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Academic literature on the topic 'Tobacco curing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tobacco curing"
1
Liu, Haipeng, Shaomi Duan, and Huilong Luo. "Design and Temperature Modeling Simulation of the Full Closed Hot Air Circulation Tobacco Bulk Curing Barn." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (2022): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071300.
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For now, the open humidification method is applied in the tobacco bulk curing barn, which has some disadvantages, such as the loss of the oil content and aroma components of the tobacco leaves and the waste heat loss of the exhaust air flow. In this context, a tobacco bulk curing barn with totally closed hot air circulation is designed to perfect the curing quality of tobacco and avoid the loss of residual heat in the bulk curing barn. Meanwhile, due to the balance and symmetry of input and output of the curing barn temperature, according to the law of conservation of energy, a mathematical model of the temperature control system of the closed hot air circulation tobacco bulk curing barn is established, and the temperature transfer function of the system is obtained. On this basis, 10 algorithms are used to optimize the full closed hot air circulation tobacco bulk curing barn temperature control system PID parameters. The result of the sobol sequence seeker optimization algorithm (SSOA) is better than the other algorithms. So, the PID control strategy based on the SSOA is used to simulate and experiment the temperature control system of tobacco bulk curing barn. The simulation and experimental results show that for the tobacco bulk curing barn temperature control system, the sobol sequence seeker optimization algorithm PID control has better dynamic characteristics compared with fuzzy PID control, and the temperature control system of tobacco bulk curing barn has fast adjustment and small overshoot. Therefore, the new baking barn with proper PID parameters can improve the tobacco’s curing quality and save energy by reducing the residual heat.
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Nestor, TB, JS Gentry, MG Riddick, BT Conner, DM Peele, and ME Edwards. "Role of Oxides of Nitrogen in Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Formation in Flue-Cured Tobacco." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 7 (2003): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0762.
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AbstractTobacco is known to contain a class of nitrosamines known as tobacco-specific nitrosamines or TSNA. Nitrosation of naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids is commonly accepted as the mechanism of TSNA formation in tobacco. Because green and freshly harvested tobaccos are virtually free of TSNA, formation and accumulation of TSNA are generally considered to occur during the curing process. Most recent hypotheses have focused on microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and other oxides of nitrogen (NOcompounds) that react with tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA during curing. This natural microbial process remains the prevalent hypothesis for TSNA formation in burley and other air-cured tobaccos. However, a different mechanism for the formation of TSNA in flue-cured tobacco, independent of microbial activity, is documented in this paper. It is common practice to flue-cure Virginia or blonde tobacco in bulk barns that incorporate forced air ventilation and temperature control. For the last thirty-five years, many modern bulk barns in North America generally have used liquid propane gas (LPG) with direct-fired burners that exhaust combustion gases directly into the barn where the tobacco is exposed to those gases. Our studies indicate that LPG combustion by-products in the exhaust stream, namely NO, react with naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA. Heat exchange curing methods preclude exposure of the tobacco to combustion gases and by-products, thereby eliminating this significant source of TSNA formation, without degrading leaf quality or smoking character. Research findings from 1998 and 1999 are presented to demonstrate the role of NOgases in TSNA formation and the significance of direct-fired curing as a primary source of TSNA formation in flue-cured tobacco. Also, data from an extensive barn conversion program in 2000, which resulted in a 94% average reduction in TSNA levels in cured flue-cured leaf, are presented.
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Fang, Shun Li, Shi Ping Jin, Su Yi Huang, Wu Qi Wen, and Yue Ping Li. "Experimental Study on the Temperature Variation of a New Tobacco Curing Barn with Double-Way Ventilation." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.735.
