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Lacroix, Fabrice. "Etude de la neutralisation laser d'une charge de TNT sous enveloppe PVC : application à la neutralisation de mines à enveloppe plastique." Mulhouse, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MULH0690.
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Malgré sa médiatisation, le problème du déminage reste entier : on ne sait ni détecter les mines enfouies ou non ni les neutraliser sans les faire exploser. Afin de tenter d'apporter une solution à ce second problème, nous avons étudié l'irradiation laser d'une simili-mine reconstituée à partir d'une enveloppe en PVC et d'une charge de TNT. Le comportement des deux constituants de base (PVC et TNT) a été précisé par une étude paramétrique de leur irradiation. Une modélisation de l'intumescence laser du PVC surchloré a été réalisée ainsi que celle du comportement optique diffusant dans le proche IR du TNT. L'influence de la longueur d'onde a été étudiée à 0,808 um, 1,064 um et 10,6 um ainsi que celle de l'intensité laser de 50 à 2000 W/cm2. Le PVC surchloré réagit en formant une mousse carbonée très dense au niveau de la zone irradiée. Cette mousse d'intumescence ralentit la propagation du flux thermique dans le matériau grâce à sa faible conductivité thermique et ré-émet une grande partie du rayonnement incident sous forme de rayonnement thermique. Non surchloré, le PVC entre rapidement en régime d'ablation avec une faible influence de la longueur d'onde sur le débit d'ablation, alors que dans le cas du TNT ce paramètre est prépondérant : avec une longueur d'onde située dans l'IR (10,6 lim), le TNT est opaque et entre en régime d'ablation de façon quasi instantanée, si la longueur d'onde se situe dans le proche IR (0,808 ou 1,064 @m), le TNT est quasi transparent et présente une réflexion diffuse de volume significative influencée par sa mise en œuvre. Dans les deux cas de figure, la cinétique de décomposition thermique du TNT n'est pas suffisamment rapide pour induire une réaction explosive de ce dernier. Cette étude sur chacun des matériaux de base a été complétée par des essais sur charges reconstituées (TNT sous enveloppe de PVC) ainsi que par des essais sur charges équipées d'un relais et d'un détonateur.
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Eveillard, Sébastien. "Propagation d'une onde de choc en présence d'une barrière de protection." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952259.
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Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet ANR BARPPRO. Ce programme de recherche vise à étudier l'influence d'une barrière de protection face à une explosion en régime de détonation. L'objectif est d'établir des méthodes de calcul rapides de classement des zones d'effets pour aider les industriels au dimensionnement des barrières de protection. L'une à partir d'abaques, valable pour des configurations en géométrie 2D, sur des plages spécifiées de paramètres importants retenus, avec une précision de +/- 5%. L'autre à partir d'une méthode d'estimation rapide basée notamment sur les chemins déployés, valable en géométrie 2D et en géométrie 3D, mais dont la précision estimée est de +/- 30%. Afin d'y parvenir, l'étude s'appuie sur trois volets : expérimental, simulation numérique et analytique. La partie expérimentale étudie plusieurs géométries de barrière de protection à petites échelles pour la détonation d'une charge gazeuse (propane-oxygène à la stoechiométrie). Les configurations expérimentées servent à la validation de l'outil de simulation numérique constitué du solveur HERA et de la plateforme de calcul TERA 100. Des abaques d'aide au dimensionnement ont pu être réalisés à partir de résultats fournis par l'outil de simulation (3125 configurations de barrière de protection, TNT). L'étude des différents phénomènes physiques présents a également permis de mettre en place une méthode d'estimation rapide basée sur des relations géométriques, analytiques et empiriques. L'analyse de ces résultats a permis d'établir quelques recommandations dans le dimensionnement d'une barrière de protection. Les abaques et le programme d'estimation rapide permettent à un ingénieur de dimensionner rapidement une barrière de protection en fonction de la configuration du terrain et de la position de la zone à protéger en aval du merlon.
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Bradley, Melville D. "2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) air concentrations, hemoglobin changes, and anemia cases in respirator protected TNT munitions demilitarization workers." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?e14.2808.
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Bradley, Melville D. M. D. "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Air Concentrations, Hemoglobin Changes, and Anemia Cases in Respirator Protected TNT Munitions Demilitarization Workers." Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1871.
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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, TNT, is an explosive used in munitions production that is known to cause both aplastic and hemolytic anemia in exposed workers. Deaths have been reported secondary to both varieties of anemia. Studies have shown that TNT systemic absorption is significant by both the respiratory and dermal routes. A literature review revealed that the most recent review article on TNT exposure arguing for a TWA drop from the PEL to the TLV was in 1977 -- this article cited anemia issues in addition to other untoward effects of TNT. No studies encountered looked at hemoglobin change or anemia cases in respiratory protected workers, this present effort may be the first. TNT PEL (1.5mg/m^3), REL (0.5mg/m^3), and TLV (0.1 mg/m^3) 8 hr TWAs all with skin notations (based on animal models and TNT urine metabolite extrapolation in TNT workers suggesting important role of skin absorption). The earliest effects of systemic TNT poisoning involve hgb and hematocrit drop.
The investigator hypothesized that respiratory protection alone is insufficient to protect TNT workers from the risk of anemia development and hemoglobin concentration drop. A retrospective observational study design was incorporated utilizing a records review of TNT vapor air concentration values and worker Hgb values for 8 sets of workers in respiratory protection at a demilitarization operation from October 2006 to April 2007 in order to observe whether or not respiratory protection provided adequate protection against anemia development and hemoglobin change; and to help characterize the probable role of TNT skin absorption on hemoglobin change and anemia risk. Worker baseline hgbs were compared with their exposure hgbs for statistically significant hgb concentration changes (two-tailed paired t-tests), and anemia cases were recorded. Mean hgb changes within each of the 8 groups of workers were then regressed on mean TNT air concentrations (10 hr TWAs) using air sampling levels that were performed closest in time to exposure hgbs.
Statistically significant hgb concentration drops and anemia cases were apparent at values about the REL and PEL in respiratory protected workers. There were no anemia cases or statistically significant hgb drops at values about the TLV, however. For mean TNT air concentrations from 0.12/m 3 to 0.31/m 3 there was strong positive linear association with regard to magnitude of hgb change (r=0.996).
The results appear to confirm the necessity of the skin notation for TNT. However, the TLV seems to be protective against the possibility of anemia risk principally by the dermal route in workers who are respiratory protected. A question does still remain, however, as to anemia risk in workers who are below the TLV who may not be using respiratory protection. The absence of a continued linear association between mean TNT air concentrations and mean hgb change above the 0.31 mg/m 3 TNT level most likely reflects a marrow response, as the TNT levels evident in the study are reported to be mainly associated with extravascular hemolysis with a minimal, or non-existent, aplastic component assumed. This study adds evidence to the argument that the TLV should be adopted as the new PEL.
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Woodburn, Richard J. W. "Breeding ecology of the blue tit and great tit and the possible effects of climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362121.
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Pham, Cong Duc. "Cartographie de charges d'espace par méthode FLIMM / Complémentarité avec les méthodes PEA et TPT." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452132.
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Les charges internes qui s'accumulent dans les matériaux diélectriques sont un facteur potentiel de vieillissement des matériaux à travers les distorsions de champ interne qu'elles provoquent. Durant les trois dernières décennies, des nombreuses techniques non-destructives de mesure de charges d'espace et de polarisation ont été développées et appliquées à un large éventail de thèmes, tels que les processus de vieillissement des matériaux piézoélectriques, le développement et optimisation de capteurs piézoélectriques, les phénomènes de rupture dans les câbles ou les revêtements diélectriques pour le contrôle thermique des satellites géostationnaires. Notre équipe a ainsi développé une méthode originale, appelée FLIMM (Focused Laser Induced Modulation Method) et s'est équipée de la méthode PEA (Pulsed Electro-Acoustic). Dans un premier temps, la méthode FLIMM a été adaptée pour réaliser des mesures sous champ électrique appliqué. Ces mesures sous tension permettent entre autre de calibrer les mesures de charges d'espace. Ensuite, une nouvelle stratégie de mesure a été mise en œuvre, elle permet après une phase de calibration, de choisir la zone d'étude et de mesurer l'état de charge dans l'échantillon avec une haute résolution de l'ordre du micromètre dans un temps réduit. Dans un second temps, la modélisation thermique a été abordée. Un nouveau modèle 1D multicouches rendant le calcul plus souple et flexible et une modélisation multicouches de la température en 3D par éléments finis ont permis une prise en compte plus fine de l'environnement thermique de l'échantillon et de l'absorption du faisceau laser. Enfin, des cartographies 3D de profil de charges d'espace ou de polarisation ont été réalisées avec une très bonne résolution spatiale sur des films minces de PEN soumis à une irradiation UV, de PVDF-TrFE ou de PTFE. Les cartographies effectuées sur le PVDF-TrFE ont été comparées avec celles obtenues par la méthode TPT. Concernant les mesures de charges d'espace effectuées sur les films minces de PTFE irradiés par un faisceau d'électrons, les résultats obtenus avec les techniques FLIMM et PEA ont mis en évidence de leur complémentarité.
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Simmonds, Emily G. "Exploring the causes and consequences of phenological change in a wild bird population." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:89fb7855-fdd8-4f92-915c-8dd9e51a0edd.
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Changes in climate shape biological populations. They can alter spatial distributions, the timing of life history events, and even the species themselves. We are now experiencing a period of rapid directional climate change, alongside seasonal fluctuations. This thesis investigates temporal changes in life history events, phenology, as a climate response. I explore the causes and population level consequences of change in breeding phenology of two wild bird populations from Wytham Woods, UK. I test how great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) achieve temporal synchrony between the peak demands of their breeding and the peak abundance of their prey species (winter moth caterpillars - Operophtera brumata) in an inter-annually variable environment. I demonstrate great tit (Parus major) incubation behaviour fine-tunes the timing of hatching in response to ambient temperatures right up until hatching (Chapter two). Temperatures within the nest box, however, appear to play little role in the breeding phenology of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) (Chapter two). I discuss the merits and limitations of statistical approaches for cue identification (Chapter six), finding the method and time period of data used both affect the cue identified and predictive accuracy. The second part of this thesis explores the influence of a directionally changing environment on great tit phenology. I use an integral projection model (IPM) to predict population dynamics over the 21<sup>st</sup> century, showing that if the cues used by both interacting species change sufficiently closely, temporal synchrony can be maintained through both phenotypic plasticity and micro-evolution (Chapter 5). However, if the cues diverge mismatch will arise (Chapter 5) causing population declines when certain thresholds are passed (Chapter 4). This work contributes to understanding how phenological synchrony is achieved, how it might change in the future, and its population impacts. In Wytham Woods it appears that great tits have a great deal of flexibility in multiple components of their breeding cycle, allowing them to retain synchrony with their caterpillar prey in a fluctuating environment. These birds are relatively resilient to negative phenological impacts from climate change. Only if the cues used by the predator and prey completely diverge do we predict consistent declines in population size during this century.
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Md, Nor Sha'ari. "Privatisation and changes in organisation : a case study of a Malaysian privatised utility." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323070.
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Formery, Jean. "Les atteintes pulmonaires par les pesticides : physiopathologie, symptomatologie clinique et prise en charge en tant que maladie professionnelle." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR1M085.
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Driscoll, Richard. "Factors Explaining Changes in Household Vehicle Miles of Travel." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7500.
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Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) is a key indicator of travel demand in the United States. Since 1995 total VMT and VMT per capita has fluctuated, with notable declines in the late 2000s and accelerated increases in the last 7 years. Since 1995, the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) has tracked the household share of total VMT to shed light on the demographic and behavioral data behind personal vehicle travel. The household share of VMT, while still a majority, has declined every NHTS year since at least 1995. Meanwhile, household VMT has stagnated around 2.25 trillion miles since the 2001 survey. With such unprecedented travel demand changes, the current transportation technology revolution, and the climate of uncertainty, it is critical to understand why household VMT is changing and how this might affect future roadway demand.
This thesis examines demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors that influence VMT, including both factors with existing research and some untraditional factors, using new data and methodologies.
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STOPPINO, LUCA PIO. "Magnetic Resonance Enterography (MRE) Changes after Antibody to Tumor Necrosis Factor (anti-TNF) Alpha Therapy in Crohn’s Disease." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/338376.
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Abstract
Purpose. To determine the changes over time in MRE parameters during treatment with anti-TNF in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), and to verify the correlation between MRE score, endoscopic appearance and clinical-biological markers.
