to mechanical loads and varying temperatures for a short time. It is studied how the thickness of the middle layer plays a role, how the tension and the shear stiffness vary in the glass. In order to obtain relevant comparisons, the behavior of an unbroken and a cracked laminated beam is also studied. With the help of literature studies and theoretical calculations, the behavior of laminated beams under different conditions was examined. The results show that loads that act on a laminated beam for a short time lead to varying behavior and deformations depending on temperature, shear stiffness and interlayer thickness. A limit value was detected at the temperature of 50 °C where a change in the relation between interlayer thickness, temperature and deformation occurs. The behavior and deformation of a laminated beam also varies whether the laminate is cracked or not cracked.
Runefelt, Tove, and Harrison Viktor Lundmark. "Flatstickade distanstextiler och deras värmeisolerande förmåga : Hur kan förändring av masklängd och distanstråd påverka värmeisolering och vikt?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14767.
Full textThis study is a collaboration with the sportswear company Houdini Sportswear. They are looking for new ways to improve function and comfort in their garments with less material waste and choosing more sustainable materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat and weight in flat bed knitted spacer structures and what parameters that affects it. By creating a material with high heat insulating properties and with focus on reducing the weight it is possible to reduce the material waste and to achieve an improved function. One of the most important factors contributing to high insulation value is the amount of entrapped still air within the textile structure. This project therefore investigates how the stitch length and the placement of the spacer thread can affect the amount of air within the structure and thereby the thermal insulation. Together with Houdini a weight limit has been set to 400 g/m2 and only one type of wool yarn is used throughout the project in order to make a mono-material fabric that can more easily degrade. When measuring the thermal insulation properties of a fabric standardized methods are often used. These might have advanced equipment and be hard to access.The second aim of this project is therefore to develop a more accessible test method for measurement of thermal insulation in textiles and also to compare the results from the own method with the results from two standardized methods. A pre study is made where different structures and two own developed test methods are being investigated. One of the test methods and a spacer binding is further developed in the main study where focus lies on reproducibility of the tests, and variations of the spacer thread stitch length and placement. All of the samples from the main study is tested on the own developed test method and some chosen samples are tested on two standardized test methods: ISO 5085-1:2004 and ISO 11092:2014 at the Swedish research institute Swerea IVF. A comparison is made between the results from the three methods. The results show that tests with our own developed test method has not been able to show a clear relationship between heat insulation and the changes of parameters in different textiles. Although, the samples that have been tested indicate that there might be a relationship between high heat insulating properties when the spacer thread is knitting more frequently. When comparing the results from the three different test methods the own developed method show different raking from the two standardized methods. The own developed test method should therefore be further developed. But still, after discussion with Valter Dejke, researcher at Swerea IVF, and Sibel Okcabol, quality manager at Swerea IVF, it is believed that the own test method could be used for comparing thermal insulating properties between textiles.
Sporre, Moa. "Human Influence on Marine Low-Level Clouds." Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-105458.
Full textA study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N80) and the 35% with the lowest N80 have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N80 values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N80 values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.
The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (aef) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between aef and N80 has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect aef more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.
Andersson, Ida, and Anders Hedvall. "Relationships Between Skin Properties and Body Water Level." Thesis, KTH, Medicinsk teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133438.
Full textEtt behov av att kvantitativt kunna mäta kroppens vattennivå har identifierats av Clinical Innovation Fellowship vid Centrum för Teknik i Medicin och Hälsa (CTMH). Ett tillförlitligt sätt att mäta kroppens vattennivå skulle gynna hälso- och sjukvården på många sätt då ingen optimal metod är tillgänglig i dagsläget. En möjlig lösning skulle kunna vara en sensor som mäter variationer i hudegenskaper till följd av förändringar i kroppens vattennivå. CTMH har haft en idé om en sådan sensor, vilken utvärderas i detta arbete. I ett tidigt skede av utvärderingsprocessen framkom det tydligt att tillräcklig forskning saknades gällande korrelationer mellan hudens egenskaper och kroppens vattennivå. Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta masterexamensarbete blev därför att undersöka sådana korrelationer. En omfattande litteraturgransking gjordes, och utifrån denna utformades ett experiment. Experimentet utfördes på fyra testpersoner och innefattade mätningar av hudens tjocklek samt elasticitetsparameterar. Dessa utfördes före och efter viktnedgång av 3,2-3,7 % till följd av vattenförlust. Resultaten visade på en tydlig minskning av hudtjockleken samt indikationer på förändringar av hudens tänjbarhet samt dess omedelbara elastiska respons vid pålagt negativt tryck. Det visade sig också att huden inte reagerar på samma sätt på olika kroppsdelar - vader visade tydligare förändringar jämfört med lår och armar. Det material som presenteras i detta examensarbete uppmuntrar till fortsatt utredning av korrelationer mellan de nämnda hudegenskaperna och kroppens vattennivå. Om det går att förutse korrelationer finns det förutsättningar för att påbörja utveckling av en sensor.