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Journal articles on the topic 'TNT (Chemical)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Davel, J., M. T. Suidan, and N. Adrian. "Biodegradation of the energetic compound TNT through a multiple-stage treatment approach." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0509.

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Biodegradation of the energetic compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its intermediate 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) was investigated in this study. From previous investigations, a relationship between the biological utilization of ethanol as co-substrate for the reduction of TNT under anaerobic conditions was proposed using an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor (AFBR). In this study, the theoretical co-substrate requirement for reduction of TNT to TAT was further investigated through the systematic lowering of the ethanol loading to the reactor. Near complete reduction to TAT was observed up to a critical ethanol loading point, as well as the production of methane from the limited excess available ethanol. Once ethanol deficient loading conditions were established, the increased presence of incompletely reduced degradation intermediates, such as 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, and even TNT, was observed. The cessation of methanogenesis confirmed that no excess ethanol was available. Degradation of the TAT intermediate in the reactor effluent was investigated using two second-stage reactors under oxidizing conditions. The first was an aerobic activated sludge reactor, and the second was a denitrifying fluidized-bed reactor (DenFBR). The aerobic reactor was successful in lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD), but complete removal of TAT was not accomplished. Because of TAT polymerization and auto-oxidation under aerobic conditions, it was difficult to confirm to what extent of TAT removal was biological. In the DenFBR, incompletely reduced TNT intermediates were not successfully degraded, but strong evidence existed for the degradation of TAT. This is the first known report of second stage degradation of TAT under denitrifying conditions.
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2

Liao, Chang-Yu, H. Paul Wang, and Hong-Ping Lin. "Chemical Structure of TiO2Nanotube Photocatalysts Promoted by Copper and Iron." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/243160.

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TiO2nanotubes (TNTs) promoted by copper (5%) (Cu-TNT) and iron (5%) (Fe-TNT) were prepared for visible-light photocatalysis. By X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, it is found that the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) on Cu-TNT and Fe-TNT is associated with the predominant surface photoactive sites A2((Ti=O)O4). By extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, the dispersed copper and iron also cause increases in the Ti–O and Ti–(O)–Ti bond distances by 0.01-0.02 and 0.04-0.05 Å, respectively. The decreased Ti–O bonding energy may lead to an increase of photoexcited electron transport. The copper- or-iron promoted TNT can thus enhance photocatalytic degradation of MB under the visible-light radiation.
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3

Liu, Yan, Chongwei An, Jin Luo, and Jingyu Wang. "High-density HNIW/TNT cocrystal synthesized using a green chemical method." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 74, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520618008442.

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The main challenge for achieving better energetic materials is to increase their density. In this paper, cocrystals of HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, often referred to as CL-20) with TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were synthesized using ethanol in a green chemical method. The cocrystal was formulated as C13H11N15O18 and possesses a higher density (1.934 g cm−3) than published previously (1.846 g cm−3). This high-density cocrystal possesses a new structure, which can be substantiated by the different types of hydrogen bonds. The predominant driving forces that connect HNIW with TNT in the new cocrystal were studied at ambient conditions using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal that the structure of the new HNIW/TNT cocrystals consists of three one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains exploiting the familiar HNIW–TNT multi-component supramolecular structure, in which two hydrogen-bonded chains are between —NO2 (HNIW) and —CH (TNT), and one hydrogen-bonded chain is between —CH (HNIW) and —NO2 (TNT). The changes to the electron binding energy and type of element in the new cocrystal were traced using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics alter after cocrystallization due to the hydrogen bonding. It was found that the new HNIW/TNT cocrystal is more thermodynamically stable than HNIW. Thermodynamic aspects of new cocrystal decomposition are investigated in order to explain this observation. The detonation velocity of new HNIW/TNT cocrystals is 8631 m s−1, close to that of HNIW, whereas the mechanical sensitivity is lower than HNIW.
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4

Alekseev, Sergey G. "A Brief history of the chemical transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-4-1.

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The results of works published in the open press over the past 100 years on the possibilities of converting one of the most well-known and widely used blasting explosives (EX) – 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, TOL, TNT) into "conversion" chemical products are summarized having a diverse and commercially attractive application. Examples of the first industrial use of TNT are not given as explosives, but as inexpensive and affordable chemical raw materials for the production of components of photosensitive compositions. The reasons for the second more intensive period of development of works (late 20th – early 21st centuries) on revealing the synthetic potential of TNT are noted. The most promising areas of work are discussed: the synthesis of polyfunctional organic compounds of a carbo (hetero) cyclic structure, interesting as biologically active substances, precursors for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, original polymers and resins, etc. The article makes assumptions about the reasons for the fact that so far TNT has not found wide practical application as an almost universal starting compound for obtaining a wide range of products of small and large-tonnage organic intesa. Using examples of the results of their own work on obtaining original, effective dyes and pigments, sorption-active compounds, structural analogues of hard-to-reach, but practically significant natural substances, the authors suggest ways of involving TNT in the practice of industrial organic synthesis.
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5

Wang, Jin, Hiroki Nagata, Masaki Ando, Yuichi Yoshida, Kenji Sakai, and Toshihiko Kiwa. "Visualization of Charge-Transfer Complex for the Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Using Terahertz Chemical Microscope." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 117517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3a2c.

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This study focuses on the visualization of a charge-transfer complex, namely a Meisenheimer complex, for the detection of uncharged 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosives by developing a terahertz chemical microscope (TCM) imaging system. The organic amine 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was immobilized on an SiO2-film-coated TCM sensing plate, where it interacted with TNT molecules. The surface electrical potential distribution of TNT, APTES, and the charge-transfer complex was mapped. An electrical potential shift occurred due to the formation of a charge-transfer complex between the electron-rich amino-silane APTES and electron-deficient TNT molecules on the surface of the sensing plate. The electrical imaging and detection of TNT explosives by using the TCM imaging system were demonstrated by measuring the amplitude of the terahertz pulse caused by this electrical potential shift. N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine were used for further evaluation and comparison of color changes arising from the amine-TNT interactions. The results have shown that TCM imaging is a promising method for the detection of uncharged TNT explosives at a low (sub-parts-per-million) concentration.
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6

Li, Yanchi, Guanyu Chen, and Xiang Li. "Automated Recognition of Chemical Molecule Images Based on an Improved TNT Model." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020680.

