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Journal articles on the topic 'Tm thermoluminescence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Oliveira Junot, Danilo, Marcos A. P. Chagas, and Divanízia Do Nascimento Souza. "ANÁLISE TERMOLUMINESCENTE DE COMPÓSITOS DE CaSO4 ATIVADO COM TERRAS RARAS." Eclética Química Journal 38, no. 1 (2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v38.1.2013.p90-94.

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Since the thermoluminescence started to be applied to the dosimetry of ionizing radiation in 1940 different materials detectors have been proposed, and one of the most common is CaSO4. The motivation of this work was to produce crystals of CaSO4 doped with rare earth elements such as europium (Eu), neodymium (Nd) and thulium (Tm). It was also produced crystals of CaSO4:Ag. The interest in the production of these materials was to investigate other methods of production of thermoluminescent materials. The results show that the CaSO4:Tm is more suitable for use in the thermoluminescent dosimetry.

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2

Guo, Jing Yuan, Qiang Tang, Li Gao, et al. "Influence of Sintering Temperature on the Thermoluminescence Spectra of MgSO₄ Doped with RE(Tm,Dy) and Mn." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.57.

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In this paper, MgSO4:Dy,MgSO4:Tm and MgSO4:Mn phosphors are prepare by high temperature solid state reaction. The MgSO4:Dy or MgSO4:Tm powder are mixed and sintered with MgSO4:Mn respectively to obtain the co-doped MgSO4:Dy,Mn and MgSO4:Tm,Mn phosphors. The 3-dimensional thermoluminescence spectra of these two phosphors under different sintering temperature are measured.Results show that when the sintering temperature is below 800°C, Dy, Tm and Mn ions emissions are independent. However, when the sintering temperature was over 800°C, the emission peak of Mn becomes weaker, and so do the low te

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3

Pradhan, A. S., and J. Rassow. "Radiation induced thermoluminescence in CaF2:Tm detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 255, no. 1-2 (1987): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)91108-9.

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4

Liu, Qi, Henglei Chen, Guangwen Feng, and Qun Jing. "Thermoluminescence properties of novel KSrPO4: Tm phosphor." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1014 (February 2025): 178806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.178806.

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5

Etafo, Nelson Oshogwue, Carlos Rodriguez Garcia, Tzipatly A. Esquivel-Castro, Manuel I. León-Madrid, Alejandro Santibañez, and Jorge Oliva. "The Effect of a Yb Co-Dopant on the Blue Upconversion and Thermoluminescent Emission of SrLaAlO4:Yb3+,Tm3+ Phosphors." Coatings 13, no. 6 (2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061003.

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In this study, we described the structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and thermoluminescence properties of SrLaAlO4:Tm3+,Yb3+ (SLAO:Tm,Yb) blue-emitting phosphors made by combustion synthesis and a post-annealing treatment at 1200 °C. The Yb co-dopant concentration was varied (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mol%) while the Tm dopant concentration was fixed at 5 mol%. According to the X-ray diffraction patterns, all the samples presented the pure tetragonal phase of SrLaAlO4. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the SLAO powders had morphologies of irregular or bar grains

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6

Koide, Sohya, Naoki Kawano, Takumi Kato, et al. "Scintillation and thermoluminescence characteristics of Tm-doped BaCaBO3F." Optical Materials 126 (April 2022): 112222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112222.

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7

Rasheedy, Mahmoud Said, Fumio Nishimura, and Toshihiro Ichimori. "On the thermoluminescence emission spectra of CaF2: Tm." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 61, no. 1 (1991): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(91)95562-r.

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8

Luo, Hongde, Adrie J. J. Bos, Anna Dobrowolska, and Pieter Dorenbos. "Low-temperature VUV photoluminescence and thermoluminescence of UV excited afterglow phosphor Sr3AlxSi1−xO5:Ce3+,Ln3+ (Ln = Er, Nd, Sm, Dy and Tm)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 23 (2015): 15419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01710f.

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Low-temperature thermoluminescence measurements of Ce doped Sr<sub>3</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> show that Ce<sup>3+</sup> is the recombination centre and Nd, Sm, Dy and Tm work as electron traps with trap depths of 0.95 eV, 1.89 eV, 1.02 eV, and 1.19 eV, respectively.

