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1
Liu, Haipeng, Shaomi Duan, and Huilong Luo. "Design and Temperature Modeling Simulation of the Full Closed Hot Air Circulation Tobacco Bulk Curing Barn." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071300.
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For now, the open humidification method is applied in the tobacco bulk curing barn, which has some disadvantages, such as the loss of the oil content and aroma components of the tobacco leaves and the waste heat loss of the exhaust air flow. In this context, a tobacco bulk curing barn with totally closed hot air circulation is designed to perfect the curing quality of tobacco and avoid the loss of residual heat in the bulk curing barn. Meanwhile, due to the balance and symmetry of input and output of the curing barn temperature, according to the law of conservation of energy, a mathematical model of the temperature control system of the closed hot air circulation tobacco bulk curing barn is established, and the temperature transfer function of the system is obtained. On this basis, 10 algorithms are used to optimize the full closed hot air circulation tobacco bulk curing barn temperature control system PID parameters. The result of the sobol sequence seeker optimization algorithm (SSOA) is better than the other algorithms. So, the PID control strategy based on the SSOA is used to simulate and experiment the temperature control system of tobacco bulk curing barn. The simulation and experimental results show that for the tobacco bulk curing barn temperature control system, the sobol sequence seeker optimization algorithm PID control has better dynamic characteristics compared with fuzzy PID control, and the temperature control system of tobacco bulk curing barn has fast adjustment and small overshoot. Therefore, the new baking barn with proper PID parameters can improve the tobacco’s curing quality and save energy by reducing the residual heat.
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Nestor, TB, JS Gentry, MG Riddick, BT Conner, DM Peele, and ME Edwards. "Role of Oxides of Nitrogen in Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Formation in Flue-Cured Tobacco." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 7 (November 1, 2003): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0762.
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AbstractTobacco is known to contain a class of nitrosamines known as tobacco-specific nitrosamines or TSNA. Nitrosation of naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids is commonly accepted as the mechanism of TSNA formation in tobacco. Because green and freshly harvested tobaccos are virtually free of TSNA, formation and accumulation of TSNA are generally considered to occur during the curing process. Most recent hypotheses have focused on microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and other oxides of nitrogen (NOcompounds) that react with tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA during curing. This natural microbial process remains the prevalent hypothesis for TSNA formation in burley and other air-cured tobaccos. However, a different mechanism for the formation of TSNA in flue-cured tobacco, independent of microbial activity, is documented in this paper. It is common practice to flue-cure Virginia or blonde tobacco in bulk barns that incorporate forced air ventilation and temperature control. For the last thirty-five years, many modern bulk barns in North America generally have used liquid propane gas (LPG) with direct-fired burners that exhaust combustion gases directly into the barn where the tobacco is exposed to those gases. Our studies indicate that LPG combustion by-products in the exhaust stream, namely NO, react with naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA. Heat exchange curing methods preclude exposure of the tobacco to combustion gases and by-products, thereby eliminating this significant source of TSNA formation, without degrading leaf quality or smoking character. Research findings from 1998 and 1999 are presented to demonstrate the role of NOgases in TSNA formation and the significance of direct-fired curing as a primary source of TSNA formation in flue-cured tobacco. Also, data from an extensive barn conversion program in 2000, which resulted in a 94% average reduction in TSNA levels in cured flue-cured leaf, are presented.
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Fang, Shun Li, Shi Ping Jin, Su Yi Huang, Wu Qi Wen, and Yue Ping Li. "Experimental Study on the Temperature Variation of a New Tobacco Curing Barn with Double-Way Ventilation." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.735.
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In China, there is a vast area of tobacco producing, and the production condition in various regions is different. It is difficult for the traditional bulk tobacco curing barns with air rising to adjust the area with all conditions, and the intrinsic quality of cured tobacco is difficult to guarantee. We study on a new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation, and we analyze its performance through experiments. We tested the change of the temperature field in both the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation and the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising, the result shows: (1) Air moves in the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation from top to bottom, compared with the traditional bulk tobacco curing barn with air rising, the new tobacco curing barn has a smaller amount of airflow, and it also has a small temperature difference on the same horizontal plane and a reasonable temperature difference on vertical direction, this is good for the curing of different maturity tobacco leaves; (2) Fuel of the new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation is one-time added, so the heat supply is stable, and the temperature changes quite gentle, but fuel of the traditional tobacco curing barn with air rising is many-time added, the temperature changes dramatic. (3) The new tobacco curing barn with double-way ventilation has forced ventilation channel and enhanced moisture channel to strengthen the ability of natural ventilation, so when power outages and other emergency situations happen, there is natural air convection in the tobacco curing barn, but the simple tobacco curing barn with air rising totally could not avoid the harm caused by power outages and other emergency situations. This research could provide reference for the design and application of new curing barn later.
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deRoton, C., A. Wiernik, I. Wahlberg, and B. Vidal. "Factors Influencing the Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in French Air-Cured Tobaccos in Trials and at the Farm Level." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 6 (July 1, 2005): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0797.
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AbstractSeveral trials the results of which are compiled in this paper, were carried out at the Tobacco Institute of Bergerac (ITB) and in the area nearby from 1996 to 2003. The objective was to study the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in dark air-cured and burley tobaccos during curing and post-curing treatment under the conditions of cultivation, curing and storage commonly applied by the growers in the south-western part of France. For experimental purposes special treatments were performed in certain trials.The results showed that the main genetic trait involved in the formation of TSNA is the propensity of a variety to convert nicotine to nornicotine (NN). In addition, the ability of a variety to lose water rapidly limits the formation of nitrite and hence also the formation of TSNA. Furthermore, agricultural practices that led to an increase of alkaloid concentrations in the tobacco leaves also led to an increase of TSNA concentration. Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality. Ventilation in the barn plays a major role, and the leaves cured in well ventilated curing structures, such as plastic sheds, generally contained smaller amounts of TSNA than leaves cured in a conventional curing barn. The results also indicated that the TSNA concentrations may increase after the end of cure, if the cured tobaccos were kept hanging in the barn under humid conditions. The concentration of TSNA may also continue to increase, whereas nitrite concentrations tend to decrease, when the leaves are kept in bales.It can be concluded that the French climatic conditions with moderate temperatures and low relative humidity at the time of curing, are favourable for the production of air-cured tobaccos with a good quality and low TSNA concentrations (1.5-3.5 µg/g), provided that the variety has low NN content, the nitrogen fertilization is moderate, the curing is performed in a well ventilated environment, the tobacco is taken down and stripped as soon as it is cured, and the bales are stored as briefly as possible before the leaves are threshed and stabilized.
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Staaf, M., S. Back, A. Wiernik, I. Wahlberg, RC Long, and JH Young. "Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) During Air-Curing: Conditions and Control." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 6 (July 1, 2005): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0798.
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AbstractThe present review deals with studies performed during several consecutive years on the effect of air-curing on tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) formation and quality of tobacco. Temperature, relative humidity, water content and water activity data were collected during curing of dark tobacco in traditional air-curing barns and bulk-curing barns of different sizes, and chemical analysis of the cured tobacco were performed.
