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Pau, Siu-yuen, and 鮑兆源. "Reducing tobacco consumption: the tobacco control policy in Hong Kong revisited." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4678200X.
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Ding, Li. "United States households consumption a comprehensive analysis /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4304.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Frache, Derregibus Serafin. "Essays on households' consumption and saving decisions." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8909.
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In this thesis I contribute to the applied study of households' consumption and saving behaviour. In the first chapter I introduce and explain why it is relevant to understand how households react to income shocks in terms of their consumption and saving decisions. The second chapter is inspired by a recent paper by Krueger and Perri (2011), who argue that the observed response of household wealth to income shocks, which is smaller over long periods, provides evidence in favour of the classic permanent-income model with perfect financial markets. Whether a model with financial market imperfections, however, such as the standard incomplete-markets model with liquidity constraints, can also generate such a wealth response crucially depends on the importance of precautionary wealth accumulation. I structurally estimate a model with a precautionary- savings motive and show that it can generate the observed wealth responses in the data. I further show that the wealth responses to income shocks do not allow us to rule out financial market imperfections. In the third chapter I extend the analysis, studying empirically what can be learned from international evidence on the way in which households react to income. I use detailed panel data from newly available surveys of Chile, Spain and the United States. Although it compares three different countries with dissimilar levels of development in their financial markets, the evidence suggests that the amount of precautionary savings in these economies is low and that household behaviour is not strongly influenced by the presence of borrowing constraints. The structural estimation for all countries suggests a low target level of wealth resulting from high levels of impatience or low levels of risk aversion. In the fourth chapter I extend the analysis to the real estate properties owned by the households. I revisit the Italian data, building on Kaplan and Violante (2014) who have argued that a substantial fraction of wealthy households with illiquid wealth, such as real estate, behave as hand-to-mouth consumers. In exploring the data, I find that, in the Italian sample, households which adjust their illiquid wealth show responses to income shocks like permanent-income consumers. Instead households which do not adjust their illiquid wealth, and whose behaviour in general can thus not be characterised by the first order conditions, show responses to income shocks which suggest a stronger precautionary-saving motive, such as wealthy hand-to-mouth consumers might be expected to show. The fifth chapter provides the conclusions of the thesis.
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Weikum, Gary Lester. "The housing consumption of empty nest households." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26624.
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The purposes of this study are to develop a demographic profile of empty nesters and describe their housing consumption; to determine the number of empty nesters who are occupying family housing; and provide a summary of the housing needs of empty nesters which cause them to occupy the type of housing which they do. This study is not intended to develop public policy to encourage empty nesters to move, rather, it attempts to answer some fundamental questions about the impact of empty nesters on the family housing supply in urban areas. A detailed examination of empty nester housing consumption in the Vancouver, C.M.A. Canada was conducted through analysis of 1981 Census Canada Public Use Sample Tapes. The findings indicate that empty nesters have a high propensity to live independently in owner-occupied family type single detached dwellings. Contrary to popular perception, condominiums have not attracted large numbers of empty nest couples. Empty nesters appear to retain their independent living arrangements and family type housing for as long as possible. Income, more than any other variable tested, influences the size of dwelling occupied by this group., and relatively low monthly housing costs caused by high equity situations may counteract any desire to economize space after the children have left the family home. This study was conducted as a result of the apparent lack of empirical data regarding empty nesters and the various assumptions that they were contributing to family housing shortage problems. It is important that researchers not pre-judge what is adequate housing for empty nesters. Rather, researchers should focus on the resources and needs of this group and attempt to supply appropriate housing from this direction rather than implement policies to get them out of their current housing units.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Naqvi, Iman. "The War on Tobacco: The Impact of Advertising Bans on Tobacco Consumption." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/732.
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ABSTRACT
This study provides an empirical analysis of the effect of tobacco marketing regulation on unit sales, in order to evaluate the effectiveness these laws in the United States. The analysis did not find a significant effect of tobacco advertising expenditure on unit sales. Examination of advertising expenditure revealed that tobacco companies substituted banned forms of advertising for other marketing strategies, leading to little reduction in total advertising expenditure and a limited effect on sales. Furthermore, it found an unexpected positive relationship between the 1971 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act and tobacco consumption; the ban on advertising and promotion actually increased sales by over 88 billion units. Additional empirical evidence is provided from studies performed by Fight Ordinances and Restrictions to Control and Eliminate Smoking (FORCES) and Saffer and Chaloupka that show correspondingly inconclusive results. The paper then discusses several policy implications and subsequent recommendations that follow from these results.
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Leung, Yuk-ho, and 梁毓浩. "Effectiveness of tobacco taxation compared with smoking ban in reducing tobacco consumption." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4517295X.
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Iringe-Koko, I. B. "Illicit tobacco : policy responses, consumption and attitudes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463373/.
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The existence of the illicit tobacco trade has serious implications for tobacco control efforts as it encourages smoking by providing tobacco products at a cheaper price. Although this illicit trade has serious ramifications for public health in England, there is very limited data on its nature, the extent of its use and smokers’ views on illicit tobacco. This thesis aimed to address this by utilising a mixed methodology approach which consisted of population based surveys of English smokers and in-depth face-to-face interviews with smokers. Prevalence of illicit tobacco use appeared to decrease between 2007-8 and 2012, but there was an increase from 2010-11 to 2012. ‘Under the counter’ tobacco purchases in retail shops emerged as a prominent source of illicit tobacco, although smokers were able to access a number of illicit sources. Smokers who exclusively purchased illicit tobacco paid much less for their tobacco products compared with those who reported exclusive duty-paid tobacco purchases. Report of illicit tobacco use was more likely in younger smokers, males, smokers in low socio-economic groups, smokers of ‘roll your own’ tobacco and those with high tobacco dependence in 2012. However, this changed with each survey, as illicit tobacco use appeared to become more widespread across socio-demographic sub-groups. Illicit tobacco users reported lower levels of motivated to quit smoking. However, smokers in the interview study reported that loss of access to illicit tobacco would drive them to think about quitting or cutting down on their smoking. The interview study revealed that smokers were able to easily access illicit tobacco in their communities and social circles. In addition, smokers viewed the illicit tobacco market and illicit traders approvingly as providing a means of accessing affordable tobacco products. Furthermore, they were unperturbed by the illegality and associated criminality of illicit tobacco trade. Due to the nature of this illegal activity, further research should investigate how the illicit tobacco market evolves in response to policy efforts.
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Ornelas, Almaraz Gustavo. "Patterns of tobacco consumption in Mexico : current perspective." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/42973/.
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The aim of this study has been to investigate current issues regarding the consumption of tobacco products in Mexico. The first chapter examines the incidence of the excise of tobacco using data from the National Income and Expenditure Household Survey of 2008. The results showed that, the excise is regressive taking the equivalent of 7.6% of consumption expenditure for smoking households in the lowest, and 3.3% from smoking households in the highest quintile. The unfairness of the excise on tobacco is confirmed by the calculation of the Kakwani index of progressivity which is estimated at -0.196. The results are valid for the 2008 taxschedule. The second chapter investigates the effect of demographic, socio-economic and psychosocial factors influencing the demand for cigarettes in Mexico. The data used for the analysis comes from two sweeps of the Mexican Family Life Survey of 2002 and 2005- 2007, a source individual-level data. A two-part model of cigarette demand is estimated. According to the estimation, a number of significant effects are found to determine the overall level of consumption in both sweeps. In the third chapter a panel hurdle model is applied to data on cigarette consumption. The model has the feature of applying the Box-Cox transformation to the dependent variable in order to address the skew distribution seen in data. It also includes a non-zero correlation coefficient to account for the temporal linkage of consumption. The data used for estimation comes from the short panel of individuals created from the Mexican Family Life Survey. The results reveal that individuals who are unusually likely to participate in the activity of smoking tend to smoke less intensively. This is confirmed by the estimated correlation parameter which appears to be significantly negative. A number of significant effects are found to determine the overall level of consumption overtime.
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Cilasun, Seyit Mumin. "Income And, Consumption And Saving Behavior Of Turkish Households." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611207/index.pdf.
