Relevant bibliographies by topics / TNT Equivalence

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'TNT Equivalence'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "TNT Equivalence"

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Ning, He, Liu Yude, Zhang Hongpeng, and Li Chunpeng. "Research on the TNT Equivalence of Aluminized Explosive." Procedia Engineering 43 (2012): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.077.

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Kleine, H., J. M. Dewey, K. Ohashi, T. Mizukaki, and K. Takayama. "Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges." Shock Waves 13, no. 2 (2003): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-003-0204-3.

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Dewey, J. M. "The TNT equivalence of an optimum propane–oxygen mixture." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38, no. 23 (2005): 4245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/23/017.

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Xiao, Weifang, Matthias Andrae, and Norbert Gebbeken. "Air blast TNT equivalence concept for blast-resistant design." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 185 (November 2020): 105871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105871.

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Wharton, R. K., S. A. Formby, and R. Merrifield. "Airblast TNT equivalence for a range of commercial blasting explosives." Journal of Hazardous Materials 79, no. 1-2 (2000): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00168-0.

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Balachandar, Kannan Gajendran, and Arumugam Thangamani. "Studies on Some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs): Detonation, Blast Impulse and TNT Equivalence Parameters." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 6 (2019): 1813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350626.

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This work reports the computational analysis of the physicochemical, detonation, blast peak over pressure, blast impulse and TNT equivalence parameters of some of the Improvised Energetic Materials (IEMs) such as ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, C4, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP), which are used in bombing incidents all over the world in the form of Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIEDs) or Person-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (PBIEDs). The blast impulse, peak over pressure, TNT equivalence and detonation parameters reported in this manuscript will be useful to assess the threat quotient caused by these IEMs, of great help for the energetic materials researchers, technologists and scientists to undertake further research work in the field and for the security agencies to understand the severity of the damage during explosion This paper also accounts for the available detection technologies to fabricate an explosive detection device for its effective identification and detection.
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Dewey, J. M. "Studies of the TNT equivalence of propane, propane/oxygen, and ANFO." Shock Waves 30, no. 5 (2020): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-020-00949-w.

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Aouad, C. J., W. Chemissany, P. Mazzali, Y. Temsah, and A. Jahami. "Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds." Shock Waves 31, no. 8 (2021): 813–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9.

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AbstractThe evolution of the fireball resulting from the August 2020 Beirut explosion is traced using amateur videos taken during the first 400 ms after the detonation. Thirty-nine frames separated by 16.66–33.33 ms are extracted from six different videos located precisely on the map. Time evolution of the shock wave radius is traced by the fireball at consecutive time moments until about $$ t \approx 170$$ t ≈ 170 ms and a distance $$ d \approx 128$$ d ≈ 128 m. Pixel scales for the videos are calibrated by de-projecting the existing grain silos building, for which accurate as-built drawings are available, using the length, the width, and the height and by defining the line-of-sight incident angles. In the distance range $$ d \approx $$ d ≈ 60–128 m from the explosion center, the evolution of the fireball follows the Sedov–Taylor model with spherical geometry and an almost instantaneous energy release. This model is used to derive the energy available to drive the shock front at early times. Additionally, a drag model is fitted to the fireball evolution until its stopping at a time $$ t \approx 500$$ t ≈ 500 ms at a distance $$d \approx 145\pm 5$$ d ≈ 145 ± 5 m. Using the derived TNT equivalent yield, the scaled stopping distance reached by the fireball and the shock wave-fireball detachment epoch within which the fireball is used to measure the shock wave are in excellent agreement with other experimental data. A total TNT equivalence of $$ 200\pm 80\,\mathrm{t}$$ 200 ± 80 t at a distance $$ d \approx 130$$ d ≈ 130 m is found. Finally, the dimensions of the crater size taken from a hydrographic survey conducted 6 days after the explosion are scaled with the known correlation equations yielding a close range of results. A recent published article by Dewey (Shock Waves 31:95–99, 2021) shows that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance. The results of the current paper are quantitatively in excellent agreement with this finding. These results present an argument that the actual mass of ammonium nitrate that contributed to the detonation is much less than the quantity that was officially claimed available.
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Aouad, C. J., W. Chemissany, P. Mazzali, Y. Temsah, and A. Jahami. "Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds." Shock Waves 31, no. 8 (2021): 813–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9.