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Chamberlain, WJ, and OT Chortyk. "Effects of Curing and Fertilization on Nitrosamine Formation in Bright and Burley Tobacco." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0625.
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AbstractA bright and a Burley tobacco were grown at four fertilization rates and each tobacco was then both flue-cured and air-cured. Levels of alkaloids and nitrosamines were found to increase with increasing fertilization levels. Levels of alkaloids, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), and other tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) were consistently higher in the Burley tobacco than in the bright tobacco, regardless of curing method. In comparing the effects of curing, it was found that NNN and total TSNA levels were higher in the midrib than in the lamina of the air-cured samples, while just the opposite was found for the flue-cured samples. Flue-curing bright tobacco produced three times the level of TSNA vs air-curing the same tobacco. On the other hand, flue-curing Burley tobacco reduced the alkaloids, but greatly increased the TSNA in the lamina. As midribs from the air-cured Burley leaves had three times the TSNA concentration of the lamina, the use of air-cured midribs in tobacco products should be avoided. It was concluded that lower fertilization levels and careful manipulations of curing parameters could lower nitrosamine levels in cured tobacco.
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Shati, Nelson. "Design of a Prototype Solar Thermal Tobacco Curing Barn." International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijrer.vol11no2.1.
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A feasibility study survey held in July 2020 had tobacco farmers agreeing that there was strong need to move away from using firewood for tobacco curing. It became necessary to develop alternative renewable energy systems. Prototyping takes precedence before introducing the renewable energy tobacco curing system for use by farmers. The initiative is to design a prototype tobacco curing barn for use with solar thermal collector tobacco curing energy systems tests. The design accommodates dimensions of maximum cross-section of a tobacco leaf at 65 centimetres long and 40 centimetres wide. Prototype roof rail sustains tobacco mass of 100 kilogrammes. Barn mobility is enabled by mounting 4 roller wheels sustaining a gross weight of 500 kilogrammes. A barn handle is at one narrow side. The paper explains a detailed design process and sketches of the prototype tobacco curing barn as well as presents a lifecycle costing of the project’s investment in Zimbabwe.
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L. R. Walton, L. D. Swetnam, and J. H. Casada. "Curing Burley Tobacco in a Field Curing Structure." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10, no. 3 (1994): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25867.
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Wu, Juan, and Simon X. Yang. "Intelligent Control of Bulk Tobacco Curing Schedule Using LS-SVM- and ANFIS-Based Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Approaches." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081778.
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The bulk tobacco flue-curing process is followed by a bulk tobacco curing schedule, which is typically pre-set at the beginning and might be adjusted by the curer to accommodate the need for tobacco leaves during curing. In this study, the controlled parameters of a bulk tobacco curing schedule were presented, which is significant for the systematic modelling of an intelligent tobacco flue-curing process. To fully imitate the curer’s control of the bulk tobacco curing schedule, three types of sensors were applied, namely, a gas sensor, image sensor, and moisture sensor. Feature extraction methods were given forward to extract the odor, image, and moisture features of the tobacco leaves individually. Three multi-sensor data fusion schemes were applied, where a least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) regression model and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) decision model were used. Four experiments were conducted from July to September 2014, with a total of 603 measurement points, ensuring the results’ robustness and validness. The results demonstrate that a hybrid fusion scheme achieves a superior prediction performance with the coefficients of determination of the controlled parameters, reaching 0.9991, 0.9589, and 0.9479, respectively. The high prediction accuracy made the proposed hybrid fusion scheme a feasible, reliable, and effective method to intelligently control over the tobacco curing schedule.
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Song, Zhaopeng, Fengjie Wei, Xinfeng Su, Yongjun Wang, Yikuan Fan, and Jian-An Wang. "Application of automatic control furnace for combustion of biomass briquette fuel for tobacco curing." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191115148s.
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Applying biomass energy for curing flue-cured/Virginia tobacco heating is the best way to realize green tobacco production. Aiming to satisfy the heating demand for flue-cured tobacco curing, a new heating device that uses biomass briquettes as fuel for curing tobacco is adopted the first time, which was developed using modern mature electromechanical and computer technology. The new device consists of automatic feeding, ash cleaning, ventilation, and ignition systems governed by an intelligent tobacco-curing controller designed for specific curing characteristics. The results of experiments conducted with an original direct combustion coal furnace, bulk curing barn, and controlled coal-fired heating indicated that the heat supply of the new device could satisfy the heat demand during the tobacco curing process, with a good performance-controlling difference of ? 0.5?C between the actual and target dry-bulb temperature in the barn. With its unattended heating management and use of fully burning fuel, the new device sharply decreased the cost of manual operation and tobacco leaves required per kilogram compared to a coal furnace. Considering the shape of its structure, the new device could be used to heat homes or small-scale boilers if the chip procedure of the controller is altered.
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Jia, Jingxiao, Mingjin Zhang, Jinchao Zhao, Jian’an Wang, Fan He, and Lifang Wang. "The Effects of Increasing the Dry-Bulb Temperature during the Stem-Drying Stage on the Quality of Upper Leaves of Flue-Cured Tobacco." Processes 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030726.
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The control of the curing temperature during the stem-drying stage is important for the quality of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco. Based on the conventional curing process during the yellowing stage and the leaf0drying stage in the tobacco curing process, in this study, the dry-bulb temperature was increased to 72 and 75 °C in the bulk curing barn during the stem-drying stage to compare with the highest temperature of 68 °C commonly adopted in the bulk curing barn. The result showed that, compared with the conventional temperature setting, the energy consumption cost was reduced by 0.10 or 0.08 USD/kg when the curing temperature was increased to 72 or 75 °C, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that increasing DBT was beneficial to the improvement in the internal quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The adjustment of curing temperature also improved the aromatic quality and volume of singe-material tobacco leaves. However, as the temperature continued to increase, the quality improvement in cured upper tobacco leaves showed a decreasing trend. According to the quality of fresh tobacco leaves, an appropriate increase in the dry-bulb temperature based on the conventional temperature setting of 68 °C during the stem-drying stage can improve the usability and economic benefit. The degree of increase in the DBT should depend on the quality of local fresh tobacco growth in the field.
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Liu, Enhai, Wenyun Zhang, Xiaoyang Gao, Zhanghui Guo, and Biao Qi. "Research on energy saving and emission reduction for rural tobacco curing." Thermal Science 27, no. 3 Part A (2023): 1771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2303771l.
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This paper proposes a novel technology for waste heat recovery from a coal-fired curing barn flue gas, which can reduce simultaneously the flue gas pollutants. The upper and lower shed tobacco leaves are used as the research object during the curing of tobacco leaves in the rural curing tobacco house. The temperature and the humidity are monitored during the curing process, the change in the appearance of the tobacco leaves is observed. The desulfurization and denitration system can improve the uniformity of the overall tobacco leaves temperature and humidity, and can realize the integration of waste heat recovery of coal-fired boilers and flue gas pollutants treatment. An experiment is carried out and the results show that the technology can save energy to the greatest extent while ensuring the quality of tobacco leaves.
