Academic literature on the topic 'To 894'

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:34:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo466_1.pdf: 1089988 bytes, checksum: 619ecdf970c5b3daa457c1fa0bbcc7e9 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Na sintaxe da complementação verbal, o sistema de muitas línguas do mundo autoriza que estruturas sentenciais ocupem a posição reservada sintaticamente ao objeto. A esse tipo de preenchimento sintático, subjazem correlações entre os domínios da sintaxe, da semântica, da pragmática e da cognição. Haja vista o português pertencer ao rol das línguas cujos verbos tomam cláusulascomplemento, o presente trabalho objetiva realizar uma análise funcional dos processos de encaixamento sintáticosemântico em construções complexas por subordinação do português falado e escrito no Brasil. Para tanto, são tomados como corpus da investigação dados de fala e de escrita coletados na cidade do Natal/RN. O material integra um corpus maior do grupo de pesquisa D&G (Discurso & Gramática), que coletou dados de fala e de escrita nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro, do Natal, do Rio Grande e de Juiz de Fora. Os textos da cidade do Natal, que são aqui postos sob estudo, correspondem a 120 produções de um total de 12 informantes igualmente distribuídos por três níveis de escolaridade: fundamental II, médio e superior. Como foram adotados cinco tipos textuais (narrativa de experiência pessoal, narrativa recontada, descrição de local, relato de procedimento e relato de opinião), cada informante produziu 10 textos, sendo 5 na modalidade falada e 5 na modalidade escrita. No que tange à fundamentação das análises, são adotadas as bases teóricas da Linguística Funcional norteamericana, dentre as quais destacamos a teoria da prototipicidade , o princípio da iconicidade e a perspectiva escalar da combinação de cláusulas. Por fim, as ocorrências do fenômeno são submetidas a um tratamento estatístico em vista a confrontar os dados de fala e os de escrita. A principal necessidade do confronto é a confirmação ou a negação da bastante difundida visão de que o âmbito da escrita é mais propício à ocorrência do fenômeno da subordinação do que o da fala

This thesis examines a work of considerable significance for early Anatolian Turkish literature and Ottoman history, the Divan-ı Şeyh Muhyiddin (880/1476), written by Şeyh Mehmed Çelebi (d. 898/1493-4) who was a sheikh at the Zeyni dervish lodge in Egirdir. In scholarship the work is known as the Hızırname (Book of Khidr), although this was not the title given by the author himself. The text narrates the travels of a warrior dervish figure in the heavenly realm and to various territories on Earth under the guidance or the spiritual blessing (himmet) of Khidr. Another important figure of Ottoman sufism, Hacı Bektaş, also plays a prominent role in some sections of the narrative, especially as he appoints the dervish the head of the Ottoman army. The dervish defeats the enemy in a battle on the Eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire. Even though the Hızırname has been presented as unique in Turkish literature in terms of genre and content, not much attention has been paid to its particular characteristics. This thesis reassesses this claim in the light of recent scholarship and identifies the main strands of a wide range of textual references to other sources. Amongst the peculiar features of the Hızırname that this study focuses on and examines are two intertwined aspects of the text - the identity of the narrator, who is the protagonist himself, and variations in the route of the journey. The ascension (miraj) journey of the dervish figure, accompanied by Khidr, and the narration of this journey by the first-person narrator, distinguish the Hızırname from similar Anatolian Turkish works. This study proposes that these special features of the Hızırname relate the text to Ishraqi literature, and to the writings of Ibn 'Arabi and his followers in Anatolia. Hacı Bektaş on the other hand, having a political role in the Hızırname, links this text to the frontier literature of the warriors. Having been written in Egirdir, a frontier Muslim border zone between the Ottomans and the Karamanids, and in the vicinity of Konya, the Hızırname combines the literature of both frontier regions and dervish lodges within one text, as represented by the warrior dervish, namely 'eren', identity of the poet.