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AbstractThe evolution of the fireball resulting from the August 2020 Beirut explosion is traced using amateur videos taken during the first 400 ms after the detonation. Thirty-nine frames separated by 16.66–33.33 ms are extracted from six different videos located precisely on the map. Time evolution of the shock wave radius is traced by the fireball at consecutive time moments until about $$ t \approx 170$$ t ≈ 170 ms and a distance $$ d \approx 128$$ d ≈ 128 m. Pixel scales for the videos are calibrated by de-projecting the existing grain silos building, for which accurate as-built drawings are available, using the length, the width, and the height and by defining the line-of-sight incident angles. In the distance range $$ d \approx $$ d ≈ 60–128 m from the explosion center, the evolution of the fireball follows the Sedov–Taylor model with spherical geometry and an almost instantaneous energy release. This model is used to derive the energy available to drive the shock front at early times. Additionally, a drag model is fitted to the fireball evolution until its stopping at a time $$ t \approx 500$$ t ≈ 500 ms at a distance $$d \approx 145\pm 5$$ d ≈ 145 ± 5 m. Using the derived TNT equivalent yield, the scaled stopping distance reached by the fireball and the shock wave-fireball detachment epoch within which the fireball is used to measure the shock wave are in excellent agreement with other experimental data. A total TNT equivalence of $$ 200\pm 80\,\mathrm{t}$$ 200 ± 80 t at a distance $$ d \approx 130$$ d ≈ 130 m is found. Finally, the dimensions of the crater size taken from a hydrographic survey conducted 6 days after the explosion are scaled with the known correlation equations yielding a close range of results. A recent published article by Dewey (Shock Waves 31:95–99, 2021) shows that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance. The results of the current paper are quantitatively in excellent agreement with this finding. These results present an argument that the actual mass of ammonium nitrate that contributed to the detonation is much less than the quantity that was officially claimed available.
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Xiao, Weifang, Matthias Andrae, and Norbert Gebbeken. "Air blast TNT equivalence factors of high explosive material PETN for bare charges." Journal of Hazardous Materials 377 (September 2019): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.078.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TNT Equivalence"

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Mendonça, Filho Letivan Gonçalves de. "Propostas de distancias de segurança para edificações com base em estudos de efeitos de explosões referenciados ao equivalente TNT." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266212.

