To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Tobacco Ralstonia solanacearum. Plant cells and tissues.
Journal articles on the topic 'Tobacco Ralstonia solanacearum. Plant cells and tissues'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 22 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Tobacco Ralstonia solanacearum. Plant cells and tissues.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ceccherini, MariaTeresa, John Poté, Elisabeth Kay, Van Tran Van, Joëlle Maréchal, Giacomo Pietramellara, Paolo Nannipieri, Timothy M. Vogel, and Pascal Simonet. "Degradation and Transformability of DNA from Transgenic Leaves." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.673-678.2003.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The fate of transplastomic (chloroplast genome contains the transgene) tobacco plant DNA in planta was studied when the plant leaves were subjected to decay conditions simulating those encountered naturally, including grinding, incubation with cellulase or enzymes produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi, and attack by the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Direct visualization of DNA on agarose gels, gene extraction yield (the number of amplifiable aadA sequences in extracted plant DNA), and the frequency that recipient bacteria can be transformed by plant DNA were used to evaluate the quality and quantity of plant DNA and the transgene. These measurements were used to monitor the physical and biological degradation of DNA inside decaying plant tissues. Our results indicate that while most of the DNA will be degraded inside plant cells, sufficient DNA persists to be released into the soil.
2
Sun, Tingting, Feng Liu, Wenju Wang, Ling Wang, Zhuqing Wang, Jing Li, Youxiong Que, Liping Xu, and Yachun Su. "The Role of Sugarcane Catalase Gene ScCAT2 in the Defense Response to Pathogen Challenge and Adversity Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092686.
Full textAbstract:
Catalases, which consist of multiple structural isoforms, catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in cells to prevent membrane lipid peroxidation. In this study, a group II catalase gene ScCAT2 (GenBank Accession No. KF528830) was isolated from sugarcane genotype Yacheng05-179. ScCAT2 encoded a predicted protein of 493 amino acid residues, including a catalase active site signature (FARERIPERVVHARGAS) and a heme-ligand signature (RVFAYADTQ). Subcellular localization experiments showed that the ScCAT2 protein was distributed in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus of Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the ScCAT2 gene was ubiquitously expressed in sugarcane tissues, with expression levels from high to low in stem skin, stem pith, roots, buds, and leaves. ScCAT2 mRNA expression was upregulated after treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), sodium chloride (NaCl), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and 4 °C low temperature, but downregulated by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and copper chloride (CuCl2). Moreover, tolerance of Escherichia coli Rosetta cells carrying pET-32a-ScCAT2 was enhanced by NaCl stress, but not by CuCl2 stress. Sporisorium scitamineum infection of 10 different sugarcane genotypes showed that except for YZ03-258, FN40, and FN39, ScCAT2 transcript abundance in four smut-resistant cultivars (Yacheng05-179, YZ01-1413, YT96-86, and LC05-136) significantly increased at the early stage (1 day post-inoculation), and was decreased or did not change in the two smut-medium-susceptibility cultivars (ROC22 and GT02-467), and one smut-susceptible cultivar (YZ03-103) from 0 to 3 dpi. Meanwhile, the N. benthamiana leaves that transiently overexpressed ScCAT2 exhibited less severe disease symptoms, more intense 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, and higher expression levels of tobacco immune-related marker genes than the control after inoculation with tobacco pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum or Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. These results indicate that ScCAT2 plays a positive role in immune responses during plant–pathogen interactions, as well as in salt, drought, and cold stresses.
3
Pfund, Christine, Julie Tans-Kersten, F. Mark Dunning, Jose M. Alonso, Joseph R. Ecker, Caitilyn Allen, and Andrew F. Bent. "Flagellin Is Not a Major Defense Elicitor in Ralstonia solanacearum Cells or Extracts Applied to Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 6 (June 2004): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.696.