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The automated recognition of optical chemical structures, with the help of machine learning, could speed up research and development efforts. However, historical sources often have some level of image corruption, which reduces the performance to near zero. To solve this downside, we need a dependable algorithmic program to help chemists to further expand their research. This paper reports the results of research conducted for the Bristol-Myers Squibb-Molecular Translation competition, which was held on Kaggle and which invited participants to convert old chemical images to their underlying chemical structures, annotated as InChI text; we define this work as molecular translation. We proposed a model based on a transformer, which can be utilized in molecular translation. To better capture the details of the chemical structure, the image features we want to extract need to be accurate at the pixel level. TNT is one of the existing transformer models that can meet this requirement. This model was originally used for image classification, and is essentially a transformer-encoder, which cannot be utilized for generation tasks. On the other hand, we believe that TNT cannot integrate the local information of images well, so we improve the core module of TNT—TNT block—and propose a novel module—Deep TNT block—by stacking the module to form an encoder structure, and then use the vanilla transformer-decoder as a decoder, forming a chemical formula generation model based on the encoder–decoder structure. Since molecular translation is an image-captioning task, we named it the Image Captioning Model based on Deep TNT (ICMDT). A comparison with different models shows that our model has benefits in each convergence speed and final description accuracy. We have designed a complete process in the model inference and fusion phase to further enhance the final results.
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7

Alexander, M., R. A. Kalaivani, V. Sriraman, and U. Senthilkumar. "Electro Polymerization of o-Phenylenediamine Using Palladium Nanoparticles Coated Fabricated TiO2 Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22079.

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Fabricated titanate nanotubes (f-TNT) are prepared by chemical deposition method using linen fiber. The f-TNTs is fabricated by TiO2 nanoparticles, the each TiO2 nanoparticles diameter has 80-100 nm in range. The Pd0 nanoparticle was coated on the surface of the f-TNT by chemical reduction method, using NaBH4 as reducing agent. The prepared Pd/f-TNTs characterized by FT-IR, FE-SEM and HRTEM, the result shows that the f-TNT diameter is 1500 nm and Pd nanoparticles range in 20-50 nm. The Pd/f-TNT nanocomposite modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode shows quasi irreversible redox behaviours in cyclic voltammeter. Those Pd/f-TNTs modified electrode is utilized for electrochemical polymerization of o-phenylenediamine in acid medium.
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8

Jenkins, T. "Chemical signatures of TNT-filled land mines." Talanta 54, no. 3 (May 10, 2001): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00547-6.

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9

Bowen, J., L. J. Noe, B. P. Sullivan, K. Morris, V. Martin, and G. Donnelly. "Gas-Phase Detection of Trinitrotoluene Utilizing a Solid-Phase Antibody Immobilized on a Gold Film by Means of Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 8 (August 2003): 906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322258850.

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A multilayered biosensor was constructed and found to detect trinitrotoluene (TNT) in ppb concentrations in air both prior to and after detonation of TNT without use of a liquid phosphate buffered saline (PBS) superstrate. The biosensor surface was fabricated from a monoclonal antibody for TNT covalently bound to an 11,11′-dithio-bis(succinimidoylundecanoate) (DSU) self-assembled monolayer immobilized on a thin gold film bonded to a BK7 glass slide. The binding between the immobilized antibody and TNT antigen was detected using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPRS). Biosensor specificity for TNT was demonstrated with chemical homologues as well as against an unrelated explosive, RDX.
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10

Talaat, Ahmed, Ahmed Elbeih, Hesham Tantawy, and Ahmed K. Hussein. "Thermal behavior and explosive properties of TNT/RGO." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2305, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2305/1/012022.

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Abstract 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), is the most widely accessible explosive. Thanks to the melt cast characteristics (melting temperature of TNT is 80-82 °C,), lead to contribute in many applications as mortars, grenades, artillery rounds, warheads, and antipersonnel mines. TNT has high chemical stability, and moderate sensitivity. In this paper, a novel addition of nano particles of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was added to enhance the TNT characteristics. A composite TNT/RGO 98:2 wt. % was prepared. The morphology of the composite mixture was captured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity were evaluated, thermal behavior was investigated using diffeential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the characterization of the prepared composite and pure TNT was examined using an X-Ray diffractometer. Explosive characteristics were determined by detonation velocity and brisance by Kast . The results showed improvement in the sensitivity with reserving the high explosive characteristics of TNT. Interestingly, a decrease in the melting point of TNT due to the presence of RGO in the composite was observed. This addition might be an effective parameter in the melting procedure of TNT.
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11

Ziganshin, Ayrat M., Robin Gerlach, Thomas Borch, Anatoly V. Naumov, and Rimma P. Naumova. "Production of Eight Different Hydride Complexes and Nitrite Release from 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Yarrowia lipolytica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 24 (October 12, 2007): 7898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01296-07.

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ABSTRACT 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by the yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica AN-L15 was shown to occur via two different pathways. Direct aromatic ring reduction was the predominant mechanism of TNT transformation, while nitro group reduction was observed to be a minor pathway. Although growth of Y. lipolytica AN-L15 was inhibited initially in the presence of TNT, TNT transformation was observed, indicating that the enzymes necessary for TNT reduction were present initially. Aromatic ring reduction resulted in the transient accumulation of eight different TNT-hydride complexes, which were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible diode array detection, and negative-mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). APCI-MS analysis revealed three different groups of TNT-hydride complexes with molecular ions at m/z 227, 228, and 230, which correspond to TNT-mono- and dihydride complexes and protonated dihydride isomers, respectively. One of the three protonated dihydride complex isomers detected appears to release nitrite in the presence of strain AN-L15. This release of nitrite is of particular interest since it can provide a pathway towards complete degradation and detoxification of TNT.
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12

Pak, Jeong W., Kyle L. Knoke, Daniel R. Noguera, Brian G. Fox, and Glenn H. Chambliss. "Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Purified Xenobiotic Reductase B from Pseudomonas fluorescensI-C." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4742-4750.2000.