Materials and methods. We performed a prospective single centre study of 27 patients with active CD. All patients underwent ileocolonoscopy and MRE at baseline and 26 weeks after anti TNF therapy. Endoscopic severity was graded according to the SES-CD and Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA) was calculated. Patients underwent clinical evaluation (CDAI) and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was measured. The associations between variables were assessed with Pearson’s bivariate correlation analysis.
Results. A total of 135 intestinal segments were studied. The median patient age was 27,4 years, 67% were male and the mean disease duration was 6,1 years. For induction of remission, 18 patients were treated with infliximab and 9 with adalimumab. The mean SES-CD and MaRIA scores significantly changed at week 26 (SES-CD: 14,7 ± 8,9 at baseline vs. 4,4 ± 4,6 at 26 weeks - p < 0.001; MaRIA: 41,1 ± 14,8 at baseline vs. 32,8 ± 11,7 at 26 weeks - p < 0.001). Also the CDAI and serum levels of CRP decreased significantly following treatment (p < 0.001). The overall MaRIA correlated with endoscopic score and with clinical activity (CDAI) both at baseline and at week 26 (p < 0.05). The correlation between overall MaRIA and CRP was significant only at week 26 (p < 0.001).
Conclusion. The MaRIA has a high accuracy for prediction of endoscopic mucosal healing and is a eliable indicator to monitor the use of TNF antagonists in patients with CD.
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Dumaine, Jennifer. "Acute Sleep Fragmentation Induces Tissue-Specific Changes in Cytokine Gene Expression and Increases Serum Corticosterone Concentration." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1480.
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Sleep fragmentation induces acute inflammation and increases glucocorticosteroids in vertebrates. Obesity and sleep fragmentation are often concurrent pro-inflammatory conditions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Despite the association between the two, their simultaneous effects on immune and endocrine profiles have not been explored. In the first experiment, we investigated changes in proinflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1) cytokine gene expression in the periphery (liver, spleen, fat, and heart) and brain (hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus) in mice exposed to various intervals of sleep fragmentation. Serum corticosterone concentration was also assessed. Sleep was disrupted in male C57BL/6J mice using an automated sleep fragmentation chamber (Lafayette Industries), which involved movement of a sweeping bar at specified intervals. Mice were exposed to bar sweeps every 20 sec (high sleep fragmentation; HSF), 120 sec (low sleep fragmentation; LSF), or the bar remained stationary (control). Trunk blood and tissue samples were collected after 24 h of SF. It was found that HSF is a potent inducer of inflammation in the periphery (IL-1β: adipose, heart, and hypothalamus), but leads to upregulation of antiinflammatory cytokines in the brain (TGF-β1: hypothalamus and hippocampus), despite elevated serum corticosterone. Due to the association between obesity and SF, this experiment was replicated in male C57BL/6J mice (lean) and ob/ob KO mice (obese) using the previously described methods. We predicted the acute inflammatory response resulting from HSF would be different for the lean and the obese mice, with the greatest cytokine gene expression levels in the OB HSF group, due to a summative effect of the pro-inflammatory conditions. Obesity was the factor that most affected cytokine gene expression profiles. Additionally, the pro- vs anti-inflammatory gene expression profile varied with tissue type. While obesity resulted in neuroinflammation (hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus), it led to decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the periphery (spleen, fat, heart). Serum corticosterone concentration was significantly elevated due to SF, but was not affected by obesity. As a result, the obese mice likely had neuroendocrine adaptations to combat the pre-existing pro-inflammatory condition of obesity, which impacted the acute inflammatory response to sleep loss.
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Nakajima, Tamie, Yukio Yamori, Katsumi Ikeda, et al. "Simultaneous changes in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced steatohepatitis and severe fibrosis and those underlying molecular mechanisms in novel SHRSP5/Dmcr rat." Thesis, Springer, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16803.
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Patel, Jigisha. "Age-related changes in TNF receptors and transcription factor translocation in response to TNFalpha and abeta /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456284711&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2007.<br>"Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-96). Also available online.
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Tran, An Xuong. "Measuring the Changes in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) from Secretory Populations of U937 Monocytic Cells during Differentiation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/685.
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine produced primarily by macrophages during acute inflammation. In this study we examined the differential effect of retinoic acid (RA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the induction of TNF-α secretion from U937 monocytic cell populations by using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA). The RHPA will allow us to investigate both changes in TNF-α secreting populations as well as monitor the relative amount of TNF-α released from individual cells. Our results indicate that treatment of U937 cells with RA (10-6M) moderately increases the secreting cell populations, and dramatically enhances the amount of TNF-α secreted from cells already committed to secretion. In contrast, treatment with PMA (250ng/ml) drastically increased the secreting population, but only slightly increasing the amount of TNF-α released. These results suggest that induction of TNF-α secretion from U937 cells occurs by different pathways.
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Tevenart, Camille. "L’incertitude en tant que frein à l’adoption de pratiques d’atténuation dans l’agriculture." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0156.
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Des coûts cachés limitent la réduction des émissions de GES liées aux production agricoles. L’incertitude est inhérente aux décisions de production des agriculteurs, et les impacte via divers canaux : croyances, risque, information, ambiguïté, sont autant de freins qui peuvent limiter la diffusion de pratiques d’atténuation dans le secteur agricole. Dans cette thèse nous présentons d’abord une revue de littérature complète sur les mesures agro-environnementales et sur les différentes approches utiles de l’incertitude en microéconomie et économie agricole. Nous développons ensuite un modèle de décision d’adoption montrant que 3 coûts cachés liés à l’incertitude peuvent limiter l’adoption de nouvelles pratiques de manière non additive et coexister (valeur d’option, prime de risque, externalités informationnelle), de sorte que le régulateur doit les socialiser dans un objectif de réduction des émissions de GES. Puis, nous adoptons un modèle de conversion des terres et en déduisons une stratégie empirique d’estimation de l’impact de la volatilité des rendements herbagers sur les valeurs implicites des prairies dans le mix fourrager français. Le modèle logistique multinomial est estimé par une approche instrumentale utilisant des données météorologiques. Enfin, nous menons une enquête sur un échantillon d’agriculteurs afin de mesurer leur attitudes face au risque et à l’ambiguïté (Multiple price list) et estimer leur impact sur les décisions de fertilisation azotée, en terme d’application totale et de splitting<br>Hidden costs limit the reduction of GHG emissions associated to agricultural productions. Uncertainty is inherent in farmers’ production decisions, and impact them through different drivers: beliefs, risk, information, ambiguity, are just as many elements that can limit the spread of mitigation practices in the agricultural sector. In this thesis, we first present a complete literature review about agri-environmental measures and the diverse approaches of uncertainty in microeconomics and agricultural economics. We then develop a model of adoption decision showing that 3 hidden costs associated to uncertainty can prevent new practices’ adoption in a non-additive way and coexist (option value, risk premium, informational externalities), so that the regulator must socialize them in order to reduce GHG emissions. Then, we implement a land conversion model and extent it in an empirical estimation strategy of the impact of herb yields volatility on the shadow value of grasslands in the French forage mix. The multinomial logistic model is estimated through an instrumental approach using meteorological data. Finally, we make a survey of a sample of farmers in order to measure their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity (Multiple price list) and estimate their impact on nitrogen fertilization decisions, according to the whole application and the splitting practice
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Artur, Karen. "O novo poder normativo do TST : dissídios individuais e atores coletivos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/949.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-17<br>Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>This research aims to analyze the institutional changes in labor law and in the Labor Justice courts after the Constitution of 1988. It focuses on the uniform decisions of the Superior Labor Court (TST), as well as the political dynamic between this court and the other powers and actors invested in the institution. We carried out a study of the jurisprudence of the court in individual conflicts, and conducted interviews with relevant actors to achieve this goal. Those interviewed include ministers of the TST, judges of the Labor Judges National Association, lawyers of the judicial advisory boards of the main national trade union centers, and law firms representing businesses and financial corporations. We concluded that the Labor Judiciary Power has been the leader in reforms of the institution itself, in addition to labor law in Brazil, and that it has conferred asymmetric powers to social actors in this process. Moreover, we indicate the limits of this leadership in our legislative model of labor relations.<br>Esta pesquisa visa a analisar as mudanças institucionais do direito do trabalho e da Justiça do Trabalho após a Constituição de 1988, focando nas decisões uniformes do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST) e na dinâmica política entre o tribunal e os demais poderes e atores investidos na instituição. Para tanto, realizamos estudo da jurisprudência desta Corte sobre dissídios individuais e conduzimos entrevistas com atores relevantes. Tais entrevistas incluíram ministros do TST, juízes da Associação Nacional dos Magistrados do Trabalho, advogados da assessoria jurídica das principais centrais sindicais e de grandes escritórios de advocacia empresarial trabalhista. Concluímos que o Judiciário Trabalhista tem protagonizado as reformas na própria instituição e no direito do trabalho no Brasil, conferindo assimetrias de poder a atores sociais nesse processo político. Ainda, apontamos os limites desse protagonismo dentro do nosso modelo legislado de relações de trabalho.
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Tran, An Xuong. "Measuring the changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) from secretory populations of U937 monocytic cells during differentiation." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0612102-231125/restricted/TranA062402.pdf.
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Garbin, Daniele. "Etude de la variabilité des technologies PCM et OxRAM pour leur utilisation en tant que synapses dans les systèmes neuromorphiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT133/document.
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Le cerveau humain est composé d’un grand nombre de réseaux neuraux interconnectés, dont les neurones et les synapses en sont les briques constitutives. Caractérisé par une faible consommation de puissance, de quelques Watts seulement, le cerveau humain est capable d’accomplir des tâches qui sont inaccessibles aux systèmes de calcul actuels, basés sur une architecture de type Von Neumann. La conception de systèmes neuromorphiques vise à réaliser une nouvelle génération de systèmes de calcul qui ne soit pas de type Von Neumann. L’utilisation de mémoire non-volatile innovantes en tant que synapses artificielles, pour application aux systèmes neuromorphiques, est donc étudiée dans cette thèse. Deux types de technologies de mémoires sont examinés : les mémoires à changement de phase (Phase-Change Memory, PCM) et les mémoires résistives à base d’oxyde (Oxide-based resistive Random Access Memory, OxRAM). L’utilisation des dispositifs PCM en tant que synapses de type binaire et probabiliste est étudiée pour l’extraction de motifs visuels complexes, en évaluant l’impact des conditions de programmation sur la consommation de puissance au niveau du système. Une nouvelle stratégie de programmation, qui permet de réduire l’impact du problème de la dérive de la résistance des dispositifs PCM est ensuite proposée. Il est démontré qu’en utilisant des dispositifs de tailles réduites, il est possible de diminuer la consommation énergétique du système. La variabilité des dispositifs OxRAM est ensuite évaluée expérimentalement par caractérisation électrique, en utilisant des méthodes statistiques, à la fois sur des dispositifs isolés et dans une matrice complète de mémoire. Un modèle qui permets de reproduire la variabilité depuis le niveau faiblement résistif jusqu’au niveau hautement résistif est ainsi développé. Une architecture de réseau de neurones de type convolutionnel est ensuite proposée sur la base de ces travaux éxperimentaux. La tolérance du circuit neuromorphique à la variabilité des OxRAM est enfin démontrée grâce à des tâches de reconnaissance de motifs visuels complexes, comme par exemple des caractères manuscrits ou des panneaux de signalisations routières<br>The human brain is made of a large number of interconnected neural networks which are composed of neurons and synapses. With a low power consumption of only few Watts, the human brain is able to perform computational tasks that are out of reach for today’s computers, which are based on the Von Neumann architecture. Neuromorphic hardware design, taking inspiration from the human brain, aims to implement the next generation, non-Von Neumann computing systems. In this thesis, emerging non-volatile memory devices, specifically Phase-Change Memory (PCM) and Oxide-based resistive memory (OxRAM) devices, are studied as artificial synapses in neuromorphic systems. The use of PCM devices as binary probabilistic synapses is studied for complex visual pattern extraction applications, evaluating the impact of the PCM programming conditions on the system-level power consumption.A programming strategy is proposed to mitigate the impact of PCM resistance drift. It is shown that, using scaled devices, it is possible to reduce the synaptic power consumption. The OxRAM resistance variability is evaluated experimentally through electrical characterization, gathering statistics on both single memory cells and at array level. A model that allows to reproduce OxRAM variability from low to high resistance state is developed. An OxRAM-based convolutional neural network architecture is then proposed on the basis of this experimental work. By implementing the computation of convolution directly in memory, the Von Neumann bottleneck is avoided. Robustness to OxRAM variability is demonstrated with complex visual pattern recognition tasks such as handwritten characters and traffic signs recognition
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Jansen, Zenda B. "Tirisano' : die verkenning van uitdagings en meganismes tot vennootskap met drie landelike skole in die Wes-Kaap." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53191.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEd (Special education))--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The value of partnerships within the South African education system has for many
years been emphasised by various researchers. It is only since the first democratic
election in South Africa in 1994 that the government was committed to the extension
of partnerships between schools, parents, learners and the community on both local
and national level. In Article 29 of the Constitution (RSA, 1996a) parents are given
the assurance that the state will execute their role as educational partner. The state
also gives other partners enough scope to implement their educational partnerships
according to their worldview and philosophy of life.