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Using 2002-2006 Household Budget Survey, this thesis investigates the income, consumption and saving dynamics of Turkish households within a life-cycle theory framework by employing cross-sectional analyses and cohort techniques. Cohort techniques are used not only to analyze these variables, but also to investigate the demographics and components of income and consumption. The analyses are deepened by dividing the sample according to the location of the households (urban-rural areas), and significant differences are found between urban and rural households, especially in terms of saving behaviors. Income, consumption and savings of formal and informal households are also investigated. Analyzing these households provides information regarding the precautionary saving since the higher income uncertainty of the informal households is expected to force them for extra saving due to precautionary motive. Finally, the life-cycle model and the precautionary saving hypothesis are tested by estimating log-linearized Euler equations. In the test of precautionary saving hypothesis, formal-informal data are used as a proxy for the risk variable. According to the estimation results, the predictions of the life-cycle model do not hold for Turkey but there is no evidence that this is due to precautionary saving.
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Arvesen, Anders. "Direct and Indirect Energy Consumption of Households in Beijing." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12877.
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China's economy has grown at remarkable rates in the last three decades, bringing about big improvements in people's quality of life. On the downside, the increased economic activity has contributed to serious environmental problems, many of which are related to the country's energy system. Focusing particularly on Beijing, this study aims at illuminating how income growth and lifestyle changes relate to energy use in the society. An extended input-output analysis is applied to estimate the direct and indirect household energy consumption (HEC) of Beijing households at different levels of development in the year 2005. Using observations of how HEC varies across income groups in 2005 as a basis, projections of HEC towards 2015 are made. According to the results, the total HEC in Beijing amounts to 42% of the total direct energy use occurring in all sectors within Beijing's geographical boundaries. Hence, a significant portion of the energy use in the society can be linked with consumer activities. For urban residents, indirect influences on energy use are found to be more than three times greater than the direct influences. Mainly due to growing incomes, total HEC in urban Beijing will grow substantially in the period 2005-2015, even with overall efficiency improvements corresponding to the central government's targets. The results indicate that the share of transport related energy use to total HEC will increase significantly. Without major efficiency improvements, huge increases in transport related energy use is to be expected towards 2015. Air conditioners will be the most important single electrical appliance contributing to increased residential electricity consumption in the near future.Due to significant uncertainty, the figures should be taken as rough guides to the magnitude of different types of energy use only. Nonetheless, it is the author's opinion that the study produces valuable insights that can add to our understanding of the underlying drivers of energy use in the Beijing society. The estimates are considered sufficiently accurate to serve as a basis for making some recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the society. Based on the findings of the study, the author calls on central and local governments to: 1) Further incorporate the important role of consumer behaviour and lifestyle into energy conservation policies; 2) Make strong efforts to mitigate transport related environmental problems, focusing attention both on producers and consumers; 3) Give high priority to constructing energy efficient buildings; 4) Further strengthen and expand the performance standard and labelling scheme for electrical appliances; 5) Consider imposing constraints on the promotion of consumerism by the mass media and advertising industry.
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Martsynkevych, Vladlena. "Standby energy consumption in Ukraine making a case for households." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989356027/04.
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Kinnan, Cynthia Georgia. "Smoothing consumption across households and time : essays in development economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58203.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-163).
This thesis studies two strategies that households may use to keep their consumption smooth in the face of fluctuations in income and expenses: credit (borrowing and savings) and insurance (state contingent transfers between households). The first chapter asks why insurance among households in rural Thai villages is incomplete. The second chapter analyzes the impacts of micro-credit. The third chapter examines the interaction between interpersonal insurance and access to savings. The first chapter is motivated by the observation that interpersonal insurance within villages is an important source of insurance, yet consumption, while much smoother than income, is not completely smooth. That is, insurance is incomplete. This chapter attempts to identify the cause of this incompleteness. Existing research has suggested three possibilities: limited commitment-the inability of households to commit to remain within an insurance agreement; moral hazard-the need to give households incentives to work hard; and hidden income-the inability of households to verify one another's incomes. I show that the way in which "history" matters can be used to distinguish insurance constrained by hidden income from insurance constrained by limited commitment or moral hazard. This history dependence can be tested with a simple empirical procedure: predicting current marginal utility of consumption with the first lag of marginal utility and the first lag of income, and testing the significance of the lagged income term. This test is implemented using panel data from households in rural Thailand. The results are consistent with insurance constrained by hidden income, rather than limited commitment or moral hazard. I test the robustness of this result to measurement error using instrumental variables and by testing over-identifying restrictions on the reduced form equation for consumption. I test robustness to the specification of the utility function by nonparametric ally estimating marginal utility. The results suggest that constraints arising from private information about household income should be taken into account when designing safety net and other policies. My second chapter (co-authored with Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Rachel Glennerster) uses a randomized trial to analyze the impacts of micro credit in urban South India. We find that more new businesses are created in areas where a micro credit branch opens. Existing business owners increase their spending on durable goods but not non-durable consumption. Among households that did not have a business before the program began, those with high estimated propensity to start a business reduce non-durable consumption and increase spending on durables in treated areas. Those with low estimated propensity to start a business increase non-durable consumption and spend no more on durables. This suggests that some households use micro credit to pay part of the fixed cost of starting a business, some expand an existing business, and others pay off more expensive debt or borrow against future income. We find no effects on health, education, or women's empowerment. My third dissertation chapter (co-authored with Arun Chandrasekhar and Horacio Larreguy) is motivated by the observation that the ability of community members to insure one another may be significantly reduced when community members also have the ability to privately save some of their income. We conducted a laboratory experiment in rural South India to examine the impact of savings access on informal insurance. We find that transfers between players are reduced when savings is available, but that, on average, players smooth their consumption more with savings than without. We use social network data to compute social distance between pairs, and show that limited commitment constraints significantly limit insurance when risk-sharing partners are socially distant, but not when pairs are closely connected. For distant pairs, access to savings helps to smooth income risk that is not insured interpersonally.
by Cynthia Georgia Kinnan.
Ph.D.
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Seol, Youn Ni Shawn. "Empirical analysis of household consumption behavior." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7187.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 3, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Professor Shawn Ni, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wu, Xiaoxuan, and 吴小轩. "The association between changes in tobacco taxation and consumption of tobacco in adults : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193829.
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Objectives: To investigate the association between tobacco taxation and changes in tobacco consumption among adults. To synthesis the evidence regarding differential effect of tax on smoking in adults. From this review, some policy suggestions would be obtained to enhance the effectiveness of tobacco control.
Methods and Results: Relevant studies published between 2008 and 2013 were searched and identified through PubMed, ISI web of knowledge and economics databases of IDEAS with combination of key words. Studies regarding the association between tobacco taxation and changes of smoking prevalence were included in this review. 162 articles were identified, 8 studies were found to be relevant with in this systematic review. All the studies were conducted in different areas with different sample size, study design, and outcome measurements. The results from these studies presented the negative association between tobacco taxation and smoking prevalence among adults. Based on the previous studies analyzed above, the reduction of tobacco use was varied by different prices increase according to the observational studies using the statistic analyze or modeling.
Conclusion: Tobacco taxation has been proved to the most effectiveness approach to lower the prevalence of tobacco consumption among populations, which could reduce the adverse health outcome to relieve disease burden and increase government revenues as well. The tobacco tax policy should based on their national conditions, otherwise, the effectiveness of reduction tobacco consumption would decrease due to unsuitable implementation.published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
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Schiff, Holly Ann. "Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption as Addictive Behaviors in Emerging Adults." Thesis, Hofstra University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745921.