During the first half of the twentieth century, the ethnically segmented Ottoman empire was transformed into a nation state of Turkish citizens. This thesis explores and evaluates the representation of ethnic minorities in Turkish fiction against a background of demographic, political, and social change. Within this context, novels and short stories of selected writers have been studied with a view to determining differences of experience, perception and attitude. The writers include: Huseyin Rahmi Gurpmar, Halide Edip Adivar, Resat Nuri Guntekin, Halikamas Balikcisi, Orhan Kemal, Haldun Taner, Sait Faik, and Yasar Kemal. The thesis comprises an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The Introduction gives a brief overview of historical events relating to demographic changes and ethnic minority status, and looks at the popular perception of minorities in the Ottoman performance arts. Chapter One is a study of literature written before, during, and after the Balkan wars, the First World War, and the Turkish War of Liberation. Chapter Two continues with a study of literature published during the years leading up to multi-party democracy. Chapter Three traces the emergence of an Anatolian literary perspective in which, with a few exceptions, ethnic issues were generally ignored or suppressed, and observes the gradual re-emergence of ethnic identity in Turkish literature. The conclusion evaluates the extent to which the selected authors; a) reflect the changing ethnic composition of Turkish society during the last century; b) display signs of bias or prejudice in their representations of ethnic minority characters; c) use ethnic minorities as a device to further or enhance the literary quality of their work.

This thesis demonstrates how the development of my work as a translator implicitly challenges some of the principal values and assumptions inscribed in the works of my predecessors. I identify what these values and assumptions are in the process of translating poetry from Turkish to English, and why they present particular problems. Throughout, I show how these problems can be reconceptualised, re-examined, and overcome. In section 2 I contextualise my work in the field of literary translation from Turkish to English during the period 1900 to 2012. I sub-divide this period of translation activity into three distinct phases and further justify this sub-division by contextualising these phases in relation to changing attitudes and tastes toward Turkish poetry, particularly in light of increased availability of financial support for translators and increased opportunities to publish literary works in translation. In section 3 I focus on translations of İlhan Berk to demonstrate differences in practice that distinguish my work from the work of my contemporaries. I further extend this comparative analysis of translation strategies in section 4 where I examine the dominant values and constraints influencing choice in the reading and re-making of Turkish poems in English. Finally, in section 5, I shift perspective to provide a descriptive commentary of critical reactions to some of my translation work.

Because I am a specialist on Cypriot literature, in particular Turkish- Cypriot literature, this has direct implications for the study of Turkish and Greek language literatures, as well as European minor literatures (as defined by Deleuze and Guattari: 1994). Due to the positionality of the Turkish and Greek literary traditions vis-a-vis European literary establishments, and that of Cypriot literature within the Turkish and Greek literary canons, I have studied literary polysystems theory (especially Even-Zohar: 1978 and 1979) and the relations between central and peripheral literatures. One of the central contributions of my work and research is to study the Turkish and Greek languages and literary traditions in the context and framework of 'contact languages' (Weinreich: 1953), in other words, as linguistic-cultural forms which have developed under co-habitation and mutual influence. I also studied 'othering, processes in Greek, Turkish, Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot literary traditions within the broader context of orientalism and Eurocentricism in the system of European literatures. My work has brought to the fore the plurality of traditions within the domain of Turkish literature as well as the ancient and ongoing multilingual literary traditions of Cyprus. On the one hand, it enabled the study of different traditions within the same linguistic domain (Turkish) to be studied through different categories, such as Turkish literature and Turkish-Cypriot literature. On the other hand, it also allowed for the study of different language literatures under the same roof, such as the Greek, Turkish, and English language literatures of Cyprus as Cypriot literature.