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In China, there is a vast area of tobacco producing, and the production condition in various regions is different. It is difficult for the traditional bulk tobacco curing barns with air rising to adjust the area with all conditions, and the intrinsic quality of cured tobacco is difficult to guarantee. We study on a new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation, and we analyze its performance through experiments. We tested the change of the temperature field in both the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation and the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising, the result shows: (1) Air moves in the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation from top to bottom, compared with the traditional bulk tobacco curing barn with air rising, the new tobacco curing barn has a smaller amount of airflow, and it also has a small temperature difference on the same horizontal plane and a reasonable temperature difference on vertical direction, this is good for the curing of different maturity tobacco leaves; (2) Fuel of the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation is one-time added, so the heat supply is stable, and the temperature changes quite gentle, but fuel of the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising is many-time added, the temperature changes dramatic. (3) The new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation has forced ventilation channel and enhanced moisture channel to strengthen the ability of natural ventilation, so when power outages and other emergency situations happen, there is natural air convection in the tobacco curing barn, but the simple tobacco curing barn with air rising totally could not avoid the harm caused by power outages and other emergency situations. This research could provide reference for the design and application of new curing barn later.
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deRoton, C., A. Wiernik, I. Wahlberg, and B. Vidal. "Factors Influencing the Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in French Air-Cured Tobaccos in Trials and at the Farm Level." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 6 (2005): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0797.
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AbstractSeveral trials the results of which are compiled in this paper, were carried out at the Tobacco Institute of Bergerac (ITB) and in the area nearby from 1996 to 2003. The objective was to study the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in dark air-cured and burley tobaccos during curing and post-curing treatment under the conditions of cultivation, curing and storage commonly applied by the growers in the south-western part of France. For experimental purposes special treatments were performed in certain trials.The results showed that the main genetic trait involved in the formation of TSNA is the propensity of a variety to convert nicotine to nornicotine (NN). In addition, the ability of a variety to lose water rapidly limits the formation of nitrite and hence also the formation of TSNA. Furthermore, agricultural practices that led to an increase of alkaloid concentrations in the tobacco leaves also led to an increase of TSNA concentration. Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality. Ventilation in the barn plays a major role, and the leaves cured in well ventilated curing structures, such as plastic sheds, generally contained smaller amounts of TSNA than leaves cured in a conventional curing barn. The results also indicated that the TSNA concentrations may increase after the end of cure, if the cured tobaccos were kept hanging in the barn under humid conditions. The concentration of TSNA may also continue to increase, whereas nitrite concentrations tend to decrease, when the leaves are kept in bales.It can be concluded that the French climatic conditions with moderate temperatures and low relative humidity at the time of curing, are favourable for the production of air-cured tobaccos with a good quality and low TSNA concentrations (1.5-3.5 µg/g), provided that the variety has low NN content, the nitrogen fertilization is moderate, the curing is performed in a well ventilated environment, the tobacco is taken down and stripped as soon as it is cured, and the bales are stored as briefly as possible before the leaves are threshed and stabilized.
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Staaf, M., S. Back, A. Wiernik, I. Wahlberg, RC Long, and JH Young. "Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) During Air-Curing: Conditions and Control." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 6 (2005): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0798.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe present review deals with studies performed during several consecutive years on the effect of air-curing on tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) formation and quality of tobacco. Temperature, relative humidity, water content and water activity data were collected during curing of dark tobacco in traditional air-curing barns and bulk-curing barns of different sizes, and chemical analysis of the cured tobacco were performed.
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Chamberlain, WJ, and OT Chortyk. "Effects of Curing and Fertilization on Nitrosamine Formation in Bright and Burley Tobacco." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 15, no. 2 (1992): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0625.
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AbstractA bright and a Burley tobacco were grown at four fertilization rates and each tobacco was then both flue-cured and air-cured. Levels of alkaloids and nitrosamines were found to increase with increasing fertilization levels. Levels of alkaloids, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), and other tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) were consistently higher in the Burley tobacco than in the bright tobacco, regardless of curing method. In comparing the effects of curing, it was found that NNN and total TSNA levels were higher in the midrib than in the lamina of the air-cured samples, while just the opposite was found for the flue-cured samples. Flue-curing bright tobacco produced three times the level of TSNA vs air-curing the same tobacco. On the other hand, flue-curing Burley tobacco reduced the alkaloids, but greatly increased the TSNA in the lamina. As midribs from the air-cured Burley leaves had three times the TSNA concentration of the lamina, the use of air-cured midribs in tobacco products should be avoided. It was concluded that lower fertilization levels and careful manipulations of curing parameters could lower nitrosamine levels in cured tobacco.