The aim of this study was the exploration of challenges and mechanisms for
partnership between three rural primary schools and the Department of Educational
Psychology and Specialized Education, now referred to as the University of
Stellenbosch (US), as tertiary institution. The needs expressed by the particular
schools, the social consciousness role of the US within the community and thirdly the
empowerment role of partnerships served as motivation for the study. A
constructivist, interpretative paradigm was used and the research design can be
classified as empirical research with primary data generating textual data. The
literature review explored the challenges within systems, mechanisms for
partnerships and different systems within partnerships in view of a meta-theoretical
frame of reference.
The research results regarding challenges within specific systems are summarized
under three headings, namely positive findings, negative findings and differences of
opinion. Results regarding the exploration of the partnership shows that the
researcher throughout the study consistently recognised the uniqueness of each
school; trusting relationships were established; the schools were continuously
involved in all the processes; a partnership of collaboration was emphasised; the
processes were continuously evaluated and the schools were predominantly positive
about the collaborative partnership with the US.
The findings of this study have important implications for the further exploration of
partnerships between schools and persons and/or institutions on both local and national level. The positive results accomplished through this partnership with the
three schools acts as motivation for further extension of partnerships.
Recommendations serve as foundation for a partnership of consultation,
collaboration and teamwork between schools and other systems.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die waarde van vennootskappe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwys is reeds vir jare
deur verskeie navorsers beklemtoon. Dit is egter eers sedert Suid-Afrika se eerste
demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 dat die regering hom verbind het tot die uitbou van
vennootskappe tussen skole, ouers, leerders en die gemeenskap op beide plaaslike
en nasionale vlak. In Artikel 29 van die Grondwet (RSA, 1996a) word aan ouers die
versekering gegee dat die staat sy rol as opvoedingvennoot sal deurvoer. Die staat
gee ook aan ander vennote genoeg ruimte om hulopvoedende vennootskappe
volgens hul bepaalde wêreld- en lewensbeskouing in skole uit te leef.
Die doel van hierdie studie was die verkenning van uitdagings en meganismes tot
vennootskap tussen drie landelike primêre skole en die Departement
Opvoedkundige Sielkunde en Spesialiseringsonderwys, voortaan na verwys as die
Universiteit van Stellenbosch (US), as tersiêre instelling. Die behoeftes uitgespreek
deur die betrokke drie skole, die US se sosiale bewustheidsrol binne die
gemeenskap en derdens die bemagtigingsrol wat vennootskappe inhou het as
motivering gedien. Daar is vanuit 'n konstruktivistiese, interpretatiewe paradigma
gewerk en die navorsingsontwerp kan geklassifiseer word as empiriese navorsing
met primêre databronne wat tekstuele data genereer. Die literatuuroorsig het gepoog
om aan die hand van 'n meta-teoretiese verwysingsraamwerk ondersoek in te stel na
uitdagings binne sisteme, meganismes tot vennootskappe en verskillende sisteme
binne vennootskappe.
Die navorsingsbevindinge rakende uitdagings binne bepaalde sisteme word bondig
saamgevat onder drie hoofde, naamlik positiewe bevindinge, negatiewe bevindinge
en meningsverskille. Bevindinge ten opsigte van die verkenning van die vennootskap
het aangetoon dat die navorser deurentyd die uniekheid van elke skool erken het;
dat In vertrouensverhouding gebou is; dat die skole sover moontlik op In
deurlopende basis in al die prosesse betrek is; dat die navorser deurlopend klem
gelê het op In vennootskap van samewerking; dat prosesse deurlopend geëvalueer
is en dat die skole oorwegend positief was oor die vennootskap van samewerking
met die US. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie hou belangrike implikasies in vir die verdere
verkenning van vennootskappe tussen skole en persone en/of instansies op beide
plaaslike en nasionale vlak. Die positiewe resultate behaal deur hierdie vennootskap
met die drie skole moet dien as aansporing vir verdere uitbouing van
vennootskappe. Aanbevelings wat dien as grondslag vir 'n vennootskap van
samewerking, konsultasie en spanwerk tussen skole en ander sisteme word gedoen.
21
Dosev, Dosi Konstantinov. "Fabrication, characterisation and modelling of nanocrystalline silicon thin-film transistors obtained by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6324.
Full textAbstract:
Hot-wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) is a promising technique that permits polycrystalline silicon films with grain size of nanometers to be obtained at high deposition rates and low substrate temperatures. This material is expected to have better electronic properties than the commonly used amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H).<br/><br/>In this work, thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated using nanocrystalline hydrogenated silicon film (nc-Si:H), deposited by HWCVD over thermally oxidized silicon wafer. The employed substrate temperature during the deposition process permits inexpensive materials as glasses or plastics to be used for various applications in large-area electronics. The deposition rate was about one order of magnitude higher than in other conventionally employed techniques. The deposited nc-Si:H films show good uniformity and reproducibility. The films consist of vertically grown columnar grains surrounded by amorphous phase. The columnar grains are thinner at the bottom (near the oxide interface) and thicker at the top of the film. Chromium layer was evaporated over the nc-Si:H in order to form drain and source contacts. Using photolithography techniques, two types of samples were fabricated. The first type (simplified) was with the chromium contacts directly deposited over the intrinsic nc-Si:H layer. No dry etching was involved in the fabrication process of this sample. The transistors on the wafer were not electrically separated from each other. Doped n+ layer was incorporated at the drain and source contacts in the second type of samples (complete samples). Dry etching was employed to eliminate the nc-Si:H between the TFTs and to isolate them electrically from each other.<br/><br/>The electrical characteristics of both types of nc-Si:H TFTs were similar to a-Si:H based TFTs. Nevertheless, some significant differences were observed in the characteristics of the two types of samples. The increasing of the off-current in the simplified structure was eliminated by the n+ layer in the second type of samples. This led to the improving of the on/off ratio. The n+ layer also eliminated current crowding of the output characteristics. On the other hand, the subthreshold slope, the threshold voltage and the density of states were slightly deteriorated in the samples with incorporated n+ layer. Surface states created by the dry etching could be a possible reason. Other cause could be a bad quality of the nc-Si:H/SiO2 interface. The TFTs with incorporated n+ contact layer and electrically separated on the wafer were used in the further studies of stability and device modelling.<br/><br/>The nc-Si:H TFTs were submitted under prolonged positive and negative gate bias stress in order to study their stability. We studied the influence of the stressing time and voltage on the transfer characteristics, threshold voltage, activation energy and density of states. The threshold voltage increased under positive gate bias stress and decreased under negative gate bias stress. After both positive and negative stresses, the threshold voltage recovered its initial values without annealing. This behaviour indicated that temporary charge trapping in the channel/gate insulator interface is the responsible process for the device performance under stress. Measurements of space-charge limited current confirmed that bulk states were not affected by the positive nor by negative stress.<br/>Analysis of the activation energy and the density of states gave more detailed information about the physical processes taking place during the stress. Typical drawback of the nc-Si:H films grown by HWCVD with tungsten (W) filament is the bad quality of the bottom, initially grown, interfacial layer. It is normally amorphous and porous. We assume that this property of the nc-Si:H film is determining for charge trapping and the consecutive temporary changes of the TFT's characteristics. On the other hand, the absence of defect-state creation during the gate bias stress demonstrates that the nc-Si:H films did not suffer degradation under the applied stress conditions. <br/><br/>The electrical characteristics and the operational regimes of the nc-Si:H TFTs were studied in details in order to obtain the best possible fit using the Spice models for a-Si:H and poly-Si TFTs existing until now. The analysis of the transconductance gm showed behaviour typical for a-Si:H TFTs at low gate voltages. In contrast, at high gate voltages unexpected increasing of gm was observed, as in poly-Si TFTs. Therefore, it was impossible to fit the transfer and output characteristics with the a-Si:H TFT model neither with poly-Si TFT model.<br/>We performed numerical simulations using the Silvaco's Atlas simulator of semiconductor devices in order to understand the physical parameters, responsible for the device behaviour. The simulations showed that the reason for this behaviour is the density of acceptor-like states, which situates the properties of nc-Si:H TFTs between the amorphous and the polycrystalline transistors. Taking into account this result, we performed analysis of the concentrations of the free and the trapped carriers in nc-Si:H layer. It was found that nc-Si:H operates in transitional regime between above-threshold and crystalline-like regimes. This transitional regime was predicted earlier, but not experimentally observed until now. Finally, we introduced new equations and three new parameters into the existing a-Si TFTs model in order to account for the transitional regime. The new proposed model permits the shapes of the transconductance, the transfer and the output characteristics to be modelled accurately.
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Ozdemir, Orhan. "Instability Studies In Amorphous Silicon Based Alloys." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12604719/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The pixel element which is an integrated combination of a p-i-n diode with a thin film transistor (TFT) is used to produce image sensor arrays in scanning and displays technologies, necessitating the deposition of hydrogenated silicon based semiconducting and insulating thin films such as a-Si:H, a-SiNx:H over large area. The widely used techniques to achieve this goal is the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) due to its large area and low temperature (&<br>#61603<br>300 &<br>#61616<br>C) abilities. In particular, PECVD has proved to be able to deposit both high quality insulator (a-SiNx:H) and active layer of p-i-n diode (intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide, a-SiCx:H) and by sequential deposition, it is possible to minimize the interface related problems, which play an important role in metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) and TFT structures.
PECVD deposited a-SiCx:H films over p-type crystal Si and metal substrates (MIS and MIM) were investigated by both admittance spectroscopy (Capacitance or conductance vs. voltage, temperature or frequency measurements) and Deep Level Transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to investigate the interface related problems. In this respect, instability phenomena (due to the creation of metastable states and charge injection into the gate electrode) were studied via the c-Si/a-SiCx:H (and/or a-SiNx:H) heterojunction. Specially, capacitance voltage kinetics were worked out and then the enrolled trap energies were identified with temperature mode DLTS.
The expertise gathered as a result of these studies were used in the fabrication and characterization of TFT&<br>#65533<br>s. In this respect, inverted gate staggered type Thin Film Transistor produced and characterized for the first time after Combo-251 Pattern Generator was implemented.
23
Apicella, Fernandez Sergio. "Surface energy modification of metal oxide to enhance electron injection in light-emitting devices : charge balance in hybrid OLEDs and OLETs." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25097.
Full textAbstract:
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) present an electron mobility lower by several orders of magnitude than the hole mobility, giving rise to an electron-hole charge imbalance in organic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). In this thesis project, I tried to achieve an efficient electron transport and injection properties in opto-electronic devices, using inorganic n-type metal oxides (MOs) instead of organic n-type materials and a polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) thin layer as electron transport (ETLs) and injection layers (EILs), respectively. In the first part of this thesis, inverted OLEDs were fabricated in order to study the effect of the PEIE layer in-between ZnO and two different emissive layers (EMLs): poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) polymer (F8BT) and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum small molecule (Alq3), based on a solution and thermal evaporation processes, respectively. Different concentrations (0.80 %, 0.40 %) of PEIE layers were used to further study electron injection capability in OLEDs. After a series of optimizations in the fabrication process, the opto-electrical characterization showed high-performance of devices. The inverted OLEDs reported a maximum luminance over 104 cd m-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) around 1.11 %. The results were attributed to the additional PEIE layer which provided a good electron injection from MOs into EMLs. In the last part of the thesis, OLETs were fabricated and discussed by directly transferring the energy modification layer from OLEDs to OLETs. As metal oxide layer, ZnO:N was employed for OLETs since ZnO:N-based thin film transistors (TFTs) showed better performance than ZnO-based TFTs. Finally, due to their short life-time, OLETs were characterized electrically but not optically.
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Thakare, Kalpana. "Changes in Pancreatic and Jejunal Histopatholgy and Serum IFN-γ, TNF-α Levels in Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Chloroform Methanol Soluble Gliadin Proteins". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33891.