This thesis investigates Mihaly Babits's increasingly original utilisation of English and classical literature in his five novels. It also interprets the relevance of its findings. Intertextuality originating in English works is traceable in Babits's first novel, A golyakalifa (1916) and in his second novel, Kartyavar (1915-1923). Babits's A golyakalifa has roots in Virgil's Eclogues , Coleridge's and Wordsworth's verse. It imitates Edgar Allan Poe's, Robert Louis Stevenson's and Oscar Wilde's doppelganger fiction. The sources of intertextuality in Kartyavar are Virgil's Aeneid and Charles Dickens's Hard Times and Bleak House. Carlyle's, Macaulay's and J. S. Mill's ideas form a basis of Kartyavar's philosophy. Babits drew on Dickens in the way he created his characters in Kartyavar . Babits's third novel, Timar Virgil fia (1919-1922) incorporates certain themes of Shakespeare's plays as well. It is a hypertext of The Aeneid, and transposes themes and moods from Keats's, Wordsworth's and Tennyson's verse. It has many intertexts such as quotations from Virgil and St. Augustine. Babits's fourth novel, Halalfiai (1927) and his last novel, Elza pilota (1918-1933) are more original hypertexts of their exemplars. Halalfiai has roots in George Eliot's and George Meredith's novels. It has intertextual episodes which are adaptations of Meredith's The Egoist. Halalfiai is also an architectural hypertext of particular works by Fielding, Smollett, and Goldsmith. Elza pilota (1933) reads as a metatext of some of its sources, such as Thomas More's Utopia and Bacon's New Atlantis , but is principally an ingenious hypertext of Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Poe's as well as H. G. Wells's works. It creates its own innovative narrative and story.

Esta pesquisa analisou o conteúdo informativo sobre meio ambiente publicado em 2007, no Jornal Valeparaibano , com sede em São José dos Campos, no Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo. Os principais objetivos que nortearam este estudo foram investigar o tratamento dispensado pelo jornal aos problemas ambientais, aos temas priorizados em suas reportagens e provocar uma discussão sobre as possibilidades de sua contribuição para a educação ambiental da população em sua área de abrangência. O estudo quantitativo e qualitativo avaliou os textos do conteúdo editorial, referentes ao Meio Ambiente, na versão eletrônica do jornal na internet, especificamente em seu caderno regional, perfazendo um total de 312 edições&#894; desse total, resultaram 359 textos da categoria Jornalismo Informativo, das quais foi selecionado o gênero reportagem, que culminou em 113 textos, objetos deste estudo. O material selecionado para a análise de conteúdo foi o gênero reportagem, em razão de apresentar as informações de forma ampliada, contextualizada e detalhada. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que as reportagens são, em sua maioria, pautadas por acontecimentos não previstos, ou seja, factuais, informando a sociedade sobre os principais problemas ambientais da atualidade, porém de forma fragmentada e pouco contextualizada. Uma das conclusões desse estudo é a de que as reportagens elaboradas com base em estudos científicos são as que possuem maior potencial de contribuir para a construção da consciência ambiental. Esta conclusão remete à reflexão em duas pontas distintas da produção jornalística: a importância da criação de uma seção fixa de meio ambiente no jornal para abordar as questões regionais e, ao mesmo tempo, a necessidade de haver uma maior divulgação de estudos científicos, por parte dos pesquisadores dessa área na imprensa regional.<br>In this research was analyzed the information contents about environment published in 2007 in the Valeparaibano newspaper, based in São José dos Campos, a city located at the Paraíba Valley, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main objectives that guided this study were to investigate the treatment given to the environmental problems by that newspaper, the prioritized themes covered in the articles and, therefore, to lead to a discussion about the possibilities of its contribution to the environmental education of the people that lives in its area of coverage. The quantitative and qualitative studies evaluated the matters presented in the website of the newspaper, specifically in the regional section, in a total of 312 editions&#894; from this, it was resulted 359 texts classified as Informative Journalism category, of which was selected 113 texts as report genre, objects of this study. The material selected to the analysis was the report genre because it should present the information in an extended, contextualized and detailed configuration. The results of the research show that the reports are, in its majority, guided by events not forecasted (factual events), informing the society about the main environmental problems of today but in a fragmented and poorly contextualized form. One of the conclusions of this study is that the reports prepared on the basis of scientific studies are those that have greatest potential to contribute to the construction of an environmental conscience. This conclusion leads to a reflection in two different points of the journalistic productions: the importance of creating a fixed section related to regional environmental questions in this newspaper and, at the same time, the need for greater dissemination of scientific studies by the researchers of this area in the regional press.