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While not all emerging adults engage in risky behavior, for those who do, there may be a pattern based on family structure, socioeconomic status, and religiosity. The goal of the present study was to investigate gender differences in addictive risk-taking behavior while examining the relation between family structure, socioeconomic status, religiosity and addictive risk-taking behavior in emerging adults. Although many risk-taking behaviors are not addictive in nature, the focus of the present study was of those which are. Addictive risk-taking behaviors, for the purposes of this study, were defined as alcohol use and smoking of cigarettes and e-cigarettes; also known as vaping. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire measuring alcohol use and smoking habits. Religiosity was considered as a covariate of risky behavior. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was used to examine alcohol use. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was used to measure addiction. The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was used to assess smoking behavior. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) was used to measure dimensions of religious involvement and religiosity. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) was used to assess response bias. The Family Affluence Scale II (FAS) was used to measure socioeconomic status. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8) was used to measure sensation seeking. Analyses of data were conducted utilizing regression analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests of association. The results of the study confirmed several of the factors that have been identified in previous research as being related to increased involvement in risk-taking behavior by emerging adults, and identified further gaps in research. The key findings were that males smoke and use e-cigarettes more than females, that males are more likely than females to become problem drinkers, that coming from a single-parent or two-parent household is not significantly related to engaging in risky behaviors, that having a higher socioeconomic status correlates with higher drinking rates, that religiosity does not significantly correlate with engagement in risky behaviors, that sensation seeking is significantly correlated with risky behaviors, and that race/ethnicity is not significantly correlated with risky behaviors. The most unusual findings were those related to the relationship between family structure and engagement in risky behaviors and the correlation between higher SES and higher drinking rates, as they diverged from previous findings in the literature. Overall, the study also yielded a combined model of SES, gender, and family structure that was significantly predictive of both drinking and smoking. The results of the study were not significantly skewed by social desirability. This study has both academic and practical significance in that it can inform prevention and education programs which can target these youths so this population does not engage in addictive risk-taking behaviors such as using alcohol, and cigarettes, further validate the instruments utilized in this study, and add to the body of literature relating to the theory of emerging adults and engagement in addictive risky behavior.
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Brutscher, Philipp-Bastian. "The energy use of low-income households : a behavioural perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610890.
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Segtnan, Ida Lund. "Assessing the Environmental Costs and Benefits of Households Electricity Consumption Management." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13686.
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In this study the environmental costs and benefits of smart metering technology systems installed in households in Norway have been assessed. Smart metering technology systems enable mechanisms to manage electricity consumption by shifting loads. With the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe method for impact assessment, the life cycle impacts of installation and operation of a system in a household have been found. Environmental benefits of using the systems to manage electricity consumption have been quantified. The results of the study indicated that the environmental costs of smart metering technology systems mainly are caused by the production of system components and system electricity use during operation. For the production of system components, the use of electronics in the components was generally the major contributor to the total environmental impacts. Further, the systems metal depletion potential was high relative to other environmental impacts after normalization in impact assessment. The main environmental benefits of smart metering technology systems in a Norwegian perspective will be in a critical supply situation of electricity to avoid use of reserve capacity gas power plants, and the results from the study showed that the systems in such a case can contribute to an avoided emission of greenhouse gases. Load shifting from a general basis may however not always have environmental benefits and this will depend on the existing alternatives for electricity production.
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Damström, Julia, and Cecilia Gerlitz. "Classification of Power Consumption Patterns for Swedish Households Using K-means." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189060.
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Society is facing a big challenge. To achieve a more sustainable development the power distribution system needs to change. The development of Smart Grid is one way of making the electricity market more sustainable. More information about the grid, such as information about where renewable energy sources are installed, is essential for the development of Smart Grids. When new energy sources, for example solar panels, are connected to the grid there will be consequences. Sudden changes in the energy transportation in the grid when the weather changes from sunny to cloudy will affect the balance. The grid owners need to be able to control the grid more actively to compensate the inconsistency of renewable energy sources. One way of handling this is to obtain more information about the end users’ consumption patterns and to analyse this information to create a useful tool for the grid owners. This project aims to propose a method for classification of power consumption profiles for Swedish household by using hourly data from smart meters. The presented method first divides the data according to season and type of day and thereafter it is normalised before it is clustered into typical clusters using the K-means algorithm. To be able to run K-means, the number of clusters needs to be set in advance. The presented method therefore tries to find the optimum number of clusters by controlling the similarities between clusters, using cross correlation. The project shows it is possible to profile Swedish households using K-means.
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Stepanova, Ekaterina. "Essays on the effects of demographics on household consumption /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7466.
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Feng, Fen. "Towards Quantification of Purchases and Waste Generation at the level of Individual Households: A pilot-study on Two Swedish Households." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182192.
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Continuous increase in resource demand and associated with it environmental impact, by-products and wastes, are going to put strains on the global ecosystem including humans. The thesis was based on the assumption that: The household scale holds important information on flows of resources and statistical relations between them. This master thesis was pilot-study of the project “Quantifying Household Metabolism” which was carried out by Urban Metabolism Research Group (UMRG) at Chalmers University of Technology. The thesis intends to develop methods to quantify fluxes of consumption and waste generation through individual household. The data was collected in two Swedish households and the collection period in the master project was 2.5 months on solid waste and 1 month on biowaste. The data was collected on a daily basis and from three streams: shopping receipts, recyclable solid waste and biowaste from kitchen. The data gathered by the proposed method illustrated a pattern of consumption and waste generation through individual household based on t h e two studied households. Although the proposed method avoided the errors happened in pervious study methods (Survey), the deficiencies and potential risks exited. The indicators developed to evaluate the situation of household metabolism failed to apply to the testing households in pilot-study. The applied data collection procedure was manual and laborious, and accumulated errors easily happened when it carry out in a long term. Several automatic possibilities could be introduced in the future study.
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O'Doherty, Fiona. "Life events, stress and the consumption of heroin, alcohol and tobacco." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21327.
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A. considerable literature exists on a possible link between life events and illness, both physical and psychiatric. This literature is reviewed in the first chapters of this thesis. The evidence that life events affect drug use is then examined. A number of methodological flaws exist in these studies and it is therefore difficult to draw any conclusions about the impact of life events. In part II of the thesis, models of drug use are reviewed and some preliminary hypotheses about the nature of the link between life events and drug use are drawn up. These hypotheses are (1) Drug use is a response to stress (2) Drug use is maintained by the stress which arises from drug use and (3) Remission from drug use results in stress reduction. These hypotheses were examined in a study using three groups of substance user; these were a group of heroin users, a group of drinkers and a group of tobacco smokers. These subjects were interviewed at three month intervals over an eighteen month period. At each interview measures of previous weeks drug consumption and of life events from the three month period preceding interview, were collected. The study found that although the heroin and alcohol users reported more events than controls, these were mainly events caused by the drug use. These two groups were also less aware than were controls of events in their lives which were not connected with drug use. The tobacco group was, for the most part, similar to the control group in the way in which they reported events. The influence of events on drug consumption was found to operate at a perceptual level i. e. remission and relapse were influenced by the subjects perception of events rather than by the objective events per se. A model of drug use is outlined in which the impact of life events on consumption varies with the persons stage in a hypothesized cycle of remission/relapse.
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Eriksson, Eva Helena. "Potential and problems related to reuse of water in households /." Lyngby : Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, 2002. http://www2.er.dtu.dk/publications/fulltext/2002/MR2002-142.pdf.
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Linton, Thomas. "Forecasting hourly electricity consumption for sets of households using machine learning algorithms." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186592.
