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Datta, Biplab Kumar, Muhammad Jami Husain, and Nigar Nargis. "An Intertemporal Analysis of Post-FCTC Era Household Tobacco Consumption in Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142532.
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Since the ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, Pakistan has taken various measures of tobacco control. This study examines how these tobacco control measures are associated with change in household-level tobacco consumption patterns in Pakistan over the decade (2005 to 2016) after FCTC ratification. We used multiple waves of the household survey data of Pakistan from 2004–2005 to 2015–2016 for analyzing household-level tobacco use. We find that tobacco consumption remains at a significantly high level (45.5%) in Pakistan despite the recent declining trend in the post-FCTC era. During the preparatory phase of FCTC implementation between 2005 and 2008, the smoking rate was on the rise, and smokeless tobacco use was declining. Over the implementation phase of FCTC policies between 2008 and 2016, the pattern of change in tobacco use reversed—the smoking rate started to decrease while smokeless tobacco use started to rise. However, the decrease in the smoking rate was slower and the increase in smokeless tobacco use at the national level was driven by an increase among the poor and middle-income households. These trends resulted in the growing burden of tobacco expenditure among the poor and middle-income households relative to the wealthier households.
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Ross, Hana, Leelmanee Moussa, Tom Harris, and Rajive Ajodhea. "The heterogeneous impact of a successful tobacco control campaign: a case study of Mauritius." Tobacco Control 27, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053412.
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BackgroundMauritius has one of the highest smoking prevalences in Africa, contributing to its high burden of non-communicable diseases. Mauritius implemented a series of tobacco control measures from 2009 to 2012, including tobacco tax increases. There is evidence that these policies reduced tobacco consumption, but it is not clear what impact they had across different socioeconomic groups.MethodThe impact of tobacco control measures on different income groups was analysed by contrasting household tobacco expenditures reported in 2006–2007 and 2012 household expenditure surveys. We employed the seemingly unrelated regression model to assess the impact of tobacco use on other household expenditures and calculated Gini coefficients to assess tobacco expenditure inequality.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2012, excise taxes and retail cigarette prices increased by 40.6% and 15.3% in real terms, respectively. These increases were accompanied by numerous non-price tobacco control measures. The share of tobacco-consuming households declined from 35.7% to 29.3%, with the largest relative drop among low-income households. The Gini coefficient of household tobacco expenditures increased by 10.4% due to decreased spending by low-income households. Low-income households demonstrated the largest fall in their tobacco budget shares, and the impact of tobacco consumption on poverty decreased by 26.2%. Households that continued purchasing tobacco reduced their expenditures on transportation, communication, health, and education.ConclusionsThese results suggest that tobacco control policies, including sizeable tax increases, were progressive in their impact. We conclude that tobacco use increases poverty and inequality, but stronger tobacco control policies can mitigate the impact of tobacco use on impoverishment.
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Vladisavljević, Marko, Jovan Zubović, Mihajlo Đukić, and Olivera Jovanović. "Inequality-Reducing Effects of Tobacco Tax Increase: Accounting for Behavioral Response of Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Households in Serbia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 9494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189494.
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While previous research has indicated that increasing tobacco excises is a crucial instrument for lowering tobacco demand, this policy has been criticized for its alleged regressive impact on the poor. However, this critique does not take into account the behavioral response, i.e., decrease in consumption that occurs after excises and prices increase. In this paper, we examine the effect of cigarettes’ price increase on tobacco consumption, household expenditures, and tax burdens in three income groups and provide empirical arguments on the regressivity/progressivity effects of tobacco tax increase. Estimated elasticities indicate that all groups decrease their cigarettes demand with increasing prices, with demand decrease stronger for low- than for middle- and high-income households. Results further suggest that increasing tobacco excises (1) decreases tobacco expenditure of low-income households, which increases their productive consumption, such as on food, clothes, etc., and (2) redistributes the tobacco tax burden from low- to high-income households. Therefore, excise increase policies do not have an adverse effect on the position of the low-income households; on the contrary, they lower their cigarettes expenditure and their tax burden, while lower cigarettes consumption has an additional, positive effect on their health, which attenuates future inequalities.
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Piekut, Marlena. "Determinants of consumption of people aged 70 and more." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1006.
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The purpose of this article is to indicate the hierarchy of factors determining consumption in households of people aged 70 and more. Material consisted of data from a study of household budgets survey for 2012. The present study used the method of canonical correlation analysis. The most important determinants of expenditure in households of people aged 70 and more have proven to be disposable income per capita and the size of the household. More spending on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products were characterized by households in which the head of the household was a man. In households located in rural areas and run by people with primary education reported less spending on services such as communications, recreation and culture.
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Paraje, Guillermo, and Daniel Araya. "Relationship between smoking and health and education spending in Chile." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (October 6, 2017): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053857.
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ObjectiveTo estimate the degree to which tobacco consumption is associated with spending on a set of goods and services in Chile, especially health and education, for the total population as well as for specific subgroups.MethodsA seemingly unrelated regression equation system was used to estimate the statistical relationship between having tobacco expenditures and the budget share allocated to other items for the total population and for specific subgroups in Chile (eg, households within the bottom/top 33% by total expenditures). The use of household-level data allows for the control of a number of sociodemographic characteristics. The nationally representative 2012 Chilean Household Expenditure Survey was used for the analysis.ResultsTobacco consumption is associated with lower budget shares allocated to healthcare, education and housing expenses, especially for poorer households. In the case of health, not consuming tobacco is related to higher health expenditures: up to 32% for the total population. Similarly, in the case of education, not consuming tobacco is statistically related to higher education expenditures: up to 16% for the total population. For all groups, tobacco consumption is also related to a significantly higher budget share allocated to alcoholic beverages.ConclusionsThe strong significant statistical relationship found between tobacco consumption and resources allocated to healthcare and education consumption may be indicative of the existence of a crowding out effect of tobacco. This effect, in turn, may increase the burden that the rest of society must bear for the increased healthcare that they require because of tobacco consumption.
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Nguyen, Ngoc-Minh, and Anh Nguyen. "Crowding-out effect of tobacco expenditure in Vietnam." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (August 26, 2020): s326—s330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055307.
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PurposeThis study aims at analysing the causal crowding-out effect of tobacco spending on intrahousehold budget share in Vietnam. Besides, we also examine the differences in expenditure patterns between tobacco spending households and non-spending households in Vietnam as well as determine the reason behind these differences.MethodsWe estimated a system of quadratic conditional Engel curve to determine intrahousehold resource allocation using the latest Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey data in 2016. In order to estimate the causal crowding-out effect of tobacco spending, GMM 3SLS method is used to simultaneously deal with heteroscedasticity and endogeneity problems.ResultsAlthough the Wald test results propose the difference in preferences between tobacco spending and non-spending households in Vietnam, once controlling for household characteristics, the results from GMM 3SLS method show that the differences are insignificant. Generally, the crowding-out effect of tobacco spending in Vietnamese households is modest because of the small share of tobacco in the total household expenditure. An increase in tobacco expenditure only leads to a fall in the budget shares of education. The crowding-out effect, however, mainly appears in the case of low-income households.ConclusionsThe reduction in education caused by tobacco consumption, particularly in low-income households, may extend inequality and thus prevent the socioeconomic development in Vietnam in the long term. Additionally, the tiny share of tobacco in household expenditure reveals that the price of tobacco products in Vietnam is extremely low, leading to high proportion of tobacco smokers. Government, therefore, should continuously increase the tobacco tax so that it could restrict the tobacco affordability.
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Subramanian, S. V., Shailen Nandy, Michelle Kelly, Dave Gordon, and George Davey Smith. "Patterns and distribution of tobacco consumption in India: cross sectional multilevel evidence from the 1998-9 national family health survey." BMJ 328, no. 7443 (April 1, 2004): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7443.801.