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Wang, Jianan, Fengjie Wei, Weidong Duan, Yonghui Zhang, Yikuan Fan, and Zhaopeng Song. "Performance of solar hot-water installations from roof-constructed solar collectors integrated with a central heating supply for tobacco curing." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part A (2020): 1845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190406072w.
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In view of the abundant solar energy available during the tobacco curing season, a solar hot-water installation to provide auxiliary heating for bulk tobacco-curing operations was developed, based on the original concept of a boiler-driven central heating supply that transported hot water over short distances by pipeline, using solar collectors connected in parallel and installed on the unoccupied flat roofs of 20 curing barns. The results showed that daily solar conversion efficiency ranged from 65% to 67%. During the tobacco curing period from 10:00 hours to 14:00 hours each day, in sunny or partly cloudy weather, heating water temperatures exceeding 75?C were automatically derived for use in the bulk curing barns needed. Use of solar energy as a substitute for coal fuel in tobacco curing, in conjunction with precise automatic control, enabled solar energy to account for 18.4% of the total curing energy consumption in this study. Through comparative analysis, the use of solar hot-water installations can help the local tobacco industry to reduce absolute carbon emissions by more than 10% at the experimental location in the pay-back period.
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Morin, A., N. Poirier, D. Prefontaine, and M. Lacasse. "Effects of Flue-curing on Cigarette Smoke Condensates Mutagenicity." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 24, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0883.
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AbstractFlue-curing is a post harvest conditioning process which strongly affects the tobacco leaf chemistry, and consequently the chemical properties of tobacco smoke. Several studies identified the major changes in tobacco chemistry occurring during flue-curing. It is not known how flue-curing contributes to changes in bioactivity of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). In this study, tobacco leaves collected throughout the twelve days of flue-curing were used to prepare cigarettes that were smoked to generate CSC samples. The assessment of mutagenicity was performed using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation / Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation. CSC from cured leaves were significantly more mutagenic than CSC from uncured leaves. The number of revertants was positively influenced by the duration of the curing. The effect of the duration of curing on the number of revertants was more pronounced with increasing CSC concentration.
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Ju, Wen, Yong Wang, and Xiao Yu Li. "Study on Tobacco Flue-Curing Process for Curing Barn which Temperature and Humidity was Auto-Controlled." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.703.
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New flue-curing process which can accommodate new curing barn which temperature and humidity can be auto-controlled was studied. Based on results of the study on new curing barn and the baking theory, the flue-curing process for new curing barn was programmed. Flue-curing results of this new curing process for new curing barn were compared to the results of conventional baking process for conventional barn. The comparison result was that the new process was simple, convenient and easy-running. The quality of cured tobacco leaf from new curing process was improved: proportion of orange tobacco leaf, the first class tobacco leaf and the first/secondary class leaf was improved by 3.38, 4.74 and 2.03 percentage respectively than the value of conventional process. Meanwhile, the value of total sugar, starch, nicotine, total nitrogen, protein and the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar were lower than the result of conventional process. Chemical composition was more balance than conventional process.
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Pou, Anna M., and Carl H. Snyderman. "Strategies for curing tobacco addiction." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 2 (April 1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00020840-199904000-00008.
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Kadete, H. "Energy conservation in tobacco curing." Energy 14, no. 7 (July 1989): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(89)90137-0.
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Bovet, Cheval, Hilfiker, Battey, Langlet, Broye, Schwaar, et al. "Asparagine Synthesis During Tobacco Leaf Curing." Plants 8, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110492.
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Senescence is a genetically controlled mechanism that modifies leaf chemistry. This involves significant changes in the accumulation of carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds, including asparagine through the activity of asparagine synthetases. These enzymes are required for nitrogen re-assimilation and remobilization in plants; however, their mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report how leaf curing—a senescence-induced process that allows tobacco leaves to dry out—modifies the asparagine metabolism. We show that leaf curing strongly alters the concentration of the four main amino acids, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, and glutamate. We demonstrate that detached tobacco leaf or stalk curing has a different impact on the expression of asparagine synthetase genes and accumulation of asparagine. Additionally, we characterize the main asparagine synthetases involved in the production of asparagine during curing. The expression of ASN1 and ASN5 genes is upregulated during curing. The ASN1-RNAi and ASN5-RNAi tobacco plant lines display significant alterations in the accumulation of asparagine, glutamine, and aspartate relative to wild-type plants. These results support the idea that ASN1 and ASN5 are key regulators of asparagine metabolism during leaf curing.
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Banožić, Marija, Stela Jokić, Đurđica Ačkar, Marijana Blažić, and Drago Šubarić. "Carbohydrates—Key Players in Tobacco Aroma Formation and Quality Determination." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071734.
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Carbohydrates are important compounds in natural products where they primarily serve as a source of energy, but they have important secondary roles as precursors of aroma or bioactive compounds. They are present in fresh and dried (cured) tobacco leaves as well. The sugar content of tobacco depends on the tobacco variety, harvesting, and primarily on the curing conditions (temperature, time and moisture). If the process of curing employs high temperatures (flue-curing and sun-curing), final sugar content is high. In contrast, when air curing has a lower temperature, at the end of the process, sugar level is low. Beside simple sugars, other carbohydrates reported in tobacco are oligosaccharides, cellulose, starch, and pectin. Degradation of polysaccharides results in a higher yield of simple sugars, but at the same time reduces sugars oxidization and transfer into carbon dioxide and water. Loss of sugar producers will compensate with added sugars, to cover undesirable aroma properties and achieve a better, pleasant taste during smoking. However, tobacco carbohydrates can be precursors for many harmful compounds, including formaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Keeping in mind that added sugars in tobacco production are unavoidable, it is important to understand all changes in carbohydrates from harvesting to consuming in order to achieve better product properties and avoid the formation of harmful compounds. This review summarizes current knowledge about tobacco carbohydrates, including changes during processing with special focus on carbohydrates as precursors of harmful compounds during smoking.
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Wang, Pei, Zhenguo Chen, Chensheng Xu, Jiangyu Song, Jiawang Liu, Jingchao Li, Weidong Duan, and Guangwei Sun. "Effects of Enzymatic Browning and Leaf Browning Inhibitors on Tobacco." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2140.
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The maturity of fresh tobacco leaves affects the browning of leaves to differing degrees during the curing process, thus affecting the quality of cured tobacco leaves. In this study, tobacco leaves of increasing maturity (M1–M4) were selected. Dark-box experiments were performed to investigate the roasting characteristics and relationship between tobacco leaf maturity and browning and to determine their polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and qualities. We found that mature tobacco leaves (M3) had high substance accumulation, and the PPO activity decreased throughout the baking process. After 72 h of curing, the PPO activity in the M3 leaves was 81.22 U/g, which was significantly different from that in M1 and M2. On this basis, three different browning inhibitors (control: 10 mL of distilled water; T1:10 mL of 0.5% citric acid+0.5% polyphenol; and T2:10 mL 0.5% citric acid+0.5% salicylic acid) were sprayed onto the surface of M2 leaves before curing to observe their inhibitory effects. The T2-treated leaves showed inhibited PPO activity, and after baking for 72 h, the peroxidase enzyme (POD) content of the T2-treated leaves was higher, which effectively inhibited the enzymatic reaction. In conclusion, to reduce the browning ratio of tobacco leaves during the curing process, the harvested tobacco leaves should be allowed to reach full maturity when the values of Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter ranged 9–13, and 0.5% citric acid+0.5% salicylic acid (T2) should be used as a browning inhibitor to produce tobacco with the highest sensory quality. The results of this study can help inhibit browning and maintaining the quality of the tobacco leaves during the curing process.