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To address inefficiency, waste, and the negative consequences of electricity generation, companies and government entities are looking to behavioural change among residential consumers. To drive behavioural change, consumers need better feedback about their electricity consumption. A monthly or quarterly bill provides the consumer with almost no useful information about the relationship between their behaviours and their electricity consumption. Smart meters are now widely dispersed in developed countries and they are capable of providing electricity consumption readings at an hourly resolution, but this data is mostly used as a basis for billing and not as a tool to assist the consumer in reducing their consumption. One component required to deliver innovative feedback mechanisms is the capability to forecast hourly electricity consumption at the household scale. The work presented by this thesis is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a selection of kernel based machine learning methods at forecasting the hourly aggregate electricity consumption for different sized sets of households. The work of this thesis demonstrates that k-Nearest Neighbour Regression and Gaussian process Regression are the most accurate methods within the constraints of the problem considered. In addition to accuracy, the advantages and disadvantages of each machine learning method are evaluated, and a simple comparison of each algorithms computational performance is made.För att ta itu med ineffektivitet, avfall, och de negativa konsekvenserna av elproduktion så vill företag och myndigheter se beteendeförändringar bland hushållskonsumenter. För att skapa beteendeförändringar så behöver konsumenterna bättre återkoppling när det gäller deras elförbrukning. Den nuvarande återkopplingen i en månads- eller kvartalsfaktura ger konsumenten nästan ingen användbar information om hur deras beteenden relaterar till deras konsumtion. Smarta mätare finns nu överallt i de utvecklade länderna och de kan ge en mängd information om bostäders konsumtion, men denna data används främst som underlag för fakturering och inte som ett verktyg för att hjälpa konsumenterna att minska sin konsumtion. En komponent som krävs för att leverera innovativa återkopplingsmekanismer är förmågan att förutse elförbrukningen på hushållsskala. Arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling är en utvärdering av noggrannheten hos ett urval av kärnbaserad maskininlärningsmetoder för att förutse den sammanlagda förbrukningen för olika stora uppsättningar av hushåll. Arbetet i denna avhandling visar att "k-Nearest Neighbour Regression" och "Gaussian Process Regression" är de mest exakta metoder inom problemets begränsningar. Förutom noggrannhet, så görs en utvärdering av fördelar, nackdelar och prestanda hos varje maskininlärningsmetod.
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Yust, Becky Love. "Energy use by households in a rural area of the Philippines /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944211661.
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Araújo, Carla Alexandra Rodrigues. "Tobacco consumption in Mozambique: regional differences and the impact of internal migrations." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55438.
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Araújo, Carla Alexandra Rodrigues. "Tobacco consumption in Mozambique: regional differences and the impact of internal migrations." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55438.
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Godbolt, Åsne Lund. "Market, Money and Morals : The Ambiguous Shaping of Energy Consumption in Norwegian Households." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27264.
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This thesis explores the energy consumption and energy efficiency efforts of Norwegian households. How do consumers relate to energy consumption, and how do they make sense of energy efficiency issues? In order to understand the dynamics of household energy consumption in relation to the surrounding context, these matters are investigated from different perspectives, representing policymakers, economists and consumers. This involves an analysis of the political-economic shaping of energy consumption and an investigation of how households think and act with respect to their energy use. The thesis demonstrates that there is a gap between policymakers´ and consumers´ understanding of energy consumption, which makes energy efficiency policies less effective. Another important finding is that households seem to be motivated for energy efficiency by arguments focusing on climate change, comfort and convenience rather than on purely economic concerns. The four research papers, which take different approaches to this area of concern , draw an ambiguous picture of public and private efforts to increase energy efficiency in Norwegian households. The first article shows how consumers were expected to act in relation to electricity consumption over a period of 30 years. The second paper investigates how energy consumption is framed, from the perspectives of both economists and consumers. It analyzes, especially, consumer responses with respect to the intentions of the electricity market, and examines the ways in which consumers view themselves as market actors (or not). The third article compares Norwegian energy cultures in the early 1990s and the late 2000s. It argues that global warming has changed the symbolic domestication of energy consumption. Finally, the fourth paper examines the sense-making processes of households through the concept of “ethos,” which refers to a set of guiding beliefs or values. This paper shows the importance of moral arguments when consumers deal with energy issues in their everyday lives.Denne avhandlingen utforsker energibruk og energieffektivitet i norske husholdninger: Hva kjennetegner norske husholdningers energiforståelse? For å fange dynamikken i husholdningers energiatferd i sammenheng med omgivelsene rundt, undersøkes temaet fra både politikeres, økonomers og forbrukeres perspektiver. Jeg har analysert den politisk-økonomiske formingen av energibruk i norske husholdninger og undersøkt forbrukernes praksis og holdninger til eget energiforbruk og tiltak for energieffektivisering. Avhandlingen viser at det er stor avstand mellom forbrukernes og politikernes/ekspertenes forståelse av energibruk og energieffektivitet. Dette må ses som en viktig årsak til at politiske energieffektiviseringstiltak rettet mot husholdninger så langt ikke har vært mer vellykket. Et annet sentralt funn er at husholdningsforbrukere motiveres til energieffektivisering i større grad av argumenter orientert mot miljø, klima og komfort enn av økonomiske hensyn. De fire artiklene har ulike tilnærminger til temaet og tegner et sammensatt bilde av husholdningers energibruk. Den første artikkelen tar for seg hvordan norske politikere konstruerte husholdningsforbrukere over en 30-års periode (1975-2006), og viser hvordan forbrukere er forventet å oppføre seg i forhold til strømforbruk. Den andre artikkelen gir innsikt i hvordan energiøkonomer og forbrukere rammer inn energibruk på ulike vis. Analysen legger særlig vekt på forbrukerreaksjoner sett i lys av intensjonene ved kraftmarkedet, og undersøker i hvilken grad forbrukere anser seg selv som markedsaktører (eller ikke). Den tredje artikkelen utforsker dynamikken i energibruk og energieffektivitet over en 20-års periode, og sammenligner norske energikulturer i 1991-1995 og 2006-2009. Artikkelen drøfter hvorvidt fokuset på global oppvarming har endret domestiseringen av energibruk, både når det gjelder holdninger og praksis. Fjerde og siste artikkel undersøker hvordan husholdninger forstår energibruk gjennom konseptet ”etos”, som refererer til et sett med verdier og oppfatninger. Denne artikkelen viser at moralske argumenter spiller en viktig rolle i forbrukernes forståelser av energibruk og energieffektivitet i hverdagen
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Wang, Xinfang. "Understanding the drivers behind high energy consumption within UK households : an interdisciplinary approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-the-drivers-behind-high-energy-consumption-within-uk-households-an-interdisciplinary-approach(71175561-bde0-4b90-977d-a5dbca5b72ed).html.
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Anthropogenic climate change is a global problem that affects every country and each individual. The UK introduced its own carbon budgets, aiming to reduce its GHGs by 80% by 2050 compared with 1990 levels. The United Nations Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015 came to an agreement on limiting the global average temperature rise to "well below 2oC". It has been argued that the Paris Agreement requires deeper and more rapid emission reductions than current UK targets. The CO2 emissions from energy use by households account for almost a third of total CO2 emissions in the UK in recent years. The research aims to explore drivers of high energy consumption in order to identify where there may be intervention points that can achieve a greater level of emission reductions than conventional policy tools in the short to medium term. Previous studies have focused on either socioeconomic factors or practices to explore household energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but have not integrated both aspects to identify drivers behind high energy consumption. To address this gap in the literature, the research applies an interdisciplinary approach to analyse the interconnected factors impacting on household energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Socioeconomic characteristics and practice theory are combined in order to understand how and why energy is consumed at home, and specifically to explore high energy consumption and related CO2 emissions at the household level. Both quantitative cluster analyses based on household socioeconomic factors and qualitative data collection and thematic analyses on energy-related practices at home have been conducted in the research. Results indicate that various combinations of socioeconomic factors and dwelling-related characteristics can collectively lead to high CO2 emissions from energy use at home. Nonetheless, these characteristics cannot fully explain why some households are high emitters, as they still share a variety of similar characteristics with average households in the UK. Besides household socioeconomic factors and dwelling-related characteristics, the materials, procedure and meanings of practices; people's discursive and practical consciousness; and dominant meanings of the home, also collectively influence energy use at home. Policymakers should consider not only improving the energy efficiency of the dwelling and appliances, but also how people's hidden knowledge and routines allow or constrain the performance of energy-related practices, as well as how the existing meanings of practices and dominant meanings of the home can be supported with less energy input and associated CO2 emissions. Energy efficiency related policies could focus more on how to reduce the interruption to people's everyday lives and the level of space loss. Policymakers could also work with different stakeholders, such as local authorities and community groups to tackle the challenges of installation of double gazing, cavity wall and roof insulation in the private rented sector. Policies for promoting renewable electricity micro-generation in the UK can target more effectively the high emitters who are at home most weekdays, as they can be more flexible in rearranging their use of appliances in daily routines and potentially reduce energy consumption during the peak time. In addition to combining a novel range of approaches and perspectives to understanding energy use at home, the research makes a contribution to achieving deeper and more rapid emission reductions in the short to medium term in the UK by focusing on the drivers behind high energy consumption at home than average energy consumption in general.