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Orientador: Reginaldo Guirardello, Demetrio Bastos Netto<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MendoncaFilho_LetivanGoncalvesde_D.pdf: 5427915 bytes, checksum: 7869e5fa656a6b2cc31cdebb6074d24c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: Este trabalho utiliza o conhecimento científico relativo a explosões e efeitos associados para sugerir distâncias de segurança para proteção de edificações nas proximidades de explosivos e atmosferas inflamáveis, para aplicação nas áreas civil e militar. Através da análise de um inquérito de um acidente ocorrido em 1964 foi possível relacionar as duas metodologias utilizadas para estabelecer as distâncias atuais de segurança para habitações. Verificou-se algumas falhas em um dos trabalhos originais e com a correção proposta foram apresentadas novas equações relacionando massa de explosivo, distância e o custo de reparos para residências. Avaliou-se as distâncias de segurança adotadas no Brasil por meio de diversas correlações estatísticas. Foi realizado um estudo experimental consistindo na montagem e posicionamento de uma carga de explosivo em frente a uma edificação, a uma distancia variável de uma vidraça fixa. Com base neste estudo foram identificados diversos aspectos referentes à fragmentação de vidraças como: Relação entre espessura, impulso e velocidade de fragmentos. Novas distâncias de segurança foram propostas considerando uma diferenciação em relação ao tipo de estabelecimento, uso de taludes e o equivalente TNT da massa de explosivo. Uma alternativa de armazenagem é mostrada baseada no conceito de separação em compartimentos dos materiais explosivos para adequar os valores de distância de segurança praticados com os valores idealizados. No caso de explosões gasosas, tratou-se um caso real envolvendo uma explosão em um navio de transporte de material inflamável. Com base neste estudo foram propostas novas distâncias de segurança para atmosferas explosivas, usando o método multi-energético e o conhecimento da relação entre danos e sobrepressão desenvolvidos<br>Abstract: This work uses the original military scientific know how on explosions and its effects to suggest safety distances to cases dealing with explosives and inflammable atmospheres. Considering the information contained in an investigation of an accident which took place in 1964 in a production line of gunpowder at the "Fabrica Presidente Vargas",in the city of Piquete, São Paulo, it was possible to relate and review the two main techniques used as the basis of the actual safety distances in inhabited building in USA and Europe. Based on this study it was suggested some corrections at the american technique. With the correction it was possible to suggest two probit equations relating distance, weight of explosives and the repair costs to brick and wood houses. As the American analysis to determinate the safety distances was based on a patrimonial criterion and we were interested in establishing a criterion centered in the human being, severa I statistical correlations were employed to evaluate the effect of explosions on the human being, considering the safety distances of the Brazilian legislation. Due to the relevance of the risks associated with the glass hazards generated in window breakage by . overpressure an experimental study was performed. The experiment consisted in blasting explosive charge close to window so that the initial velocity was measured using a laser system with an electronic chronometer. The overpressure generated by the blast broke the window and threw the fragments against a special kind of foam glued on a wood wall. Some of the fragments were caught by the foam, in such away that it was possible to identify aspects concerning window breakaging relations between fragments thickness and ~nitial velocity .Also the effect of drag on the terminal velocity of fragments. Based on these studies new safety distances were suggested take in account the diversity of the establishments. '.The attenuation effect by the use of barriers and the TNT equivalents of explosives- and propellants were considered also in the new safety distances. The new values were compared with the Brazilian legislation leading to a proposal for storage of explosive materiais dividing them into severa I compartments to be adequate the actual values of the legislation with the suggested one. Considering the case of gas/vapor explosion, we dealt with a real case of explosion. Aspects related to evaporation, dispersion and development of inflammable and explosives atmospheres were considered along with the analysis of sensitivity of stimulus to ignition. A mechanism of the storage vessel rupture was suggested. based on the thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the combustion system. Having the motivation of the necessity to define safety distances in similar cases it was suggested safety distances using the multi energy method developed by the TNO and the knowledge of the relation between damage and overpressure<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Sauvan, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Etude des phénomènes physiques associés à la propagation d'ondes consécutives à une explosion et leur interaction avec des structures, dans un environnement complexe." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802429.

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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre des études liées aux dégâts sur les structures et les blessures subies par les personnes à la suite d'explosions de charges explosives en milieu confiné et semi-confiné. Afin de mener cette étude, des expériences sont réalisées à petite échelle en laboratoire et sont complétées par des simulations numériques. Les ondes de choc sont obtenues grâce à la détonation d'une charge explosive gazeuse composée de propane-oxygène en proportion stoechiométrique. L'étude consiste donc à réaliser des expériences à petite échelle en laboratoire afin d'apprécier les champs de pression obtenus à la suite de la détonation d'une charge explosive au sein de deux configurations différentes. La première représente un atelier pyrotechnique et la seconde met en jeu un entrepôt de stockage de bouteilles de gaz. Les résultats expérimentaux sont ensuite confrontés à des résultats obtenus par simulations numériques réalisées grâce au logiciel AUTODYN. En complément de ces deux configuration principales, une étude est menée sur l'identification des pics de surpressions réfléchis grâce à une approche expérimentale appelée paroi par paroi. Une étude est également menée sur la détermination d'une équivalence massique entre le TNT et le mélange gazeux utilisé pour les expériences.
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P, Vivek. "Behaviour of Granular Materials Under Shock and Blast Loading - A Shock Tube Investigation." Thesis, 2018. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4094.