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AbstractObjective To investigate the demographic, socioeconomic, and geographical distribution of tobacco consumption in India.Design Multilevel cross sectional analysis of the 1998-9 Indian national family health survey of 301 984 individuals in 92 447 households in 3215 villages in 440 districts in 26 states.Setting Indian states.Participants 301 984 adults (≥ 18 years).Main outcome measures Dichotomous variable for smoking and chewing tobacco for each respondent (1 if yes, 0 if no) as well as a combined measure of whether an individual smokes, chews tobacco, or both.Results Smoking and chewing tobacco are systematically associated with socioeconomic markers at the individual and household level. Individuals with no education are 2.69 times more likely to smoke and chew tobacco than those with postgraduate education. Households belonging to the lowest fifth of a standard of living index were 2.54 times more likely to consume tobacco than those in the highest fifth. Scheduled tribes (odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.29) and scheduled castes (1.19, 1.16 to 1.23) were more likely to consume tobacco than other caste groups. The socioeconomic differences are more marked for smoking than for chewing tobacco. Socioeconomic markers and demographic characteristics of individuals and households do not account fully for the differences at the level of state, district, and village in smoking and chewing tobacco, with state accounting for the bulk of the variation in tobacco consumption.Conclusion The distribution of tobacco consumption is likely to maintain, and perhaps increase, the current considerable socioeconomic differentials in health in India. Interventions aimed at influencing change in tobacco consumption should consider the socioeconomic and geographical determinants of people's susceptibility to consume tobacco.
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Perera, K. Manuja N., G. N. Duminda Guruge, and Pushpa L. Jayawardana. "Household Expenditure on Tobacco Consumption in a Poverty-Stricken Rural District in Sri Lanka." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517690225.
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Tobacco is a determinant of poverty and a barrier for development. Monaragala, a rural, agricultural district, reports the highest poverty-related indicators in southern Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was used to describe the household expenditure on tobacco and its association with food- and education-related expenditures at household level. This study used a 4-stage cluster sampling method to recruit a representative sample of 1160 households. Response rate was 98.6%. Median monthly household income was LKR 20 000 (interquartile range [IQR] = LKR 12 000-30 000). The median monthly expenditure on tobacco was LKR 1000 (IQR = LKR 400-2000) with the highest spending tertile reporting a median of LKR 2700 (IQR = LKR 2000-3600).The proportionate expenditure from the monthly income ranged from 0.0% to 50% with a median of 5.0% (IQR = 2.0-10.0) and a mean of 7.4% (7.6). The poorest reported the highest mean proportionate expenditure (9.8%, SD = 10) from the household income. Household expenditure on tobacco negatively associated with expenditure on education.
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Hanić, Hasan, and Milica Bugarčić. "Examination of the influence of impact on tobacco consumption in Serbia." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 67, no. 4 (2020): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2004217h.
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The subject of this paper is the econometric analysis of tobacco demand in Serbia. The aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of income and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households on tobacco expenditure based on microdata from the 2019 Household Budget Survey conducted by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia according to the same methodology applied by the European Union Agency for Statistics. The influence of these factors was quantified on the basis of seven different functional forms of Engel curves, which are most often used in econometric empirical research. Based on the estimated parameters of the empirical specifications of Engel curves and the elasticity derived from them, the hypothesis of inelasticity of demand for tobacco products in relation to household income was tested.
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Utzig, Monika. "URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES AS A MEASURE OF THEIR LEVEL OF LIVING." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.3061.
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The aim of the study was to compare urban and rural households’ level of living. Definitions and measures of level of living were presented. Then level of living in rural and urban households as well as its changes were evaluated using the data from Household Budget Surveys. Expenditures on health, transport, recreation and culture, education, restaurants and hotels and alkoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics were used as a measures. The results shows that the level and the share of consumption expenditures on recreation and culture as well as on restaurants and hotel were higher in urban than in rural households. The level of living in rural households is lower than in urban ones but the difference is decreasing.
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Nazar, Gaurang P., Kiara C.-M. Chang, Swati Srivastava, Neil Pearce, Anup Karan, and Christopher Millett. "Impact of India’s National Tobacco Control Programme on bidi and cigarette consumption: a difference-in-differences analysis." Tobacco Control 29, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054621.
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BackgroundDespite the importance of decreasing tobacco use to achieve mortality reduction targets of the Sustainable Development Goals in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), evaluations of tobacco control programmes in these settings are scarce. We assessed the impacts of India’s National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP), as implemented in 42 districts during 2007–2009, on household-reported consumption of bidis and cigarettes.MethodsSecondary analysis of cross-sectional data from nationally representative Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys (1999–2000; 2004–2005 and 2011–2012). Outcomes were: any bidi/cigarette consumption in the household and monthly consumption of bidi/cigarette sticks per person. A difference-in-differences two-part model was used to compare changes in bidi/cigarette consumption between NTCP intervention and control districts, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and time-based heterogeneity.FindingsThere was an overall decline in household-reported bidi and cigarette consumption between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. However, compared with control districts, NTCP districts had no significantly different reductions in the proportions of households reporting bidi (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.03, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.28) or cigarette (AOR: 1.01 to 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.26) consumption, or for the monthly per person consumption of bidi (adjusted coefficient: 0.07, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.28) or cigarette (adjusted coefficient: −0.002, 95% CI: −0.26 to 0.26) sticks among bidi/cigarette consuming households.InterpretationOur findings indicate that early implementation of the NTCP may not have produced reductions in tobacco use reflecting generally poor performance against the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control objectives in India. This study highlights the importance of strengthening the implementation and enforcement of tobacco control policies in LMICs to achieve national and international child health and premature NCD mortality reduction targets.
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John, Rijo M. "Household's Tobacco Consumption Decisions." Journal of South Asian Development 1, no. 1 (April 2006): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097317410500100105.
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Changpetch, Pannapa. "Gambling Consumers in Thailand." Asian Social Science 13, no. 5 (April 19, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n5p136.
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This paper presents a study of household gambling consumption in Thailand in 2011. We investigate the nonlinear relationships between this behavior and household alcohol expenditure, household gambling expenditure, and demographic factors. We use Treenet to analyze datasets drawn from a socio-economic survey of 42,083 Thai households conducted in 2011. The results show that the five most significant variables in order of importance for predicting the likelihood of household gambling consumption are household income, household region, work status of the household head, religion of the household head, and age of the household head. In summary, the Treenet results suggest that the likelihood of gambling consumption was higher for households with an income of more than 25,000 Bahts per year, a location in the North, a Buddhist head of household, a head with active work status, a head between 35 and 55 years old, with household expenditure spent on alcohol consumed at home of more than 500 Bahts, with household expenditure spent on tobacco of more than 100 Bahts, and a head of household with less education.
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Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. "A Single Father's Shopping Bag." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 5 (February 5, 2009): 605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x08331022.
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Using data from the 1980 to 2003 panels of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, this article examines purchasing decisions in father-headed single-parent families. Single-father expenditures are compared to both married-parent expenditures and single-mother expenditures on 17 broad categories of household-level goods and services. Multivariate analysis finds that single fathers' consumption choices differ from bundles within married-parent households and single-mother households. Compared to married parents, single fathers spend more on food away from home, alcohol, and tobacco products and spend less on publications, toys, and children's education. Single fathers differ from single mothers by spending more on food away from home, alcohol, and tobacco products and less on books and children's education.
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Hoffer, Adam, Rejeana Gvillo, William Shughart, and Michael Thomas. "Income-expenditure elasticities of less-healthy consumption goods." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2016-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify how consumption of 12 goods – alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, items sold at vending machines, purchases of food away from home, cookies, cakes, chips, candy, donuts, bacon, and carbonated soft drinks – varies across the income distribution by calculating their income-expenditure elasticites. Design/methodology/approach Data on 22,681 households from 2009-2012 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey were used. The data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regressions and Cragg’s double hurdle model which integrates a binary model to determine the decision to consume and a truncated normal model to estimate the effects for conditional (y>0) consumption. Findings Income had the greatest effect on expenditures for alcohol (0.314), food away from home (0.295), and fast food (0.284). A one percentage-point increase in income (approximately $428 at the mean) translated into a 0.314 percentage-point increase in spending on alcoholic beverages (approximately $1 annually at the mean). Income had the smallest influence on tobacco expenditures (0.007) and donut expenditures (−0.009). Research limitations/implications Percentage of a household’s discretionary budget spent on the studied goods falls substantially as income gets larger. Policies targeting the consumption of such goods will disproportionately impact lower income households. Originality/value This is the first manuscript to calculate income-expenditure elasticities for the goods studied. The results allow for a direct analysis of targeted consumption policy on household budgets across the income distribution.