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ABSTRACT The enzymatic transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by purified XenB, an NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase fromPseudomonas fluorescens I-C, was evaluated by using natural abundance and [U-14C]TNT preparations. XenB catalyzed the reduction of TNT either by hydride addition to the aromatic ring or by nitro group reduction, with the accumulation of various tautomers of the protonated dihydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT, 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, and 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. Subsequent reactions of these metabolites were nonenzymatic and resulted in predominant formation of at least three dimers with an anionic m/z of 376 as determined by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and the release of ∼0.5 mol of nitrite per mol of TNT consumed. The extents of the initial enzymatic reactions were similar in the presence and in the absence of O2, but the dimerization reaction and the release of nitrite were favored under aerobic conditions or under anaerobic conditions in the presence of NADP+. Reactions of chemically and enzymatically synthesized and high-pressure liquid chromatography-purified TNT metabolites showed that both a hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene isomer and a tautomer of the protonated dihydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT were required precursors for the dimerization and nitrite release reactions. The m/z 376 dimers also reacted with either dansyl chloride or N-1-naphthylethylenediamine HCl, providing evidence for an aryl amine functional group. In combination, the experimental results are consistent with assigning the chemical structures of them/z 376 species to various isomers of amino-dimethyl-tetranitrobiphenyl. A mechanism for the formation of these proposed TNT metabolites is presented, and the potential enzymatic and environmental significance of their formation is discussed.
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13

Nõlvak, Hiie, Jaak Truu, Baiba Limane, Marika Truu, Guntis Cepurnieks, Vadims Bartkevičs, Jaanis Juhanson, and Olga Muter. "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY CHANGES IN TNT SPIKED SOIL BIOREMEDIATION TRIAL USING BIOSTIMULATION, PHYTOREMEDIATION AND BIOAUGMENTATION." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 21, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2012.721784.

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Trinitrotoluene (TNT), a commonly used explosive for military and industrial applications, can cause serious environmental pollution. 28-day laboratory pot experiment was carried out applying bioaugmentation using laboratory selected bacterial strains as inoculum, biostimulation with molasses and cabbage leaf extract, and phytoremediation using rye and blue fenugreek to study the effect of these treatments on TNT removal and changes in soil microbial community responsible for contaminant degradation. Chemical analyses revealed significant decreases in TNT concentrations, including reduction of some of the TNT to its amino derivates during the 28-day tests. The combination of bioaugmentation-biostimulation approach coupled with rye cultivation had the most profound effect on TNT degradation. Although plants enhanced the total microbial community abundance, blue fenugreek cultivation did not significantly affect the TNT degradation rate. The results from molecular analyses suggested the survival and elevation of the introduced bacterial strains throughout the experiment.
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14

Xu, Miao, Dong Liu, Ping Sun, Yunuo Li, Ming Wu, Wencong Liu, Edmund Maser, Guangming Xiong, and Liquan Guo. "Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT): Involvement of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase (P34O) in Buttiauxella sp. S19-1." Toxics 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100231.

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Extensive use and disposal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a primary constituent of explosives, pollutes the environment and causes severe damage to human health. Complete mineralization of TNT via bacterial degradation has recently gained research interest as an effective method for the restoration of contaminated sites. Here, screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that Buttiauxella sp. S19-1, possesses the strongest degrading ability. Moreover, BuP34O (a gene encoding for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase—P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT degradation. A knockout of BuP34O in S19-1 to generate S-M1 mutant strain caused a marked reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Additionally, the EM1 mutant strain (Escherichia coli DH5α transfected with BuP34O) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as the intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed the activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our findings present the first report on the involvement of P34O in bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O could catalyze downstream reactions in the TNT degradation pathway. In addition, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a Gram-negative marine-derived bacterium, presents enormous potential for restoration of TNT-contaminated seas.
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15

Nyanhongo, Gibson S., Nina Aichernig, Marcus Ortner, Walter Steiner, and Georg M. Guebitz. "A novel environmentally friendly 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based explosive." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2008.230.

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A novel bioremediation technology has been developed. This technology involves the incorporation of a newly isolated Pseudomonas putida GG04 and Bacillus sp. SF into an explosive formulation to enhance biodegradation of TNT residues and explosives which fail to detonate due to technical problems. The incorporation of these microorganisms into the explosive did not affect the quality of the explosive in terms of detonation velocity while complete degradation of TNT moieties upon transfer in liquid media was observed after 4 days. The incorporated microorganisms sequentially reduced TNT leading to the formation of hydroxylamnidnitrotoluenes (HADNT), 4-amino-2,6- dinitrotoluenes; 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluenes, different azoxy compounds; 2,6-diaminonitrotoluenes and 2,4- diaminonitrotoluenes. Aminodinitrotoluenes (AMDNT) and diamninonitrotoluenes (DAMNT) constituted the predominant metabolites which steadily increased achieving 41μM and 63 μM in P. putida GG04 cultures and, 73 μM and 109 μM in Bacillus SF cultures, respectively. Although both microorganisms use NAD(P)H dependent enzymes to transform TNT, P. putida GG04 has a preference for NADPH. The accumulation of AMDNT and DAMNT was effectively prevented in the presence of guaiacol and catechol. A 89 % reduction of AMDNT and a 80 % of DAMNT was achieved in P. putida GG04 cultures, while in Bacillus sp. SF, 91 % and 70 % reduction was achieved. This demonstrates that biodegradation of TNT in the presence of humic material is effective in immobilizing TNT metabolites. Addition of acetonitrile (1:4) to TNT and to its biodegradation products with sequential freezing of the samples at –20 °C was effective in concentrating and enhancing detection signals to identify TNT contaminates sites.
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16

Xue, Feng, Wu Long Zhang, Hong Zhou Yan, and Zhi Hong Zhang. "Treatment of Munitions Decomposing Wastewater Using Membrane Biological Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2363.

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Wastewater from the munitions decomposing process typically contains the widely used explosive-trinitrotoluene (TNT), which is also toxic and mutagenic. Commonly used technologies for degradation of TNT,such as activated carbon adsorption and chemical oxidation, are proved to be feasible but not cost-effective. In this study, the effectiveness of biodegradation of TNT by co-metabolism was evaluated in a hybrid hydrolysis acidification and aerobic membrane bioreactor. After six weeks acclimatization, over 90% TNT was removed with influent TNT concentration ranging between 70-85mg/L. Simultaneously remarkable MLSS concentration increase from 1.4 g/l to 6.9 g/l was observed, which indicated that the acclimatization and incubation of biomass was successful. The membrane effectively prevented loss of sludge and kept large biomass in the reactor, which made the system maintained in a high volume loading rate and low sludge loading rate. The experiment results showed that addition of carbon source was an essential factor in biodegradation of TNT wastewater.
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17

Lou, Zhaoyang, Yingqi Cui, Mingli Yang, and Jun Chen. "The mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene detection with amino acid-capped quantum dots: a density functional theory study." RSC Advances 5, no. 60 (2015): 48406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07088k.

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18

Wang, Fuping, Guangyan Du, Chenggen Zhang, and Qian-You Wang. "Mechanism of the Impact-Sensitivity Reduction of Energetic CL-20/TNT Cocrystals: A Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Study." Polymers 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061576.