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Granular and porous materials based protective layers have proven to be very good shock absorbing medium. Although sand material is widely used (as sand bags) till date in civil and military applications as a blast mitigating medium, fundamental mechanism involved during the impact of shock/blast wave on sand layers is not well understood. This study presents experimental investigations on the impulsive response of sand to extreme loading conditions. A shock tube facility is used to generate a planar shock wave and further the facility is optimized to simulate the properties of a blast wave. This study is divided into three parts based on the type of loading imparted to the sand samples: Shock loading; Air-blast loading; Buried-blast loading. Part one discusses the performance of the sand barrier systems in attenuating the shock waves. The attenuation characteristics of various granular particles (coarse sand, fine sand, glass bead) are investigated by analyzing the reduction in peak overpressure while transmitting through the granular medium. The attenuating capability of the sand barriers has appreciably improved when the outer surfaces of the barriers are retrofitted with a geotextile layer. In the second part, a laboratory-scale experimental approach is presented for evaluating the effects of air-blast on the sand layers. Efforts have been made to study the stress wave propagation in loose and dense sand medium and its direct consequences on the vibrational response. Visualization of the sand deformation is possible with the help of a high-speed camera; displacement trajectories and strains contours are obtained through digital image correlation (DIC) analyses. Part two also reviews the applications of scaled air-blast study on buried pipelines. By using dimensional analysis procedure shock tube experimental results are scaled up to predict the real scale damage imparted to the buried pipes during an air-blast explosion. In addition, a three-dimensional finite element analysis of the test condition is simulated using ABAQUS/Explicit to authenticate the fidelity of the scaling laws. The third part discusses phenomenal aspects associated with the sand deposits when exposed to a buried blast explosion. The focus of this study is to understand the various events involved during the interaction of leading blast wave with the sand medium and characterizing the outburst sand-ejecta. The impulse and peak pressure imparted to the rigid target are evaluated using vertical pendulum and fast response pressure transducers. A parametric study involving different target stand-off distances (SoD) with varied burial depth (DoB) of the blast is presented. Sand ejecta does have a greater influence on the impulse at higher SoDs (>40 mm) and the maximum momentum transfer is observed when SoD to DoB ratio is 2.5.
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Santos, Ângelo Emanuel Neves dos. "Design and simulation of a smart bottle with fill-level sensing based on oxide TFT technology." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19593.

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Packaging is an important element responsible for brand growth and one of the main rea-sons for producers to gain competitive advantages through technological innovation. In this re-gard, the aim of this work is to design a fully autonomous electronic system for a smart bottle packaging, being integrated in a European project named ROLL-OUT. The desired application for the smart bottle is to act as a fill-level sensor system in order to determine the liquid content level that exists inside an opaque bottle, so the consumer can exactly know the remaining quantity of the product inside. An in-house amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) model, previously developed, was used for circuit designing purposes. This model was based in an artificial neural network (ANN) equivalent circuit approach. Taking into account that only n-type oxide TFTs were used, plenty of electronic building-blocks have been designed: clock generator, non-overlapping phase generator, a capacitance-to-voltage converter and a comparator. As it was demonstrated by electrical simulations, it has been achieved good functionality for each block, having a final system with a power dissipation of 2.3 mW (VDD=10 V) not considering the clock generator. Four printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been also designed in order to help in the testing phase. Mask layouts were already designed and are currently in fabrication, foreseeing a suc-cessful circuit fabrication, and a major step towards the design and integration of complex trans-ducer systems using oxide TFTs technology.
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Book chapters on the topic "TNT Equivalence"

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Ramamurthi, K. "TNT Equivalence and Yield from Explosions." In Modeling Explosions and Blast Waves. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74338-3_12.

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Shirbhate, P. A., and M. D. Goel. "A Critical Review of TNT Equivalence Factors for Various Explosives." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8138-0_36.

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He, Ning, Cong Xiang, Bin Qin, and Qi Zhang. "Calculation of TNT Equivalence of Composite Propellant and Visualized Software Development." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11842-5_21.

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Sochet, Isabelle. "TNT Equivalency." In Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70831-7_8.

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Rashid, Zulkifli Abdul, Azil Bahari Alias, Ku Halim Ku Hamid, M. Shahnor Bani, and Mohanad El Harbawi. "Analysis the Effect of Explosion Efficiency in the TNT Equivalent Blast Explosion Model." In ICGSCE 2014. Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-505-1_45.

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Halleux, F., C. Stennett, J. F. Pons, I. Wilson, R. Van Riet, and M. Lefebvre. "Small-Scale Characterisation of Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Explosive Performance Using Heterodyne Velocimetry." In Future Developments in Explosives and Energetics. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839162350-00084.

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Urea Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) is widely available in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. UHP exhibits the behaviour of a tertiary explosive and previous research from the same authors has highlighted its detonability at small-scale under heavy confinement. In this work, UHP performance parameters are further investigated by heterodyne velocimetry. A detonation pressure of 2.5 GPa for UHP at a mean density of 0.75 g/cm3 has been determined using the impedance window method, corresponding to a 13% TNT equivalence for brisance. This result is consistent with calculation from empirical correlations. An average 3200 m/s detonation velocity was recorded using contact probes, in excellent agreement with measurements from passive optical probes. This small-scale experimental campaign, which is complementary to and consistent with previous research, has proven useful to characterise the performances of non-ideal explosives for risk assessment purposes.
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Halleux, F., C. Stennett, J. F. Pons, I. Wilson, R. Van Riet, and M. Lefebvre. "Small-Scale Characterisation of Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Explosive Performance Using Heterodyne Velocimetry." In Future Developments in Explosives and Energetics. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788017855-00084.