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Cerquera Peña, Néstor Enrique, Yaneth Liliana Ruiz Osorio, and Eduardo Pastrana Bonilla. "Evaluating a tobacco-curing oven using a forced-convection heat exchanger USCO - MADR." Ingeniería e Investigación 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v30n1.15214.
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A traditional oven for curing tobacco leaves was redesigned (based on existing infrastructure); a forced-convection heat exchanger system was implemented in it which worked with coffee hulls as fuel. This oven (called a forced-convection tobacco leaf curing oven) was evaluated during the harvesting season. It was found that temperature and relative humidity inside the furnace could be controlled with this assembly during the three stages involved in curing tobacco leaves. The equipment used performed excellently when using coffee hulls as fuel, having the following approximate consumption during curing: 8.92 kilograms per hour during the yellowing stage, 17.75 kilograms per hour during the leaf drying and color fixation phase and 19.29 kilograms per hour during the stem drying stage. Comparative analysis of the ovens operating costs along with the proposed adjustments to be made to it would allow its implementation as a promising alternative in the existing tobacco chain.
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Wu, Shengjiang, Yushuang Guo, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Shafaque Sehar, Bin Cai, Zhangmin Xiang, Yonggao Tu, Degang Zhao, and Imran Haider Shamsi. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis by iTRAQ Reveals that Plastid Pigment Metabolism Contributes to Leaf Color Changes in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) during Curing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072394.
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Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), is a world’s major non-food agricultural crop widely cultivated for its economic value. Among several color change associated biological processes, plastid pigment metabolism is of trivial importance in postharvest plant organs during curing and storage. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in carotenoid and chlorophyll metabolism, as well as color change in tobacco leaves during curing, need further elaboration. Here, proteomic analysis at different curing stages (0 h, 48 h, 72 h) was performed in tobacco cv. Bi’na1 with an aim to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism in tobacco leaves as revealed by the iTRAQ proteomic approach. Our results displayed significant differences in leaf color parameters and ultrastructural fingerprints that indicate an acceleration of chloroplast disintegration and promotion of pigment degradation in tobacco leaves due to curing. In total, 5931 proteins were identified, of which 923 (450 up-regulated, 452 down-regulated, and 21 common) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from tobacco leaves. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism and color change, 19 DEPs involved in carotenoid metabolism and 12 DEPs related to chlorophyll metabolism were screened. The results exhibited the complex regulation of DEPs in carotenoid metabolism, a negative regulation in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and a positive regulation in chlorophyll breakdown, which delayed the degradation of xanthophylls and accelerated the breakdown of chlorophylls, promoting the formation of yellow color during curing. Particularly, the up-regulation of the chlorophyllase-1-like isoform X2 was the key protein regulatory mechanism responsible for chlorophyll metabolism and color change. The expression pattern of 8 genes was consistent with the iTRAQ data. These results not only provide new insights into pigment metabolism and color change underlying the postharvest physiological regulatory networks in plants, but also a broader perspective, which prompts us to pay attention to further screen key proteins in tobacco leaves during curing.
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TIRTOSASTRO, SAMSURI, DARMONO DARMONO, and SUBANDI SUBANDI. "REKAYASA KOLEKTOR SURYA DAN KOMPOR LPG PADA PENGOVENAN DAUN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 6, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v6n1.2000.5-13.
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<p><strong>Engineering of solar collector and LPG-burner for curing Virginia tobacco</strong></p><p>Indonesia produces 30 tones of Hue cured tobacco every year. Curing Virginia tobacco needs I 29 I kerosene per I kg cured leaves, thus lo process 30 tones cured leaves, it needs 38.7 liter kerosene with a value ol Rp 1 5.5 billion per year Kerosene as a source of energy is used for house hold in Ihe village and it is highly subsidized by the government. For such industries as tobacco processing other sources of energy are available, including gas oil, diesel oil and fuel oil, solar energy, coal, and liquid petroleum gas This study was aimed at designing solar collector and LPG buner suitable lor Virginia tobacco flue curing. Tobacco leaves were cured in a curing barn with LPG as a fuel, while the solar collector was installed on Ihe roof of Ihe barn. The size of the curing barn was 4 m x 4 m x 7 m with a capacity of iwo tones fresh leaves. The LPG-burner used was BA'I'/Baliltas-I, with was specially designed for lobacco curing barn ('nring method followed Ihe standard method practiced by farmers The experiment was conducted al IT Sadhana Arif Nusa. Has! Lombok. NTR from Angus! lo September 1997 The rcsull of experiment was evaluated holh from technical and economical aspects. The used of LPG combined with solar collector as the source of energy could reach Ihe required temperatures (J0-70°(.) during curing phases LPG consumption was 0.86 kg/ kg cured leaves, and solar energy contributed 6.48% of total energy required for curing process From economical view, the used of LPG and solar energy was not profitable. This was mainly due to Ihe high prices of LPG (Rp I 000 /kg) LPG-lank (Rp 1 600 000/unit) and roof- solar collector (Rp I 500 000 per unit).</p>
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Geng, Zhaoliang, Hongyu Yang, Huajun Gao, Lei Xing, Xi Hu, Tongjing Yan, and Bin Cai. "Metabolomics Reveal the Chemical Characteristic of Cigar Tobacco Leaves During Air-Curing Process." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2024): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2024.2411.
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Air-curing is a critical process in the production of cigar tobacco leaves. This process involves the vital degradation and transformation of macromolecular substances into micromolecular chemical compounds. In this study, three different varieties of tobacco leaves harvested from the Wuzhishan and Danzhou areas of Hainan, China were used as materials. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to investigate the chemical changes before and after air-curing in the metabolites. Metabolic analysis revealed significant stepwise alterations in the tobacco leaf metabolome during the air-curing process. A total of 172 differential metabolites were identified as significant contributors in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids, flavone, flavonol, and other secondary metabolites, among the total analyzed 1841 metabolites obtained from the tobacco leaves. Notably, the contents of flavonoid metabolites, including kaempferol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, exhibited a significant decrease throughout the air-curing period. Correlation analysis indicated a strong association between the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the contents of chlorogenic acid and kaempferol, suggesting their role in regulation the formation of yellow and brown colors in tobacco leaves. These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into the quality, commercial value, and chemical properties of cigar tobacco.
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C. F. Abrams, Jr., E. H. Wiser, S. M. Leary, T. W. Woody, and E. P. Harris. "Microcomputer-Based Control of Tobacco Curing." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 6, no. 4 (1990): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26421.
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Johnson, WH, and WW Weeks. "Handling and Curing Characteristics of Cut-Strip Tobacco. Part 2: Effect of Yellowing Time and Drying Potential." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0731.