Full textAbstract:
Chloroform methanol (CM) soluble extract of a cereal-based diet has been suggested to induce type 1 diabetes in an experimental animal model of type 1 diabetes. However, the individual constituent of this extract responsible for the disease induction and its disease pathogenesis mechanism remained unexplored. A previous study in our laboratory failed to show that the sphingolipid enriched fraction of CM soluble extract of wheat gluten triggers type 1 diabetes.
Therefore, to study the involvement of CM soluble gliadin proteins in type 1 diabetes, we retrospectively analyzed proteins from sphingolipid enriched extract. SDS-PAGE analysis of CM soluble extract of wheat gluten and sphingolipid enriched fraction exhibited protein bands corresponding to the masses of the wheat gliadins, suggesting the presence of gliadin proteins in the CM soluble sphingolipid enriched extract.
We studied the effect of five different dietary treatments on the histopathology of pancreatic tissue from BBdp rats includes insulitis scores i.e. lymphocytic infiltration in islet of Langerhans in order to test gliadin specific sphingolipid enriched extract (GSLEE) as possible a diabetogen. However, there were no significant differences in pancreatic insulitis scores and lymphoid tissue content due to addition of (GSLEE) to the hydrolyzed casein (HC) diet. We also investigated changes in jejunal histopathology and sera IFN-γ, TNF-α cytokine concentration in type 1 diabetes, induced by GSLEE. A decrease in jejunal CD4+ and γδ TCR + cell counts and inflammatory cell infiltrate were observed due to presence of CM soluble GSLEE in the HC diet, although this decrease was not statistically significant. A significant increase in sera IFN-γ cytokine concentration was found in BBdp rats fed the HC + GSLEE diet as compared to rats on HC diet. A numerical decrease in sera TNF-α concentration was also observed in BBdp rats fed the HC + GSLEE diet, when compared to BBdp rats on the HC diet.
In contrast, a significant increase in serum IFN-γ concentrations in BBdp rats were observed after removing the CM soluble GSLEE from the wheat gluten based diet (WG) when compared to the WG diet alone. Removing GSLEE from WG diet resulted in insignificant increase in serum TNF-α concentration in BBdp rats when compared to WG dietary treatment group's BBdp rats. However, there were no significant differences in jejunal enteropathy parameters (i.e. lymphocytic infiltration, mucosal thickness, epithelial erosion, jejunal villi flattenings), jejunal CD4+ and jejunal γδ TCR+ cell counts; pancreatic insulitis scores, lymphoid tissue content after removing the CM soluble GSLEE from the WG diet when compared to the WG diet.
Since overall findings regarding the CM soluble GSLEE's potential to induce type 1 diabetes by changing pancreatic and jejunal histopathology and elevating serum IFN-γ, TNF-α cytokine levels largely remained inconclusive, further investigations are warranted regarding immune suppression potential of the CM soluble sphingolipids in type 1 diabetes and the search of diabetogenic agents remaining in the residue after CM extraction.<br>Master of Science
25
Adam, H. (Hoosain). "'n Holistiese benadering tot opvoeding en onderwys : 'n teoretiese ondersoek na die moontlikhede vir die transformasie van opvoeding en onderwys in 'n veranderende Suid-Afrika." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58694.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEd) -- Stellenbosch University , 1995.<br>Bibliography<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development in economics, science and technology, and politics characterises our
world today. Nations have become interdependent to a degree never known before.
Isolation of anyone nation from the world community has become unthinkable. This
universal interdependence is also a reality on a national level amongst the people of the
same country. What does the interdependence mean to education?
Education must be regarded not as a series of individual compartments of learning and
teaching but as a whole unit - as total preparation for life for humanity at all levels.
This could be achieved by approaching education from a holistic perspective. Holism
is a comprehensive world view which produces order and coherenc;e not only among the
most recent discoveries in the empirical sciences, but also in aesthetics and morals.
This study identifies the need for South Africa to establish an education system which
emphasised unity and which aims to develop the full potential of all South Mricans.
The persons involved in education should be regarded as integrated human beings. The
physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual domain should be regarded as integrated
aspects of the whole person. In keeping with this it is concluded that the whole
education system needs to change from a segregated and fragmented system to an
integrated and united system in order to meet the needs and expectations of the whole
South African population.
The apartheid education system was based on the traditional authoritarian approach to
education and is to a huge extent the antithesis of a holistic approach to education. This
system is described as well as the reaction of those who regarded themselves as victims
of the system. The philosophy underpinning the apartheid system is also considered and
compared with the philosophy of holism. In order to stay abreast of the dynamic
changes that are occurring in South Africa and the world at large it is suggested that
a new education system should follow a futuristic approach to education - knowledge
that may dominate education today, may become obsolete tomorrow.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling op die gebied van die ekonomie, wetenskap en tegnologie, en die
politiek is kenmerkend van die hedendaagse wereld. Nasies het interafltanklik geword
soos nog nooit te vore nie. Isolasie van enige gemeenskap in die wereld het ondenkbaar
geword. Hierdie universele interafltanklikheid is ook 'n realiteit op nasionale vlak
tussen mense van dieselfde land. Wat beteken die interafhanklikheid vir opvoeding en
onderwys?
Opvoeding moet nie as 'n reeks afsonderlike kompartemente van onderrig en leer
beskou word nie, maar as 'n totale eenheid - as 'n totale voorbereiding vir die lewe van
die mensdom op aile vlakke (Iewensterreine). Dit kan bereik word deur opvoeding
vanuit 'n holistiese perspektief te benader. Holisme is 'n omvattende wereldsienswyse
of -beskouing wat orde en eenheid skep, nie slegs onder die heel jongste ontdekkings in
empiriese wetenskappe nie, maar ook in die estetiese en morele aspekte.
Hierdie studie identifiseer die behoefte in Suid-Afrika om 'n onderwys-/opvoedingstelsel
te vestig wat eenheid beklemtoon en wat ook ten doel het om die volle potensiaal van aile
Suid-Afrika~ers te ontwikkel. Die persone betrokke by die opvoeding en onderwys
behoort as geintegreerde mense beskou word. Die fisiese, intellektuele, emosionele en
geestelike aspekte behoort beskou te word as integrale aspekte van die totale mens. Na
aanleiding hiervan word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die opvoedingstelsel in die
geheel moet verander, naamlik van die van 'n gesegregeerde en gefragmenteerde stelsel
na die van 'n geintegreerde en verenigde stelsel. Dit is noodsaaklik sodat aan die
behoeftes en verwagtinge van die hele Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking voldoen kan word.
Die apartheidsonderwysstelsel was op die tradisionele outoritere benaderingtotonderwys
en opvoeding gebaseer. Dit is in 'n groot mate die antitese van die holistiese benadering
tot onderwys en opvoeding. Hierdie stelsel, asook die reaksie van diegene wat hulle as
slagoffers van die stelsel beskou, word ook beskryf. Die filosofiese grondslag van die
apartheidstelsel word ook in ag geneem en met die filosofie van holisme vergelyk. Om
gedurig tred te hou met die dinamiese veranderings wat in Suid-Afrika en oor die hele
wereld plaasvind, word voorgestel dat 'n nuwe onderwys-I opvoedingstelsel eerder 'n
futuristiese benadering moet volg - kennis wat vandag die onderwys en opvoeding
domineer, is dalk weer more verouderd.
26
Gualco, Elena. "La non-discrimination en raison de l’âge en tant que principe et droit fondamental dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100087.
Full textAbstract:
La thèse analyse la nature, la portée et l’effectivité du principe de non-discrimination en raison de l’âge dans le système juridique de l’Union européenne du point de vue théorique ainsi que du point de vue de la protection juridictionnelle que l’Union européenne lui confie. Au niveau conceptuel, on met en évidence que l’âge représente un critère discriminatoire très particulier, se prêtant à être employée aussi de façon légitime en tant que instrument de gestion du marché du travail, et ayant une portée universelle, puisque il s’agit d’un facteur touchant tout le monde. Au niveau applicatif, il faut souligner que – dans la mesure où l’âge n’est pas toujours un facteur de discrimination – la Cour de justice – s’appuyant sur le fait que la directive 2000/78, visant à combattre les discriminations fondées (aussi) sur l’âge, introduit des multiples et larges justifications aux disparité de traitement liées à l’âge – exerce un contrôle assez souple. En même temps, toutefois, suite aux arrêts Mangold et Kücükdeveci, la Cour de justice a étendu les marges de son contrôle du moment où elle a affirmé que le principe de non-discrimination en raison de l’âge fait partie des principes généraux du droit de l’UE, dont le respect doit être assuré aussi dans les litiges entre particuliers<br>This thesis focuses on the development of the issue of age discrimination in the EU context and in the Court of Justice leading cases. On the one side, the paper underlines the weaknesses of this specific ground of discrimination due to three main elements: i) the variability and universal impact of the “age factor”; ii) the existence of some provisions (such as art. 6, Council Directive 2000/78/EC) which seem to be unable in ensuring a complete protection in this field; iii) the role of age as an intrinsic criteria of labour market legislation, meaning that, in some circumstances, differences in treatment may be justified under legitimate aims. On the other side, the analysis of recent ECJ case law addresses other reflections concerning, first of all, the horizontal direct effect given to non-discrimination on ground of age as a general principle of EU law; then, the role and the importance of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and its provisions on age discrimination; furthermore, the necessity to balance the protection of this fundamental right with Member States discretion concerning employment policies
27
Howes, Sigi. "Tot Nut van het Algemeen' School, Cape Town 1804-1870 : case study of a Cape school's response to political and philosophical changes in the 19th century." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53775.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The name of the School 'Tot Nut van het Algemeen' appears often in the literature on early
Cape education. It is described as an institution of excellence that boasts many famous pupils
such as President Jan Brand, Ds JH Neethling and 'Onze Jan' Hendrik Hofmeyr.
In this study I explore how the School managed to adapt to political, social and philosophical
changes to survive for 70 years. I do this through telling the narrative of its existence and
functioning, and investigate the vexing question as to why it was forced to close in 1870.
The research document consists of 9 chapters. The introductory chapter provides the
orientation for the study. It is followed by a chapter dealing with the factors that led to the
establishment of the School, taking into account events both overseas and at the Cape.
Chapter 3 focuses on the British occupation of the Cape, with special emphasis on the
Anglicisation of schools and the reaction of the colonists to this change of circumstance.
Chapter 4 describes the School's activities from 1832, covering among other aspects, its reopening,
curriculum and funding. The School's link with the South African College is also
explored. In Chapter 5, I discuss the education policies that shaped the School, as well as the
ideals of liberalism and democracy in as far as the School practiced them. Chapter 6 deals
with the closing of the School, and I offer various reasons for this. In chapter 7, I present
cameos of some of the influential teachers, while the School's legacy to Cape society is
examined in Chapter 8.
The study concludes with a reflection that draws these facts into an integrated view and
highlights pertinent insights into the 'Tot Nut' as a worthy institution in the light of the findings
revealed in this research.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die naam van die skool 'Tot Nut van het Algemeen' verskyn dikwels in die literatuur oor vroeë
onderwys aan die Kaap. Dit word as 'n puik instansie beskryf, met menige bekende
oudleerlinge soos President Jan Brand, Ds JH Neethling en 'Onze Jan' Hendrik Hofmeyr.
In hierdie studie ondersoek ek hoe die Skool by verskeie politiese, sosiale en filosofiese
veranderinge aangepas het om sodoende 70 jaar te kon oorleef. Dit doen ek deur die Skool
se bestaan en funksionering te beskryf, en ek spreek die frustrerende kwessie aan waarom
dit in 1870 gedwing is om te sluit.
Die navorsingsverslag bestaan uit 9 hoofstukke. Die inleiding behels die oriëntasie ten
opsigte van die studie. Dit word gevolg deur 'n hoofstuk wat handeloor die faktore wat tot die
ontstaan van die Skool gelei het, waar daar na gebeure oorsee sowel as aan die Kaap, gekyk
word. Hoofstuk 3 fokus op die Britse besetting, veralop die Anglisasie van die skole en die
,
koloniste se reaksie daarop. Hoofstuk 4 beskryf die Skool se aktiwiteite vanaf 1832, onder
andere sy heropening, die kurrikulum en bevondsing. Die Skool se verwantskap met die Suid-
Afrikaanse Kollege word ook bespreek. In Hoofstuk 5 ondersoek ek die opvoedingsbeleid wat
die Skool beïnvloed het, asook die ideale van liberalisme en demokrasie in so ver die Skool
dit beoefen het. Hoofstuk 6 handeloor die sluiting van die Skool en ek bied verskeie redes
daarvoor aan. In Hoofstuk 7 bestaan uit sketse van die vernaamste onderwyspersoneel,
terwyl die Skool se bydrae tot die Kaapse samelewing in Hoofstuk 8 voorgelê word.