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Wallace, Lauren, Elizabeth Racine, Rajib Paul, Shafie Gholizadeh, and Caitlan Webster. "How Are Community Socio-Economic Factors Associated with the Sales of Unhealthy Products: Alcohol, Tobacco and Unhealthy Snack Food in Low Income Communities." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_145.
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Abstract Objectives People under stress tend to use unhealthy coping mechanisms including using products like alcohol, tobacco and unhealthy snacks. The purpose of this study is to assess how measures of community socio-economic status, which may be proxies for community stress, are associated with the sales of unhealthy products (alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snacks) at a discount variety store chain. Specifically, we consider the following measures of community socio-economic status: population racial/ethnic composition, % of households on SNAP, % of households without a vehicle, walkability score and median community income. Methods Mixed effects linear regressions with random effects were used to examine the relationship between the weekly unit sales (per 1000 population) of three outcome variables (tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy snacks) and community socio-economic factors: % of households on SNAP, % of households without a vehicle, and median community income. Results The sales of alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snacks increased as the % of the population participating in SNAP increased. Other measures of community socio-economic status were not significantly (at 5% significance level) associated with tobacco or unhealthy snack sales. However, for alcohol sales, increases in: the median household income, walkability score and % of African American residents, were associated with a decrease in alcohol sales. Conclusions Low income neighborhoods frequently experience greater health burden compared to higher income neighborhoods. Understanding and quantifying the relationship between financial stress and unhealthy product consumption can help public health professionals intervene before chronic diseases manifest. Funding Sources Robert Woods Johnson Foundation.
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Sah, R. B., U. Shah, L. B. Subedi, and N. Jha. "Awareness towards tobacco consumption: A community based study." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 5, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i4.16556.
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More than 1 billion people worldwide smoke. If current trends continue, 8.4 million smokers are estimated to die annually of smoking-related deaths by the year 2020. To find out awareness towards tobacco consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco and status of tobacco consumption among residents of Dhankuta municipality. The cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between awareness towards tobacco and status of tobacco consumption. Almost 41% of respondents were found to be aware of the harmful consequences of tobacco consumption. The respondents who did not consume tobacco was seen more aware of tobacco consumption (85.7%) than consuming tobacco (14.3%) (P<0.001).The respondents think the problem of tobacco consumption can be control by bann the production was significantly higher among those did not consuming tobacco (57.7%) than consuming tobacco (42.3%) (<0.001). Most of the respondents think smoking can be discourage by strict low (60.5%) followed by family support (24.9%) and education (20%) and recreational activities (8.8%). Awareness towards the harmful consequences of tobacco consumption was found to be less in Dhankuta Municipality. The problem of tobacco consumption can control by bann the production, awareness program and medicine i.e. nicotine therapy.
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Little, Megan, Hana Ross, George Bakhturidze, and Iago Kachkachishvili. "Illicit tobacco trade in Georgia: prevalence and perceptions." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 4 (January 18, 2019): s227—s233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054839.
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BackgroundIn lower-income and middle-income countries, limited research exists on illicit tobacco trade and its responsiveness to taxation. Tobacco taxes are critical in reducing tobacco consumption, thereby improving public health. However, the tobacco industry claims that tax increases will increase illicit tobacco trade. Therefore, research evidence on the size of the illicit cigarette market is needed in Georgia and other low-income and middle-income countries to inform tobacco tax policies.MethodsIn 2017, a household survey using stratified multistage sampling was conducted in Georgia with 2997 smokers, to assess illicit tobacco consumption. Smokers were asked to show available cigarette packs to the surveyors. These were examined for tax stamps and health warnings which allowed for an assessment of illegal cigarette consumption in Georgia.FindingsThe packs shown to surveyors suggest illicit cigarette trade is low (1.5%), although with regional differences, as illicit cigarette packs were present in 6% of the households in Zugdidi. Most illicit cigarettes were purchased at kiosks or informal outlets. This estimate might be conservative, as 28% of respondents did not show any packs to the surveyors.ConclusionsDespite recent tobacco tax increases, illicit cigarette trade in Georgia seems to be negligible. The market is more vulnerable to illicit cigarette trade close to the border with Abkhazia (near Zugdidi). Tighter control or ban of tobacco sales at kiosks and informal outlets may reduce illicit cigarette trade. Further investigation is planned to better understand why a large proportion of survey participants said they had no pack available at home.
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Saleem, Wasim, and Mohammad Asif Iqbal. "Macroeconomic impacts of cigarette consumption in Pakistan." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (November 2020): s337—s343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055257.
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BackgroundPakistan has a large population of tobacco users, with about 24 million adults consuming tobacco products in one form or another. There is a dearth of research on the impact of a reduction in tobacco use on Pakistan’s economy which can inform policy-makers on the extent that tobacco control measures would affect macroeconomic indicators such as output and employment.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to quantify the changes in output, income and employment resulting from changes in cigarette consumption and to quantify the impact of such changes on the overall economy.MethodologyThe study uses the input–output table for the fiscal year 2010–2011 for Pakistan’s economy, to estimate the output, income and employment multipliers. The Leontief input–output model is used to estimate the sectorwise multiplier effects. It estimates direct, indirect and consumption-induced effects of changes in tobacco use on the economy.ResultsThe cigarette industry’s share in large-scale manufacturing and industrial employment is 1.1% and 0.3%, respectively. The estimates of gross output, income and employment multipliers for the cigarette industry have relatively small magnitudes indicating minimal impact on the economy. A simulation analysis based on the latest estimates of price elasticity of cigarette and input–output multipliers, shows that a 10% increase in price will lead to an 11% reduction in cigarette consumption, which translates into annual savings of Pakistani Rupees (Rs) 16 billion by households. Reduction in cigarette consumption will allow individuals to spend their savings on other commodities. For example, spending this amount on food items will lead to a net increase of Rs 40 billion annual output of the economy.ConclusionReduction in tobacco consumption will lead to initial losses to the economy but there will be considerable gains in output, employment and income due to redistribution of tobacco expenditures.
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Deręgowski, Karol, Mirosław Krzyśko, Łukasz Waszak, and Waldemar Wołyński. "Functional canonical analysis in the study of the relationship between consumption expenditure in the European households." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0897.
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The article aims to examine the relations between expenditure on alcoholic beverages and tobacco and other consumer expenditure of households in 27 European countries within 2000—2010. The choice of countries and time series was determined by the availability and completeness of Eurostat data. The years were analysed collectively not separately, which is a novelty presented in this paper. Such an approach was possible due the transformation of primary data into multivariate functional ones, and then the construction of correlations and canonical variables for transformed data. The study shows that expenditure on alcoholic beverages and tobacco is strongly correlated with other consumption expenditure (the canonical correlation coefficient between the two first functional canonical variables is 0.99). The expenditure on alcoholic beverages and tobacco has almost the same contribution to the construction of the functional canonical U1 variable, while the expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages and expenditure on clothing and footwear has the largest impact on the development of the functional canonical V1 variable.
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Shah, Ram Bilakshan, Laxmi Subedi, and Nilambar Jha. "Practice and Awareness Regarding Tobacco Consumption among Residents of the Hilly area of Eastern Region of Nepal." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v14i1.14840.