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Urea Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) is widely available in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. UHP exhibits the behaviour of a tertiary explosive and previous research from the same authors has highlighted its detonability at small-scale under heavy confinement. In this work, UHP performance parameters are further investigated by heterodyne velocimetry. A detonation pressure of 2.5 GPa for UHP at a mean density of 0.75 g/cm3 has been determined using the impedance window method, corresponding to a 13% TNT equivalence for brisance. This result is consistent with calculation from empirical correlations. An average 3200 m/s detonation velocity was recorded using contact probes, in excellent agreement with measurements from passive optical probes. This small-scale experimental campaign, which is complementary to and consistent with previous research, has proven useful to characterise the performances of non-ideal explosives for risk assessment purposes.
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Buri, Pushpa, MM Verma, and Harbans Lal. "Evaluation of damage and TNT equivalent of ammunition, explosive and pyrotechnics." In Structural Failure and Plasticity. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043875-7/50174-x.

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Eisenberg, Carolyn Woods. "“I See Death Coming Up the Hill”." In Fire and Rain. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639061.003.0004.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the decision by Nixon and Kissinger to wiretap selected officials and journalists because news of the secret Cambodia bombing was leaked. The chapter also investigates how, during the earliest months of the Nixon presidency, the number of American deaths was equivalent to the losses sustained during the Tet offensive. Yet in contrast to the previous year, the Vietnam War had ceased to dominate the news, with the result that significant military developments were unexplained or ignored. Across the United States, the still-climbing American casualties were being experienced as family and community tragedies. The spiking casualty rate was due in part to local enemy attacks and General Abrams’ aggressive military strategy. The chapter describes the American attempt to secure Dong Ap Bia Mountain at the Laotian border. This pointless enterprise, with its costly forays up Hill 937, resulted in many deaths and injuries. Survivors called the mountain “Hamburger Hill” because of the many chopped-up soldiers. It triggered significant protest in the United States, including denunciations by Senator Ted Kennedy.
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Laverdure, Eliane. "Das Spiel des Übersetzens. Grundzüge einer komparativen Studie." In Cognition and Comprehension in Translational Hermeneutics. Zeta Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/zeta-cognition202116.

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This article seeks to shed some light on the experience of interpretation and translation from a hermeneutical point of view, more precisely on how the subjectivity of the translator plays an essential mediation role in the process of rendering the meaning of a text in a new language, a role that certainly goes beyond the sole linguistic transfer, without being per se subjective. This idea can best be understood through the concept of “game” as developed by the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer and introduced in translation theory by Fritz Paepcke, because it offers a model in which the participation of the individual is necessary without being arbitrary, since the players have to abide by the rules of the specific game they are playing – in this case, the text itself. However, the aim of this article is not to offer a method of translation, but is rather an attempt to consider the adequacy of translation on the basis of subjective and intersubjective factors – including the translator’s own prior knowledge and experience, his openness towards the text and his critical self-awareness – and therefore to propose an alternative to the overly normative and restrictive theoretical framework strictly focused on linguistic equivalence between ST and TT.
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Conference papers on the topic "TNT Equivalence"

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Crocker, Robert W., Brent L. Haroldsen, and Jerome H. Stofleth. "EDS Containment Vessel TNT Equivalence Testing." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65391.