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9

HSU, Pin-Chieh, Pao-Shan WEND, Shih-Hai LI, Su-Fua WANG, and Fu-Dong CHANG. "Effect of Teflon Covers on Thermoluminescence of CaF2:Tm." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 34, no. 2 (1999): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.34.179.

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10

Jacob, M., P. Meissner, and J. Rassow. "Infrared Thermoluminescence Signals of TLD-300 (CaF2:Tm) Detectors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 33, no. 1-4 (1990): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080813.

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11

Jacob, M., P. Meissner, and J. Rassow. "Infrared Thermoluminescence Signals of TLD-300 (CaF2:Tm) Detectors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 33, no. 1-4 (1990): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/33.1-4.291.

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12

Freire de Souza, Luiza, and Divanízia N. Souza. "PRODUÇÃO DE DOSÍMETROS TERMOLUMINESCENTES À BASE DE MgB4O7: Dy e MgB4O7:Tm." Eclética Química Journal 38, no. 1 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v38.1.2013.p101-108.

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The thermoluminescent dosimetry (TL) is a well-established technique for the detection of ionizing radiation in hospitals, clinics, and industrial establishments where there is the need to quantify the radiation. For this practice is require the use phosphors which are sensitive to radiation. Some phosphors are already commonly used in this practice, for example, TLD-100 (LiF: Mg, Ti), CaSO4:Tm and CaSO4:Dy. A compound that was most recently introduced in dosimetry and has many advantageous features to detect neutrons, electrons and gamma is the magnesium tetraborate (MgB4O7), but the undoped

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13

Kása, I., R. Chobola, P. Mell, S. Szakács, and A. Kerekes. "Preparation and investigation of thermoluminescence properties of CaSO4:Tm,Cu." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 123, no. 1 (2006): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncl088.

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14

Liu, Liyan, Yanli Zhang, Jingquan Hao, Chengyu Li, Shubin Wang, and Qiang Su. "Thermoluminescence studies of LiBa2B5O10:RE3+ (RE=Dy, Tb and Tm)." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 68, no. 9 (2007): 1745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.04.020.

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15

Singh, Moirangthem Nara, Anurup Gohain Barua, and R. K. Gartia. "Thermoluminescence studies of Tm doped nanocrystalline Calcium Aluminate (CaAl2O4:Tm3+)." Optik 228 (February 2021): 166151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166151.

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16

Zaharchuk, Ivan, Mihail Danilkin, Aleksandr Selyukov, Ol'ga Ivkina, and Irina Mosyagina. "Luminescent Dosimetric Materials Based on Magnesium Tetraborate for Proton Beam Metrology." ANRI, no. 3 (August 20, 2023): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2023-114-3-45-55.

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The possibility of optical readout has been studied for the detectors based on MgB4O7:Dy,Na. It is shown that due to the release of electrons from traps instead of holes under illumination by light, optically stimulated luminescence is not observed, despite effective erasing of thermally stimulated luminescence glow curves by light. By analogy with MgB4O7:Tm, a model of the processes occurring during thermoluminescence is presented.

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17

M., Dahab, Khamis F., and E. Arafah D. "Effect of Storage on the TL Properties of Glow Curve of Synthesis: Dy, Tm and Dy/Tm Doped CaSO4." Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences 2, no. 3 (2017): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOPACS/2017/34938.

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<strong>Aims</strong><strong>:</strong> CaSO<sub>4</sub> doped with one or two rare earth elements dysprosium (Dy) and thallium (Tm) was studied using thermoluminescence (TL) technique with different annealing temperatures and different concentrations. <strong>Study Design:</strong> In the present paper, stored and fresh sample synthesis effects on the kinetic parameters of dosimetric peaks were investigated. <strong>Place and Duration of Study: </strong>Department of Physics (Atomic Physics Lab's, The University of Jordan), between July 2013 to August 2016. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The p

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18

Guo Jing-Yuan, Tang Qiang, Tang Hua-Ming, Zhang Chun-Xiang, Luo Da-Ling, and Liu Xiao-Wei. "Thermoluminescence and optical stimulated luminescence trap parameters of LiMgPO4: Tm, Tb." Acta Physica Sinica 66, no. 10 (2017): 107802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.66.107802.