Full textAbstract:
The phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum requires motility for full virulence, and its flagellin is a candidate pathogen-associated molecular pattern that may elicit plant defenses. Boiled extracts from R. solanacearum contained a strong elicitor of defense-associated responses. However, R. solanacearum flagellin is not this elicitor, because extracts from wild-type bacteria and fliC or flhDC mutants defective in flagellin production all elicited similar plant responses. Equally important, live R. solanacearum caused similar disease on Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0, regardless of the presence of flagellin in the bacterium or the FLS2-mediated flagellin recognition system in the plant. Unlike the previously studied flg22 flagellin peptide, a peptide based on the corresponding conserved N-terminal segment of R. solanacearum, flagellin did not elicit any response from Arabidopsis seedlings. Thus recognition of flagellin plays no readily apparent role in this pathosystem. Flagellin also was not the primary elicitor of responses in tobacco. The primary eliciting activity in boiled R. solanacearum extracts applied to Arabidopsis was attributable to one or more proteins other than flagellin, including species purifying at approximately 5 to 10 kDa and also at larger molecular masses, possibly due to aggregation. Production of this eliciting activity did not require hrpB (positive regulator of type III secretion), pehR (positive regulator of polygalacturonase production and motility), gspM (general secretion pathway), or phcA (LysR-type global virulence regulator). Wild-type R. solanacearum was virulent on Arabidopsis despite the presence of this elicitor in pathogen extracts.
4
Lai, Yan, Fengfeng Dang, Jing Lin, Lu Yu, Jinhui Lin, Yufen Lei, Chengcong Chen, et al. "Overexpression of a pepper CaERF5 gene in tobacco plants enhances resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 7 (2014): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13305.
Full textAbstract:
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERF) transcription factors (TFs) constitute a large transcriptional regulator family belonging to the AP2/ERF superfamily and are implicated in a range of biological processes. However, the specific roles of individual ERF family members in biotic or abiotic stress responses and the underlying molecular mechanism still need to be elucidated. In the present study, a cDNA encoding a member of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor, CaERF5, was isolated from pepper. Sequence analysis showed that CaERF5 contains a typical 59 amino acid AP2/ERF DNA-binding domain, two highly conserved amino acid residues (14th alanine (A) and 19th aspartic acid (D)), a putative nuclear localisation signal (NLS), a CMIX-2 motif in the N-terminal region and two putative MAP kinase phosphorylation site CMIX-5 and CMIX-6 motifs. It belongs to group IXb of the ERF subfamily. A CaERF5-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells localised to the nucleus. CaERF5 transcripts were induced by Ralstonia solanacearum infection, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon (ETH) treatments. Constitutive expression of the CaERF5 gene in tobacco plants upregulated transcript levels of a set of defence- related genes and enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum infection. Our results suggest that CaERF5 acts as a positive regulator in plant resistance to R. solanacearum infection and show that overexpression of this transcription factor can be used as a tool to enhance disease resistance in crop species.
5
Macho, Alberto P., Alice Guidot, Patrick Barberis, Carmen R. Beuzón, and Stéphane Genin. "A Competitive Index Assay Identifies Several Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector Mutant Strains with Reduced Fitness in Host Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 9 (September 2010): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1197.
Full textAbstract:
Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, is a soil bacterium which can naturally infect a wide range of host plants through the root system. Pathogenicity relies on a type III secretion system which delivers a large set of approximately 75 type III effectors (T3E) into plant cells. On several plants, pathogenicity assays based on quantification of wilting symptoms failed to detect a significant contribution of R. solanacearum T3E in this process, thus revealing the collective effect of T3E in pathogenesis. We developed a mixed infection-based method with R. solanacearum to monitor bacterial fitness in plant leaf tissues as a virulence assay. This accurate and sensitive assay provides evidence that growth defects can be detected for T3E mutants: we identified 12 genes contributing to bacterial fitness in eggplant leaves and 3 of them were also implicated in bacterial fitness on two other hosts, tomato and bean. Contribution to fitness of several T3E appears to be host specific, and we show that some known avirulence determinants such as popP2 or avrA do provide competitive advantages on some susceptible host plants. In addition, this assay revealed that the efe gene, which directs the production of ethylene by bacteria in plant tissues, and hdfB, involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite 3-hydroxy-oxindole, are also required for optimal growth in plant leaf tissues.
6
Liu, Q., Y. Li, and J. Chen. "First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Mesona chinensis in China." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-10-0603.