Die studie word afgerond met 'n terugblik wat hierdie feite in 'n integreerde perspektief oor die
'Tot Nut' bymekaar bring en, in die lig van die bevindings wat in hierdie navorsing blootgelê is,
kan dit as 'n waardige instansie beskou word.
28
Birkner, Martin. "The status and dynamics of change of top management team (TMT) : demographics and capabilities in German large firms between 1997-2002 : a theoretical exploration and extension of the upper echelon perspective /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00133349.pdf.
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Briquet, Laurent. "Explorations psychométriques et psychoprojectives chez les auteurs d'infractions à caractère sexuel en psychologie légale : contribution sémiologique à l'identification de nouvelles composantes intrapsychiques et de nouvelles prises en charge psychothérapiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC006.
Full textAbstract:
La prise en charge des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel bouscule les professionnels du soin dans les limites de leurs compétences thérapeutiques et pose par voie de conséquence la récurrente question des chances de réinsertion sociale de ces sujets dans la société.La méconnaissance du fonctionnement intrapsychique de ces patients, l’absence de formation des professionnels à la sexualité normale et pathologique, l’effet de renforcement sur les pulsions partielles produit par internet, ou encore la spécificité du cadre thérapeutique sous contrainte sont autant d’éléments qui nous placent définitivement hors d’un champ habituel de prise en charge en santé mentale. En tentant de prendre en compte l’ensemble de ces spécificités et en explorant de façon standardisée les dimensions psychosociales, psychométriques et psycho-projectives de ces auteurs d’infraction à caractère sexuel, cette recherche vise à mettre en lumière d’une part les variables intrapsychiques qui permettraient d’améliorer les échelles d’évaluation de la dangerosité sexuelle et d’autre part les caractéristiques psychothérapiques susceptibles de répondre aux dysfonctionnements psychiques spécifiques de cette population<br>The management of sexual offenders disrupts care professionals within the limits of their therapeutic skills and consequently raises the recurring question of the chances of reintegration in society.The lack of understanding of the intrapsychic functioning of these patients, the lack of training of professionals in normal and pathological sexuality, the reinforcing effect on partial drives produced by the internet, or the specificity of the court-ordered therapy’s framework are all elements which definitely puts us out of the usual mental health care field.By attempting to take into account all these specificities and by exploring in a standardized way the psychosocial, psychometric and psycho-projective dimensions of these sex offenders, this research attempts to highlight on the one hand the intrapsychic variables that would improve scales of sexual dangerosity and secondly the psychotherapeutic characteristics likely to respond to the specific psychological dysfunctions of this population
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Kang, Lin. "Coupler des approches expérimentales et par modélisaiton pour évaluer le potentiel du soja en tant que double culture dans les systèmes de culture français face au changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025TLSEP010.
Full textAbstract:
Le soja (Glycine max. (L.)) est une légumineuse d’été dont la graine riche en protéines est appréciée en alimentation humaine et animale. Avec le réchauffement climatique et le souci de réduire les importations de graines et de tourteaux, sa culture initialement limitée à l’Europe méridionale, s’est étendue plus au nord pour atteindre 1.36 millions d’ha en Europe (dont 182 000 ha en France – chiffres 2022). Une alternative pour augmenter la présence du soja dans les systèmes de culture est de cultiver cette légumineuse en double culture après une culture d’hiver là où la température et la ressource en eau le permettent. Ceci se traduit par un semis tardif de variétés précoces et le plus souvent par de l’irrigation de complément. La pratique de la culture dite « dérobée » n’est pas nouvelle mais elle pourrait se développer encore avec l’augmentation des températures contribuant ainsi à réduire la dépendance protéique et augmenter le revenu des agriculteurs.Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’évaluer la faisabilité et les potentialités de la double culture de soja en France en climat actuel et futur pour différents régimes hydriques, dates de semis et groupes de maturité (GM). Pour cela, une approche couplant expérimentation en conditions semi-contrôlée, expérimentation factorielle au champ et modélisation a été mise en œuvre.Dans un premier temps, les réponses à la température, à la durée du jour et à la disponibilité en eau ont été étudiées et quantifiées pour un panel de 10 variétés candidates à la double culture (GM 0000 à I), ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une variabilité génétique peu caractérisée dans la littérature pour ces réponses. La réponse des variétés au dessèchement progressif du sol a été évaluée pendant 3 années (2021 à 2023) sur la plateforme de phénotypage Heliaphen de INRAE Auzeville. La réponse de la germination à la température a été étudiée en incubateur pendant 2 années pour déterminer les températures cardinales des génotypes étudiés. Elle a été complétée par une expérimentation en pots sur la plateforme Heliaphen en 2022, mettant en jeu plusieurs dates de semis de mars à juillet, pour étudier la réponse de ces génotypes à la photopériode et à la température.Ces méthodologies de phénotypage simples et reproductibles ont été proposées, évaluées et améliorées en vue de déterminer les réponses écophysiologiques et paramétrer deux modèles : (i) le premier, SPA (Simple Phenology Algorithm), développé par Schoving et al. (2020), en vue d’évaluer la faisabilité de la double culture de soja en France et (ii) le second, STICS (Brisson et al., 2003 ; Beaudoin et al., 2022), en vue de tester les rendements accessibles et la quantité d’irrigation nécessaire pour cette pratique.Une expérimentation au champ a été menée à Auzeville en 2022 couplant régimes hydriques et azotés pour 6 variétés de soja semées après la récolte de l’orge. Les données dynamiques de développement et de croissance complétées par un suivi des stocks d’eau et d‘azote du sol ont permis de calibrer le modèle STICS. Une base de données rassemblant la plupart des expérimentations menées par Terres Inovia et INRAE sur le soja en dérobé a permis d’évaluer le modèle avec une précision raisonnable.Enfin, la faisabilité et les potentialités du soja en double culture ont été explorées spatialement à l’échelle nationale en climat actuel et futur (RCP 8.5), pointant ainsi l’extension des zones favorables, illustrant la distribution des rendements accessibles avec ou sans irrigation et indiquant les besoins en eau associés.Cette démarche couplant étroitement expérimentation et modèle pourrait être reproduite dans d’autres contextes où se pose la question d’augmenter la contribution du soja en vue d’une plus grande autonomie protéique mais aussi de bénéficier des atouts agronomiques et environnementaux de cette légumineuse<br>Soybean (Glycine max. (L.)) is a summer legume whose protein-rich seeds are prized in human and animal nutrition. With global warming and the desire to reduce imports of seeds and oilcakes, its cultivation, initially limited to southern Europe, has spread further north to reach 1.36 million ha in Europe (including 182,000 ha in France - figures for 2022). One alternative for increasing the presence of soybean in cropping systems is to grow this legume as a double crop after a winter crop, where temperature and water resources allow. This involves late sowing of early varieties and most often supplementary irrigation. The practice of “catch or second crops” is not new, but it could develop further as temperatures rise, helping to reduce protein dependency and increase farmers' income.The aim of this thesis was to assess the feasibility and potential of double-cropping soybeans in France under current and future climatic conditions for different water regimes, sowing dates and maturity groups (MG). To this end, an approach combining semi-controlled experimentation, factorial field experimentation and modeling was implemented.Firstly, responses to temperature, daylength and water availability were studied and quantified for a panel of 10 candidate varieties for double cropping (MG 0000 to I), revealing the existence of genetic variability in these responses, not frequently characterized in the literature. Varietal response to progressive soil desiccation was evaluated for 3 years (2021 to 2023) on the Heliaphen phenotyping platform at INRAE Auzeville. The response of germination to temperature was studied in incubators for 2 years to determine the cardinal temperatures of the genotypes studied. This was completed by a pot experiment on the Heliaphen platform in 2022, involving several sowing dates from March to July, to study the response of these genotypes to photoperiod and temperature.These simple, reproducible phenotyping methodologies have been proposed, evaluated and improved to determine ecophysiological responses and parameterize two models: (i) the first, SPA (Simple Phenology Algorithm), developed by Schoving et al. (2020), to assess the feasibility of double-cropping soybean in France, and (ii) the second, STICS (Brisson et al., 2003; Beaudoin et al., 2022), in order to test the yields available and the amount of irrigation required for this practice.A field experiment was carried out at Auzeville in 2022, coupling water and nitrogen regimes for 6 soybean varieties sown after barley harvest. The STICS model was calibrated on the basis of dynamic development and growth data, supplemented by monitoring of soil water and nitrogen stocks. A database containing most of the experiments carried out by Terres Inovia and INRAE on soybeans grown as catch crops enabled the model to be evaluated with reasonable accuracy.Finally, the feasibility and potential of double-cropped soybeans were explored spatially on a national scale in current and future climates (RCP 8.5), showing the extension of favorable zones, illustrating the distribution of yields achievable with or without irrigation, and indicating the associated water requirements.This approach, which closely combines experimentation and modelling, could be reproduced in other contexts where the question arises of increasing the contribution of soybean to achieve greater protein autonomy, while also benefiting from the agronomic and environmental advantages of this legume
31
Marrot, Pascal. "La sélection naturelle : contraintes méthodologiques et déterminants climatiques chez la mésange bleue (Cyanistes caeruleus)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9898.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis plusieurs décennies, les populations font face à des changements environnementaux sans précédent. Afin de répondre à ces changements les espèces peuvent se déplacer vers un autre endroit (c’est la dispersion), répondre aux changements par plasticité phénotypique, ou encore s’adapter par sélection naturelle (c’est la réponse évolutive). Si la dispersion et la plasticité phénotypique permettent une réponse rapide face à un changement environnemental tel que le réchauffement climatique, seule la réponse évolutive permet une adaptation durable. Une réponse évolutive au changement climatique peut être attendue seulement si l'augmentation des températures occasionne une pression de sélection sur un et / ou des traits. Cependant, quantifier les pressions de sélection qui agissent sur les populations naturelles reste difficile, en particulier celles qui accompagnent le changement climatique.
Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai cherché à quantifier les pressions de sélection reliées au changement climatique agissant sur une population sauvage de mésanges bleues (Cyanistes caeruleus) suivie depuis 26 ans près de Montpellier (France). Mes résultats montrent qu'une augmentation de la température printanière augmentait la force de la sélection naturelle agissant sur la date de ponte. De plus, la sélection était renforcée lorsque la population subissait des évènements climatiques extrêmes tels que de fortes chaleurs. Ces résultats indiquent qu'il était d'autant plus avantageux de pondre tôt lorsque les températures étaient élevées dans notre population. Enfin, j'ai exploré l'impact de la variation spatiale de l'environnemental sur notre estimation de la sélection naturelle. Mes résultats ont montré que la sélection naturelle était systématiquement surestimée lorsque la variation spatiale environnementale n'était pas prise en compte, même à très fine échelle.
En conclusion, ces résultats ont permis de montrer qu'une réponse évolutive au changement climatique serait possible puisque celui-ci est associé à de plus fortes pressions de sélection sur les populations.
32
Lacan, F. "Les isotopes du fer en tant que traceur des cycles biogéochimiques dans l'océan et à ses interfaces." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00848295.
Full textAbstract:
Le fer est nécessaire à la vie. Alors qu'il se trouve en abondance à la surface terrestre, il est extrêmement rare à la surface de l'océan (quelques nanogrammes par litre d'eau de mer), de sorte qu'il y limite la production primaire dans de nombreuses régions et donc le pompage du CO2 atmosphérique par l'océan. Le cycle océanique du fer est donc un maillon essentiel du système climatique. Alors que depuis une trentaine d'années les biogéochimistes marins ont concentré leurs efforts sur l'étude des concentrations de fer dans l'océan, il est devenu possible, depuis quelques années, d'étudier les isotopes du fer dans l'océan. Nous verrons en quoi ces isotopes nous apportent de nouvelles informations sur les sources de fer à l'océan et sur son cycle au sein de l'océan.
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Derrien, Morgane. "Validation de l'utilisation des stéroïdes en tant qu'outil de traçage de l'origine des contaminations fécales des eaux de surface." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674626.