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The V26 containment vessel was procured by the Project Manager, Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel (PMNSCM) for use on the Phase-2 Explosive Destruction Systems. It was fabricated under Code Case 2564 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides rules for the design of impulsively loaded vessels [1]. The explosive rating for the vessel, based on the Code Case, is nine (9) pounds TNT-equivalent for up to 637 detonations. This report documents the results of tests that were performed on the vessel at Sandia National Laboratories to qualify the vessel for explosive use [2]. Three of these explosive tests consisted of: (1) 9lbs bare charge of Composition C-4 (equivalent to 11.25lbs TNT); (2) a 7.2lbs bare charge of Composition C-4 (equivalent to 9lbs TNT); (3) a bare charge of 9lbs cast TNT. The results of these tests are compared in order to provide an understanding of how varying charge size affects vessel response when the ratio of free volume to charge volume is small, and in making direct comparisons between TNT and Composition C-4 for TNT equivalency calculations. In a previous paper [3], the 7.2lbs bare charge of Composition C-4, (2) above, was compared to 7.2lbs of Composition C-4 distributed into 6 charges.
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LOCKING, PAUL M. "TNT EQUIVALENCE, BERTHELOT THEORY AND THE TRAUZL LEAD BLOCK TEST." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36049.

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An experimental measure of explosive performance is the Trauzl Lead Block Test. This paper assesses Trauzl, examining results against detonation parameters, including TNT Equivalence (TNTe) and Berthelot theory, attempting to find correlations. Power Index is shown to fit Trauzl, with a linear correlation, zero intercept and a near unity gradient, with an error of 4%. Trauzl is shown to be a good measure of the effectiveness of Explosive Power (EP). The Heat of Detonation (Q) and TNTe Q have a weak correlation with the Trauzl. Berthelot theory is simplified, becoming a product of Heat of Detonation and Volume of gases, nearly identical to Power Index. Berthelot is shown as related to Explosive Power (EP). Without correction, Berthelot is not recommended, since the gradient with Trauzl is 10% high and theoretical comparison with TNT is 12% high. Berthelot and Power Index have linear correlations with Trauzl, with an identical Goodness of Fit.
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King, Kim W., and Chris R. Vaught. "Determining TNT Equivalency for Confined Detonations." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61699.

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Explosive containment vessels are typically designed and rated to contain a specified amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive charge weight. However, in application, these units typically contain explosive materials other than TNT. Additionally, proof testing of explosive containment chambers with TNT explosive is rare due to the availability of TNT commercially. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the capacity of an explosive containment vessel using an equivalent charge weight with respect to the TNT capacity of the vessel. Traditional wisdom suggests detonation chambers with large charge to volume ratios respond primarily in an impulsive manner. This assumption suggests that the impulse factor only should be used to determine the equivalent charge weight. However, it is also recognized that TNT equivalence with respect to confined detonations is not well understood and using standard methods for establishing TNT equivalency factors may not be adequate for confined detonations. This paper will investigate this common problem of determining equivalent charge weights for a containment vessel. This is accomplished using hydrocode modeling, finite element analysis and experimental test results.
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PANDELANI, THANYANI, DAVID REINECKE, and SILUMKO HAMILTON. "EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF TNT EQUIVALENCE TO PE4 CHARGES USING A BLAST TEST DEVICE." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36119.

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A considerable amount of scientific effort has been expended over many decades on developing means of predicting the loading generated when a blast wave impact structures. The energetic output and the blast load associated with the detonation of a mass of high explosive will differ depending on the chemical composition of the explosive itself. It is therefore convenient to equate the effects of an explosive to TNT. The “TNT equivalent (TNTeq) ratio” refers to the mass ratio of the explosive in question that will produced equal peak overpressure to that equivalent mass of TNT. There is vast range of equivalency ratios for PE4 in the literature. However, there appears to be no research that determines effect of TNT equivalency of spherical shape of PE4 charge detonated on rigid ground surface This paper presents experimental measurements of reflected pressure-time histories from a series of well-controlled small scale blast tests. An investigation of TNT equivalent ratio of spherical PE4 charge detonation on rigid ground was performed using the Blast Test Device (BTD). Our results presented here clearly demonstrates that the TNTeq ratio of 1.37 is higher in the near field environment and TNTeq of 1.2 will be the best to produce blast wave by the hemispherical PE4 detonations on rigid surface. It is also better to compare the peak pressure rather that the injury caused by the pressure profile.
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Stofleth, Jerome H., Megan K. Tribble, John Ludwigsen, and Robert W. Crocker. "Analysis of EDS Vessel Clamping System and Door Seal." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93755.