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High-energy low-sensitivity explosives are research objectives in the field of energetic materials, and the formation of cocrystals is an important method to improve the safety of explosives. However, the sensitivity reduction mechanism of cocrystal explosives is still unclear. In this study, CL-20/TNT, CL-20 and TNT crystals were taken as research objects. On the basis of the ReaxFF-lg reactive force field, the propagation process of the wave front in the crystals at different impact velocities was simulated. The molecular dynamics data were used to analyze the molecular structure changes and initial chemical reactions, and to explore the sensitivity reduction mechanism of the CL-20/TNT cocrystal. The results showed that the chemical reaction of the CL-20/TNT cocrystal, compared with the CL-20 single crystal, is different under different impact velocities. At an impact velocity of 2 km/s, polymerization and separation of the component molecules weakened the decomposition of CL-20. At an impact velocity of 3 km/s, the decay rates of CL-20 and TNT in the cocrystal decreased, and the intermediate products were enhanced, such as nitrogen oxides. At an impact velocity of 4 km/s, the cocrystal had little effect on the decay rates of the molecules and formation of CO2, but it enhanced formation of N2 and H2O. This may explain the reason for the impact-sensitivity reduction of the CL-20/TNT cocrystal.
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19

Oxley, Jimmie C, James L Smith, Junqi Yue, and Jesse Moran. "Hypergolic Reactions of TNT." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 34, no. 5 (September 23, 2009): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800053.

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20

GAVRILA, Ana Mihaela, Tanta Verona IORDACHE, Carmen LAZAU, Traian ROTARIU, Ileana CERNICA, Hermine STROESCU, Mihai STOICA, Corina ORHA, Cornelia Elena BANDAS, and Andrei SARBU. "Biomimetic Sensitive Elements for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Tested on Multi-Layered Sensors." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030273.

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In spite of technological progress, most of the current techniques for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection are time consuming due to laborious sensor preparation. Thereby, the aim of this work was to enlarge the knowledge for preparing sensitive elements for TNT with the aid of molecular imprinting; a known technique used to deliver biomimetic materials. The study first depicts the auto-assembly mechanism of (TNT) with functional diamino-silanes (i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane), via “double” Meisenheimer complexes. This mechanism is being described herein for the first time and applied further to obtain molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films for TNT recognition. For testing the potential application of films as chemical sensor elements, typical rebinding assays of TNT in a liquid state and the rebinding of TNT in a vapor state, using multilayered sensor chips composed of quartz-chromium (Cr)-gold (Au)-titanium oxide (TiO2), were employed. Batch rebinding experiments have shown that thinner films were more efficient on retaining TNT molecules in the first five min, with a specificity of about 1.90. The quartz-Cr-Au-TiO2-MIP capacitive sensors, tested in vapor state, registered short response times (less than 25 s), low sensitivity to humidity and high specificity for TNT.
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21

Gumuscu, Burcu, Deniz Cekmecelioglu, and Turgay Tekinay. "Complete dissipation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by in-vessel composting." RSC Advances 5, no. 64 (2015): 51812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07997g.

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22

Briggs, M. M., and F. Schachat. "Physiologically regulated alternative splicing patterns of fast troponin T RNA are conserved in mammals." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 270, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): C298—C305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.1.c298.

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NH2-terminal isoforms of fast troponin T (TnT) are generated by alternative splicing of fast TnT RNA transcripts. Significantly different estimates for the number of isoforms have been obtained by nucleic acid and protein chemical studies. To resolve this controversy and to determine whether specific 5'-splicing patterns correlate with fiber phenotype, we generated representative populations of 5'-TnT cDNAs from the TnT mRNAs expressed in a set of physiologically and anatomically diverse skeletal muscles. Sequencing and restriction enzyme analyses revealed a total of nine cDNAs that encode the six adult and three perinatal NH2-terminal TnT variants previously identified. Three major 5'-splicing pathways (the TnT1f, TnT2f, and TnT3f patterns) account for more than 90% of the TnT mRNAs and proteins in adult rabbit skeletal muscle. Comparative studies in rats, mice, and humans show that these splicing patterns are conserved and that fast-twitch fibers that are primarily glycolytic utilize the TnT1f and TnT2f patterns preferentially, whereas fast-twitch fibers that are primarily oxidative use the TnT1f and TnT3f patterns preferentially.
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Nhan, Vu Duy, Nguyen Van Tu, Nguyen Thi Nhan, Vu Duy Nhan, Le Mai Huong, Yuri V. Tsarev, and Le Thi Mai Huong. "TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS USING THE A2O-MBBR METHOD." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 9-10 (October 22, 2018): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20186109-10.5541.

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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is widely used in explosives production. Since it is toxic and mutagenic to humans and animals, decontamination of TNT wastewater is necessary. Wastewater, containing TNT, from four factories in Vietnam producing industrial explosives were collected. The samples had different characteristics and varied widely, especially in terms of TNT concentration, depending on the technology and production management method at each plant. The TNT concentration ranged from 25 to 128 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 128 to 650 mg/l, BOD5 ranged from 28 to 67 mg/l, NH4+ranged from 23 to 325 mg/l, T-P ranged from 0.13 to 0.38, and pH ranged from 6.5 to 8.2. In Vietnam, removal of TNT is carried out using granular activated carbon adsorption and an incineration method. This method is expensive and generates secondary pollution. To overcome these drawbacks, the combination of an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic and moving bed biofilm reactor (A2O-MBBR) for treating TNT wastewater was investigated in this study. Reaction tanks of the A2O-MBBR system were supplemented with activated sludges, from a wastewater treatment station in Chemical and Electrical Engineering Company 15, containing biological preparations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. The results showed that after 30 days under operating conditions of COD of 200-250 mg/l, MSLL of 1800-3000 mg/l, and DO of 5 mg/l, COD removal efficiency reached approximately 70-83%, the TNT concentration decreased by 91-99.7% (to approximately 0.5- 2 mg/l), and the ammonium concentration fell to 15-17 mg/l (reaching 42.8–66% removal efficiency after 24 h of treatment). For citation: Nhan Vu Duy, Tu Nguyen Van, Nhan Nguyen Thi, Huong Le Mai, Tsarev Yu.V., Huong Le Thi Mai Treatment of wastewater containing aromatic nitro compounds using the A2O-MBBR method. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 113-119
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Niu, Shi-Jie, and Fu-De Ren. "Finite Temperature String with Order Parameter as Collective Variables for Molecular Crystal: A Case of Polymorphic Transformation of TNT under External Electric Field." Molecules 29, no. 11 (May 29, 2024): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112549.