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Scott, Anna Kathrine. "Towards sustainable consumption : understanding the adoption and practice of environmental actions in households." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10334/.
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Securing public participation in environmental actions (EAs) such as recycling as a means of making progress towards sustainable consumption is a central issue in UK environmental policy. Participation in EAs has typically been studied from the individual perspective, thereby ignoring the relevance of the social context of the household. This thesis advances understanding of the adoption and practice of EAs from the household perspective. A qualitative -research approach is taken, utilising focus groups with 29 households within a constructivist grounded theory methodology. In terms of theoretical contributions, the unlinked literatures on participation in EAs and household decision making are integrated in light of the research findings resulting in a conceptual framework of the adoption and practice of EAs in households which is grounded in the data. This framework considers EAs in isolation and patterns across EA repertoires and is applicable to the variety of commonly-promoted EAs and household types and different levels of engagement in EAs. Elements of the framework include the multiple units which drive EA adoption and are responsible for EA practice; the situational, household and individual characteristics which shape these units; the multiple routes to EA practice and their tentative differentiation in terms of desirability from a policy perspective; factors facilitating the maintenance of repetitive EAs; types and means of socialisation influence from a leader to other individuals; from where and how knowledge for action is acquired and transmitted through the household; and communication within the household about EAs. Particular empirical contributions include the recognition of the decoupling of attitudes towards an EA and behaviour as a result of factors pertaining to the social context of the household; a new understanding of motivation to engage in EAs relating to how a leader's motivation is established in the first instance and then transferred to other household members; and the recognition that specialised roles relating to EA adoption and practice may be taken up gradually. In terms of methodological contributions, the literatures on focus groups and qualitative family research are integrated to coin the term 'household focus group'. To produce the necessary detail, an original interview activity involving the diagrammatic representation of EA adoption and practice is developed, which is extended into an original means of data analysis involving detailed visual representations of the processes within the household.
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Dupont, de Rivaltz Cédric Evenor Jackson John D. "The impact of tobacco taxation on cigarette consumption: a case study of France." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%2012-15-07/DUPONT_DE_25.pdf.
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Tyler, Richard Eric. "Young people, tobacco and cannabis : social and place-based complexities in co-consumption." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/young-people-tobacco-and-cannabis(5d3e1f94-8ca3-4c9b-8b52-07dd3237ec65).html.
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Young people are considered to be a key market for the tobacco industry and are therefore vital targets for public health intervention. Current estimates in the UK suggest that more than 200,000 young people under the age of 16 try tobacco smoking each year. As tobacco and cannabis use share the common method of consumption through burning and inhaling smoke, the link between these two substance has drawn a growing focus from researchers. However little is known about the interplay of these two behaviours with specific gaps centring on the risk factors of co-consumption and an awareness of how young people’s own beliefs about cannabis and tobacco co-use drives these interconnected behaviours. There is also a particular absence of literature on place-based practices (e.g. contexts and locations of use) of cannabis and tobacco and how one substance may be used as a result of nuanced aspects of the other. Responding to these gaps, this thesis examines the complexity and inter-connected practices of tobacco and cannabis use among young people in two empirical studies. First, the prevalence of co-consumption is investigated via an online questionnaire with 4,499 11-16 year olds in 12 secondary schools. Second, in a complimentary study, in-depth interviews conducted with 51 adolescents aged 12-19 in two youth club settings explore narratives of use. Results illustrate that co-consumers may not report using tobacco in surveys unless they use tobacco specifically for cigarettes and that young people may rationalise cannabis use due to a lack of evidence indicating that cannabis is unsafe. Results also suggest that cannabis users may deliberately smoke tobacco cigarettes in order to conceal their cannabis use in public settings and this demonstrates the need for a focus on place-based practices alongside individual reasoning for co-use. The thesis extends a small body of research outside of the UK indicating that despite negative attitudes towards tobacco and an avoidance of acknowledging their own involvement with tobacco, young cannabis users may continue to use tobacco because it plays an important role in facilitating cannabis use.
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Kukla, Christopher. "Lost in transition? : an exploration of attempts to reduce energy consumption by UK households." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812061/.
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As significant energy consumers, UK households need to reduce their energy use if the UK is to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets. Low levels of engagement and adoption rates of energy curtailment measures need to be overcome. Policies perceived as ‘fair’ can increase levels of engagement and acceptability. This thesis explores how households approach reducing their own energy use, the reductions they can achieve and any existing barriers. Households’ perception of what is ‘fair’ in the context of energy reductions is explored based on households' own experiences of energy reduction. Households recruited from the South East of England participated in a mixed-methods study attempting to reduce their energy use over a 12-month period. Provided with estimates of their carbon footprints and a comparison to the UK average, the participants discussed their energy use, reductions and perceptions of how reductions could be encouraged fairly. Participants’ energy use was something of an enigma, as were the associated GHG emissions. However, its use was protected and seen as ‘acceptable’ and ‘necessary’ for them to be comfortable in their day-to-day lives. Reducing their energy use was seen as possible and acceptable in areas of energy use viewed as ‘wasteful’ or ‘unnecessary’. While seen as possible, these targets were not necessarily achievable, with 50 per cent of the participants making measurable reductions, and 50 per cent unable to. Energy reductions of ten per cent were seen as possible, even by those unable to reduce, with little scope to move beyond this as participants did not know what they should or could do next. To move forward participants viewed fairness as important, citing energy reductions needing to be a valid, legitimate aim of society; with required reductions being achievable, supported by information, and placing the burden of responsibility on those who use the most.
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Klöfver, Gunnar. "Investigating the future of fixed broadband in Swedish households : How technological and behavioral development will affect the fixed broadband consumption in Swedish households." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189144.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how fixed broadband will be used in Swedish households in a 3-6-year perspective. Internet is becoming more and more integrated in peoples everyday lives. Internet is utilized for communication, entertainment and businesses to mention a few, and the areas of use are continuously expanding. How this expansion might affect the household usage patterns and what these possible changes will require from a fixed broadband connection are continuous questions in need of investigation to ensure that ISPs are able to provide services in line with market demand. By studying Internet adoption and consumption behavioral trends combined with development of fixed broadband up until present day, the thesis will serve as a basis for what the future might hold. These findings were then complemented with insights from market active experts together with adjacent research on future broadband connectivity, and compiled into a possible projection for fixed Swedish household broadband. The findings show that, with increasing societal integration, Internet is commonly viewed more and more as a commodity; a societal necessity rather than an, as previously viewed, additional service. Furthermore, the increasing speed trend remains but might wane within 10 years as development further than so, with consistent rate, will heavily exceed any imaginable future bandwidth utilization. Consequently, the idea of a normalized broadband, sufficient for the vast majority of household consumers is discussed as possibility from a 3-6 year perspective.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka, i ett 3-6 års perspektiv, hur fast bredband kommer att användas i svenska hushåll. Internet är allt mer integrerat i vårt dagliga liv. Internet används för kommunikation, underhållning och företagande för att nämna några exempel, och användningsområdena är ständigt växande. Hur denna expansion kan påverka hushållens användningsmönster och vad dessa eventuella förändringar kommer att kräva från en fast bredbandsanslutning är kontinuerliga frågor i behov av utredning för att se till att Internetleverantörer kan tillhandahålla tjänster i linje med marknadens efterfrågan. Genom att studera Internetvanor och konsumtionstrender i kombination med utvecklingen av fast bredband fram till idag, skapades en grund för vad framtiden skulle kunna medföra. Dessa slutsatser kompletteras sedan med insikt från marknadsaktiva experter samt med närliggande forskning om framtida bredbandsanvändning, och sammanställdes till en trolig prognos för fast bredband i svenska hushåll. Resultaten visar att med ökande samhällsintegration, ses Internet allt mer som en grundläggande samhällstjänst snarare än en, som det hittills betraktats, privat tilläggstjänst som man väljer eller avstår ifrån av olika anledningar. Utvecklingen mot ännu snabbare bredband fortsätter, men bör avta inom 10 år då utveckling längre än så i samma takt kommer grovt överskrida all tänkbar framtida bandbreddsutnyttjande. Följaktligen diskuteras möjligheten av ett normaliserat bredband, omfattande nog för majoriteten av alla hushållsanvändare inom ett 3-6 års perspektiv.