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19

Townsend, P. D., R. A. Wood, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Brown, and J. E. Townsend. "Thermoluminescence Evidence for Laser Induced Crystallisation of Tm Doped Germanosilicate Fibres." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 65, no. 1 (1996): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031662.

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20

Jiang, L. H., Y. L. Zhang, C. Y. Li, J. Q. Hao, and Q. Su. "Thermoluminescence studies of LiSrBO3:RE3+ (RE=Dy, Tb, Tm and Ce)." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68, no. 1 (2010): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.10.001.

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21

Stern, S. H., J. L. Price, D. G. Simons, et al. "RBS and XPS analyses of phosphor packages for laser-heat thermoluminescence dosimetry." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 7 (1991): 1574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.1574.

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Phosphor packages for a laser-heat thermoluminescence radiation-dosimetry system have been analyzed with Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Samples consist of 20–50 μm diameter powder grains of CaSO4: Tm and LiF: (Mg, Ti) phosphor embedded in a transparent silicone matrix about 60 μm thick. Our principal finding with regard to layer morphology indicates an inhomogeneous outer layer of areal density at least ∼300 μg/cm2 depleted of phosphor and contaminated with boron.

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22

Azorin, J., C. Furetta, and A. Gutierrez. "Evaluation of the kinetic parameters of CaF2:Tm (TLD-300) thermoluminescence dosemeters." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 3 (1989): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/3/014.

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23

Otto, T., L. Gindraux, and M. Strasser. "The thermoluminescence efficiency of Li2B4O7:Cu and of CaSO4:Tm for photons." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 144, no. 1-4 (2010): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq503.

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24

Lewandowski, A. C., J. H. Barkyoumb, and V. K. Mathur. "Thermoluminescence Emission, Excitation and Stimulation Spectra of CaSO4:Dy and CaSO4:Tm." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 65, no. 1 (1996): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031641.

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25

Lewandowski, A. C., and V. K. Mathur. "High Dose and Phototransferred Thermoluminescence in CaSO4, CaSO4:Dy, and CaSO4:Tm." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 66, no. 1 (1996): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031719.

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26

Olko, Pawel. "Calcium fluoride, CaF2:Tm (TLD-300) as a thermoluminescence one hit detector." Radiation Measurements 29, no. 3-4 (1998): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(98)00022-5.

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27

Bacci, C., P. Bernardini, A. Di Domenico, C. Furetta, and B. Rispoli. "Analysis of thermoluminescence kinetics of CaF2(Tm) peaks with glow curve deconvolution." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 286, no. 1-2 (1990): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)90234-w.

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28

Chakrabarti, K., J. Sharma, V. K. Mathur, and R. J. Abbundi. "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical absorption and thermoluminescence studies in CaSO4: Tm." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 69, no. 2-3 (1992): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)96025-t.

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29

Biswas, Rabiul, and Ashok Singhvi. "Anomalous fading and crystalline structure: Studies on individual chondrules from the same parent body." Geochronometria 40, no. 4 (2013): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-013-0114-9.

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Abstract Plagioclase feldspar is the major luminescent mineral in meteorites. Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics, peak temperature (Tm), full width at half maximum (FWHM), ratio of high (HT) to low temperature (LT) peak, and TL sensitivity (TL/dose/mass) to an extent reflect degree of crystallinity of the mineral. The present study explores and establishes a correlation between quantum mechanical anomalous (athermal) fading and structural state by examining TL of individual chondrules. Chondrules were separated using freeze-thaw technique from a single fragment of Dhajala meteorite. The r

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30

Meissner, P., M. Jacob, and J. Rassow. "Infrared and visible thermoluminescence signals of Tm-doped CaF2measured by a semiconductor photodiode." Physics in Medicine and Biology 33, no. 12 (1988): 1407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/33/12/006.