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An external electric field is an effective tool to induce the polymorphic transformation of molecular crystals, which is important practically in the chemical, material, and energy storage industries. However, the understanding of this mechanism is poor at the molecular level. In this work, two types of order parameters (OPs) were constructed for the molecular crystal based on the intermolecular distance, bond orientation, and molecular orientation. Using the K-means clustering algorithm for the sampling of OPs based on the Euclidean distance and density weight, the polymorphic transformation of TNT was investigated using a finite temperature string (FTS) under external electric fields. The potential of mean force (PMF) was obtained, and the essence of the polymorphic transformation between o-TNT and m-TNT was revealed, which verified the effectiveness of the FTS method based on K-means clustering to OPs. The differences in PMFs between the o-TNT and transition state were decreased under external electric fields in comparison with those in no field. The fields parallel to the c-axis obviously affected the difference in PMF, and the relationship between the changes in PMFs and field strengths was found. Although the external electric field did not promote the convergence, the time of the polymorphic transformation was reduced under the external electric field in comparison to its absence. Moreover, under the external electric field, the polymorphic transformation from o-TNT to m-TNT occurred while that from m-TNT to o-TNT was prevented, which was explained by the dipole moment of molecule, relative permittivity, chemical potential difference, nucleation work and nucleation rate. This confirmed that the polymorphic transformation orientation of the molecular crystal could be controlled by the external electric field. This work provides an effective way to explore the polymorphic transformation of the molecular crystals at a molecular level, and it is useful to control the production process and improve the performance of energetic materials by using the external electric fields.
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Li, Yan, Wen-Li Yu, and Huang Huang. "CL-20/TNT decomposition under shock: cocrystalline versus amorphous." RSC Advances 12, no. 11 (2022): 6938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra09120d.

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26

Kiroy, V. N., P. O. Kosenko, I. E. Shepelev, I. V. Shcherban, A. B. Smolikov, F. V. Arsenyev, A. V. Zaborovsky, et al. "Biohybrid Technology for the Detection of Ultralow Concentrations of Trinitrotoluene in Air." Журнал аналитической химии 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044450223080091.

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The technology is based on recording the focal activity (FA) of the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats upon the exposure rats to trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapors in the concentration 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3, separately and in a mixture with saturated vapors of a complex interference composed of spices. The focal activity of the rat olfactory bulb was recorded using an array of 16 special electrodes implanted in the dorsal part of the rat olfactory bulb. The setup contained a box with a rat, sources of vapors (odorants), a multichannel digital system for recording electrical signals from an electrode array, and software performing algorithms for recognizing and classifying odorants presented to the rat. One source of TNT vapors was a device for batch volumetric preparation with a concentration of about 10–15 g/cm3, and another source was a source with a concentration of 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3 in an air flow presented to rats. Data from 25 tests showed a 100% probability of detecting TNT vapors of the specified concentrations in pure air and also in the presence of a complex odor interference in the form of vapors from a mixture of red pepper, coriander, tobacco, etc., which, as a rule, mask the smell of TNT for animals.The technology is based on recording the focal activity (FA) of the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats upon the exposure rats to trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapors in the concentration 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3, separately and in a mixture with saturated vapors of a complex interference composed of spices. The focal activity of the rat olfactory bulb was recorded using an array of 16 special electrodes implanted in the dorsal part of the rat olfactory bulb. The setup contained a box with a rat, sources of vapors (odorants), a multichannel digital system for recording electrical signals from an electrode array, and software performing algorithms for recognizing and classifying odorants presented to the rat. One source of TNT vapors was a device for batch volumetric preparation with a concentration of about 10–15 g/cm3, and another source was a source with a concentration of 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3 in an air flow presented to rats. Data from 25 tests showed a 100% probability of detecting TNT vapors of the specified concentrations in pure air and also in the presence of a complex odor interference in the form of vapors from a mixture of red pepper, coriander, tobacco, etc., which, as a rule, mask the smell of TNT for animals.
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Crellin, Kevin C., M. Widmer, and J. L. Beauchamp. "Chemical Ionization of TNT and RDX with Trimethylsilyl Cation." Analytical Chemistry 69, no. 6 (March 1997): 1092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac961003q.

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Kröger, Mario, and Gregor Fels. "Combined biological–chemical procedure for the mineralization of TNT." Biodegradation 18, no. 4 (November 8, 2006): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-006-9076-4.

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Tarasi, Somayeh, Alireza Azhdari Tehrani, Ali Morsali, and Pascal Retailleau. "Fabrication of amine and imine-functionalized isoreticular pillared-layer metal–organic frameworks for the highly selective detection of nitro-aromatics." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 18 (2018): 14772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02407c.

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DALTON, LOUISA. "SEAWEEDS HAVE AN APPETITE FOR TNT." Chemical & Engineering News 83, no. 9 (February 28, 2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n009.p014a.

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31

Klapötke, Thomas M. "Casting TNT as an explosive." Nature Chemistry 15, no. 10 (September 28, 2023): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01337-4.

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32

Xuan, Yi, Cong Wang, Subhadip Ghatak, and Chandan K. Sen. "Tissue Nanotransfection Silicon Chip and Related Electroporation-Based Technologies for In Vivo Tissue Reprogramming." Nanomaterials 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14020217.

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Tissue nanotransfection (TNT), a cutting-edge technique of in vivo gene therapy, has gained substantial attention in various applications ranging from in vivo tissue reprogramming in regenerative medicine, and wound healing to cancer treatment. This technique harnesses the advancements in the semiconductor processes, facilitating the integration of conventional transdermal gene delivery methods—nanoelectroporation and microneedle technologies. TNT silicon chips have demonstrated considerable promise in reprogramming fibroblast cells of skin in vivo into vascular or neural cells in preclinical studies to assist in the recovery of injured limbs and damaged brain tissue. More recently, the application of TNT chips has been extended to the area of exosomes, which are vital for intracellular communication to track their functionality during the wound healing process. In this review, we provide an in-depth examination of the design, fabrication, and applications of TNT silicon chips, alongside a critical analysis of the electroporation-based gene transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the review discussed the existing limitations and challenges in the current technique, which may project future trajectories in the landscape of gene therapy. Through this exploration, the review aims to shed light on the prospects of TNT in the broader context of gene therapy and tissue regeneration.
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Mastrikov, Yuri A., Roman Tsyshevsky, Fenggong Wang, and Maija M. Kuklja. "Recruiting Perovskites to Degrade Toxic Trinitrotoluene." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 7387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237387.