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Roberts, Erin Mared. "Reducing energy consumption in everyday life : a study of landscapes of energy consumption in rural households and communities in North Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/95669/.
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Despite governmental efforts to constrain residential energy consumption over recent decades, energy use within our homes accounts for a third of overall British energy use, and its share is steadily rising. Much of the existing academic and policy literature surrounding household energy consumption has revolved around developing more energy efficient technologies and buildings, as well as encouraging households to purchase those more efficient technologies. Conversely, less attention has been paid to the ways in which these technologies and homes are actually used, and how this influences a household’s energy consumption. Understanding how and why people use energy in the ways that they do, and how this varies according to spatial and temporal context, is critical to gaining an insight into the ways in which we might foster change and ultimately reduce domestic energy demand. In particular, this thesis sheds light on the dynamics of household energy demand in the rural sphere. This thesis draws on the accounts of 11 households in ‘deep’ rural Gwynedd that were recruited on the basis of their composition, ranging from single-person households, young families and emptying nests, in order to explore how consumption practices are patterned through the lifecourse. By employing practice theory, and combining it with concepts from geographical and life-course perspectives; the thesis produces rich, spatio-temporal and relational accounts of how household energy use has changed – or remained the same - through time. This necessarily meant engaging with things that matter to people – be that through valued relationships with places, significant others or with things. The ways in which we consume are necessarily connected to ideas about who to be and how to live, and as such, may be deeply connected to people’s identities. This has particular implications for policy interventions in that practices bound up with valued identities and ideals may prove resistant to change.
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Orendáčová, Jana. "Statistika spotřeby obyvatelstva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9230.
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Main goal of the diploma thesis is to describe household consumption and its survey in the Czech Republic not only from the macroeconomic but mainly from the microeconomic standpoint. Consumption expenditures are the main subject of many long-term analysis and forecasts which help by implementation of economic and politcal precautions. In connection with the historical development of statistic as a scientific disciplin there is also a significant stress on a methodical development of household budget surveys which examine consumption expenditures of different social groups and household types. After the analysis of development and structure of household consumption surveyed by National Accounts and Household Budget Surveys the attention is given also to household consumption in member states of the European Union among which is also the Czech Republic.
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Rudy, Robert Jarrett. "Manly smokes : tobacco consumption and the construction of identities in industrial Montreal, 1888-1914." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37910.
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This dissertation explores the cultural practice of smoking and its connection to social relations from the beginning of cigarette mass production in Montreal in 1888 to the First World War. It uncovers the norms of smoking etiquette and taste, their roots in gender, class and race relations and their use in reproducing these power relationships. It argues that these prescriptions reflected and served to legitimize beliefs about inclusion, exclusion and hierarchy that were at the core of nineteenth century liberalism. Liberal ideals of self-control and rationality structured the ritual of smoking: from the purchase of tobacco; to who was to smoke; to how one was supposed to smoke; to where one smoked. These prescriptions served to normalize the exclusion of women from the definition of the liberal individual and to justify the subordination of the poor and cultural minorities. Furthermore, even while these prescriptions were at their height, an emergent group of beliefs began to recast notions of respectable smoking around new ideals of speed and ungendered universality. This challenge was not only part of the transition from bourgeois to mass consumption, it was the roots of a transformation of the liberal order in the years previous to the First World War.
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Lidón, Moyano Cristina. "Evaluation of the impact of Spanish smoking legislation on tobacco consumption and passive exposure." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462808.
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In Spain, two smoke-free laws have been passed after the approval of the FCTC. In 2005, it came into effect a smoke-free legislation (Law 28/2005). This law was a great advance for public health in Spain; however, it was not complete in terms of health protection to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure because it allowed smoking in hospitality sectors according to size of venues. The scientific evaluation of this law showed the need to promote a total ban and motivate the modification of the law in 2010 (Law 42/2010), extending the smoke-free regulation to all hospitality venues without exception and to some outdoors areas, including hospital premises, educational campuses, and playgrounds.
The objectives of this doctoral thesis were: To assess the impact of the Spanish smoking legislations (Law 28/2005 and Law 42/2010) on tobacco epidemic (changes in consumption, dependence, motivation to quit and smoking cessation) among smokers of a general population cohort through self-reported information and biomarkers. To evaluate the impact of the Spanish tobacco control legislation on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (self-reported and according to levels of cotinine in saliva) on non-smokers in a cohort population. To analyze the changes in the pattern of passive smoking of the non-smokers (displacement of exposure at workplace and leisure time to home) according to age, sex, and socioeconomic level. To analyze the correlation between the implementation of tobacco control policies and tobacco consumption, particularly rolling tobacco, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) users and the intent to quit smoking in 27 countries of the European Union. To describe the acceptability of the recently implemented tobacco products regulations and to explore their relation with tobacco control legislation levels in Europe.
The results of this doctoral thesis has been conducted through seven scientific articles, four of them published in journals indexed in Web of Science and three of them in peer review in journals indexed in Web of Science (please see the Section Scientific Articles of this thesis). Moreover, during my training in this doctoral thesis I got involved in other two articles one published and the other in peer review, both in journals indexed in Web of Science.
In conclusion, the implementation of the two smoke-free legislations in Spain is related to a reduction in smoking prevalence and SHS exposure (either using salivary cotinine concentrations or information on self-reported exposure). However, the consumption of other tobacco products, particularly hand-rolled tobacco, has increased specially among young population. A significant increase was found in the salivary cotinine concentration among adult continuing smokers after both Spanish legislations. After the implementation of the two Spanish smoke-free bans, the main setting of SHS is in the leisure time and in work, where most of the exposed ones declared expending most of the time outdoor and not having specific areas for smokers. However, cotinine concentrations in non-smokers were significantly higher only among those declaring exposure to SHS at home after both legislations. The implementation of the two smoke-free legislations in Spain is related to an increasing of voluntary adoption of smoke-free homes (SFH) rules, in particular with an increase in complete SFH rules. In addition, we observed an association between complete indoor SFH adoption and the perceived risk of SHS exposure. In addition, great support for the studied tobacco products regulations was found which were positively related with European tobacco control levels of implementation at both ecological and individual levels.
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Abu-Bakar, Aznan. "Consumption smoothing and financial intermediation among agricultural households in LDCs, a synthesis of recent literature." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ36386.pdf.
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Hitchcock, Guy St John. "The human dimension of domestic energy use : an integrated approach." Thesis, n.p, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Mchakulu, Mphatso Grace. "Rural Malawi households' environmental concern and consciousness about appropriate energy consumption practices amidst prevailing socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77847.
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Malawi rural households’ dependence on fuelwood as a form of energy and as a source of income is contributing to alarming rates of deforestation in the country with detrimental consequences for climate change. This study targeted two of the rural areas in the southern part of Malawi, worst affected by climate change in recent years. The study aimed to generate empirical evidence of households’ energy consumption as a consequence of their way of life, and to gather evidence of their practical- and discursive consciousness concerning sustainable consumption practices and climate change as pre-requisites to facilitate and promote behavioural change. This research was conducted in three sequential phases. Phase 1 entailed a quantitative survey that involved 231 non randomly selected households from two rural areas, namely Balaka and Phalombe, in the south of Malawi. Questionnaires were completed in interview format, facilitated by trained research assistants following a pre-test in a nearby village. Phase 2 entailed focus group discussions with selected members from phase 1, to allow opportunity for discussion of main topics. Phase 3 involved the contribution of government officials and important role players to share their views about environmental issues, the issue of indiscriminate deforestation and use of energy sources by communities.