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31

Meissner, P., M. Jacob, and J. Rassow. "Infrared and visible thermoluminescence signals of Tm-doped CaF2measured by a semiconductor photodiode." Physics in Medicine and Biology 33, no. 5 (1988): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/33/5/009.

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32

Lakshmanan, A. R., and S. S. Tiwari. "Optical Absorption and Thermoluminescence Studies in CaF2:Tm Crystals Irradiated at Room Temperature." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (1993): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081742.

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33

Lakshmanan, A. R., and S. S. Tiwari. "Optical Absorption and Thermoluminescence Studies in CaF2:Tm Crystals Irradiated at Room Temperature." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 47, no. 1-4 (1993): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/47.1-4.243.

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34

Bulcar, K., N. Kucuk, M. Topaksu, and N. Can. "Thermoluminescence spectra of Tm doped ZnB2O4 phosphor prepared via a wet-chemical synthesis." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 147 (May 2019): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.03.016.

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35

Wahib, Norfadira, Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi, Nurul Najua Zulkepely, et al. "Thermoluminescence Response of Germanium-Doped Silica (SiO₂) Optical Fibers Subjected to X-Ray Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.434.

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We have investigated the suitability of 8% mole of tailor-made germanium (Ge)- doped silica (Si02) cylindrical fibers to use as the detector, to map dose that received by the patient during the treatment especially for X-ray radiation. The diameters of these cylindrical optical fibers are; 362μm, 483μm and 604μm with different in masses and have been supplied by Telekom Malaysia (TM) group. To study the thermoluminescence reponse of these fibers, X-ray source with 60 kVp, 80 kVp and 100 kVp were used to irradiate the samples. The dosage of X-ray source was measured by the calibrated ionization

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36

Mammadov, S., M. Gurbanov, L. Ahmadzade, and A. Abishov. "Thermoluminescence properties of nano-alumina with two different particle sizes." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 24, no. 3 (2023): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.24.3.584-588.

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This research aims to examine the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of nano-sized alumina, including the relationship between TL intensity and absorbed dose, the identification of individual luminescence peaks, and determining trap parameters for use as a possible dosimeter. The samples were exposed to 530 to 2646 Gy doses from 60Co irradiation. The results show that micro-sized α-Al2O3 had a main dosimetry peak at Tm = 435 K, while nano-α-Al2O3 samples with particle sizes of 40 and 50 nm displayed a TL luminescence glow curve, with the primary dosimetry peak located in the low-temperature ra

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37

HSU, Pin-Chieh, Li-Chen TSAI, Huan NIU, and Pao-Shan WENG. "Response of Thermoluminescence Dosimeter CaF2: Tm to Low-Level Proton Beams Using Rutherford Backscattering." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 36, no. 2 (2001): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.36.131.

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38

Sohrabi, M., M. Jafarizadeh, and F. Abbasisiar. "Sensitive CaSO4:Dy and CaSO4:Tm Thermoluminescence Detectors Produced from Natural Crystals of Iran." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 78, no. 4 (1998): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032364.

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39

Cunha Filho, P. Linhares, R. L. A. T. Menezes, and W. M. Azevedo. "Thermoluminescence characterization of the Cu(Tb,Tm)-12CaO-7AL2O3 compounds obtained by combustion synthesis." Radiation Measurements 71 (December 2014): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.03.008.

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40

Wang, Y., N. Can, and P. D. Townsend. "Influence of Li dopants on thermoluminescence spectra of CaSO4 doped with Dy or Tm." Journal of Luminescence 131, no. 9 (2011): 1864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.04.042.

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41

Isik, M., N. M. Gasanly, L. G. Gasanova, and A. Z. Mahammadov. "Thermoluminescence study in Cu3Ga5S9 single crystals: Application of heating rate and Tm–Tstop methods." Journal of Luminescence 199 (July 2018): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.03.076.

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42

Zhang, Lin, Chen Shu Li, Hiroshi Yamada, and Chao Nan Xu. "A Novel Blue-Violet Emitting Mechanoluminescent Material with Calcium Aluminosilicate." Key Engineering Materials 388 (September 2008): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.277.