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Everybody knows TNT, the most widely used explosive material and a universal measure of the destructiveness of explosions. A long history of use and extensive manufacture of toxic TNT leads to the accumulation of these materials in soil and groundwater, which is a significant concern for environmental safety and sustainability. Reliable and cost-efficient technologies for removing or detoxifying TNT from the environment are lacking. Despite the extreme urgency, this remains an outstanding challenge that often goes unnoticed. We report here that highly controlled energy release from explosive molecules can be accomplished rather easily by preparing TNT–perovskite mixtures with a tailored perovskite surface morphology at ambient conditions. These results offer new insight into understanding the sensitivity of high explosives to detonation initiation and enable many novel applications, such as new concepts in harvesting and converting chemical energy, the design of new, improved energetics with tunable characteristics, the development of powerful fuels and miniaturized detonators, and new ways for eliminating toxins from land and water.
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34

She, Chongchong, Min Li, Yunhui Hou, Lizhen Chen, Jianlong Wang, and Duanlin Cao. "Near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative method for rapid determination of the solidification point of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in production." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033519845080.

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The solidification point is a key quality parameter for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The traditional solidification point measurement method of TNT is complicated, dangerous, not environmentally friendly and time-consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analysis technology has been applied successfully in the chemical, petroleum, food, and agriculture sectors owing to its characteristics of fast analysis, no damage to the sample and online application. The purpose of this study was to study near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods to develop a fast and accurate quantitative analysis method for the solidification point of TNT. The model constructed using PLS regression was successful in predicting the solidification point of TNT ([Formula: see text] = 0.999, RMSECV = 0.19, RPDCa = 33.5, [Formula: see text] = 0.19, [Formula: see text] = 0.999). Principal component analysis shows that the model could identify samples from different reactors. The results clearly demonstrate that the solidification point can be measured in a short time by NIR spectroscopy without any pretreatment for the sample and skilled laboratory personnel.
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Raza, Waseem, Alexander B. Tesler, Mazare Anca, and Patrik Schmuki. "Solar Light-Induced Photoelectrochemical H2 Generation Over Hierarchical TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Decorated with CdS Nanoparticles." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 171, no. 6 (June 3, 2024): 066506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad52f2.

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The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting holds significant promise for hydrogen and oxygen gas production. In the current study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of designing a high-performance heterojunction photoanode in a scalable manner. This photoanode sensitizes visible light active CdS onto hierarchical TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs), thereby enhancing H2 generation. To achieve this, we initially employed an electrochemical anodization technique to fabricate vertically aligned self-organized TNT on a titanium (Ti) substrate. Subsequently, we designed a hierarchical structure for TNT by uniformly decorating them with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), thus amplifying the available surface area. By employing the sequential ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique, we establish visible light sensitization. The resulting decorated hierarchical TNT photoanode demonstrates an enhanced photocurrent of 2.60 mA cm−2 under AM 1.5 G simulated solar light, surpassing the performance of hierarchical TNT, and most importantly classic CdS/TNT structures by 17-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively. Moreover, the developed photoanodes achieved photoconversion efficiency with an applied bias (ABPE) of 2.48%. Thus, this work shows that a hierarchical scaffold can be exploited to achieve enhanced activity in photoelectrochemical H2 generation.
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Yang, Hong, Mi Zhou, Huarong Li, Liu Liu, Yang Zhou, and Xinping Long. "Collective absorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene into lipid membranes and its effects on bilayer properties. A computational study." RSC Advances 9, no. 67 (2019): 39046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08408h.

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37

Portman, Scott L., Gary W. Felton, Rupesh R. Kariyat, and James H. Marden. "Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 16 (July 9, 2020): jeb224907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.224907.

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ABSTRACTInsects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomato mutant for jasmonic acid plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flight muscle metabolism of the adult insects. Differences in Tnt spliceform ratios in insect flight muscles correlate with changes to flight muscle metabolism and flight muscle output. We found that SAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a higher relative abundance (RA) of the A isoform of Troponin t (Tnt A) in their flight muscles; in contrast, FAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a lower RA of Tnt A in their flight muscles compared with adults reared on def1 and controls. Although mass-adjusted flight metabolic rate showed no independent host plant effects in either species, higher flight metabolic rates in SAW correlated with increased RA of Tnt A. Flight muscle metabolism also showed an interaction of host plants with Tnt A in both species, suggesting that host plants might be influencing flight muscle metabolic output by altering Tnt. This study illustrates how insects respond to variation in host plant chemical defense by phenotypic modifications to their flight muscle proteins, with possible implications for dispersal.
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Sun, Mei, Ping Chen, Aiwu Zhao, and Fangtao Zuo. "Ultrasensitive detection of trinitrotoluene by Fe3O4@mTiO2/P-ATP-TNT/Au@Ag SERS sensor via synergetic effect." Analytical Methods 11, no. 14 (2019): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02811g.

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Regmi, Chhabilal, Saeed Ashtiani, Zdeněk Hrdlička, and Karel Friess. "CO2/CH4 and H2/CH4 Gas Separation Performance of CTA-TNT@CNT Hybrid Mixed Matrix Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110862.

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This study explored the underlying synergy between titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) and carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid fillers in cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for natural gas purification. The CNT@TNT hybrid nanofillers were blended with CTA polymer and cast as a thin film by a facile casting technique, after which they were used for single gas separation. The hybrid filler-based membrane depicted a higher CO2 uptake affinity than the single filler (CNT/TNT)-based membrane. The gas separation results indicate that the hybrid fillers (TNT@CNT) are strongly selective for CO2 over CH4 and H2 over CH4. The increment in the CO2/CH4 and H2/CH4 selectivities compared to the pristine CTA membrane was 42.98 from 25.08 and 48.43 from 36.58, respectively. Similarly, the CO2 and H2 permeability of the CTA-TNT@CNT membrane increased by six- and five-fold, respectively, compared to the pristine CTA membrane. Such significant improvements in CO2/CH4 and H2/CH4 separation performance and thermal and mechanical properties suggest a feasible and practical approach for potential biogas upgrading and natural gas purification.
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Liao, Jian Jun, Shi Wei Lin, Neng Qian Pan, Xian Kun Cao, and Jian Bao Li. "Facile Fabrication of Open-Ended High Aspect-Ratio Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Films and their Applications." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1659.