Results show that biomass, including fuelwood, is still the predominant source of energy that most rural households use for diverse activities because other sources of energy are either inaccessible, or too expensive. Negative consequences such as respiratory problems caused
by smoke inhalation are therefore common among females and children who are constantly exposed to toxic substances that are present in the air in their homes and immediate surrounds. The wood that is used, is mostly collected by females who perform this tedious task almost daily, collecting from nearby woodlots and forests, further aggravating deforestation.
Households’ practical consciousness of sustainable energy consumption practices seem fairly good and their discursive consciousness, specifically with regard to the effect of climate change on rainfall patterns, micro- and macro factors that are responsible for climate change, are fairly impressive. This may be attributed to first-hand experience of the environmental challenges that they have experienced in recent years. Unfortunately, lack of knowledge concerning the implications of their behaviour in terms of the economic growth of the country, as well as nearby countries’ well-being, confirm the complexity of the phenomenon that may be difficult for them to comprehend. Concerted effort is thus required by local- and Governmental bodies to educate and empower communities socially and economically, also to supply safer sources of energy to replace what they are obliged to use presently. Rural households are struggling financially and will not be able to adapt their behavioral practices without the premeditated support of government and relevant role players who have an interest in environmental issues and who have the well-being of Malawi citizens at heart.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Bohlmann, Jessika Andreina. "Evaluating the impacts of energy and environmental policy on South African households." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76004.
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This thesis investigates how different policies and measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions – i.e. carbon tax and energy efficiency policies – in South Africa will affect South African households. The contribution of this study lies with evaluating South African households at a disaggregated income level from low to high-income appreciating the fact that households at different levels are impacted differently by the implementation of policies at national level. In order to evaluate such impacts, the study started with profiling the households’ electricity consumption patterns in South Africa through the years and comparing them with the rest of the world. The next objective was to comprehend – implementing an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric model – the determinants of electricity consumption of the residential sector in the country. Finally, by using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), the study examined various policy scenarios designed to reduce emissions and its effects on different households, particularly the low-income ones that do not have the capital to absorb the impacts. The results showed that low-income households are affected differently than the rest of South African households by the national policies implemented to reduce CO2 emissions and combat climate change. However, given the way the carbon tax and energy efficiency policies are designed, low-income households should be affected minimally.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Economics
PhD (Economics)
Unrestricted
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Bauer, Michael, Andrea Höltl, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Greener households? The effectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy consumption levels in the DACH region." WIT Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5886/1/SDP130209f.pdf.
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With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy
efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for
providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give
individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates
through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on
the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded
that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this
region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered
to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.
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Jibril, Ghazali Ado. "Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure among the Six Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6101.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study examined the trends in household consumption expenditure among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria within the context of Engel's law of consumption. The study specifically set out to achieve the following objectives: to determine the trends in household consumption expenditure in Nigeria; to examine the food, health, education and non-food expenditures of households in Nigeria; to estimate the food share of total household expenditure through the estimation of the Engel curve for the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria; to determine if there are consumption economies of scale among households by estimating the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve; and, to examine consumption inequality among households in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The study used the Nigeria General Household Survey data wave 1 (2010-2011) and wave 2 (2012-2013) to estimate the Working-Leser form of the Engel curve to determine households' budget share for food consumption and the scale of consumption among the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The study used the Gini coefficient to measure consumption inequality among and between the six geopolitical zones.
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Strychar, Irene. "The relationship between learning, health beliefs, weight gain, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use of pregnant women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29241.
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Understanding how women learn during pregnancy is the foundation for planning prenatal education programs. To date, adult educators have not investigated, in any depth, the learning process during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine learning during pregnancy and relate this learning to learning outcomes. The principal research questions were: "What are the learning patterns of pregnant women?" and "What is the relationship between learning and health behavior of pregnant women?"
It is unknown whether learning during pregnancy is directly associated with behavior or mediated through health beliefs. The objectives of this research were to identify pregnant women's health behaviors, learning patterns, and health beliefs. The three health behaviors examined in this study were eating, drinking, and smoking. These behaviors were operationalized in terms of their outcomes: weight gain, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use. These factors are amenable to an education intervention and are behavioral risk factors associated with low birth weight. The process of investigating learning patterns consisted of identifying: what was learned during the pregnancy, which resources were utilized, what advice was given, what amount of time was spent in learning, who initiated the learning episodes, and what learning transaction types emerged. Determining learning transaction types was based upon an adaptation of Tough's (1979) concept of planners and Knowles's concept of self-directed learners. The process of investigating health beliefs consisted of identifying pregnant women's concerns, perceived risk, perceived use of the information, and perceived barriers, defined according to an adaptation of the Health Belief Model. The principal hypotheses of the study were: (1) self-initiated learning will be positively correlated with knowledge scores, (2) self-initiated learning will be positively correlated with ideal health behaviors, and (3) health beliefs will be positively correlated with ideal health behaviors: ideal weight gain during pregnancy, reduced alcohol consumption, and reduced cigarette smoking.
The research, an ex post facto design, involved a one hour structured interview with women within the week following delivery of their infants in hospital. A proportional sample of 120 primigravidas was selected from seven hospitals with average number of monthly births greater than 100. Reporting of results was based upon 120 interviews conducted as part of the main sample and eight interviews conducted during the pilot study. Pilot responses were included because these responses were similar to responses provided by the main sample, with the exception of health belief data. One case was excluded from the sample, making for N = 127.
Data analyses were based upon the entire sample N = 127, with the exception of health belief measures. Since alcohol and smoking health belief questions were administered to drinkers and smokers and since health belief measures related to weight gain, alcohol, and smoking were missing data, health belief analyses were based upon N=123 for weight gain, N = 88 for alcohol, and N = 43 for smoking.
Women had spent an average of forty-one hours learning about weight gain, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use during pregnancy. The principal resources used were: reading materials, physicians, family members, and prenatal classes. The majority of pregnant women had engaged in other-initiated learning episodes in the one to one setting, that is with a health professional, family member, or friend. Self-initiated learning about weight gain was associated with higher knowledge scores and ideal prenatal weight gain (p≤0.05); and, weight gain health beliefs were negatively correlated with ideal prenatal weight gain (p≤0.05). Finding a negative correlation, in contrast to the predicted positive correlation, may have been due to the fact that in a retrospective study the behavior precipitated reporting of health beliefs. Other-initiated learning about alcohol was associated with higher knowledge scores and reduced alcohol intake (p≤0.05); however, alcohol health beliefs were not associated with reduced alcohol intake. For smoking, neither self-initiated nor other-initiated learning was associated with knowledge scores or reduced cigarette smoking; however, a low degree of perceived risk was predictive of reduced cigarette smoking (p≤0.05). Knowledge about tobacco use was positively correlated with health beliefs, suggesting that learning may be indirectly related to smoking behaviors.
This study contributes to the knowledge about learning during pregnancy by providing a descriptive profile of learning patterns during pregnancy, and by examining the relationship between learning, health beliefs, and behavior. Fostering a learning environment which stimulates self-initiated learning may assist women reach ideal weight gain during pregnancy. For alcohol, encouraging health professionals, family members, and friends to initiate learning about the hazards of consuming alcohol during pregnancy seems warranted. Self-initiated learning may not be superior to other-initiated learning but may be topic specific, due to the nature of the health behaviors examined. Identification of women's smoking health beliefs seems warranted during prenatal education. Further research is required to better understand the role of learning with respect to changing smoking behaviors during pregnancy.Education, Faculty of
Educational Studies (EDST), Department of
Graduate
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Schmitz, Hendrik [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Madlener, and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Lorz. "Energy consumption behavior of private households: heterogeneity, prosuming, and rebound / Hendrik Schmitz ; Reinhard Madlener, Jens Oliver Lorz." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1235336506/34.
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Watanabe, Mariko. "The impact of the public housing policy on household behaviour in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20577217.
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Havugimana, Léonce. "IDENTIFYING UNUSUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS : Using Inductive Conformal Anomaly Detection approach." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20220.