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Introduction: Tobacco use is a global socio-economic hazard and medical malady. The incidence of tobacco is persisting and spreading in all walks of our modern society.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between pattern of tobacco use and awareness of tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality.Results: The awareness towards tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality was found to be 41 %. The awareness of tobacco consumption was significantly higher among the female (49 %) in gender and those whose education were School Leaving Certificate (SLC) and above (44.6 %) (P<0.05). The respondents consuming tobacco have forty times lesser chances of having aware as respondents not consuming tobacco (OR=0.025). The respondents consuming tobacco for more than 20 years (12.1 %) and more than 20 sticks per day (20 %) were more aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.Conclusions: The awareness towards tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality was found to be less. Male in gender, lack of education and poor occupation like famer, housewife was found to be less aware of tobacco consumption.
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LAGODIIENKO, Nataliya, Vitaliy KOZYOMA, and Iryna KRUPITSA. "ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-37.
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Introduction. Sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine involves taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects, which is implemented in many specific directions and measures. The purpose of the study is to assess the social effectiveness of sustainable development of agricultural production in the conditions of the national economy openness. Results. The dynamic of the share of Ukrainian households expenditures on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products in the structure of their total expenditures is analyzed. The expenditure share of Ukrainian households on alcohol and tobacco is considered. The analysis of the expenditure share on alcoholic beverages and tobacco in the structure of total household expenditures by age groups, depending on the size of average cash equivalent total income in 2016-2018 has been done. The results of the consumption analysis of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fruits, berries and grapes (without wine processing) for 1 person in the population from 2000 to 2018 are presented. The trends of rising consumption in studied groups of products other than milk and milk products has been identified. The difference between search and regulatory types of forecasts is considered. These forecasts are calculated to consider product groups. The inability to reach the target consumption values within the planned period of time is determined. The dynamics of the Consumer Price Index for food and non-alcoholic beverages in individual EU countries and USA are examined and downward trends are identified. The reasons for the galloping rise in food prices in Ukraine are given. The dynamics of rural and urban population in Ukraine is analyzed. The dynamics of the average monthly wage by types of economic activity is analyzed. The results of the analysis of highways of Ukraine with hard cover by categories are given. The volume of passenger transportation by bus is considered. The analysis results of the housing equipment of rural households by water supply, sewerage and modern sanitary facilities are presented. The analysis results of the receipt lack of certain types of medical aid by rural and urban residents (deprivation) are presented. Conclusions. The dynamics of the expenditure share of Ukrainian households on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, tobacco in the structure of their total expenditures confirms the poverty of the Ukrainian population. There is a low consumer culture of the population in Ukraine. The structure of consumption expenditures is explained by the considerable level of differentiation of population different segments incomes. The dynamics of rural and urban populations in Ukraine confirms the steady decline of rural residents. The main reasons for the decrease in rural population are identified. The unsatisfactory level of social component of sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine has been proved. Keywords: agricultural production, sustainable development, social infrastructure, rural territories, food security, social component of sustainable development, social efficiency.
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Keshavarz Haddad, GholamReza, Nader Habibi, and Sajad Rafiee. "Decomposition of cohort, age and time effects in Iranian households’ cigarette consumption." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2017-0256.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine cigarette consumption behavior of younger cohorts in the urban and rural areas of Iran. The authors use Iran’s annual Household Income and Expenditures Surveys (HIES) database over 2007–2013 for the statistical analysis. In order to control for a large number of households with zero expenditure on cigarette consumption, the authors have used the double-hurdle modeling approach for counting the outcomes of interest. The authors have also limited the sample to cases in which the head of household is between the ages of 21 and 45 and all children are younger than 18. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors have conducted a multivariate econometric analysis to identify the impact of age and birth year cohort on the demand for cigarettes among Iranian households. The authors have used the HIES data for multiple years in the analysis. The ideal data set for the analysis is a panel data that include information on cigarette consumption of various age cohorts over a long period of time. Since no suitable panel data are available, the authors have constructed a multi-year cohort data by extracting cohort data from the annual HIES data set. Due to the unique properties of cigarette consumption, the authors have used the double-hurdle econometric model with appropriate diagnostics. Findings After controlling for price and demographic factors, which affect the demand for cigarettes, the authors find that the younger cohorts in rural areas, who smoke, tend to consume fewer cigarettes than the older ones; however, the opposite is true among urban households. The probability of being a non-smoker is larger for younger cohorts in both rural and urban areas. Among smokers, the authors observe an inverse U-shape relation between age and quantity of cigarettes consumed per day. The trend is positive up to age 45, but diminishes for older smokers because of health concerns. Originality/value In comparison to previous studies of tobacco consumption in Iran, the authors have used a more comprehensive household income and expenditure survey data set with a large number of observations. Furthermore, the authors have applied an econometric method (the double-hurdle model), which is suitable for the analysis of the determinants of demand for cigarettes when a subset of households report no cigarette consumption.
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Zimmermannová, Jarmila, and Jan Široký. "Economic Impacts of Cigarette Taxation Development in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 6 (2016): 2191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664062191.
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This paper presents the analysis of economic impacts of cigarette taxation development in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in the period corresponding with the membership of both countries in the European Union, precisely from May 2004 until January 2016. After introduction focusing on the issue of cigarette taxation and the overview of the international scientific research in this area, the authors focus on the analysis of cigarette taxation increase in both of the countries. Then the analysis of cigarette taxation impacts on expenses of selected types of households on consumption of tobacco products in the analyzed period is provided, using the methods of correlation and regression analysis. Finally, the results from the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic are compared. Dealing with tax rates in EURO, it is obvious, that the increase of cigarette taxation was higher in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic in the period 2004 – 2016. However, the expenditures of households on tobacco products consumption in both of the countries have not been decreasing.
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Golden, Shelley D., KyungSu Kim, Amanda Y. Kong, Vivian Qingzi Tao, Derek Carr, and Pratima Musburger. "Simulating the Impact of a Cigarette Minimum Floor Price Law on Adult Smoking Prevalence in California." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 10 (March 9, 2020): 1842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa046.
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Abstract Introduction Minimum floor price laws (MFPLs) are an emerging tobacco control policy that sets a minimum price below which a specific tobacco product cannot be sold. MFPLs target cheaper products and may disproportionately impact consumers choosing low price brands or using discounts to reduce prices. We developed a static microsimulation model for California, United States to project short-term effects of different MFPL options for a 20-stick pack of cigarettes on adult smoking behaviors. Aims and Methods We simulated 300 000 individuals defined by race and ethnicity, sex, age, and poverty status. Smoking behaviors and cigarette prices were assigned based on demographic distributions in the 2014–2016 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We drew 100 random samples (n = 30 000), weighted to state-level California demographic characteristics. We simulated six MFPL options and modeled impacts on smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, in general, and separately for those in households below or above 250% of the federal poverty level, assuming a price elasticity of −0.4. Results Predicted changes in prices, prevalence, and consumption increased exponentially as the floor price increased from $7.00 to $9.50. Assuming 15% policy avoidance, projected increases in average cigarette prices ranged from $0.19 to $1.61. Decreases in smoking prevalence ranged from 0.05 to 0.43 percentage points, and decreases in average monthly cigarette consumption ranged from 1.4 to 12.3 cigarettes. Projected prices increased, and prevalence and consumption decreased, more among individuals in households below 250% federal poverty level. Conclusions MFPLs are a promising tobacco control strategy with the potential to reduce socioeconomic disparities in cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption. Implications Despite reductions in adult smoking prevalence, significant socioeconomic disparities remain, with lower-income groups smoking at substantially higher levels than higher-income groups. Policies that set a floor price below which a tobacco product cannot be sold could reduce socioeconomic disparities in smoking, depending on variation in prices paid by smokers prepolicy. By using a microsimulation model to predict changes in smoking for different population groups in California under several floor price scenarios, this study demonstrates that MFPLs have the potential to reduce adult smoking prevalence overall, and especially for lower-income tobacco users.
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Datta, Biplab Kumar, Muhammad Jami Husain, and Ishtiaque Fazlul. "Tobacco control and household tobacco consumption: A tale of two educational groups." Health Economics 29, no. 10 (June 21, 2020): 1117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.4122.