Henry James's phrase, `white, marmorean flock', has become the defining image for the American women sculptors who worked in Rome in the midnineteenth century at the height of neoclassicism, subsuming their works and histories under the connotations of its words. Instead of simply permitting us to name these sculptors, `white, marmorean flock' raises both a problem of historiography, as a study of the exclusion of the women sculptors from questionable canons, and, more importantly, a problematic of the feminine and subjectivity in the context of artistic Symbolic activity. Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1860 novel about expatriate artists in Rome, The Marble Faun, is a primary site for the excavation of the foundations of our contemporary understanding of the American women sculptors in Rome in the mid-nineteenth century. Conflated with the objects of her creative production in a `Pygmalion effect', the woman sculptor is figured in Hawthorne's novel as a limit, embodying an impossible (for phallic cultural discourses) coincidence of femininity and creativity. Read through a matrixial lens, sculptures by Edmonia Lewis intrude uncannily in these canonical narratives of the nineteenth century, as the woman sculptor of colour in the studio destabilises and unfixes gender, race, and class identities. Here too the Sadean `nothingness' of the neoclassical sculpture emerges as a limit in our understanding of nineteenth century modes of seeing -a limit which is perhaps best approached `through the defiles of the signifier', photography. For although the flat, white, ideologically-laden surfaces of American history sculpture are now articulated by the spaces of the modernist white cube gallery, the woman sculptor remains a `strange and estranged' stain on the screen of American art, `rather out of place in the picture'. By focussing on the margins of American art history, this study deploys the anamorphic effect in an attempt to `hallow the hollow and to hollow the hallow': to move towards reading the works and histories of the American women sculptors who worked in Rome in the mid-nineteenth century in a symbolic register in which white is also black, and sculptors are also women.

This study debates the socio-political construction of the land degradation issue in the Lao PDR, the consequences of this construction for policy interventions in the uplands, and the social and environmental outcomes of these interventions. For that purpose, livelihood analysis is integrated into the theoretical framework of political ecology. The study adopts a ‘hybrid’ and locally-grounded approach that integrates methods from the social and ecological sciences and investigates recent livelihood and environmental change in two upland villages in northern Laos. From there, the analysis draws a number of causal links between local socio-environmental change, local ‘theories’ on land degradation, the wider political economy and the politics of the ‘environment’ at the national level, and various local contingencies (i.e. social differentiation, sociocultural change and everyday resistance to ‘external’ interventions). The study argues that the current mainstream environmental discourse in Laos appears less based on solid empirical evidence than shaped by the subjectivities and political-economic projects of the state, the political elite and their international development partners. In turn, policy interventions supported by this discourse have significant impacts on upland livelihoods and environments. Importantly, they contribute to make traditional upland agriculture unsustainable and, hence, drive a general trajectory of livelihood diversification and deagrarianisation. Nevertheless and notwithstanding significant constraints linked to land degradation and wide-ranging state regulations, upland-dwellers retain a non-negligible level of agency which allows them to pursue their own, sometimes contested, economic and political objectives. Multi-local social networks and ‘village-local state’ alliances appear to play a key role in facilitating this process. These findings have important implications for the conceptualization of society-nature, global-local and state-society relations. They highlight a need to shift from simple dualistic models to more integrated perspectives accounting for the co-construction of society and nature, the co-production of global and local change, and the interpenetration of the state and society.