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Abstract The V26 containment vessel was procured by the Project Manager, Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel (PMNSCM) for use on the Phase-2 Explosive Destruction Systems. The vessel was fabricated under Code Case 2564 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides rules for the design of impulsively loaded vessels. The explosive rating for the vessel, based on the Code Case, is nine (9) pounds TNT-equivalent for up to 637 detonations, limited only by fatigue crack growth calculations initiated from a minimum detectable crack depth. The vessel consists of a cylindrical cup, a flat cover or door, and clamps to secure the door. The vessel is sealed with a metal gasket. The body is a deep cylindrical cup machined from a 316 stainless steel forging. The door is also machined from a 316 stainless steel forging. The closure clamps are secured with four 17-4 PH steel threaded rods with 4140 alloy steel threadednuts on one end and hydraulic nuts on the other. A flange with four high-voltage electrical feedthroughs is bolted to the door and sealed with a small metal gasket. These feedthroughs conduct the firing signals for the high-voltage Exploding Bridge-wire detonators. Small blast plates on the inside of the door protect fluidic components and electrical feedthroughs. A large blast plate provides additional protection. Both vessel door and feedthrough flange employ O-ring seals outside the metal seals in order to provide a mechanism for helium leak checks of the volume just outside the metal seal surface before and after detonation. In previous papers (References 2 and 3), the authors describe results from testing of the vessel body and ends under qualification loads, determining the effective TNT equivalency of Composition C4 (EDS Containment Vessel TNT Equivalence Testing) and analyzing the effects of distributed explosive charges versus unitary charges (EDS Containment Vessel Explosive Test and Analysis). In addition to measurements made on the vessel body and ends as reported previously, bulk motion and deformation of the door and clamping system was made. Strain gauges were positioned at various locations on the inner and outer surface of the clamping system and on the vessel door surface. Digital Image Correlation was employed during both hydrostatic testing and dynamic testing under full-load explosive detonation to determine bulk and bending motion of the door relative to the vessel body and clamping system. Some limited hydrocode and finite element code analysis was performed on the clamping system for comparison. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the likelihood of a change in the static sealing efficacy of the metal clamping system and to evaluate the possibility of dynamic burping of vessel contents during detonation. Those results will be reported in this paper.
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Pinhasi, G. A., Y. Dahan, A. Dayan, and A. Ullmann. "Modeling of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE): Plane, Cylindrical and Spherical 1D Model." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59333.

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A 1D plane, cylindrical and spherical numerical model was developed for estimating the thermodynamic and the dynamic state of the boiling liquid during a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) event. The model predicts, simultaneously, the flow properties of the expanding two-phase flashing mixture and its surrounding air. The possible presence of a shock wave formed by the fluid expansion through the air is accounted for in the model. Model predictions of the shock wave strengths, in terms of TNT equivalence for the various coordinate systems, were compared against those obtained by simple energy models. As expected, the simple energy models over predicts the shock wave strength. However, the simple model which accounts for the expansion irreversibility, produces results which are closer to current model predictions. For the 1D plane case the model simulates a BLEVE scenario in a tunnel, whereas for the spherical case the more realistic BLEVE scenario in free space is being studied.
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Jaansalu, Kevin M., Christelle Collet, Ernest L. Baker, and Martijn van der Voort. "TNT equivalency testing for energetic materials." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2019: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/12.0000808.

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Rongpeng, Li, Li Yumin, Sui Chunguang, and Jiang Di. "Numerical Analysis of Nuclear Facility Reinforced Concrete Wall and Roof Slab Behavior Under Close-in Explosions." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16957.

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Abstract With the change of anti-terrorism situation, civil unmanned aerial vehicles carrying small equivalent of explosives may cause damage to the reinforced concrete wall or roof of nuclear facilities at close range. Existing research has mostly focused on the overall damage caused by large equivalent explosives at medium and long distances. In this paper, the air overpressure peak curve and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under small equivalent TNT close-in explosion conditions are calculated by numerical simulation methods and compared with empirical formulas and experimental results in the literature to verify. Furthermore, the numerical simulation method was used to evaluate the resistance of 300mm thick reinforced concrete slabs to close-in impacts of different mass TNT at a standoff distance of 0.4m.
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Crocker, Robert W., Brent L. Haroldsen, Jerome H. Stofleth, and Mien Yip. "EDS Containment Vessel Explosive Test and Analysis." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63832.