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In the present work, we demonstrated a facile process to prepare an open-ended high aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotube films through separating the anodic TNT array from the Ti substrate by a small reverse bias and opening the tube bottom by a chemical etching. The possible mechanisms of film detachment and pore opening processes have been briefly discussed. Such a process allows controlling the open-ended morphology by the straightforward chemical etching, which shows great potential in many applications, such as flow-through photocatalytic reactions, biofiltration, and diffusion controlling, and so on. An example using the open-ended TNT films is finally given as a flow-through photocatalytic reactor. The photocatalytic film has been shown to have multiple functions such as physical separation of contaminants, filtration, and decomposition of organic pollutants during diffusion.
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Lim, Ying-Chin, Zulkarnain Zainal, Wee-Tee Tan, and Mohd Zobir Hussein. "Anodization Parameters Influencing the Growth of Titania Nanotubes and Their Photoelectrochemical Response." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/638017.

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TiO2nanotubes (TNTs) were fabricated by electrochemical oxidation of Ti foil in a standard two-electrode cell-containing NH4F. The effects of bath temperature, voltage ramp prior to constant voltage held during anodization and present of complexing agent on the crystalline phase, nanotube growth, and dimensional change of TNT were investigated using XRD and FESEM. The results show that tube length decreases with bath temperature attributed to faster chemical dissolution rate at high temperature. However, nanotubes growth rate was enhanced by ~260% with the addition of EDTA as the complexing agent. Meanwhile, the nanotubes diameter was found to be proportionally dependent on bath temperature but independent of the voltage ramp and addition of EDTA. Photoelectrochemical response under illumination was enhanced by using the calcined TNT and is strongly affected by its dimensional changes. Thus, desired properties of TNT can be obtained by tuning the electrochemical condition for a wide-range application.
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Vujančević, Jelena, Pavao Andričević, Veljko Djokić, Vladimir Blagojević, Vera P. Pavlović, Jovana Ćirković, Endre Horváth, et al. "Effect of the Deposition of Vanadium-Oxide on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanotubes and Its Photodiode Performance Interfaced with CH3NH3PbI3 Single Crystal." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020352.

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In this study, we report the influence of vanadium oxide (VO), as a photosensitive component, on the photoactivity of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). A series of TNTs of varying tube diameter were synthesized by the anodization of titanium foils at different voltages, while vanadium oxide was deposited on TNTs by wet chemical deposition. An improvement in the optical properties of nanotubes was observed after the deposition of vanadium oxide. An improvement in the optical properties (redshift in UV-Vis spectra) of TNTs and TNT/VO was noted. The photocatalytic activity was improved with increasing tube diameter, while it was weakened after the deposition of VO. Furthermore, photoactivity was investigated in photodiodes based on TNTs or TNT/VO and single crystals of CH3NH3PbI3. The photoelectric measurement revealed that different TNT diameters did not influence the I-V characteristic of the photodiodes, while the deposition of VO improved the photocurrent for smaller TNTs.
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43

Masoumi, Saeid, Hassan Hajghassem, Alireza Erfanian, and Ahmad Molaei Rad. "Design and manufacture of TNT explosives detector sensors based on GFET." Sensor Review 38, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2017-0167.

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Purpose Smart sensors based on graphene field effect transistor (GFET) and biological receptors are regarded as a promising nanomaterial that could be the basis for future generation of low-power, faster, selective real-time monitoring of target analytes and smaller electronics. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide details of sensors based on selective nanocoatings by combining trinitrotoluene (TNT) receptors (Trp-His-Trp) bound to conjugated polydiacetylene polymers on a graphene channel in GFET for detecting explosives TNT. Design/methodology/approach Following an introduction, this paper describes the way of manufacturing of the GFET sensor by using investigation methods for transferring graphene sheet from Cu foil to target substrates, which is functionalized by the TNT peptide receptors, to offer a system which has the capability of answering the presence of related target molecules (TNT). Finally, brief conclusions are drawn. Findings In a word, shortly after graphene discovery, it has been explored with a variety of methods gradually. Because of its exceptional electrical properties (e.g. extremely high carrier mobility and capacity), electrochemical properties such as high electron transfer rate and structural properties, graphene has already showed great potential and success in chemical and biological sensing fields. Therefore, the authors used a biological receptor with a field effect transistor (FET) based on graphene to fabricate sensor for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity that can detect explosive substances such as TNT. The transport property changed compared to that of the FET made by intrinsic graphene, that is, the Dirac point position moved from positive Vg to negative Vg, indicating the transition of graphene from p-type to n-type after annealing in TNT, and the results show the bipolar property change of GFET with the TNT concentration and the possibility to develop a robust, easy-to-use and low-cost TNT detection method for performing a sensitive, reliable and semi-quantitative detection in a wide detection range. Originality/value In this timeframe of history, TNT is a common explosive used in both military and industrial settings. Its convenient handling properties and explosive strength make it a common choice in military operations and bioterrorism. TNT and other conventional explosives are the mainstays of terrorist bombs and the anti-personnel mines that kill or injure more than 15,000 people annually in war-torn countries. In large, open-air environments, such as airports, train stations and minefields, concentrations of these explosives can be vanishingly small – a few parts of TNT, for instance, per trillion parts of air. That can make it impossible for conventional bomb and mine detectors to detect the explosives and save lives. So, in this paper, the authors report a potential solution with design and manufacture of a GFET sensor based on a biological receptor for real-time detection of TNT explosives specifically.
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Al-Senani, Ghadah M., Mervat Nasr, Mohamed Zayed, Sahar S. Ali, Hind Alshaikh, Hanafy M. Abd El-Salam, and Mohamed Shaban. "Fabrication of PES Modified by TiO2/Na2Ti3O7 Nanocomposite Mixed-Matrix Woven Membrane for Enhanced Performance of Forward Osmosis: Influence of Membrane Orientation and Feed Solutions." Membranes 13, no. 7 (July 8, 2023): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13070654.