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Pandey, Alok. "Does Pan, Tobacco & Intoxicants Consumption Respond with Prices and Expenditure in India?" Journal of Global Economy 11, no. 3 (September 27, 2015): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v11i3.401.
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In the present paper an attempt has been made to estimate the responsiveness of prices and household expenditure on consumption of pan, tobacco and intoxicants at household level in rural and urban areas of All India for the various deciles class (economic status) of family by using NSSO 66th i.e. quinnquenial rounds of Household expenditure unit level data for the year 2009-10. The expenditure on pan, tobacco and intoxicants at household level is inelastic. The marginal propensity to consume at household level for pan, tobacco and intoxicants is low in India. Paper pointed out that rupee increase in the per capita expenditure will increase consumption of pan in rural region while for tobacco and intoxicants in urban region.
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CHONVIHARNPAN, BIRD, and PHIL LEWIS. "THE EFFECTS OF TAX CHANGES ON TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN THAILAND." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 03 (June 2018): 629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500848.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the likelihood of consuming and the amount spent on tobacco in Thailand. Heckman’s sample selection model is applied to data from the 2009 socio-economic survey of Thailand in order to determine the factors determining the decision to consume tobacco. Demand elasticities are then calculated using the Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES). Age, household size, gender, occupation and tenure are found to be common factors that influence both the probability of tobacco smoking and expenditure on tobacco products. Income also plays a key roles in explaining the amount spent on tobacco. Demand for tobacco is found to be inelastic for Thai smokers.
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Gjika, Aida, Edvin Zhllima, Klodjan Rama, and Drini Imami. "Analysis of Tobacco Price Elasticity in Albania Using Household Level Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020432.
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This paper analyzes the determinant factors of tobacco consumption in Albania, which is one of the countries with the highest smoking prevalence in Europe. To empirically estimate the elasticity of cigarettes demand in Albania, the paper uses the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) applying Deaton’s (1988) demand model. This paper estimates an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), which allows disentangling quality choice from exogenous price variations using unit values from cigarette consumption. Following Deaton’s model, the results suggest that the demand for tobacco is inelastic, with a price elasticity of −0.57. The price elasticity appears to be within the range of elasticity estimates frequently reported for low- and middle-income countries. The results suggest that total expenditure, household size, male-to-female ratio, and adult ratio are important determinants of tobacco demand in Albania. The increase in the tobacco price, which has been mainly driven by increased excises, has demonstrated a significant impact on reducing tobacco consumption. Consequently, the Albanian government may engage in gradual increases in excise taxes given the inelastic tobacco demand.
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Hasan, Md Zabir, Joanna E. Cohen, David Bishai, Caitlin E. Kennedy, Krishna D. Rao, Akshay Ahuja, and Shivam Gupta. "Social capital and peer influence of tobacco consumption: a cross-sectional study among household heads in rural Uttar Pradesh, India." BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (June 2020): e037202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037202.
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ObjectiveHaving the world’s second-largest tobacco-consuming population, tobacco control is a priority agenda of the Indian Government. Yet, there is no evidence of how peer influence and nature of social relationships—defined as social capital—affect tobacco use. This study aimed to explore the role of social capital and peer influence on tobacco consumption among household heads in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP), India.Design and settingThis study was embedded within the baseline evaluation of Project Samuday. A cross-sectional multistage cluster survey was implemented in six census blocks of Hardoi and Sitapur districts of UP from June to August 2017. Self-reported tobacco consumption status of randomly selected 6218 household heads (≥18 years; men vs women=5312 vs 906) was assessed from 346 rural communities. Peer influence of tobacco use was measured by the non-self cluster proportion of tobacco consumption among respondents. Community engagement, social support, trust and social cohesion were separately measured as unique facets of social capital both at individual and community levels using the Shortened Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool in India (SASCAT-I). The explanatory power of covariates was assessed using gender-stratified generalised estimating equations (GEE) with robust-variance estimator.ResultTobacco consumption patterns were starkly different for men and women (71% vs 14%). The peer influence only affected men (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.10, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.16, p<0.01), whereas women were more likely to consume tobacco if they were more engaged with community organisations (AOR=1.33, 95% CI=1.07 to 1.66, p<0.01).ConclusionGender alters the way social engagement affects tobacco use in rural India. Countering peer influence on Indian men should be prioritised as a tobacco control strategy. Moreover, as gender mainstreaming is a critical egalitarian agenda in India, further research is needed to understand how social engagement affects tobacco consumption behaviours among women.
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Ladusingh, Laishram, Preeti Dhillon, and Pralip Kumar Narzary. "Why Do the Youths in Northeast India Use Tobacco?" Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1391253.
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This study is an assessment of the influence of parent’s tobacco use on prospective tobacco use trajectories among young offspring. The study is based on unit level data from District Level Household and Facility Survey-4 (2012-2013) comprising 27,706 youths in 15–24 years’ age group from northeastern states of India and used multilevel regression to identify the potential risk factors of tobacco consumption. The likelihood of using tobacco was found to be 3.4 and 1.14 times more, respectively, for the youths coresiding with mothers who use tobacco and fathers who use tobacco, in comparison to youths staying with parents not taking tobacco. The significant effect of peers on tobacco consumption among youths was also observed. School-going youths had significantly lower risk of tobacco use. The estimated likelihood of a young person from a household to use any tobacco, use smokeless tobacco, and smoke was found to be 28, 12, and 17 percent, respectively. There is an urgent need to extend National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) to the community level involving civil societies and young and adult generations for spreading awareness about the health hazards of tobacco use, providing support and facilitating quitting tobacco use.
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Amarasinghe, Hemantha, Sajeeva Ranaweera, Thushara Ranasinghe, Nadeeka Chandraratne, Dinesh Ruwan Kumara, Montarat Thavorncharoensap, Palitha Abeykoon, and Amala de Silva. "Economic cost of tobacco-related cancers in Sri Lanka." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (October 27, 2017): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053791.
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IntroductionCancer has a high mortality rate and morbidity burden in Sri Lanka. This study estimated the economic cost of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) related to cancers in Sri Lanka in 2015.MethodsPrevalence-based cost of illness is calculated according to the guidelines of the WHO (2011). The direct costs are costs of curative care (costs of inward patients and outpatient care borne by the state and out of pocket expenditure by households) for tobacco-related cancers, weighted by the attributable fractions for these cancers. Indirect costs are lost earnings due to mortality and morbidity (absenteeism of both patient and carers resulting from seeking care and recuperation).Data were obtained from the Registrar General’s Department, National Cancer Registry, Department of Census and Statistics and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Household and systemic costs and relative risks were extracted from research studies. Oncologists (working in both public and private sectors), other clinical specialists, medical administrators and economists were consulted during the estimation and validation processes.ResultsThe total economic cost of tobacco-related cancers for Sri Lanka in 2015 was estimated to be US$121.2 million. The direct cost of smoking and ST-related cancers was US$42.1 million, which was 35% of the total cost, while the indirect cost was US$79.1 million, which was 65% of the total cost.ConclusionBurden of tobacco smoking and ST-related cancers as reflected in these economic costs is enormous: affecting the healthcare system and country’s economy. Policymakers should take note of this burden and address tobacco consumption control as a priority.
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Rasyid, Mohtar. "Impact of the Free Trade Zone on Cigarette Consumption: An Examination of Indonesian Households." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review 2, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.4(2).
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Objective - The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of the Free Trade Zone ('FTZ') in the Riau Islands Province (Batam, Bintan and Karimun) on specific products, i.e. cigarettes. Methodology/Technique - To investigate the demand for cigarettes in the FTZ area, this study examines data on cigarette consumption in Batam and surrounding areas before and after the implementation of the FTZ. The data is collected from SUSENAS surveys conducted in 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014. To examine the net impact of the FTZ, this study also uses an experimental approach; the implementation of the FTZ can be viewed as a natural influence on a decrease in prices of specific products. The subject group includes households in the Riau Islands Province. Households in the surrounding provinces are therefore used a control groups. Several indicators were used to identify and establish the control groups, including: cigarette consumption, population, sex ratio, life expectancy and education level. Following this criteria, Bengkulu Province was selected as the ideal group of control candidates. Findings - The results show that there has been a significant increase in cigarette consumption in the Riau Islands Province following the implementation of the FTZ. Novelty - The introduction of the FTZ means that trade commodities, including cigarettes, are no longer subject to excise duty. As a result, the selling price of tobacco products has become very cheap. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Cigarette Tax; Free Trade Zone; Indonesian Households; Natural Experiment. JEL Classification: F10, F13, F19.