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Les contaminations fécales d'origine humaine ou animale contribuent à la dégradation des écosystèmes et affectent la qualité de l'eau avec des risques pour la santé publique par l'exposition à des agents pathogènes. Afin de réduire ces risques et d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau, il est nécessaire de développer des outils capables d'identifier les sources de contaminations fécales. Cet enjeu est exacerbé en Europe par le durcissement des directives sur les eaux de baignade et les eaux conchylicoles et l'obligation de procéder à l'identification et à la hiérarchisation des sources de contaminations. Cette thèse s'est attachée à valider l'utilisation des stéroïdes en tant que traceurs des sources de contaminations fécales des eaux de surface. La méthode utilisée est basée sur une analyse en composante principale de six stanols fécaux. L'approche scientifique a été menée en trois étapes, de l'échelle moléculaire à l'échelle du bassin versant. La spécificité des stéroïdes et l'homogénéité des sources ont été étudiées sur des déjections bovines, porcines et sur des influents, effluents et boues de stations d'épuration domestiques. Puis, la conservation et la persistance des empreintes stéroïdes ont été évaluées au cours du transport des échantillons sources vers le milieu naturel récepteur par des expérimentations en conditions contrôlées. Enfin, la méthode développée a été validée à l'échelle de deux bassins versants sujets à des contaminations fécales récurrentes multi-sources. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail permettent de valider l'utilisation des stéroïdes en tant que traceurs opérationnels de l'origine des contaminations fécales.
34
Pereira, Fernando. "Production d'acide phosphorique par attaque chlorhydrique de minerais phosphatés avec réduction des nuisances environnementales et récupération des terres rares en tant que sous-produits." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802984.
Full textAbstract:
La voie sulfurique pour la production d'acide phosphorique (destiné à l'industrie des engrais) présente de nombreux inconvénients : impossibilité de récupération de sous-produits de haute valeur commerciale tels les terres rares, existence de fortes restrictions conditionnées par les lois de protection de l'environnement, 250 millions de tonnes de phosphogypse impur et radioactif annuellement produites, problèmes environnementaux liés au stockage du phosphogypse (pollution des nappes phréatiques, des cours d'eau, ). Cette technologie de traitement de la roche phosphatée est de loin la plus répandue (essentiellement en raison d'impératifs économiques). Elle est la seule, à ce jour, suivie au Brésil. Pour ce pays, qui ne dispose pas de dépôts économiques de soufre, le choix d'un autre procédé s'impose d'une part pour réduire ses importations en soufre et, d'autre part pour réduire les nuisances écologiques générées lors de la formation de phosphogypse.Pour cela, il faut étudier des voies et des méthodologies alternatives à la traditionnelle voie sulfurique pour opter pour celle qui offre le plus d'avantages écologiques, économiques et techniques. Le Brésil, possédant une capacité oisive importante en acide chlorhydrique, nous nous sommes logiquement intéressés à la voie chlorhydrique.Nos travaux ont essentiellement porté sur le concentré phosphaté d'Angico dos Dias (concession de la société brésilienne GALVANI), bien que nous ayons également mené des essais en parallèle (à titre comparatif) sur un concentré phosphaté marocain d'origine sédimentaire (minerai utilisé par Grande Paroisse). Nous avons tout d'abord procédé à la caractérisation du concentré et du minerai phosphaté d'Angico dos Dias au niveau minéralogique, granulométrique et chimique avant d'entamer une étude de laboratoire
35
NGUYEN, QUANG TRI. "Ontogenese des lymphocytes b chez la souris : aspects de la regulation de la transcription du gene de chaine lourde d'immunoglobuline, de la recombinaison v(d)j et de l'expression de la terminale deoxynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077166.
Full textAbstract:
Les promoteurs de chaine lourde d'immunoglobuline (v h) sont bidirectionnels, avec un element octamere atgcaaat cis-activateur encadre par 2 motifs tata. Le motif aval permettant la transcription du gene v h, et le motif amont celle d'un transcrit dit divergent. L'evolution a conserve la structure bidirectionnelle des promoteurs v h bien que le transcrit divergent n'ait aucune fonction en lui-meme. La transcription bidirectionnelle pourrait permettre en formant des supertours negatifs d'adn d'augmenter le niveau de transcription par facilitation thermodynamique de la separation des 2 brins d'adn, ou par verrouillage d'un synapsis entre le promoteur et un amplificateur par une structure plectonemique de l'adn. On constate de fait que la transcription divergente au promoteur v h441 augmente son niveau de transcription in vitro. En diminuant l'efficacite de transcription d'un promoteur v h on devrait pouvoir diminuer l'usage du segment v h correspondant lors du rearrangement v(d)j en le rendant moins accessible. Une etude statistique portant sur le locus immunoglobuline de chaine lourde humain montre que les genes v h humains qui possedent un promoteur v h depourvu de boite tata divergente sont les plus rarement utilises. A la lueur de ces donnees j'ai propose un modele d'ouverture de la chromatine du locus a la recombinase v(d)j par la transcription. La tdt est une polymerase connue pour ajouter des regions n lors de la recombinaison v(d)j augmentant ainsi la diversite du repertoire v h et des tcr. Nous avons montre chez la souris l'existence de 2 isoformes tdts et tdtl (par epissage alternatif). Tdts est majoritaire, intranucleaire, a demi-vie longue, avec une capacite de polymerisation etendue, et sa fonction est d'ajouter des regions n. Tdtl est minoritaire, intracytoplasmique, a demi-vie courte, avec une capacite de polymerisation limitee. Sur la base de ses proprietes j'ai propose que tdtl puisse modifier l'extremite 3 des arnt et perturber l'economie de la cellule.
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Bonamour, du Tartre Suzanne. "Breeding with seasons : variability, heritability, and natural selection of phenological plasticity in a wild bird." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG070.
Full textAbstract:
La plasticité phénotypique – l’expression par un génotype de différents phénotypes en fonction de l’environnement – est un processus omniprésent dans la nature. Les changements de phénologie sont actuellement l’une des principales réponses au changement climatique. Bien qu’elle ait permis des réponses adaptatives aux variations environnementales par le passé, la plasticité phénotypique pourrait, dans un futur proche, ne plus être adaptative en raison des transformations importantes et rapides des écosystèmes. Dans un tel contexte, l’évolution de la plasticité phénotypique pourrait être cruciale à la persistance des populations, cela nécessitant que la plasticité soit héritable et soumise à la sélection naturelle. Un des exemples les plus étudiés de plasticité phénologique est la variation de la date de ponte en fonction de la température chez les oiseaux. Les températures printanières sont en effet l’indice environnemental le plus corrélé aux changements de phénologie chez la plupart des espèces de passereaux en région tempérée. En se basant sur les suivis à long-terme de quatre populations naturelles de mésanges bleues (Cyanistes caeruleus) en région méditerranéenne, cette thèse s’intéresse à la variabilité, l’héritabilité et la sélection naturelle sur la plasticité phénotypique de la phénologie de la reproduction. Premièrement, dans une revue bibliographique sur l’influence du changement climatique sur la plasticité phénotypique, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance des effets probables du changement climatique sur la fiabilité des indices environnementaux. Ce point a fait l’objet d’une étude plus poussée dans nos quatre populations de mésanges ainsi que chez leurs principales proies (chenilles), mettant en évidence des différences entre populations provenant d’habitats différents. Deuxièmement, pour mieux comprendre les déterminants de la variation intra-individuelle de la phénologie de la date de ponte, nous avons exploré comment le processus de vieillissement affecte l’expression de la plasticité phénotypique de la date de ponte en fonction de la température, révélant une plasticité plus forte chez les femelles matures que chez les femelles jeunes ou âgées. De plus, nous avons évalué la plasticité de la sénescence de reproduction en fonction de la qualité environnementale expérimentée par les oiseaux au cours de leur vie, et montré que les individus dans un bon environnement vieillissent plus vite. Enfin, afin de mieux cerner le potentiel évolutif de la phénologie de la reproduction chez la mésange bleue, nous avons estimé l’héritabilité de la plasticité et mis en œuvre de nouvelles méthodes pour estimer la sélection naturelle sur les normes de réaction. Nous avons détecté de l’héritabilité de la plasticité ainsi que de la sélection, nous prédisons donc une réponse à la sélection de la plasticité de la date de ponte<br>Phenotypic plasticity – the expression by a single genotype of different phenotypes according to the environment – is ubiquitous in nature. Changes in phenology through plastic modulations are currently one of the main responses to climate change in the wild. Despite allowing adaptive and fast responses to environmental variation in the past, phenotypic plasticity may not be adaptive anymore in the new and/or extreme environmental conditions created by rapid global change. In this context, evolution of phenotypic plasticity could be crucial for population adaptation and persistence. One of the most studied examples of phenological plasticity is the variation of avian egg-laying date according to spring temperature which acts as an environmental cue in most of passerines species in temperate regions. Taking advantage of the long-term monitoring of four wild populations of Mediterranean blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), this thesis investigates the variability, heritability of and natural selection on phenotypic plasticity of reproductive phenology. First, a review of the influence of climate change on phenotypic plasticity highlighted the importance of potential changes in cue(s) reliability for plasticity to remain adaptive, a point we further explored in our four blue tits populations and their main preys (caterpillars), showing differences among populations from different habitats. Second, to better understand the drivers of within-individual variation of laying date phenology we evaluated how ageing affects plasticity of laying date in response to temperature, and revealed stronger plasticity in mature compared to young or old females. Moreover, we assessed plasticity of reproductive senescence according to the environmental quality experienced by birds during their lifetime and showed that individuals experiencing good environments age faster. Finally, to improve our knowledge of the evolutionary potential of reproductive phenology in this species, we estimated the heritability of laying date and implemented methods to estimate natural selection on laying date and its plasticity. We showed both heritability of and selection on plasticity, we thus expect response to selection
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Lin, Fu-Lu, and 林福祿. "A Study of metal layer change of TFT LCD." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84932596090588916060.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工學院碩士在職專班精密與自動化工程組<br>99<br>This study discussion the array five masks on the TFT LCD process, the
first one for the AlNd Gate metal layer of material to affect change AlNiLa. The
material selection alkaline free substrate (size: 730 × 920 mm; provided by
Corning), the array five masks on the original process, only in a change in
production parameters, then use the experimental design to find the best
conditions, and to Array and electrical yield results as the final decision, are
required to meet current standards in order to determine the import of this metal
layer is successful.
By the experimental results, the use of experimental design can be PVD and
ETCH process in the best conditions for extraction, re-use hypothesis testing, t
test (2 sample t) and ANOVA test method (two-way ANOVA), to determine the
import after the AlNiLa and electrical properties of the yield is significantly
better than the previous import, so import is successful, but also the basis of
statistics, so the risks can be effectively controlled, and can be saved for two
thousand one hundred companies million of annual expenditure costs.
Finally, with the ETCH PVD process, it can be the best all access to a set
formula (PVD: film-forming temperature 120 oC, film-forming power 35kw,
film-forming gas _Ar 150 sccm; ETCH: photoresist baking time 10 sec, been
etching rate of 0%, etching temperature 40 oC), so AlNiLa into the Gate metal
layer can be optimized to achieve quality results.
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chiang, yao chih, and 姚志強. "TFT Series Charge Pump Design for 13.56MHz Flexible RFID Transponder Front-End." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05490877337349238677.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>電腦與通訊學系碩士班<br>95<br>This paper presents the simulation results and power conversion efficiency analysis of TFT-based AC-DC series charge pump circuit for passive-type RFID tag working on 13.56MHz.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the possibility of designing TFT-based AC-DC charge pump circuit as the first step for flexible RFID tag production by finding the optimal parameters, including the size of TFT、the value of capacitance and resistance for obtaining the highest power conversion efficiency.
TFT Layout for the 5-stage series charge pump circuit has also been done in this work.
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kai, hsü fu, and 許富凱. "TFT Parallel Charge Pump Design for 13.56MHz Flexible RFID Transponder Front-End." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58085438215918376345.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>電腦與通訊學系碩士班<br>95<br>This paper presents the simulation results and power conversion efficiency analysis of TFT-based AC-DC parallel charge pump circuit for passive-type 13.56MHz RFID tag based on MOS level 3 model with TFT’s parameters.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the possibility of designing TFT-based AC-DC charge pump circuit as the first step for the production of front-end of flexible RFID transponder by finding the optimal parameters of the size of TFT、the value of capacitance and resistance for obtaining the highest power conversion efficiency.
TFT Layout based on five masks processes for the 5-stage parallel charge pump circuit has also been done in this work.