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Water treatment is regarded as one of the essential elements of sustainability. To lower the cost of treatment, the wastewater volume is reduced via the osmotic process. Here, mixed-matrix woven forward osmosis (MMWFO) PES membranes modified by a TiO2/Na2Ti3O7 (TNT) nanocomposite were fabricated for treating water from different sources. Various techniques were used to characterize the TNT nanocomposite. The crystal structure of TNT is a mix of monoclinic Na2Ti3O7 and anorthic TiO2 with a preferred orientation of (2−11). The SEM image shows that the surface morphology of the TNT nanocomposite is a forked nano-fur with varying sizes regularly distributed throughout the sample. The impact of TNT wt.% on membrane surface morphologies, functional groups, hydrophilicity, and performance was investigated. Additionally, using distilled water (DW) as the feed solution (FS), the effects of various NaCl concentrations, draw solutions, and membrane orientations on the performance of the mixed-matrix membranes were tested. Different water samples obtained from various sources were treated as the FS using the optimized PES/TNT (0.01 wt.%) MMWFO membrane. Using textile effluent as the FS, the impact of various NaCl DS concentrations on the permeated water volume was investigated. The results show that the MMWFO membrane generated with the TNT nanocomposite at a 0.01 wt.% ratio performed better in FO mode. After 30 min of use with 1 M NaCl and various sources of water as the FS, the optimized MMWFO membrane provided a steady water flow and exhibited antifouling behavior. DW performed better than other water types whenever it was used owing to its greater flow (136 LMH) and volume reduction (52%). Tap water (TW), textile industrial wastewater (TIWW), gray water (GW), and municipal wastewater (MW) showed volume reductions of 41%, 34%, 33%, and 31.9%, respectively. Additionally, when utilizing NaCl as the DS and TIWW as the FS, 1 M NaCl resulted in more permeated water than 0.25 M and 0.5 M, yet a higher volume reduction of 41% was obtained.
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Pattaweepaiboon, Supak, Varuntorn Pimpakoon, Nattida Phongzitthiganna, Weekit Sirisaksoontorn, Kannika Jeamjumnunja, and Chaiya Prasittichai. "Impedimetric detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene using surface-functionalized halloysite nanotubes." RSC Advances 12, no. 28 (2022): 17794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02482a.

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46

Tabagari, Inga, Maritsa Kurashvili, Tamar Varazi, George Adamia, George Gigolashvili, Marina Pruidze, Liana Chokheli, Gia Khatisashvili, and Peter von Fragstein und Niemsdorff. "Application of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against Chemical Pollution of Water." Water 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091759.

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The basis of phytoremediation technology for cleaning chemically polluted water was developed in the framework of the presented work. This technology is based on the ability of blue-green alga Arthrospira platensis to eliminate different environmental toxicants from water. This technological approach was conducted for the following pollutants: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and cesium ions. The effectiveness of the technology was tested in model experiments, which were carried out in glass containers (volume 40 L). In particular, the different concentrations of alga biomass with the aforementioned pollutants were incubated with permanent illumination conditions and air barbotage, at a temperature of 25 °C. The results of the model experiments showed that after two weeks from the start of remediation Arthrospira effectively cleaned artificially polluted waters. Particularly in the case of TNT 56 mg/L concentration, the effect of water remediation was 97%. In the case of DDT 10 mg/L concentration, the degree of cleaning was 90%. Similar results were obtained in the case of 100 mg/L concentration of cesium ions. Thus, the model experiments confirmed that the alga Arthrospira effectively removed tested pollutants from water. That is the basis of phytoremediation technology.
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47

Tsyshevsky, Roman V., Sergey N. Rashkeev, and Maija M. Kuklja. "Control of Explosive Chemical Reactions by Optical Excitations: Defect-Induced Decomposition of Trinitrotoluene at Metal Oxide Surfaces." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030953.

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Interfaces formed by high energy density materials and metal oxides present intriguing new opportunities for a large set of novel applications that depend on the control of the energy release and initiation of explosive chemical reactions. We studied the role of structural defects at a MgO surface in the modification of electronic and optical properties of the energetic material TNT (2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, also known as trinitrotoluene, C7H5N3O6) deposited at the surface. Using density functional theory (DFT)-based solid-state periodic calculations with hybrid density functionals, we show how the control of chemical explosive reactions can be achieved by tuning the electronic structure of energetic compound at an interface with oxides. The presence of defects at the oxide surface, such as steps, kinks, corners, and oxygen vacancies, significantly affects interfacial properties and modifies electronic spectra and charge transfer dynamics between the oxide surface and adsorbed energetic material. As a result, the electronic and optical properties of trinitrotoluene, mixed with an inorganic material (thus forming a composite), can be manipulated with high precision by interactions between TNT and the inorganic material at composite interfaces, namely, by charge transfer and band alignment. Also, the electron charge transfer between TNT and MgO surface reduces the decomposition barriers of the energetic material. In particular, it is shown that surface structural defects are critically important in the photodecomposition processes. These results open new possibilities for the rather precise control over the decomposition initiation mechanisms in energetic materials by optical excitations.
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48

Negrescu, Andreea-Mariana, Valentina Mitran, Wanda Draghicescu, Simona Popescu, Cristian Pirvu, Iuliana Ionascu, Teodoru Soare, Seralp Uzun, Sorin Mihai Croitoru, and Anisoara Cimpean. "TiO2 Nanotubes Functionalized with Icariin for an Attenuated In Vitro Immune Response and Improved In Vivo Osseointegration." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020043.

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Due to their superior mechanical and chemical properties, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implantable devices. However, their bioinertness represents a limitation, which can be overcome by employing various surface modifications, such as TiO2 nanotube (TNT) fabrication via electrochemical anodization. Anodic TNTs present tunable dimensions and unique structures, turning them into feasible drug delivery platforms. In the present work, TNTs were loaded with icariin (Ica) through an adhesive intermediate layer of polydopamine (DP), and their in vitro and in vivo biological performance was evaluated. The successful fabrication of the modified surfaces was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle measurements (CA), while the in vitro release of Ica was evaluated via UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In terms of in vitro behaviour, comparative studies on RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that the TNT substrates, especially TNT-DP-Ica, elicited a lower inflammatory response compared to the Ti support. Moreover, the in vivo implantation studies evinced generation of a reduced fibrotic capsule around this implant and increased thickness of the newly formed bone tissue at 1 month and 3 months post-implantation, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that the controlled release of Ica from TNT surfaces could result in an improved osseointegration process.
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49

Rusanov, A. L., L. G. Komarova, M. P. Prigozhina, V. A. Tartakovsky, S. A. Shevelev, and M. D. Dutov. "CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF 2.4.6-TRINITROTOLUENE (TNT) TO NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 5, no. 1-6 (2002): 1031–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v5.i1-6.1060.

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50

Toal, Sarah J., Douglas Magde, and William C. Trogler. "Luminescent oligo(tetraphenyl)silole nanoparticles as chemical sensors for aqueous TNT." Chemical Communications, no. 43 (2005): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b509404f.

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