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Hafizah, Dian, Dedi Budiman Hakim, Harianto Harianto, and Rita Nurmalina. "Analisis Elastisitas Pendapatan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 26, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.26.3.428.
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Demand for food products is inevitable, this condition is related to food products as a staple food for the sustainability of human life. In Indonesia, the demand for food depends very much on the needs of the people. The purpose of this study is to analyze food demand in Indonesia which is divided into 4 categories of regions: rich cities, poor cities, rich villages, and poor villages need through research that can be obtained about getting assistance in accordance with the consumption demand of people in Indonesia. The research method used secondary data with panel data types obtained from SUSENAS data. The analytical method used to estimate the demand system was through econometrics demand, namely the QUAIDS model and then the data were processed using the SAS program. The results showed a comparison of the total number of households allocated specifically for food if sorted out, namely poor villages were higher then followed by poor cities, rich cities, and rich villages. When there is a change in income, poor rural households and poor cities when the public still responds by allocating a large part of their budgets to very basic trade such as other food and tobacco, rice, other oils, and household fats in rich villages and rich cities provide more responses to allocating their incomes to the trade in meat, fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, milk, and processed foods.
Keywords: Quadaric Almost Ideal System, income elasticity, consumption, demand food
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Mwaisakila, Stephen Richard, and Vid Adrison. "The Determinants of Household Spending on Alcohol and Tobacco in Tanzania." East African Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (September 23, 2021): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.3.1.419.
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The increasing effects caused by alcohol and tobacco calls for necessary interventions. This is not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries which seems to be affected more by this problem. Studies show that 80% of smokers worldwide are living in developing countries where tobacco related diseases have become major factors contributing toward high morbidity. Moreover, excessive alcohol consumption has been among global public health problems, where it accounts for about 6% of mortality and 5% of disability in the world. In addition, the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) was reported at 4% globally while in Africa it was 3%. Tanzania being the developing country and located in Africa is also at risk to be affected more if the necessary measures to control this unhealthy behaviour are not taken. However, due to limited information about the structure and behaviour of people in spending and consumption of these addictive products in Tanzania, it will be difficult to prepare relevant measures to curb those problems. Therefore, by using Tobit regression model, this study examined the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on alcohol and tobacco spending. This study found factors such income, culture, and change in preference over time to have a significant relationship with spending on alcohol and tobacco. This study creates a base for alcohol and tobacco spending behaviour in Tanzania. After determining spending behaviour, further studies need to be conducted to examine consumption behaviour and its effects to prepare relevant measures to control the risks of alcohol and tobacco in Tanzania.
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Ratschen, Elena, Rebecca Thorley, Laura Jones, Magdalena Opazo Breton, Juliette Cook, Ann McNeill, John Britton, Tim Coleman, and Sarah Lewis. "A randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to reduce children’s exposure to secondhand smoke in the home." Tobacco Control 27, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053279.
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ObjectivesExposing children to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) causes significant harm and occurs predominantly through smoking by caregivers in the family home. We report a trial of a complex intervention designed to reduce secondhand smoke exposure of children whose primary caregiver feels unable or unwilling to quit smoking.DesignAn open-label, parallel, randomised controlled trial.SettingDeprived communities in Nottingham City and County, EnglandParticipantsCaregivers resident in Nottingham City and County in England who were at least 18 years old, the main caregiver of a child aged under 5 years living in their household, and reported that they were smoking tobacco inside their home.InterventionsWe compared a complex intervention combining personalised feedback on home air quality, behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy for temporary abstinence with usual care.Main outcomesThe primary outcome was change in air quality in the home, measured as average 16–24 hours levels of particulate matter of < 2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5), between baseline and 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in maximum PM2.5, proportion of time PM2.5 exceeded WHO recommended levels of maximum exposure of 25 µg/mg3, child salivary cotinine, caregivers’ cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence, determination to stop smoking, quit attempts and quitting altogether during the intervention.ResultsArithmetic mean PM2.5 decreased significantly more (by 35.2 %; 95% CI 12.7% to 51.9 %) in intervention than in usual care households, as did the proportion of time PM2.5 exceeded 25 µg/mg3, child salivary cotinine concentrations, caregivers’ cigarette consumption in the home, nicotine dependence, determination to quit and likelihood of having made a quit attempt.ConclusionsBy reducing exposure to SHS in the homes of children who live with smokers unable or unwilling to quit, this intervention offers huge potential to reduce children’s’ tobacco-related harm.Trial registration numberISRCTN81701383.This trial was funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR): RP-PG-0608-10020
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Bishwajit, Ghose, Shangfeng Tang, Sanni Yaya, Zhifei He, and Zhanchun Feng. "Lifestyle Behaviors, Subjective Health, and Quality of Life Among Chinese Men Living With Type 2 Diabetes." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316681128.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between self-reported health (SRH) and quality of life (QoL) with five lifestyle-related behaviors including tobacco smoking, drinking alcohol, physical activity status, consumption of fruits, and consumption of vegetables among men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Participants were 786 Chinese men older than 40 years and living in urban households. Cross-sectional data on self-rated health, associated sociodemographics, and health-related behaviors were collected from the Study on Global AGEing and Health (Wave 1) of World Health Organization. Results of multivariable regression reported significant association with adherence to healthy lifestyle behavior and SRH but not QoL. According to the results, percentage of men who reported being in good SRH was overwhelmingly high (95.9%) compared with good QoL (5%). Adherence to healthy behavior was strongly associated with SRH in both bivariate and multivariate analysis, adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of good SRH for nonsmokers: 1.276 [1.055, 2.773], nondrinkers:1.351 [1.066, 3.923], taking physical exercise: 1.267 [1.117, 3.109], consuming at least five servings of fruits: 1.238 [1.034, 6.552], and vegetables: 1.365 [1.032, 3.885]. The current findings suggest that abstention from tobacco and alcohol, optimum consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular physical exercise could have marked impact on the health status of diabetic men.
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Vladisavljevic, Marko, Jovan Zubović, Mihajlo Đukić, and Olivera Jovanović. "Tobacco price elasticity in Serbia: evidence from a middle-income country with high prevalence and low tobacco prices." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (August 26, 2020): s331—s336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055262.
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In this paper, we use Deaton’s demand model and Household Budget Survey data from 2006 to 2017 to provide a first robust and reliable estimate of cigarettes price elasticity for Serbia. The case of Serbia is particularly interesting and important as it provides evidence for a country in which tobacco market is characterised by the high tobacco consumption, low prices and large perceived impact of multinational tobacco companies on public revenues, export and employment, given their considerable cigarette production in Serbia. The price elasticity of cigarettes is estimated at −0.639, in line with the previous estimates for the low-income and middle-income countries. Estimated negative cigarettes price elasticity for Serbia suggests that tobacco tax policy could be used effectively to reduce cigarette consumption in Serbia, which could lower the harmful health effects of cigarettes. Furthermore, a calculation based on the estimated elasticity suggests that increasing tobacco taxes could also have positive fiscal effects, as the expected revenue from the taxes would increase.
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Nguyen, Anh, and Hoang The Nguyen. "Tobacco excise tax increase and illicit cigarette consumption: evidence from Vietnam." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 4 (February 10, 2020): s275—s280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055301.