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Guo, Pao-Lin, and 郭寶麟. "A Multi-Phase Charge-Recycling Technique for Low-Power TFT LCD Column Driver." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89651990713491705912.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大葉大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>90<br>To reduce the power consumption of the TFT-LCD column driver，a novel multi-phase charge-recycling technique that doesn’t require any external capacitor for charge conservation is proposed. Based on this method, the voltage swing is reduced to (1/2n + 1/4)VSWING, where “n” is the number of data lines in one group. If n is larger, voltage swing will become smaller in order to achieve lower power consumption goal. Comparing with original circuit (without any charge-recycling) and charge sharing one, the proposed method can reduce the power consumption about 65.7% ~ 13.3% respectively for n=8.
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Fong-Chi, Shih, and 石豐綺. "Study on LTPS-TFT Flash Memory using High-k Material as Charge Trapping Layer." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07856442760214408383.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子工程系所<br>96<br>In this thesis, electrical characteristic and Reliability of low temperature poly- silicon thin film transistor nonvolatile flash memory have studied, including programming/erasing speed, retention, endurance, retention after cycling and programming disturbances. First, three kinds of high-k materials, SiNx, Al2O3 and Hf-silicate, respectively, were applied for charge trapping layer of n-channel TFT memories. The fabricated memory devices show great retention and disturbance characteristics, attributed to the thick tunneling oxide. Among these three materials, Al2O3 performs best. Then, the same three kinds of materials as mentioned above were applied for p-channel TFT flash memories. The p-channel memory devices show better programming speed, programming voltage and data retention ability than n-channel ones, result in the lowering of power dissipation. Among all p-channel memory devices, Al2O3 performs best, also. Last, the n-channel devices after NH3 plasma treatment show obviously improvement on endurance and data retention.
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Ditto, Maria Chiara, and Piercarlo Sarzi Puttini. "INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA CHANGES TNF-INHIBITORS INDUCED IN IBD-RELATED SPONDYLOARTHRITIS." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3344309.
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Yi, Chih-Yao, and 裔智堯. "Exploring The Impact of TMT Characteristics on The Decision Quality of Strategic Change." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31666656257782178385.
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Chen, Chiu-Yueh, and 陳秋月. "A study of differentiation in Engineering Change –An Example of Implementation of Engineering Change in TFT-LCD Industry of Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64075913152179180169.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>資訊管理學系研究所<br>94<br>On account of the rapid change of the consuming market and the industry market and the widely shortening of product’s life cycle, confronting the stress from the market end, the competition strategy of the enterprises has conversed from pursuing high quality and low cost in the past into the strategy of satisfying customers’ requirements. With the influence of satisfying the customers’ diversified requirement of products, in addition that the trades shall continue taking consideration of the original factors of low cost and high quality, factors like the launch time of products, the speed of delivery date and the satisfaction degree of the customers’ requirements have even become the key ones if the enterprises can maintain their competitiveness.
Being facing with the threat from low labor cost of China, India and countries in South-east Asia, the superiority that OEM industries used to have has no longer existed and the only competitiveness they have lies in the R&D design capability. In consideration of this, the enterprises have developed toward globalization commerce and the mode of collaborative product commerce and implement the collaborative product commerce to create an superior R&D environment of products in accommodation with the rapid changed competition markets and integrate and cooperation with the supply chain in the upper and lower reach manufacturers and expect to set up systemized procedure from the process of product R&D to the production so as to promote the service quality to the customers as well as to decrease the failure cost of direct material and supplies and shorten the affect Time to Volume to the turnover and profits and further achieve the earlier winning chance of Time To Market and elaborate multiple strength.
Under the circumstance that the speed of customers’ favor to the products and its change have become faster and faster, the life cycle of products has then become shorter and shorter and the characteristics and appearances have also become more and more complicated, which have generated situations such as the structure value of products continually changed and increased, giant increasing information quantity and activities of frequent engineering change. Engineering Change (EC) has thus become an essential and important process in the whole products life cycle. How to fast and effectively deal with the engineering change with collaborative cooperation mode and shorten the products’ launch cycle and ensure the quality and the satisfaction degree of the customers shall be considered as one of the important factors that the enterprises maintain their competitiveness.
In view that the operation procedure of product R&D is very complicated, during the process the customers’ requirement, technical demands and the capability of the suppliers may be changed due to the time and condition. Therefore, whether to shorten the time of product development and design shall become the key to determine if the enterprise can accomplish in taking the lead in the business field. According to the investigation, to the senior supervisors of an enterprise, most answers to if the time of new products development and change time of products’ design are important are positive. Such answers also mean that the related issues like the procedure of R&D design and the shortening of engineering change procedure are one of the most popular topics in this trade. PTC and Reed Research Group have proceeded a research in object to more than 200 senior supervisors in charge of new products development and management in the global electronic and high technology companies. The result of the research has shown that the leading trades have gained more than 20% growth of revenue through promoting capability of products development and also gained multiple profits. The extraordinary performance of these companies with high growth is attributed to (a) products planning tools and the use of practical methods (b) mutually establish standardized internal and external coordination with cooperated partners (c) the design staffs have gained at an early date three products development capability like the enterprises and the information of supply chains and are enforced to carry them out so that that are able to implement high efficiency and conform to progress and budge and to keep tracking and solving the potential problems soonest within the design cycle. [1]
On the basis of the above-mentioned results of investigation, we find that how the enterprises apply tool like Collaborative Product Commerce (CPC) to carry out the engineering change operation under the collaborative environment and further shorten the development and design time of new products and achieve the requests of diversified customers, low cost, high quality and short delivery date and finally become one of the topics that nowadays the enterprises are eager to learn.
Engineering change management (ECM) is a sort of changed management in object to the released parts, blueprints, and software during the process of R&D or production and is one part of product R&D procedure. Because it is essential for each stage within the development life cycle of the whole products to carry out engineering change, therefore, the study has proceeded conferring the adjustment condition among the engineering change in object to the collaborative operation of the enterprises and the result of study has also obtained several conclusions to be provided as the reference mode when the enterprises implement ECM system and the related important topic for discussion when it is implemented and the enterprises can make appropriate adjustment and change accordingly.
Keywords： Collaborative Product Commerce, Engineering Change, Adaptive Structuration Theory
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Kirsten, Johanita. "Grammatikale veranderinge in Afrikaans van 1911 tot 2010." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/17019.
Full textAbstract:
In the past few decades, the investigation of grammatical change using electronic corpora has made headway internationally. Although linguists previously believed that grammatical changes progress too slowly to observe, this method enables linguists to investigate even recent, or ongoing, changes. However, no comprehensive study of recent and ongoing grammatical changes in Afrikaans has appeared yet. Also, when comments about ongoing changes are made, it is usually based on anecdotal evidence, with a focus on English influence. In this study, the method of short-term diachronic comparable corpus linguistics is used to investigate grammatical changes in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010. Four corpora were collected to this end, representing language use from 1911-1920, 1941-1950, 1971-1980 and 2001-2010. Additionally, quantitative grammaticography is used to take into account possible effects of prescriptive sources.
Two research questions are adressed in this study: the first inquires into the nature and extent of grammatical changes in selected grammatical categories in written Standard Afrikaans from 1911 to 2010; the second wants to clarify the differences and similarities between internal and external language change, and in the light thereof establish to which extent external change, and specifically English influence, is relevant for grammatical changes in Standard Afrikaans during the past century.
The theoretical framework within which language use and change is investigated in this study is cognitive linguistics, specifically emergent grammar and the exemplar model. Changes that become apparent from the data are described and explained in terms of processes of change and forces of change, and linked to the principles of cognitive linguistics.
Three broad grammatical categories are investigated: temporal reference, pronouns and the genitive. Even though there is an extent of stability in each of the categories, there are also several bigger and smaller changes that give an overview of the nature of grammatical change in written Standard Afrikaans in the past century. These changes can be divided into different categories.
The first type of change has to do with formalisation and colloquialisation – in broad strokes, there are signs of formalisation between the first two periods, during which the standard variety was being established, causing some features associated with formality to increase (e.g. passive constructions). However, at the end of the century there are signs of colloquialisation between the last two periods, where some formal features decrease (e.g. the formal second person pronoun u "you"), and some informal features increase (e.g. nou "now" as discourse marker).
The second type of change is analogy, causing greater regularity and/or uniformity in a paradigm. For instance, obsolescent preterite forms (had "had", wis "knew") were replaced by regular forms (het/het gehad, het geweet). The last of the Dutch genitive was also replaced by the Afrikaans genitive with se "'s" and van "of".
The third type of change is driven by speakers' desire to be expressive. Some of the pronouns specialise increasingly, meaning that they are used less and less for functions other than their main function, and other options are used less and less for that function. Examples of this is the third person pronoun dit "it", the shortened forms jul "you/your" and hul "they/their", and the indefinite pronouns almal "everybody", alles "everything" and elkeen "each one".
A next type of change is actually a combination of different processes and forces: grammaticalisation. There are several instances of grammaticalisation: the use of gaan "go" for future reference, the use of dis "it's" rather than dit is "it is", the use of mens "human" rather than 'n mens "a human" as generic pronoun, the use of indefinite pronouns with enig- "any" like enigiets "anything", enigiemand "anybody", enigeen "anyone", and the use of the genitive particle se "'s".
The last type of change is externally motivated change. Contrary to the view the Afrikaans literature in general promotes, there is only one instance of confirmed English influence in the data of this study: the increasing use of -self with reflexive pronouns, rather than the bare object form. However, there are instances of extra-linguistic influence, like standardisation that caused large scale variation reduction between the first and the second period, and the influence of feminism that can be seen in decreasing linguistic sexism, particularly with regard to generic pronouns.
The conclusion in the end is that the process of internally motivated change and contact-induced change is not different – an innovation can originate from another language (overt transfer), or an internal innovation can be promoted through bi- or multilingualism (covert transfer); however, the same principles, processes and forces of change are at play, irrespective of how many languages are involved.
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Dallaire, Frédérick. "Implémentation de la répartition de charge et du mode TOT pour la simulation d’un détecteur Timepix à pixels." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8586.
Full textAbstract:
Les détecteurs à pixels Medipix ont été développés par la collaboration Medipix et permettent de faire de l'imagerie en temps réel. Leur surface active de près de $2\cm^2$ est divisée en 65536~pixels de $55\times 55\um^2$ chacun. Seize de ces détecteurs, les Medipix2, sont installés dans l'expérience ATLAS au CERN afin de mesurer en temps réel les champs de radiation produits par les collisions de hadrons au LHC. Ils seront prochainement remplacés par des Timepix, la plus récente version de ces détecteurs, qui permettent de mesurer directement l'énergie déposée dans chaque pixel en mode \textit{time-over-threshold} (TOT) lors du passage d'une particule dans le semi-conducteur.
En vue d'améliorer l'analyse des données recueillies avec ces détecteurs Timepix dans ATLAS, un projet de simulation Geant4 a été amorcé par John Id\'rraga à l'Université de Montréal. Dans le cadre de l'expérience ATLAS, cette simulation pourra être utilisée conjointement avec Athena, le programme d'analyse d'ATLAS, et la simulation complète du détecteur ATLAS.
Sous l'effet de leur propre répulsion, les porteurs de charge créés dans le semi-conducteur sont diffusés vers les pixels adjacents causant un dépôt d'énergie dans plusieurs pixels sous l'effet du partage de charges. Un modèle effectif de cette diffusion latérale a été développé pour reproduire ce phénomène sans résoudre d'équation différentielle de transport de charge. Ce modèle, ainsi que le mode TOT du Timepix, qui permet de mesurer l'énergie déposée dans le détecteur, ont été inclus dans la simulation afin de reproduire adéquatement les traces laissées par les particules dans le semi-conducteur. On a d'abord étalonné le détecteur pixel par pixel à l'aide d'une source de $\Am$ et de $\Ba$. Ensuite, on a validé la simulation à l'aide de mesures d'interactions de protons et de particules $\alpha$ produits au générateur Tandem van de Graaff du Laboratoire René-J.-A.-Lévesque de l'Université de Montréal.<br>The pixelated Medipix detectors have been developed by the Medipix Collaboration to perform real-time imaging. The semiconducting chip is divided into 65536 pixels of $55\times 55\um^2$ for a total active area of nearly $2\cm^2$. Because of their sensitivity to all kinds of particles, sixteen Medipix2 detectors (ATLAS-MPX) have been placed in the ATLAS detector and its cavern to measure for the radiation produced by the head-on proton collisions produced at the LHC. At the next ATLAS upgrade, the ATLAS-MPX network will be extended to include the Timepix detectors, the latest version that allows one to measure the total energy deposited in the semiconductor.