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Shati, Nelson. "Design of a Prototype Solar Thermal Tobacco Curing Barn." International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources 11, no. 2 (2022): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijrer.vol11no2.1.
Full textAbstract:
A feasibility study survey held in July 2020 had tobacco farmers agreeing that there was strong need to move away from using firewood for tobacco curing. It became necessary to develop alternative renewable energy systems. Prototyping takes precedence before introducing the renewable energy tobacco curing system for use by farmers. The initiative is to design a prototype tobacco curing barn for use with solar thermal collector tobacco curing energy systems tests. The design accommodates dimensions of maximum cross-section of a tobacco leaf at 65 centimetres long and 40 centimetres wide. Prototype roof rail sustains tobacco mass of 100 kilogrammes. Barn mobility is enabled by mounting 4 roller wheels sustaining a gross weight of 500 kilogrammes. A barn handle is at one narrow side. The paper explains a detailed design process and sketches of the prototype tobacco curing barn as well as presents a lifecycle costing of the project’s investment in Zimbabwe.
8
L. R. Walton, L. D. Swetnam, and J. H. Casada. "Curing Burley Tobacco in a Field Curing Structure." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10, no. 3 (1994): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25867.
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Wu, Juan, and Simon X. Yang. "Intelligent Control of Bulk Tobacco Curing Schedule Using LS-SVM- and ANFIS-Based Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Approaches." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081778.
Full textAbstract:
The bulk tobacco flue-curing process is followed by a bulk tobacco curing schedule, which is typically pre-set at the beginning and might be adjusted by the curer to accommodate the need for tobacco leaves during curing. In this study, the controlled parameters of a bulk tobacco curing schedule were presented, which is significant for the systematic modelling of an intelligent tobacco flue-curing process. To fully imitate the curer’s control of the bulk tobacco curing schedule, three types of sensors were applied, namely, a gas sensor, image sensor, and moisture sensor. Feature extraction methods were given forward to extract the odor, image, and moisture features of the tobacco leaves individually. Three multi-sensor data fusion schemes were applied, where a least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) regression model and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) decision model were used. Four experiments were conducted from July to September 2014, with a total of 603 measurement points, ensuring the results’ robustness and validness. The results demonstrate that a hybrid fusion scheme achieves a superior prediction performance with the coefficients of determination of the controlled parameters, reaching 0.9991, 0.9589, and 0.9479, respectively. The high prediction accuracy made the proposed hybrid fusion scheme a feasible, reliable, and effective method to intelligently control over the tobacco curing schedule.
10
Song, Zhaopeng, Fengjie Wei, Xinfeng Su, Yongjun Wang, Yikuan Fan, and Jian-An Wang. "Application of automatic control furnace for combustion of biomass briquette fuel for tobacco curing." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191115148s.
Full textAbstract:
Applying biomass energy for curing flue-cured/Virginia tobacco heating is the best way to realize green tobacco production. Aiming to satisfy the heating demand for flue-cured tobacco curing, a new heating device that uses biomass briquettes as fuel for curing tobacco is adopted the first time, which was developed using modern mature electromechanical and computer technology. The new device consists of automatic feeding, ash cleaning, ventilation, and ignition systems governed by an intelligent tobacco-curing controller designed for specific curing characteristics. The results of experiments conducted with an original direct combustion coal furnace, bulk curing barn, and controlled coal-fired heating indicated that the heat supply of the new device could satisfy the heat demand during the tobacco curing process, with a good performance-controlling difference of ? 0.5?C between the actual and target dry-bulb temperature in the barn. With its unattended heating management and use of fully burning fuel, the new device sharply decreased the cost of manual operation and tobacco leaves required per kilogram compared to a coal furnace. Considering the shape of its structure, the new device could be used to heat homes or small-scale boilers if the chip procedure of the controller is altered.