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AbstractThis paper presents Part 2 of a study on comparative handling and curing characteristics of cut-strip vs. whole leaf tobacco. Part 1 considered the effect of leaf size (cut-strip size vs. whole leaf), packing density and mode of leaf orientation on cured leaf chemistry and leaf quality; whereas, the present study considers further the effect of leaf form, two yellowing times and two drying potentials during yellowing. Results showed that leaf chemistry and quality were quite similar for cut-strip (15.2 × 22.9 cm) and whole leaf. Insignificant differences were noted for cured leaf starch and sugars, although slightly lower levels of alkaloids (significant at the 0.01 level) were observed for cut strip. Curing treatments significantly affected leaf chemistry. Increased yellowing time resulted in lower levels of starch and higher levels of sugar. Sugars were also higher for tobacco yellowed under the higher drying potential. The two forms of leaf responded similarly to different curing schedules (i.e. no interaction of leaf form with schedule). Also, government grade and price data were essentially unaffected by leaf form or curing schedule over the range of variables tested. Cured leaf starch was abnormally high on the average for both leaf forms. Interestingly, starch levels were lower when intact tobacco was bulk-cured in racks rather than box cured (6.35% vs. 9.02%). Since curing schedules were similar, air velocity in the two curing methods might be a factor. Also the cured leaf starch content was about 56% lower for tobacco produced at the Oxford Tobacco Research Station (in a secondary study) than at the Central Crops Research Station. It is postulated that carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism during growth and maturation might be affected by excess rainfall events and/or nitrogen availability, with subsequent effects on starch-to-sugar conversion during curing.
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Guo, Pei Guo, Yan Shi Xia, Rong Hua Li, Yong Hua Lü, Miao Wen Qiu, Wei Chai Zhao, and Yi Wen Yu. "Assessment of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Tobacco Genotypes." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.871.
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The tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are one of the most important groups of carcinoigens in tobacco leaf, knowing the difference of TSNAs contents in tobacco genotypes should be beneficial for breeding low TSNAs cultivars which could decrease the harmfulness to human health in tobacco products. For this purpose, 8 genotypes (include burley, sun-cured and flue-cured tobacco) were selected as materials, the TSNAs contents of uncured and cured leaves were assessed with LC-MS/MS. The results showed that TSNAs contents were significantly increased after curing in all genotypes. The mean TSNAs contents of leaves before and after curing in burley were the highest among three types of tobacco, and the contents in sun-cured tobacco were the lowest. Coefficient of variation (CV) of TSNAs among genotypes in burley was higher than that in flue-cured and sun-cured tobacco, and the CV in sun-cured tobacco was the lowest. The positive correlation was observed in NNN, NAT and total TSNAs contents between uncured and cured leaves in three types of tobacco. Therefore, the TSNAs contents in uncured leaves could be considered as evaluation index to screen tobacco cultivars with the low TSNAs contents.
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Shati, Nelson, Ignatio Madanhire, and Emmanuel Mashonjowa. "Selection Criteria for a Tobacco Curing Solar Thermal Collector Energy System in Zimbabwe." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 3998–4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n3-016.
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The main objective of the current paper is to select an appropriate tobacco curing solar thermal collector. Tobacco is the second largest foreign currency earner after gold in Zimbabwe. The crop’s post-harvest activities have adverse effects through application of fossil fuels especially firewood. Firewood and coal burning have negative consequences of increasing the greenhouse effects, air pollution, high levels of deforestation causing subsequent land degradation and soil nutrients depletion. Small-scale tobacco farmers are economically disempowered and resort to use firewood as the main tobacco curing fuel source. In embracing modern trends of going green, introducing solar thermal technology in Zimbabwe becomes a prerequisite. In a survey conducted among small-scale tobacco farmers in July 2020, majority of them unanimously accepted a paradigm shift towards sustainability through adopting tobacco curing solar technologies. The system should be robust, reliable, durable, affordable and sustainable for farmers to have usage confidence and guaranteeing uninterrupted performance as tobacco is temperature and humidity sensitive. The main energy generation component is the solar thermal collector with solar photovoltaic supplying the system’s electricity needs. The paper develops solar technology selection criteria through literature review. Selection made upon reviewing all the factors is the solar thermal air flat-plate collector.
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Morin, A., A. Porter, J. Joly, and A. Ratavicius. "Evolution of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Microbial Populations During Flue-Curing of Tobacco Under Direct and Indirect Heating." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0770.
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AbstractCanadian tobacco was flue-cured using two different heating systems: direct-fired in which the exhaust gases were in contact with the tobacco and indirect in which only hot air, via a heat exchanger, contacted the tobacco. The concentrations of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in tobacco cured by indirect heating did not increase during curing and were in the range 0.25-0.35 ppm. There were no changes in TSNA concentrations (range 0.13-0.3 ppm) in tobacco cured by direct firing during the first six days (0-144 h) of curing. However between 168 and 264 h, significant increases in TSNAs occurred (up to 1.91 ppm). TSNA concentrations in leaves at the bottom of the plant were significantly higher than in those found at higher plant position. There were no significant differences in TSNA concentrations in tobacco cured on different farms. The TSNA concentrations in tobacco cured by indirect heat were 87% ± 5% lower than in tobacco cured by direct heat. Subsequent processing of tobacco did not change the relative concentrations of TSNAs.
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Siringi, Samuel. "Tobacco company defends safety of curing process." Lancet 363, no. 9402 (January 2004): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15249-x.
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Kiranoudis, C. T., Z. B. Maroulis, and D. Marinos-Kouris. "MASS TRANSFER MODELING FOR VIRGINIA TOBACCO CURING." Drying Technology 8, no. 2 (January 1990): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939008959888.
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Chivuraise, Chipo, Tafireyi Chamboko, and Godfrey Chagwiza. "An Assessment of Factors Influencing Forest Harvesting in Smallholder Tobacco Production in Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe: An Application of Binary Logistic Regression Model." Advances in Agriculture 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4186089.
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Deforestation is one of the major effects posed by the smallholder tobacco farming as the farmers heavily depend on firewood sourced from natural forest for curing tobacco. The research aims at assessing the factors that influence the harvesting of natural forest in the production of tobacco. Data is collected through the structured questionnaire from 60 randomly selected farmers. Binary logistic regression model is used to explain the significance of factors influencing natural forest harvesting. Results show that farmer experience, tobacco selling price, and agricultural training level negatively affect the harvesting of natural forests (to obtain firewood) for curing tobacco significantly (p<0.05). However, gender, size of the household, tobacco yield, and level of education are insignificant (p>0.05) in influencing natural forest harvesting. Though farmers are exploiting the environment and at the same time increasing foreign currency earning through tobacco production, there is therefore a need to put in place policies that encourage sustainable forest product utilization such as gum plantations, subsidizing price of coal, and introducing fees, as well as penalties or taxes to the offenders.
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Campbell, JS. "Tobacco and the Environment: The Continuous Reduction of Worldwide Energy Source Use for Green Leaf Curing." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 16, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0637.