To improve data analysis, a Geant4 simulation project of a Timepix detector was initiated by John Id\'arraga at the Université de Montréal. In the framework of the ATLAS experiment, this simulation could be used with Athena, the ATLAS analysis software, and the full ATLAS simulation.
Due to their repulsivity, the charge carriers created by an incoming particle in the pixelated detector are spread over the surrounding pixels causing a charge sharing effect. An effective model has been developed to reproduce this effect without resolving the charge drift's differential equation. This model and the \textit{time-over-threshold} mode of the Timepix have been included in the simulation to reproduce the tracks left by the striking particles. First, one had to individually calibrate each pixel of the device with $\Am$ and $\Ba$ sources. The simulation's validation has been performed with low energy protons and $\alpha$ particles delivered by the van de Graaff Tandem at the Laboratoire René-J.-A.-Lévesque of the Université de Montréal.
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Yen-ChangChiang and 江彥樟. "Investigation of subgap density of states in TFT charge trapping memory with optical response of capacitance-voltage measurement." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wev5uw.
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Camara, Marie Lou. "Behavioural and neurobiological changes mediated by TNF-α signalling in the CNS". Thesis, 2014. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40737/1/40737-camara-2014-thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Background: TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine having a diverse range of functions extending from the immune system to the central nervous system (CNS). It is recruited into the CNS through the blood brain barrier and also produced by astrocytes and microglia, in the CNS. A majority of its actions are governed by its main receptors: TNF-R1 (expressed by nearly all cell types) and TNF-R2 (expressed by immune and endothelial cells). The general consensus over these receptors has been that TNF-R1 is primarily degenerative due to the presence of a death domain; while TNF-R2 is more neuroprotective due to the lack of said death domain. There is active involvement of these members of the TNF-α superfamily in mediating neurobiology and behaviour in the CNS; TNF-α mediates synaptic scaling and facilitates expression of neurotrophins, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). However in peripheral or central inflammation, an up-regulation of TNF-α upsets this homeostatic balance triggering mechanistic changes in the CNS that can lead to behavioural impairments. Indeed TNF-α is a known biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and major depressive disorder. It is also an active biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis that are comorbid with psychiatric symptoms.
These factors make the need for understanding TNF-α neurobiology and developing targets to modulate TNF-α expression in inflammatory conditions essential. This body of work was therefore conducted to test the behavioural and neurobiological effects of genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of TNF-α and its receptors in young and mid-adult mice.
Methods: This body of work was carried out in three parts:
Chapters 3 and 4 were run using similar methodologies in mice of different ages. Mice deficient for TNF-α (TNF⁻/⁻) and each of its receptors, TNF-R1⁻/⁻ and TNF-R2 ⁻/⁻ (n = 14/strain for both studies) were established on a C57BL/6 background. These mice were used to test the consequences of targeting TNF-α and its receptors on behaviour and neurobiology in young and mid-adult mice compared to C57BL/6 mice (WT: n = 21/chapter 3, n = 14/chapter 4). Mice underwent behavioural testing to measure locomotion, cognition-like, social, and emotion-like behaviour. Hippocampal tissue was collected from these mice to measure levels of NGF and BDNF by ELISA and immunohistochemistry performed to test for neurogenesis (chapters 3 and 4) and microglial numbers (chapter 4).
For the third part of this study, only C57/BL6 mice were used and were divided in to 4 treatment groups. 2 groups were challenged with an acute dose of LPS (n = 20; IP administration) while 2 groups received saline (n = 20; IP administration). One group of LPS mice received etanercept via ICV administration (n = 10; LPS-Etan) and a control group received aCSF also via ICV (n = 10; LPS-aCSF). Similarly, one group of saline treated mice (n = 10) received etanercept through ICV (Sal-Etan) while the other group (n =10) received aCSF also through ICV (Sal-aCSF). 24 hr post-drug treatment, behaviour of mice was tested and hippocampal tissue was collected to measure the number of microglia and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus.
Results: 3 months old TNF⁻/⁻ mice had impaired cognition, while TNF-R2⁻/⁻ mice showed good memory. All strains of mice had normal social behaviour and knockout strains had lower anxiety than WT mice. Analysis of neurotrophin levels revealed TNF⁻/⁻ and TNF-R2⁻/⁻ mice to have significantly lower levels of NGF compared to WT mice, suggesting that some of the behavioural changes could be linked to changes in levels of circulating neurotrophins.
At 6 months age, TNF⁻/⁻ and TNF-α receptor knockout mice displayed similar learning to WT mice, but TNF-R1⁻/⁻ mice displayed better memory than all strains of mice. TNF⁻/⁻ mice had impaired social behaviour and exploratory behaviour in TNF⁻/⁻ and TNF-R1⁻/⁻ mice was decreased compared to WT mice. It is also interesting to note that both TNF⁻/⁻ and TNF-R2⁻/⁻ mice exhibited lower depression-like behaviour than WT mice. Additionally TNF⁻/⁻ and TNF-R1⁻/⁻ mice expressed significantly lower levels of BDNF than WT mice and TNF-R2⁻/⁻ mice displayed significantly higher levels of NGF compared to all strains of mice.
Pharmacologically peripheral administration of LPS reduced locomotor activity, impaired cognition-like and increased anxiety-like behaviour. This change was associated with an increase in microglial numbers in the dentate gyrus. Centrally administered etanercept was able to significantly improve LPS induced anxiety-like behaviour, and prevent the increase of microglia, but had no significant effect on cognition-like behaviour.
Discussion: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TNF-α plays a complex role in mediating behavioural phenotypes. This role is further influenced by the inflammatory state and life stage of the individual.
Specifically while normal signalling of TNF-α and its receptors is required for cognition in young mice, the absence of TNF-α and its receptors may improve cognition from mid-adulthood. So also from mid-adulthood, lack of TNF-α and its receptors may protect mice from depression-like behaviour, hinting at a possible target to counter depression in older individuals. Despite these positive features of lack of TNF-α signalling in mid-adulthood, it appears that TNF-α is required throughout a lifespan to maintain social and exploratory behaviour. This suggests that modulation of the cytokine rather than blockade may be the direction to follow.
From a pharmacological perspective, peripheral LPS is effective in triggering behavioural and neurobiological changes as there appears to be an active exchange between the peripheral immune system and CNS. Furthermore, etanercept treatment appeared effective in reducing not only anxiety-like behaviour but also number of microglial cells induced by LPS, showing that even with non-specific inflammation, TNF-α is an active participant in CNS pathology. This reinforces the need for targeting TNF-α in inflammatory disorders with psychiatric disruptions.
These results set a foundation to understand the complex role of TNF-α in mediating behavioural phenotypes over the course of an individual's life. Likewise TNF-α modulation appears to be the key to alleviating psychiatric conditions enhanced by this cytokine. Moving onwards, future work needs to look at the effects of targeting TNF-α and its receptors in aged animals to understand the consequences on behaviour and neurobiology specifically neurotrophin production and glial cell activity.
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Geldenhuys, Diederik Joachim. "Bydrae van psigodinamiese groepintervensies tot organisasie-ontwikkeling." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2244.
Full textAbstract:
Text in Afrikaans<br>This research dealt with the contribution of psychodynamic group interventions to organisational development (OD). The research consists of a qualitative investigation and was based on a case-study design with the use of multiple cases.
Three different cases were presented, namely where a psychodynamic group intervention was used together with another intervention, where obstacles in a group were to be solved and as an in-house working conference. Random sampling was also done within the cases. Three interventions were done, data was gathered and analysed by means of content analysis, and the results were reported.
It was found in all three cases that a unique contribution was made. Regarding the first case, the intervention was the beginning of a process of change whereby the participants were enabled to develop their identity as a group, from a family business to a company. Participants became aware of underlying conflict, started to own their roles in it, and to take responsibility for addressing the dynamics themselves. In the context in which the intervention was used, the contribution was, however, restricted because its value was only experienced after the intervention.
Regarding the second case, the obstacles influencing the functioning of the team were addressed efficiently after the intervention. Participants were authorised to manage their boundaries more efficiently and to address role differentiation, leading to more open communication and a better work climate.
Regarding the third case, it was found suitable especially for learning diagnostic competencies from a psychodynamic paradigm. Learning occurred on a personal level resulted in the ability of participants to identify dynamics in their organisation and to present similar interventions in their work place.
Recommendations were made for the use of psychodynamic group interventions from a qualitative paradigm, as well as regarding the necessary competencies and a training programme for presenting psychodynamic group interventions.<br>Hierdie navorsing hande! oor die bydrae van psigodinamiese groepintervensies tot
organisasie-ontwikkeiing (00). Die behoefte om onbewuste dinamika in organisasies aan
te spreek, hettot hierdie navorsing aanleiding gegee. Die navorsing is in die vorm van 'n
kwalitatiewe ondersoek en is gebaseer op 'n gevallestudie-navorsingsontwerp waarin
daar van meervoudige gevalle gebruik gemaak is.
Drieverskillendegevalleisaangebied, naamlikwaar'n psigodinamiese groepintervensie
saam met 'n ander intervensie gebruik is, waar blokkasies in 'n groep opgelos moes word
en as 'n in-huise werkskonferensie. Daar is ook van ewekansige steekproefneming binne
elke geval gebruik gemaak. Drie intervensies is uitgevoer, data is ingesamel en deur
middel van inhoudsontleding ontleed.
Daar is bevind dat al drie gevaiie 'n unieke bydrae gelewer het. Ten opsigte van die eerste
geval was die intervensie die begin van 'n veranderingsproses waardeur die deelnemers
in staat gestel is om vanuit 'n familiebesigheid hu! identiteit as 'n maatskappy te ontwikkel.
Deelnemers het bewus geword van onderliggende konflik, begin om hulle rolle daarin te
eien, en verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar om die dinamika self aan te spreek. In die
konteks waarin die intervensie gebruik was, was die bydrae egter beperk omdat die
waarde daarvan eers na afloop van die intervensie ervaar is.
Ten opsigte van die tweede geval is die blokkasie wat die funksionering van die span
bei'nvloed het na afloop van die intervensie doeltreffend aangespreek. Deelnemers is
bemagtig om hul grense meer doeltreffend te bestuur en roldifferensiasie aan te spreek,
wat tot meer openlike kommunikasie en 'n beter werksklimaat aanleiding gegee het.
Ten opsigte van die derde geval is bevind dat dit veral geskik was vir die aanleer van
diagnostiesebevoegdhedevanuit'n psigodinamiese paradigma.Leerwatoppersoonlike
vlak plaasgevind het, het tot gevolg gehad dat deelnemers in staatwas om die dinamika in hul organisasie te identifiseeren om self soortgelyke intervensies in hul werkplek aan
te bied.
Aanbevelings virdiegebruikvanpsigodinamiesegroepintervensiesvanuit'nkwaiitatiewe
benadering tot 0 0 is gemaak, sowel as aanbevelings oordie noodsaaklike bevoegdhede
en 'n opleidingsprogram vir die aanbied van psigodinamiese groepintervensies deur
bedryfsielkundiges.<br>Industrial and Organisational Psychology<br>D.Admin. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)
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Chang, Chun-Wei, and 張純維. "The Component-based Engineering Change Management System Implementation Scheme: A Case Study of TFT-LCD Industry." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16481559852518943695.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工業工程與管理學程碩士班<br>91<br>Under the environment of shorter product life cycle and uncertainty customer requirement, engineering change (EC) is an important daily operation in the Hi-Tech industry. In order to meet the customer’s requirements, each phase of the overall product life cycle, no matter in the phase of product development, work sampling, mass production, or even product release to customers, will probably raise the EC requirements. Therefore, the activities of EC must keep enough paces with the requirement of quality, performance, and speed, so that it can enable the competitive capabilities of enterprise. Most engineering change management systems (ECMS) in early stages adopted the closed client/server architecture, and were integrated into a groupware. Recently, owning to the appearance of Internet, the number of Internet users increases rapidly and the amount of data expands accordingly. Therefore, there is a bottleneck in traditional architecture of ECMS. We need a new architecture to fulfill these demands.
This study is to establish a web-based ECMS for electronic access in standards. The present system developed under the methodology of the business component model (BCM) has an open architecture and componential design to increase extensibility and maintainability of the system. Based on the methodology, the ECMS is developed by using modeling technique of Unified Modeling Language (UML). Besides, the system is implemented by using available business component technology - Microsoft COM/COM+, so that it increases the portability and reusability of the system. In addition to the implementation of the ECMS, the result of this study will enable the practice of TFT-LCD product development system and subsequently increase the product development capability and quality, reduce the development cycle time, cost and ultimately enhance the product marketability.