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We have demonstrated a novel blue-violet emitting mechanoluminscent(ML) material with calcium aluminosilicate(CaAl2Si2O8:Eu2+). The ML was clearly visible to the naked eye in the atmosphere and showed a similar spectrum to photoluminescence with a peak at 430nm. In order to enhance the ML intensity, various rare earth ions were selected as co-dopants including La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. It was found that the intensity of ML was strongly dependent on the kinds of the codoped rare earth ion, especially the co-doping of Ho3+ was found to greatly enhance the ML intensity. From

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43

Harooni, S., M. Zahedifar, E. Sadeghi, and Z. Ahmadian. "A NEW THERMOLUMINESCENCE GENERAL ORDER GLOW CURVE FIT FUNCTION CONSIDERING THERMAL QUENCHING EFFECT." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 1 (2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz146.

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Abstract A new thermoluminescence (TL) general order glow curve fit function in terms of the intensity of peak maximum, Im and the peak temperature, Tm is presented in which thermal quenching (TQ) effect has been taken into account. Also, the conventional general order model and the new presented function were fitted to the glow peak 5 of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) and the kinetic parameters were obtained for different heating rates as the results of fitting procedure. It was found that increasing the heating rate, which makes the TQ more prominent, causes more divergence between the kinetic paramete

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44

Shinsho, Kiyomitsu, Yuta Suzuki, Kazumasa Harada, Yusuke Yamamoto, and Akio Urushiyama. "Multilevel based analysis of the thermoluminescence of CaSO4:RE (RE=Tm, Dy, Tb, and Sm)." Journal of Applied Physics 99, no. 4 (2006): 043506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2173033.

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45

Horowitz, Y. S., D. Satinger, D. Yossian, et al. "Ionisation Density Effects in the Thermoluminescence of TLD-100:Computerised Tm-Tstop Glow Curve Analysis." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 84, no. 1 (1999): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032727.

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46

Bos, A. J. J., R. W. De Jong, and K. Meijvogel. "Effects of type of radiation on glow curve and thermoluminescence emission spectrum of CaF2:Tm." Radiation Measurements 24, no. 4 (1995): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(95)91005-s.

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47

Abishov, Aqshin, Sahib Mammadov, Muslim Gurbanov, Ahmad Ahadov, and Aybeniz Ahadova. "Thermoluminescence Behavior and Kinetic Analysis of Quartz Under Gamma Irradiation." East European Journal of Physics, no. 4 (December 8, 2024): 373–77. https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2024-4-43.

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This study investigates the luminescence characteristics of quartz samples irradiated with a 60Co gamma source across a dose range of 57 to 570 Gy. Prior to irradiation, the samples were annealed at 650°C for two hours. The thermoluminescence (TL) spectra were measured at a heating rate of 5°C/sec, revealing two primary peaks at approximately 200°C and 320°C. The intermediate peak displayed a shoulder around 150°C. It was observed that the peak temperature maximum (Tm) at 206±2°C remained constant regardless of the irradiation dose. The intensity of the intermediate peak decreased significantl

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48

Gieszczyk, Wojciech, Barbara Marczewska, Mariusz Kłosowski, et al. "Thermoluminescence Enhancement of LiMgPO4 Crystal Host by Tb3+ and Tm3+ Trivalent Rare-Earth Ions Co-doping." Materials 12, no. 18 (2019): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182861.

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We investigated the influence of terbium and thulium trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions co-doping on the luminescent properties enhancement of LiMgPO4 (LMP) crystal host. The studied crystals were grown from the melt by micro-pulling-down (MPD) technique. Luminescent properties of the obtained crystals were investigated by thermoluminescence (TL) method. The most favorable properties and the highest luminescence enhancement were measured for Tb and Tm double doped crystals. A similar luminescence level can be also obtained for Tm, B co-doped samples. In this case, however, the low-temperature TL c

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49

Kása, I. "Dependence of Thermoluminescence Response of CaSO4:Dy and CaSO4:Tm on Grain Size and Activator Concentration." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 33, no. 1-4 (1990): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080815.

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50

Mizuguchi, K., and Y. Fukuda. "Thermoluminescence and Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission of Ca3(PO4)2:Dy and Ca3(PO4)2:Tm." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 84, no. 1 (1999): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032744.

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