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BackgroundOne of the most significant barriers to tax reform and tax rate increases in Vietnam is the threat of illicit trade promulgated by the tobacco industry. The industry argues that higher taxes will stimulate smuggling, thereby undermining tax policy objectives and impairing the domestic tobacco manufacturing. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of updated and independent studies to verify this claim and inform the tax reform in the country.ObjectivesThe present paper attempts to generate new estimates of the illicit consumption and compare them to a prior study to ascertain the changes in the levels of the illicit trade after a tobacco excise tax increase.MethodsThe study uses primary data collected from the Tobacco Consumption Survey in late 2017. It is a multistage cluster random household survey, covering a sample size of over 2700 smokers, and purposively designed to make its results comparable to prior estimates, which have been done before the tax increase. Particularly, we collect packs from selected smokers and perform careful inspection to identify the prevalence of illicit products. In addition to the consumption, we collect data on brand choices, cigarette prices, the types of stores that the smokers bought their cigarettes, as well as their socioeconomic characteristics. They allow us to determine the regional variation of the illicit trade, identify the main illicit cigarette brands, compare the prices of the licit and illicit cigarettes, and examine the main sources of the illicit cigarettes. Incomes of the licit and illicit cigarette smokers are also compared.ResultsContrary to the tobacco industry’s predictions, our estimates demonstrate that the level of the illicit trade declined even after the increase of taxes imposed on tobacco products in Vietnam. The illicit cigarettes account for only about 13.72% of the total cigarette consumption in Vietnam in 2017, lower than the 20.7% estimate in 2012 done by the previous study. The illicit cigarettes are heavily concentrated in the southern provinces of Vietnam bordering Cambodia, and locally accessible to the smokers from grocery stores. Jet and Hero are the two most popular brands, representing over 80% of total illicit consumption in the country. Interestingly, the illicit cigarettes are on average more expensive than the illicit products in Vietnam, unlike many other countries where the former are typically cheaper than the latter. Consequently, as is to be expected, the illicit cigarette smokers tend to earn higher incomes than those smoking the licit products.ConclusionsRaising the taxes levied on tobacco does not necessarily cause higher illicit consumption in Vietnam as widely stated by the tobacco industry. The Government of Vietnam should recognise the tobacco tax policy as the most effective and cost-effective tobacco control measure and establish a clear road map of progressive tobacco excise tax increases so that total tax levied on tobacco accounts for at least 75% of retail price as suggested by the WHO to reduce smoking prevalence in the country.
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Heald, Suzette. "Tobacco, Time, and the Household Economy in Two Kenyan Societies: The Teso and the Kuria." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 1 (January 1991): 130–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500016893.
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In 1975, the transnational British American Tobacco Company (BAT) set out to rapidly develop tobacco growing in four areas of smallholder production in Kenya. This move, prompted by the Kenyan firm's loss of tobacco leaf supplies from Uganda in 1972 and then Tanzania in 1976, was to prove remarkably successful. Output in the four areas chosen for production of tobacco leaf rose from 209 tons in 1975 to 4,034 tons in 1982, making Kenya self-sufficient in that crop despite a simultaneous sales campaign which doubled the domestic consumption of manufactured cigarettes over the same period. Production has continued to rise since then, with about 8,000 small-holder farmers in the scheme producing 6,000 tons of cured tobacco leaf in 1984.
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Wang, Hong, Jody L. Sindelar, and Susan H. Busch. "The impact of tobacco expenditure on household consumption patterns in rural China." Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 6 (March 2006): 1414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.032.
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Galduróz, José Carlos Fernandes, Ana Regina Noto, Solange Aparecida Nappo, and Elisaldo Luiz de Araújo Carlini. "First household survey on drug abuse in São Paulo, Brazil, 1999: principal findings." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 121, no. 6 (2003): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802003000600003.
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CONTEXT: In order to establish prevention programs regarding psychotropic drug use that are adapted to specific populations it is, first of all, important to have data on the realities of such consumption. Single data points are not enough for drawing up a profile of society in relation to drugs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this household survey was to determine the incidence of illegal drug, alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic medication use, and thus the number of persons dependent on drugs, alcohol and nicotine, and to evaluate their perception regarding how easy it is to obtain psychotropic drugs. TYPE OF STUDY: Epidemiological survey. SETTING: All of the 24 cities in the State of Sao Paulo with more 200,000 inhabitants participated in the study. METHOD: The sampling was constructed from weighted probabilistic stratified conglomerates obtained via two-stage selection. In each municipality sampled, census sectors (generally 200-300 households) were first selected. Then, households and a respondent were selected to provide information from his/her point of view. The SAMHSA questionnaire (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) of the U.S. Department of Public Health was used, after translation and adaptation to Brazilian conditions. RESULTS: A total of 2,411 persons aged 12-65 years old were interviewed, of whom 39.9% weremen. Lifetime use of any psychotropic drug other than alcohol and tobacco was 11.6%: much less than in the U.S. (34.8%). The alcohol dependence rate was 6%, similar to findings from other countries. Marijuana was the illegal drug most cited as used daily (6.6%): a prevalence much lower than in the U.S. (32.0%). Inhalant use was next in frequency of use (2.7%): about 10 times less than in the United Kingdom (20%). Cocaine use (2.1%) was about 5 times less than in the U.S. (10.6%). There was no report of heroin use, although there was a surprisingly high perception regarding the ease of obtaining heroin: 38.3% said it was easy to obtain. CONCLUSION: This study supports the implementation of better prevention programs regarding drug abuse in São Paulo state.
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Mulic, Maida, Vesna Ferković, Azra Kurtić, and Ivana Ferković Pašić. "Tobacco, alcohol, drugs consumption, and perception about the family functioning among adolescents in Tuzla Canton." Journal of Health Sciences 7, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2017.462.
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Introduction: Family is a strong communicative base of adolescent development, even though environment has its own influence as well. The study links the risks and substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and drugs) among adolescents to their perception about the functioning of family. Hence, a model of functional communication has been established aimed at preventing the defined problem.
Methods: A random, voluntary, and anonymous survey was conducted that included a non-clinical sample of 1.018 adolescents in the Tuzla Canton. In a prospective method, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used, modified for this study.
Results: The average prevalence of substance use is 81.2% and is significant for male adolescents. Some 33% of the respondents smoke tobacco, 25.4% drinks alcohol, while 12% of the surveyed adolescents use drugs. There is a significant correlation between a complete and broader family and tobacco and alcohol use, while incomplete family and household without family members are linked to tobacco use only. The risk of alcohol use is significantly related to father’s higher level of education while mother’s high school education is significantly related to tobacco and alcohol use. As perceived by adolescents, parents have negative attitudes about substance use (75%), they are more strict in setting the rules of behavior at home (45.5%) than outside, and control where more than with whom adolescents spend their free time (F=14.14, df [2.6], p<0.05).
Conclusion: The functioning of a family (family structure, parents’ education, and the quality of communication in a family) is a significant factor in the context of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use.
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Nayab, Durre, Muhammad Nasir, Junaid Alam Memon, Mahmood Khalid, and Anwar Hussain. "Estimating the price elasticity for cigarette and chewed tobacco in Pakistan: evidence from microlevel data." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (August 25, 2020): s319—s325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055232.
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BackgroundWhile there is a large literature on the magnitude of price elasticity of cigarette demand, less is known about the same for chewed tobacco. Moreover, the studies on cigarette demand in Pakistan tend to ignore the heterogeneity in the smoking behaviour. This study estimates price elasticity for cigarette and chewed tobacco demand across different income groups, provinces and regions; and use these coefficients for simulating Pakistan’s tax policy and its impact on revenue and health outcomes.MethodDeaton model was applied on the 2015–2016 Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey dataset to estimate price elasticities of different tobacco products.ResultsThe demand for cigarettes is unitary elastic (−1.06), suggesting that a 1% increase in cigarette price would reduce its consumption by 1.06%. On the other hand, the demand for chewed tobacco is relatively inelastic (−0.55). Provincially, the own-price elasticity of cigarettes is negative and significant for all but Kyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province; whereas that of the chewed tobacco is negative and significant only for KP and Balochistan. Besides, the price elasticity of demand for both tobacco products is negative and significant only for lower income group and the rural region. The tax simulations favour a two-tiered tax system over the existing three-tiered system as the former will bring significantly better tax revenue and health outcomes.ConclusionsWhile confirming the effectiveness of tax policies in curbing tobacco use, this study concludes that higher tobacco taxes could increase tax revenue and improve public health in Pakistan.