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AbstractAir-, flue-, fire-, and sun-cured, tobacco types require post-harvest curing of green leaves to produce optimum subjective and objective qualities for storage and subsequent processing and manufacture. Materials for construction of curing barns vary widely between countries. The major use of heating fuels within such structures is for flue-cured tobacco. Choice of energy sources, coal, wood, oil or gas depends on local availability, cost, and relative efficiencies. The vital importance of reducing such materials to a minimum has been recognised for many years by research into improving barn and furnace design and construction. Consumption of wood for curing has been shown to represent a minute proportion of total world wide consumer use. To ensure local availability, the growing of trees by flue cured farmers on a personal, self-sufficient, sustainable basis is well underway in parts of Africa, Asia, and South and Central America. Tobacco production, within an environmental farming system, on an economic basis, is discussed and strongly stressed.
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Tirtosastro, Samsuri, and A. S. Murdiyati. "Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v3n2.2011.80-88.
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<p>Tembakau merupakan bahan baku utama industri hasil tembakau seperti rokok keretek, cerutu, tembakau iris, dan lain-lain. Sebelum digunakan, daun tembakau harus melalui proses pengolahan. Pengolahan tembakau pada dasarnya merupakan kegiatan pengeringan, dengan penerapan suhu bertahap atau disebut proses kiu-ring (curing). Dalam proses pengolahan tembakau diperlukan energi, yang selama ini berasal dari panas ma-tahari, udara panas buatan hasil pembakaran kayu, minyak tanah, batu bara, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), atau limbah pertanian. Penggunaan bahan bakar ini menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga mencemari ling-kungan dan meracuni pekerja. Tembakau sendiri mengandung bahan berbahaya seperti, debu tembakau, ni-kotin, residu pestisida, TSNA (tobacco spesific nitrosamine), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene), dan lain-lain. Petunjuk pengendalian bahan berbahaya dan dampak lingkungan tersebut, selama ini sudah tersedia secara lengkap yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi tembakau dunia Coresta dan diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan-perusaha-an mitra petani. Petani yang sistem produksinya dalam bentuk kemitraan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan tembakau, telah melakukan pengendalian dengan baik. Dampak negatif penggunaan bahan bakar dapat di-tekan dengan sistem pemanasan tidak langsung (flue-curing), sedangkan penggunaan batu bara dilakukan dengan tungku pembakaran gasifikasi. Implementasi selanjutnya, selain diperlukan sistem inspeksi sesuai ketentuan juga perlu didorong terbentuknya kemitraan antara perusahaan tembakau dan petani.</p><p> </p><p>Tobacco leaf is the main raw material of tobacco industries such as cigarette, cigar, slices tobacco, etc. Be-fore being used, tobacco leaves have to go through processing. Tobacco processing is basically a drying acti-vity, with the application of temperature or a gradual process called curing. In the processing of tobacco ener-gy needed, which is derived from the hot sun, hot air made by the burning wood, kerosene, coal, LPG (li-quefied petroleum gas), or agricultural waste. The use of these fuels causes air pollution, thus contaminating the environment and poisoning workers. Tobacco itself contain hazardous materials such as tobacco dust, ni-cotine, pesticide residue, TSNA (tobacco specific nitrosamines), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene) and others. In-structions on control of hazardous materials and environmental impact, as long as it is available completely de-termined by the organization of the world tobacco Coresta and implemented by partner company of farmers. Farmer production systems in the form of partnership with tobacco companies, has done well control. The ne-gative impact of fuel use could be reduced by an indirect heating system (flue-curing), while the use of coal gasification is done by burning stove. Subsequent implementation, in addition to the required inspection sys-tem according to the provisions, should also be encouraged such as partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers.</p>
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Szedljak, I., KS Koehegyi, and J. Kosary. "Biochemical Studies on Curing and Fermentation Processing Periods of Different Tobacco Plant (Nicotianatabacum L.) Cultivars." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0877.
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AbstractWe studied the changes in the activity of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX), the concentration of total soluble phenolic compounds and soluble protein content in different tobacco cultivars (Virginia and Burley) during curing. The curing procedure was a special combination of open-air-curing and fluecuring methods and a long fermentation period. In the curing period the changes in data suggested a combination of the biochemical processes and the direct effect of oxygen. A slight increase then a decrease in the concentrations of both total soluble phenolic compounds and the soluble protein content were detected. In this period we found no correlation between the concentration of total soluble phenolic compounds, the decreasing PPO and the increasing POX activity. In the fermentation period a deactivation of the enzymes (PPO and POX) and a decrease in the concentration of both total soluble phenolic compounds and soluble protein content were found, because the fermentation is not a biochemically-regulated process. Moreover, these results suggest that the end of curing period is the most favourable time for protein isolation from different tobacco cultivars.
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N., Brenda, and Newettie J. "The Adoption of Strategies to Reduce Deforestation from Tobacco Production: A Case of Smallholder Farmers in Headlands Area of Makoni District." African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 6, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafs-bbfl7wrs.
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Smallholder tobacco farmers in Zimbabwe have not yet fully adopted the strategies to reduce deforestation as recommended by tobacco contracting companies and government agencies such as the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB), Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe (FCZ) and Environmental Management Agency (EMA). The majority of them continue to use wood fuel for curing, leading to high rates of deforestation. This study focused on assessing the factors influencing the adoption of strategies to reduce the rate of deforestation from tobacco production, including gum plantations and coal for tobacco curing in the Makoni district's Headlands area. The target population was tobacco farmers in the study area, and the sample size was 320. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Based on the results, the factors that were significant in influencing farmers to adopt were the farmer's age, farming experience, agricultural training, education level and occupation. The study recommends that government agencies, including the FCZ, enforce the implementation of afforestation events like tree planting day across the country to help protect the environment from deforestation.
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Press, Mike, Paul Field, Jenny Douglas, Jammi Nagaraj Rao, and John Middleton. "Curing the tobacco economy: Local implications of a decline in tobacco sales." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 5, no. 3 (November 1990): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949008726055.
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Richmond, Mitchell D., Colin R. Fisher, Anne M. Fisher, Robert C. Pearce, and William A. Bailey. "Effect of Ordering Method on Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs) Content in Dark Air-Cured and Burley Tobacco." Tobacco Science 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3381/tobsci-d-22-00003.
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Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are known carcinogens in cured tobacco. They are produced primarily during the curing process, but agronomic practices occurring in the field as well as handling practices after curing may also influence TSNA levels, particularly if cured leaf is stored at high moisture. After curing and during market preparation, the cured leaf must be supple to avoid breakage. Ideally, this is after a period of wet weather during which the leaf absorbs moisture and comes into order or case. Often the weather remains dry for long periods after curing, and growers resort to artificial ordering to take down a sufficient amount of their crop to work on for several days, during which time the tobacco is bulked. The effect of this artificial ordering on TSNAs during short-term storage is not known. Field experiments were conducted in each of 3 years at two locations in Kentucky to evaluate TSNA accumulation following several ordering methods in dark air-cured and burley tobacco types. Treatments included natural ordering and variants of steaming and misting, which are both commonly used artificial ordering methods. At the Princeton location, samples were taken within 24 hr after the ordering treatments were done. In Lexington, samples were taken sequentially at takedown, after ordering, and after 14 d in the bulk. There were limited and inconsistent differences in total TSNAs between methods of ordering, and the TSNA levels were not affected by the moisture content of the leaf during bulking. There was a significant increase in TSNAs in the 24-hr period between takedown and bulking, which cannot be explained. We conclude that, in Kentucky, growers should use ordering methods that are best suited for their production system, but this may not be the case in warmer climates.