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This report documents the results of two of tests that were performed on an explosive containment vessel at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 2013 to provide some deeper understanding of the effects of charge geometry on the vessel response [1]. The vessel was fabricated under Code Case 2564 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides rules for the design of impulsively loaded vessels [2]. The explosive rating for the vessel, based on the Code Case, is nine (9) pounds TNT-equivalent. One explosive test consisted of a single, centrally located, 7.2 pound bare charge of Composition C-4 (equivalent to 9 pounds TNT). The other test used six each 1.2 pound charges of Composition C-4 (7.2 pounds total) distributed in two bays of three.
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Han, Bumsoo, Matthew D. Egberg, Pung-Pung Haung, David J. Swanlund, and John C. Bischof. "Cryoinjury Enhancement of Breast Cancer Cells by Use of a Molecular Adjuvant (TNF-alpha)." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61593.

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Cryoinjury of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) in engineered tissue equivalents and the enhancement of the cryoinjury by use of a molecular adjuvant (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α) was studied. Tissue equivalents (TEs) were constructed by seeding MCF7 cells in collagen solutions at the concentration of 100,000 cells/ml. After cultured in vitro for 2 days, the TEs were exposed with 100ng/ml TNF-α and cultured for 24 hours, and then underwent a single freeze-thaw cycle by a cryosurgery simulator. With the concentration and duration of TNF-α treatment studied, no apoptotic or necrotic cell death was observed by the administration of TNF-α only. After a freeze/thaw, MCF7 cells within the frozen region of the TEs were significantly injured immediately (i.e. ≤ 20% survival), but gradually repopulated and reached approximately 80% survival in Day3 without TNF-α pre-treatment. MCF7 with TNF-α pre-treatment showed the slight enhancement of immediate injury in the frozen region (i.e. ≤ 10% survival), and the repopulation was significantly inhibited so the viability remained below 40% even in Day 3. These results imply that TNF-α can be a potent adjuvant for cryosurgery.
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Reports on the topic "TNT Equivalence"

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Baker, Wilfred E., and Donna W. O'Kelley. TNT Equivalence of Two Plastic-Bonded Explosives for Internal Blast and Gas Pressures. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adp005387.

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Mars, L., R. Kukuvka, and J. Caltagirone. TNT Equivalency of M31A1E1 Slotted Stick Propellant. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada162945.

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Waisner, Scott, Victor Medina, Charles Ellison, et al. Design, construction, and testing of the PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS), a mobile ion exchange–based system for the treatment of per-, poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43823.

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Poly-,Per-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are versatile chemicals that were incorporated in a wide range of products. One of their most important use was in aqueous film-forming foams for fighting liquid fuel fires. PFAS compounds have recently been identified as potential environmental contaminants. In the United States there are hundreds of potential military sites with PFAS contamination. The ERDC designed and constructed a mobile treatment system to address small sites (250,000 gallons or less) and as a platform to field test new adsorptive media. The PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS) has cartridge filters to remove sediments and a granular activated carbon (GAC) media filter to remove organic compounds that might compete with PFAS in the ion exchange process, although it may also remove PFAS too. The last process is an ion exchange resin specifically designed to remove PFAS to a target level of 70 ng/L or less (equivalent to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Drinking Water Health Advisory). The system was tested at Hurlburt Field, a US Air Force facility in Florida and at Naval Support Activity (NSA) Mid-South in Millington, TN.
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Vocabulari multilingüe de càncer de mama per a pacients. IULA, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/iula.2022.01.

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El projecte Vocabulari multilingüe de càncer de mama per a pacients és un dels resultats de la col·laboració entre l’Institut de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA-CER) de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra i l’Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), vinculat a la Generalitat de Catalunya. La versió del vocabulari que publiquem aquí té com a llengua principal el català, amb definicions i equivalents en anglès i castellà. Una de les peculiaritats més significatives d’aquest diccionari és que, tal com indica el seu nom, està destinat a pacients (i també a familiars i cuidadors de pacients) de càncer de mama. El fet que els destinataris no siguin especialistes s’ha tingut en compte tant en la selecció de les entrades com en la redacció de les definicions. S’ha demostrat que són molts els beneficis que comporta el fet que les pacients tinguin informació fiable i comprensible de la seva pròpia malaltia. Disposar d’aquest vocabulari els permetrà comprendre millor la informació que es vehicula per unitats terminològiques que s’utilitzen en textos mèdics, millorar la comunicació amb els professionals sanitaris i poder compartir amb ells la presa de decisions al llarg de la malaltia.
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