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Nguyen, Hien Thu Thi, Long Thanh Giang, and Toan Ngoc Pham. "Impacts of higher tobacco tax on output and employment in Vietnam." Journal of Economics and Development 22, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-11-2019-0058.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate how higher tax on tobacco would influence output and employment in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used micro-simulation techniques proposed by Walbeeck (2010). Both national data (from Input–Output Table) and household data (Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey) were utilized.FindingsThe results showed that any increase in the excise tax for tobacco would have positive net impacts on both national output and employment. The tobacco industry would not be significantly affected due to its small contribution to national economy and employment. More importantly, money released from reduced tobacco consumption would be reallocated to other goods and services, and thus outputs and jobs in nontobacco sectors would increase.Research limitations/implicationsThe key limitation of this study was due to unavailability of updated data, especially Input–Output Table as well as household living standard survey.Practical implicationsThis study concluded that government should increase tax on cigarette along with a well-planned roadmap to avoid unexpected consequences on income and employment of laborers in this sector.Originality/valueThis study replicated a popular approach in order to verify an important government policy (i.e. effect of tax on tobacco on output and employment) under Vietnamese context.
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Ashar, Fatoni, and Firmansyah ,. "PENINGKATAN TARIF CUKAI ROKOK DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN DAN PENDAPATAN SEKTORAL JAWA TENGAH." KINERJA 19, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v19i2.537.
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This study analyzes the effect of excise of cigarette price changes to the consumption of cigarette and Central Java’s economy and household income. In the first stage, with employing panel data regression model,i.e. fixed effect model (FEM) which include 35 regencies/cities in Central Java Province during 2009-2013, the study examines the effect of cigarette excise to cigarette consumption. On the next stage, the study simulatesthe impact of cigarette consumption shock to the Central Java’s sectoral economy and household income using the Central Java 2013 Input-Output table. The findings indicate that the cigarette excise has a tradeoff effect tohousehold’s cigarette consumption. The increase of cigarette excise reduces cigarette consumption, and next, reduces output and sectoral household income. The cigarettes industries suffered the highest impact of thedecrease of the cigarette consumption, followed by other sectors which is has a high link to cigarette industries such as agricultures and tobacco sectors.Keywords: cigarette, excise, panel data regression, input-output analysis
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Virsaladze, Naira. "HOUSEHOLD - AN IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONAL UNIT." Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.11.
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Economy of the country represents the combination of resident institutional units (IU). A sector is created by grouping homogeneous institutional units. The household sector seems to be of great importance in the IU classification. Household as the main economic cell of a society is a group of people who are subject to common rules of cohabitation in one dwelling unit and are related to each other by a common budget (part of it), kinship and / or non-kinship relations, or both together. The household sector differs significantly from other sectors in its functions and behavior.Households are both producers and consumers.However, in most cases, the scale of their production is small and includes activities necessary for their existence.Households are also involved in the accumulation process.The study of the household as the most important institutional sector is carried out by the National Statistics Office.The most important source for the study of the socio-economic situation of the population of the country is the material obtained from this study. It is a specially organized selective statistical observation, based on the data of which the size of the consumer basket of goods and services and the population are determined by a number of social characteristics. The Household survey provides important statistical information on employment, agriculture, income-expenditure and livelihoods as a whole.It reflects the types and volume of income of the population from employment, assistance, pensions, gifts, dividends, loans, and etc. As a result expenses and their volume for housing, utilities, purchase of furniture, clothes and shoes, heating, health care, transport, food, local care in terms of agriculture and livestock, as well as revenues from the sale of livestock products have been also described in details. According to official statistics, the income declared by households is constantly increasing in dynamics. The average monthly income of one household for 2019 was 1175.3 GEL, which is 382.2 GEL or 48% higher than the same indicator in 2012. While the average monthly income per capita increased from 222.2 GEL to 336.1 GEL. Revenues from hired labor are still characterized by a high share in the income structure. The share of the latter in cash revenues and transfers is 48.7%, while in total revenues it is 45.5%. It is important to note that income from hired labor in the 2012-2019 analysis period has almost doubled. But it must be said that the purchasing power of doubled wages amid the depreciation of the lari is so low that households today consume far fewer consumer goods and services than in 2012. It is also noteworthy that remittances from abroad have increased, which is also an indicator of the depreciation of the lari and the growth of external migration processes. As for the income from the sale of property is reduced by 3.7 times, which indicates that the population due to poverty and unemployment has exhausted the sale of property accumulated in the past and nothing is left for sale. The amount of expenditure incurred by households as major consumers are directly reflected in the structure of GDP. The volume of expenditures on final consumption changes in parallel with GDP. In 2016-2019, this figure was 30,487.2 million. Increased from GEL to 41035.2 million, the growth rate was 134.6%. And household expenditures on final consumption 23 925, 4 mln. GEL 33,531.2 million has increased and the absolute increase amounted to 9 605.8 mln. GEL. From the structure of household consumer expenditures it could be seen that a significant part of the expenditures is spent on the purchase of daily consumer goods and services. On average, the total expenditure of one household in 2019 increased by 248.7 GEL compared to 2012, and the consumer cash expenditure - by 269.1 GEL. Food, beverages and tobacco account for 37.8% of household cash expenditure. The share of expenditures on food, beverages and tobacco products is similar to 2012, which indicates that the physical volume of goods consumed did not increase, but rather increased costs due to rising prices for products. Thus, official statistics from household surveys show that despite the increase in nominal incomes and expenditures, real incomes and expenditures decrease, household living standards fall sharply, remittances increase, and migration reaches dangerous levels for countries. In such conditions, the main task of the government is to identify the weaknesses in the economy at an early stage and take timely corrective measures. One of the main preconditions for this is an in-depth study and analysis of the socio-economic situation of households, which is primarily the prerogative of the National Statistics Office and analyst-statisticians.
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Ahmed, Jasimuddin, M. Mostafa Zaman, Sohel R. Choudhury, Tashfin Zissan, Mehedi Hasan Ahmed, and Masud Ahmed. "Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in a rural area of Bangladesh." Cardiovascular Journal 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v9i2.32424.
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Background: Data on risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are still inadequate Bangladesh. More data, especially from rural population because 70 percent of Bangladeshi people leave in rural area, are necessary to plan intervention and monitor progress of NCD control. The aim of the study was to determine distribution and prevalence of risk factors of NCDs in a rural adult population of Bangladesh.Method: A cross-sectional study targeting one adult (15 years or older) from each of 1088 households of a village was carried out in 2008. Among them 1011 participated. Information on age and education of the respondents and risk factors such as tobacco, fruit and vegetable intake, habit of added salt while taking the meal, blood pressure and waist circumference were obtained using standardized protocol.Results: Mean age of the subjects was 42.4 years. Age adjusted prevalence of tobacco consumption was 59.5% (smoking 31.0% and smokeless tobacco use 36.3%). More than nine in ten (92.8%) of the respondents consumed less than 5 serving of fruit and/or vegetables per day. Nine in ten (88.5%) used extra salt during meal. Prevalence of hypertension and central obesity was found 19.7% and 18.8% respectively.Conclusion: NCD risk factors are widely prevalent even in this rural population having a traditional agricultural lifestyle. Interventions those are appropriate to this kind of community are needed to be developed in Bangladesh.Cardiovasc. j. 2017; 9(2): 122-128
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Pandey, Alok Kumar, and Annapurna Dixit. "An empirical investigation of pan, tobacco and intoxicants consumption at household level in India." International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research 6, no. 2 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbhr.2018.091273.
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Pandey, Alok Kumar, and Annapurna Dixit. "An empirical investigation of pan, tobacco and intoxicants consumption at household level in India." International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research 6, no. 2 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbhr.2018.10012392.
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