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Zhang, Ye, Bin Li, Zhenfeng He, Wenyan Ou, Jiahao Zhong, Xuefeng Zhang, Mingang Meng, and Changyou Li. "Temperature Field Simulation and Energy Analysis of a Heat Pump Tobacco Bulk Curing Barn." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 8655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228655.
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Recently, heat pump drying has been widely used in tobacco processing. Considering the importance of this issue, it is of significant importance to further investigate temperature distribution and energy analysis in the drying process. To develop an energy-saving, environmental-friendly, and high-quality tobacco drying method, temperature distribution, dehumidification performance, the economic issues, and thermal efficiency of a heat pump curing barn (HPCB) and a traditional coal-fired bulk curing barn (TCCB) were compared. The regional temperature eigenvalue model was applied to describe the temperature uniformity with HPCB and TCCB. Moreover, thermal efficiency was obtained through energy tests. The obtained results showed that HPCB is beneficial to improve the drying quality of tobacco. The performed analyses showed that the thermal efficiency of the TCCB and HPCB was 42.02% and 66.53%, respectively. Accordingly, heat pump technology is recommended for industrial drying of tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality products.
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Zhang, Hua, Xiaoping Jiang, and Shaobo Chen. "Intelligent Tobacco Curing Control Based on Color Recognition." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 8 (March 15, 2013): 2509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4688.
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Bryan W. Maw, Paul E. Sumner, and Michael G. Stephenson. "Radio Controlled Fan Cycling During Bulk Tobacco Curing." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 2 (1985): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32310.
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L. R. Walton, J. H. Casada, and M. J. Bader. "Curing Factors Affecting Three Burley Tobacco Mechanization Alternatives." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 7, no. 1 (1991): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26198.
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L. R. Walton, L. G. Wells, and J. H. Casada. "Curing Burley Tobacco from an Automated Harvesting System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 7, no. 2 (1991): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26216.
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Kerekes, Benedek. "Modelling of the Thermal Parameters in Tobacco Curing." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 5 (May 1997): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44420-x.
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Amaliah, Kholifatus, Trapsilo Prihandono, and Sudarti Sudarti. "Tobacco Drying Mechanism Study of Temperature and Heat Physics." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi 8, no. 1 (June 13, 2022): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v8i1.3591.
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We find many applications of physics in everyday life, ranging from simple things to complex things. One example of the application of physics in everyday life is the activity of drying tobacco, when in its management there are concepts of temperature and heat. This study aims to examine the mechanism of drying tobacco based on the concept of heat which can later be integrated into the physics learning. The research method consists of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis stage in this study consisted of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that in the tobacco drying mechanism there is a conduction heat transfer process during the fire curing and convection heat transfer process during the air curing in the drying warehouse and radiation heat transfer in sun drying. Due to the transfer of heat into the tobacco causes evaporation so that the water content in the tobacco is reduced. The factors that cause evaporation are difference in temperature, wind, humidity, cross-sectional area, and air pressure.
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TIRTOSASTRO, SAMSURI, ABI DWI HASTONO, and DARMONO. "REKAYASA OVEN PORTABEL-HORISONTAL PADA PENGOLAHAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v10n3.2004.96-105.
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<p>Oven portabel-horisontal (4m x 8m x 4m) untuk pengovenan daun tembakau Virginia menjadi krosok fc (flue-cured) telah direkayasa di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang, Indonesia. Konstruksi oven terdiri alas komponen dinding oven berisolasi (80cm x 200cm), kerangka dari besi siku dan bcsi U, kolektor surya datar (solar flat- collector) yang dipasang pada atap oven. Sistem pcmanas kompor Bros dengan pemanasan tidak langsung. Pengujian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan Oktober 2002 di Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Model oven portabel-horisontal ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan suhu niang oven yang seragam sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengoven daun tembakau yang persentase masak optimalnya tinggi (90- 95%), hemat bahan bakar, dapat dipasang mendekati areal tanaman sehingga hemat ongkos angkut dan dapat menekan kerusakan pasca panen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata selisih suhu ruang atas dan ruang bawah, serta ruang sebclah kanan dan sebelah kiri, masing-masing 2.53°C dan 2.30°C sedangkan selisih kelembaban udara pada posisi yang sama masing-masing hanya 4.55% dan 3.64%. Kadar gula krosok yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 17.19-19.47% dan nikotin 3.16-3.73%. Konsumsi minyak tanah 1.09 l/kg krosok atau 1.16 l/kg krosok jika tanpa kolektor surya dan hanya 40.92% dibanding oven biasa yang memeriukan 2.39-2.80 l/kg krosok. Kolektor surya datar menyumbang 952 625 kJ setara 28.24 I minyak tanah atau 5.80% dari konsumsi minyak tanah, meskipun alat ini memeriukan 17.16% dari total investasi oven. Panas yang hilang melalui dinding karena konduksi hanya mencapai 3.57%, lebih rendah dibanding kehilangan panas pada dinding bata yang mencapai 12.7% - 16.0%. Hasil grading krosok menghasilkan harga jual rata-rata Rp. 12.275/kg kosok, sedangkan hasil analisis ekonomi menunjukkan rasio BC = 1.29; NPV = Rp. 41 962 590 dan IRR = 51.83% atau masih membei peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Hasil perhitungan simulasi jika digunakan oven horisontal sederhana dengan harga Rp. 8 000 000 tiap unit, harga krosok Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, dan Rp. 15 000 tiap kg dan harga minyak tanah Rp. 1 000, Rp. I 250 dan Rp. I 500 tiap liter masih memberi indikasi peluang keuntungan dan pengembalian kredit. Konstruksi oven akan lebih sederhana jika digunakan kerangka kayu dan tanpa kolektor surya.</p><p>Kata kunci : Nicotiana tabacum, L, tembakau, prosesing, oven, portabel- horisontal, kolektor surya, analisis energi, mutu krosok, aspek ekonomi</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Engineering of horizontal-potabel curing-barn of Virgi¬ nia tobacco curing</strong><br /><br />Engineeing of the horizontal-portable curing-barn (4m x 8m x 4m) of Virginia tobacco curing lo produce Virginia fc (flue-cured) tobacco conducted in Indonesian Tobacco and Fibers Crops Research Institute, Malang, Indonesia. The curing-bam construction consisted of portable isolation wall, metal frame from L and U iron-bar and flat solar collector which was installed in curing-bam roof. Bros buner and air indirect heating system were used. This curing-bam was tested in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara on virgina tobacco harvested in August to October 2002. This horizontal-portable curing-bam was expected to be able to<br /><br />96 <br /><br />produce the homogen temperature and humidity in all space of the curing- bam so that it is suitable for curing the harvesting tobacco leaves which high percentage of mature leaves (90-95%), fuel efficienct and liable to be constructed near tobacco plant area, so that it can decrease the transpotation cost and postharvest damage. The result of the research showed that there were significant difference between above-space and lower-space, let-space and right-space, even it was only 2.53°C and 2.30°C, respectively. The same position for air humidity, 4.55% and 3.64%, respectivelly. Kerosene fuel consumption 1.09 I each kg cured- leaves or 1.16 I each kg cured leaves if without lat solar collector, lower than farmers conventional curing-bam which consumpt 2.39-2.80 I each kg cured-leaves. Flat solar-collector contributed 952 625 Id only or 5.80% of kerosene consumption or equal lo 28.24 I kerosene, even though this equipment needed 17.16% of total curing-bam in vestal ion Heat conduction lost through the portable wall only 3.57%, lower than brickwall conventional curing-bam which reach 12.7-16.0%. Result of the cured-leaves grading gave the average price Rp 12 275,- each kg cured- leaves and economic analysis showed that BC-ratio-1.29, NPV-41 962 590 and IRR=51.83% or still gave the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. Result of simulate calculation by simple construction curing-bam, Rp. 8 000 000 price each unit, still gave BC-ratio above one percent. This indicated the profit chance and ability to pay the capital interest. In this simulate calculation three price of cured-leaves and kerosene was used, as followed Rp. 10 000, Rp. 12 500, and Rp. 15 000 each kg cured leaves, and Rp. I 000, Rp. 1 250 and Rp. I 500 each liter of kerosene, respectivelly. The construction of the curing-bam will be simpler if using wood frame and without lat solar collector.</p><p>Key words : Nicotiana tabacum, L., tobacco, processing, oven, horizontal- portable curing-bam, lat solar-collector, energy analysis, cured-leaves grade, economical-aspect</p>
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Richmond, Mitchell D., Robert C. Pearce, Ben M. Goff, and William A. Bailey. "Analysis of Variability in Curing Conditions and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Within Barns of Dark Air-Cured Tobacco." Tobacco Science 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3381/17-060.