Full textAbstract:
Jellywort (Mesona chinensis Benth) is an herbaceous plant in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. The plant is referred to as ‘Xiancao’ (weed from angels) in Chinese and primarily used to make grass jelly, a popular refreshing drink. Currently, Xiancao cultivation is a fast-growing industry with a high profit margin in southern China. An estimated 7,000 ha is grown with a value of more than $50 million USD. In June, 2009, a wilting disease of Xiancao was observed in Guangdong and the neighboring Guangxi and Fujian provinces with incidence up to 50% in the severest case. Affected plants initially show withering symptoms on apical leaves during the daytime with recovery at night. As the disease develops, withering leaves spread downward, eventually encompassing the whole plant. Leaves lose vigor but remain green. After 3 to 4 days, wilting becomes irreversible. Roots and basal stem tissues blacken and rot, leading to plant death. Longitudinal sectioning of the basal stem shows browning of vascular tissues with whitish ooze visible when compressed. To investigate the disease etiology, 12 Xiancao plants from three cultivars showing typical wilting symptoms were collected from a production field in Zengcheng City of Guangdong Province in June 2010. A total of 27 bacterial isolates showing large, elevated, and fluidal colonies with a pale red center were isolated from vascular tissue on tripheny tetrazolium chloride medium (3) after incubation at 30° for 2 days. Fifteen 45-day-old Xiancao plants (cv. Zhengcheng 1) were inoculated by injection of 20 μl of bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) into the middle stem. Sterile water was used as a negative control. After 4 to 6 days of incubation in a greenhouse (28 to 30°), all (15 of 15) inoculated plants developed wilting symptoms as described above. The same bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants. The five negative control plants did not show any wilting symptoms. With the same artificial inoculation procedure, this bacterium also caused similar wilting disease in tobacco, potato, tomato, pepper, and eggplant. An inoculation test with a tomato strain of Ralstonia solanacearum resulted in similar symptoms. On the basis of symptomatology and bacterial culture characteristics, R. solanacearum (formerly Pseudomonas solanacearum) was suspected as the causal agent. For confirmation, the universal bacterial 16S rDNA primer set E8F/E1115R (1) was used to amplify DNA from pure culture. A 1,027-bp DNA sequence was obtained and deposited in GenBank with Accession No. HQ159392. BLAST search against the current version of GenBank database showed 100% similarity with the 16S rDNA sequences of 26 R. solanacearum strains. Furthermore, primer set 759/760 (4) amplified a specific 280-bp fragment. Along with the result from multiplex PCR (2), the bacterium was identified as R. solanacearum Phylotype I. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a disease caused by R. solanacearum on M. chinensis. References: (1) G. Baker et al. J. Microbiol. Methods 55:541, 2003. (2) M. Fegan and P. Prior. Page 449 in Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. C. Allen et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2005. (3) A. Kelman, Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (4) N. Opina et al. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 5:19, 1997.
7
Poueymiro, Marie, Sébastien Cunnac, Patrick Barberis, Laurent Deslandes, Nemo Peeters, Anne-Claire Cazale-Noel, Christian Boucher, and Stéphane Genin. "Two Type III Secretion System Effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 Determine Host-Range Specificity on Tobacco." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 5 (May 2009): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-5-0538.
Full textAbstract:
The model pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 is the causal agent of the bacterial wilt disease that attacks many solanaceous plants and other hosts but not tobacco (Nicotiana spp.). We found that two type III secretion system effector genes, avrA and popP1, are limiting the host range of strain GMI1000 on at least three tobacco species (N. tabacum, N. benthamiana, and N. glutinosa). Both effectors elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) on these tobacco species, although in different manners; AvrA is the major determinant recognized by N. tabacum and N. benthamiana, while PopP1 appears to be the major HR elicitor on N. glutinosa. Only the double inactivation of the avrA and popP1 genes allowed GMI1000 to wilt tobacco plants, thus showing that GMI1000 intrinsically possesses the functions necessary to wilt tobacco plants. A focused analysis on AvrA revealed that the first 58 N-terminal amino acids are sufficient to direct its injection into plant cells. We identified a hypervariable region in avrA, which contains variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR), each composed of 12 base pairs. We show that an 18–amino acid region in which the VNTR insertion occurs is an important domain involved in HR elicitation on N. benthamiana. avrA appears to be the target of various DNA insertions or mobile elements that probably allow R. solanacearum to evade the recognition and defense responses of tobacco.