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Robitaille, Jean. "Valuation of household production time : conceptual and empirical refinements of the standard opportunity cost of time methodology /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924919.
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Del, Guercio Fausto Martins Fontes 1984. "Efeitos da composição do domicílio no consumo de energia elétrica : os casos de Lucas do Rio Verde, Santarém e Altamira." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279574.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Álvaro de Oliveira D'AntonaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho insere-se no campo de pesquisa de População e Ambiente e avalia a influência da composição do domicílio no consumo doméstico de energia, tanto total, quanto per capita. O aspecto priorizado é a heterogeneidade das características demográficas dos filhos ¿ idade e sexo - e o uso energético. A hipótese principal é a de que quanto mais diferirem estas características ¿ por exemplo, maior a diferença de idades e número de alternâncias de sexo nos nascimentos ¿ maior tende a ser o consumo de energia, via alocação em diferentes dormitórios e diminuição na utilização de bens de uso comum (luz elétrica, por exemplo). A fonte de dados utilizada foi o conjunto de 1499 questionários sociodemográficos aplicados em Lucas do Rio Verde-MT, Santarém-PA e Altamira-PA, parte do projeto Desflorestamento da Amazônia e Estrutura das Unidades Domésticas, uma parceria entre o Núcleo de Estudos de População Elza Berquó da Universidade de Campinas (NEPO/UNICAMP) e o Anthropological Center for Training and Research da Universidade de Indiana (ACT/IU). Para verificação das hipóteses foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla, relacionando média e desvio padrão da idade dos filhos, diferença de idade entre o filho mais novo e mais velho, número de alterações de sexo nos nascimentos, densidade de filhos por dormitório e índice de Shannon. Os resultados mostraram que há efeitos no consumo de energia dado o maior grau da heterogeneidade das características demográficas dos filhos, mas que este efeito se manifesta principalmente pelo aumento do número de dormitórios e consequente perda de economia de escala, não aparecendo de forma direta nos coeficientes das equações encontradas. O trabalho mostra, também, que é pertinente a realização de pesquisas na área de população e ambiente sem a ênfase no volume e no crescimento populacional, dando continuidade à análise da variável consumo, já verificada em parte da literatura na área
Abstract: This study is part of the Population and Environment field and evaluates the influence of household composition in the household energy consumption, both as a total and per capita. The highlighted focus is on the heterogeneity of the demographic characteristics of children - age and sex - and energy use. The main hypothesis is that the more these characteristics vary - for instance, the higher the age difference and number of changes in the sex of born children - the higher will be the energy consumption, considering that children are likely to be allocated in different rooms, yielding a lower share of common utilities (such as electricity). Data source was provided by a set of 1499 socio- demographic questionnaires applied in three Brazilian municipalities - Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Santarém, PA, and Altamira PA - as part of the project Amazon Deforestation and Household Structure, a collaborative research between Núcleo de Estudos Elza Berquó, from the University of Campinas (NEPO/UNICAMP) and the Anthropological Center for Training and Research from the University of Indiana (ACT/IU). Hypothesis verification was made using multiple linear regression, relating mean and standard deviation of the age of children, the age difference between the youngest and the oldest child, number of sex alternations in births, child density per room, and the Shannon index. Results show that energy consumption is affected due to the higher grade of heterogeneity in the demographic characteristics of children, but such effect is mostly noticeable in the number of rooms and the consequent loss of economy scale. However, it is not directly observed in the coefficient of the resulting equations. This work also shows that it is possible to conduct research in the population and environment field without having to include population volume and growth, by keeping the analysis of the variable consumption, which has already been validated by other studies in the field
Mestrado
Demografia
Mestre em Demografia
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Gross, Isaac. "Essays on macroeconomics and household heterogeneity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67b69f93-f399-49f3-8e1c-b38b1b67bab1.
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The goal of this thesis is to explore how household heterogeneity propagates and amplifies macroeconomic shocks within the economy using both economic theory and empirical data. The assumption of a single "representative" household has been a mainstay of macroeconomic research over the past half-century. However recent work suggests that not only is there a considerable degree of heterogeneity among households, but that these differences have a significant impact on a range of macroeconomic issues such as the e?ectiveness of fiscal stimulus (Kaplan et al., 2014; Broda and Parker, 2014), monetary policy (Auclert, 2017; Kaplan et al., 2016), the housing market (Attanasio et al., 2012; Blundell et al., 2008; Guerrieri and Iacoviello, 2017; Ngai et al., 2016; Mian et al., 2013), consumption (Ahn et al., 2017a; Blundell and Preston, 1998; Campbell and Cocco, 2007; Engelhardt, 1996) and employment (Ravn and Sterk, 2016; McKay and Reis, 2016; Abo-Zaid, 2013a) among many others. This literature has highlighted how households respond differently to aggregate shocks or changes in policy and how simply aggregating or averaging across them can obscure important truths about the economy. However, relaxing this assumption poses several challenges. The first is choosing the degree and manner in which households di?er. While in reality households can differ along many dimensions, in practice it is only feasible to include a small number of these in any given model. Thus one must choose the most salient dimensions along which households differ and the structural reasons behind such differences. For example, when examining the dynamics behind the housing market is it important to model differences in income, wealth, age, tastes or composition? No single model will be able to incorporate all these differences and so it is incumbent on researchers to proritise and justify their choices. In this thesis I will show why household heterogeneity in the housing and labour markets is both empirically relevant and an important consideration when considering the problem of optimal policy. The second challenge is a computational one. While models can be structured such that differentiated households make identical decisions, in general these differences will cause choices, and thus outcomes, across households to diverge. This produces a non-degenerate distribution of households across their specific state variables. This raises the problem of how this potentially infinite-dimension distribution is incorporated within the model. Previous literature has developed a range of options for handling this problem including approximating the distribution with a small handful of moments (Krusell and Smith, 1998) and approximating it with projection and perturbation methods (Reiter, 2009). In this thesis I will outline two different methods for dealing with this computational problem. The first, set out in Chapter 1, shows how market clearing prices can be feasibly calculated by aggregating over the distribution of households. The second approach involves simulating the model with aggregate uncertainty using numerical derivatives based on impulse response functions. The first chapter of this thesis will examine how heterogeneity in wealth and income affects households' decision to purchase housing and the implications for their consumption of non-durable goods. It constructs an Aiyagari-Bewley-Huggett model in which households are subject to an idiosyncratic income shock and thus hold different amounts of liquid wealth and illiquid housing. I then evaluate how the anticipated changes in household debt associated with the leveraged purchase of housing affect the consumption of non-durable goods. I show that the differences in income and wealth lead to significant variance in marginal propensities to consume among households. I show that households that are saving for a house deposit can have negative marginal propensities to consume as they lower their consumption in anticipation of being credit constrained as the probability that they will buy a house increases. This result has important implications for the design of fiscal policy, as it shows that payments to first time home buyers, which was a common policy response to the Global Financial Crisis, can lead to falls in aggregate consumption rather than stimulating growth. The second and third chapters examine how the combination of heterogeneity in workers' wages and downward nominal wage rigidity affects the transmission and design of different aspects of monetary policy. In Chapter 2 I show that in this environment there is a trade-off between a higher rate of inflation which gives workers more flexibility when setting real wages, at the cost of greater price dispersion in the goods market. After outlining a numerical algorithm to solve the model I use micro-data on the distribution of workers' change in wages to calibrate the nominal wage rigidity. I show that downward nominal wage rigidities bend the Phillips curve constraining the inflation rate from falling in times of low demand. This indicates that an inflation rate that is only moderately below its target can mask large falls in the output gap. Finally, I find that the monetary policy rule can be implemented by placing a higher weight on wage inflation, relative to a symmetric nominal wage rigidity. In Chapter 3 I discuss how downwardly rigid wages can amplify or mitigate the welfare loss caused by the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates and how this varies with the parameterisation of the model. I find that the optimal rate of inflation is increased by the presence of both nominal interest rate and wage rigidities, when modeled either separately or in tandem, and is 3 per cent in the baseline calibration of the model.