Full textAbstract:
Significant variability in cured-leaf tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content is commonly observed when sampling within dark air-curing barns. This variability may be due to inconsistency in the curing environment within different areas of the barn. A study was initiated in 2012, through support from a CORESTA Study Grant, to evaluate if cured-leaf TSNA content is related to microenvironmental conditions in the barn. Low-converter (TRsc) and high-converter (TRHC) selections of TR Madole dark tobacco were air cured in barns near Princeton and Lexington, KY. Temperature and relative humidity were measured with data loggers placed at 27 different locations within each barn for the duration of curing. There were no significant effects of individual data logger placement in either variety selection on hours above 24°C temperature, hours above 80% relative humidity, or TSNA; therefore, we investigated these data within the 3-dimensional aspects of tier, room, and bent within each barn. There were various effects of tier, room, and bent on temperature, relative humidity, and TSNA. Temperature data followed an understandable pattern across tiers in the barn within each year and location; however, relative humidity and TSNA were more difficult to characterize adequately. There was a significant relationship between hours above 24°C and TSNA, but not hours above 80% relative humidity. This study has shown that the effect of within-barn position on TSNA cannot be easily predicted.
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Hu, Feng Zhong, and Jin Ding Gao. "A Smart Temperature and Humidity Controller for Tobacco Bulk Curing Barn." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1399.
Full textAbstract:
Aimed at the temperature and humidity nonlinear variation and coupling phenomena in tobacco bulk curing, an artificial intelligence based controller is proposed. The controller using a microcomputer and fuzzy decoupling control technique can meet the requirements of temperature and humidity variation, the coupling phenomena is prevented, thereby improved the quality of fluecured tobacco. The controller has built-in several specialist technology curves suitable for different characteristics tobacco leaves. The composition of the controller, principle of the intelligent control and the fuzzy controller design are presented in this paper. The control method can be applied to other temperature and humidity control field when it is changed in some sort, has popularization and application value.
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TIRTOSASTRO, SAMSURI, ABI DWI HASTOMO, SOEBANDI SOEBANDI, and DARMONO DARMONO. "PENGGUNAAN MINYAK SOLAR DAN SINAR SURYA PADA PENGOVENAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 7, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v7n1.2001.24-30.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>The use of diesel-oil and solar energy as an alternative energyfor Virginia tobacco curing</strong></p><p>The use of diesel oil and solar energy in the curing on Virginia tobacco was studied in two steps, i.e., the laboratory experiment al Ihe Research Institute for Tobacco and fiber Crop Malang and ield experiment (economic scale) in East Lombok, NIB. The study was conducted from July to September 1998. The laboratory experiment was aimed at evaluating the effect of diesel oil on (he aroma of cured leaves. Results showed that there was no Strange aroma of Ihe cured-leaves, as the effect of diesel-oil burning Ihe experiment using economic scale curing-bani indicated that the diesel-oil consumption was 0 76 l/kg krosok and if flat-plate solar collector was constructed as a roof, consumption decreased 7.84% which was equal with 0.06 l/kg krosok or 2.574 kJ/kg krosok. Economic analyses showed that using diesel-oil and flat-plate solar collector as a energy source gave a proit chance and an ability to pay the 18%/year of the capital interest, with B/C ratio -1.74, NPV=Rp 45 340 131, and IRR-52 93%. If only diesel-oil was used, it gave a lower proit with B/C ratio=l.77, NPV=Rp 46 425 215. and IRR=53.19%. The increase in the diesel-oil price up to Rp I 500/1 would give a profit chance and an ability lo pay the capital interest, with the B/C ratio = 1.487 and 1 .490. with IRR = 52.67% dan 52 99%, for curing the tobacco leaves with diesel-oil and solar collector, and with diesel-oil only, respectively.</p>
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Bijarniya, Sunita Kumari, Ritu Kapoor, and Manoj Adlakha. "TOBACCO PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE HARMFULNESS." April 2021 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1409042021.
Full textAbstract:
Tobacco consumption is a major social health problem in India as well as throughout the world, because it harms both health and wealth of an addict. Tobacco is a Sthavara Patra Visha received from the plant Nicotiana tobacum/ Nicotiana rusticum leaves by curing them. Tobacco contains an alkaloid nicotine in abundant amount, which is sufficient to make addict like alcohol, cocaine and morphine. There are so many different forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco in India, like cigarette, bidi, gutka, jarda, pan masala etc. Long timed use of Tobacco like adductive products by oral route, acts as a slow poison (Dushi Visha) induces chronic toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract like oral diseases, gingivitis and periodontitis, Leukoplakia (precancerous stage), and may lead to cancer also in advance stage. This chronic toxicity affects cardiovascular system and results as increasing coronary blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure which may trigger the chances of heart attack rate in addict person. Before we can do any effort for reducing toxicity produced by tobacco products its mandatory to knowing the basic knowledge of tobacco products, their chemical composition, their mechanism of action with comparative toxicity and specific tobacco product related to a specific mouth part cancer. Because we can’t stop a person to start tobacco use but we can circulate the knowledge of tobacco products in adolescent groups so that when the beginner chose a tobacco product, he will be aware about the toxicity and affecting organ because of its use. So that, the toxicity can be minimised. Keywords: Tobacco consumption, nicotine, slow poison, cancer, comparative toxicity