8
Sun, Tingyan, Wei Wu, Haoxiang Wu, Wei Rou, Yinghui Zhou, Tao Zhuo, Xiaojing Fan, Xun Hu, and Huasong Zou. "Ralstonia solanacearum elicitor RipX Induces Defense Reaction by Suppressing the Mitochondrial atpA Gene in Host Plant." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062000.
Full textAbstract:
RipX of Ralstonia solanacearum is translocated into host cells by a type III secretion system and acts as a harpin-like protein to induce a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. The molecular events in association with RipX-induced signaling transduction have not been fully elucidated. This work reports that transient expression of RipX induced a yellowing phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana, coupled with activation of the defense reaction. Using yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays, mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 subunit α (ATPA) was identified as an interaction partner of RipX from N. benthamiana. Although a certain proportion was found in mitochondria, the YFP-ATPA fusion was able to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. RFP-RipX fusion was found from the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Moreover, ATPA interacted with RipX at both the cell membrane and cytoplasm in vivo. Silencing of the atpA gene had no effect on the appearance of yellowing phenotype induced by RipX. However, the silenced plants improved the resistance to R. solanacearum. Moreover, qRT-PCR and promoter GUS fusion experiments revealed that the transcript levels of atpA were evidently reduced in response to expression of RipX. These data demonstrated that RipX exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of atpA gene, to induce defense reaction in N. benthamiana.
9
Mercier, Anne, Franck Bertolla, Eugénie Passelègue-Robe, and Pascal Simonet. "Influence of DNA conformation and role ofcomAandrecAon natural transformation inRalstonia solanacearum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 6 (June 2009): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-025.
Full textAbstract:
Naturally competent bacteria such as the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum are characterized by their ability to take up free DNA from their surroundings. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of various DNA types including chromosomal linear DNA and circular or linearized integrative and (or) replicative plasmids to naturally transform R. solanacearum. To study the respective regulatory role of DNA transport and maintenance in the definite acquisition of new DNA by bacteria, the natural transformation frequencies were compared with those obtained when the bacterial strain was transformed by electroporation. An additional round of electrotransformation and natural transformation was carried out with the same set of donor DNAs and with R. solanacearum disrupted mutants that were potentially affected in competence (comA gene) and recombination (recA gene) functions. Our results confirmed the critical role of the comA gene for natural transformation and that of recA for recombination and, more surprisingly, for the maintenance of an autonomous plasmid in the host cell. Finally, our results showed that homologous recombination of chromosomal linear DNA fragments taken up by natural transformation was the most efficient way for R. solanacearum to acquire new DNA, in agreement with previous data showing competence development and natural transformation between R. solanacearum cells in plant tissues.
10
Wu, Y. F., A. S. Cheng, C. H. Lin, and C. Y. Chen. "First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Roselle in Taiwan." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-13-0186-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Its calyxes are rich in vitamin C and anthocyanins and are used to make roselle drink and hibiscus tea. Roselles are grown in counties of Taitung, Pingtung, and Chiayi in Taiwan. In addition to a few local cultivars, the major cultivar currently grown in Taiwan is Roselle cv. Victor. In April of 2012, a wilt disease appeared on seedlings of a cultivar, Chiada 1, at the Chungpu Township of Chiayi County. Mature plants were free from this disease. Leaves appeared weak and drooping when they were still green, followed by collapse of the whole plant a few days later. Browning of vascular and pith tissues was evident, especially at the base of the stem. A whitish mass of bacteria oozed from the cut end of diseased stems, suggesting that bacteria might be the cause of this disease. A total of 15 bacterial strains were collected. Colonies on tetrazolium chloride medium (3) were round to oval and fluidal, each with a pink or red center after incubation at 30°C for 48 h. When tobacco leaves were infiltrated with these strains, a hypersensitive reaction (HR) typical of phytopathogenic bacteria was induced. All strains produced the expected amplicon (282 bp) after PCR with the Ralstonia solanacearum-specific primer pair, AU759f and AU760r (4). Three hexose alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, and dulcitol), rather than three disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and cellobiose), were utilized, which suggests R. solanacearum biovar 4 (2). R. solanacearum phylotype I was determined by phylotype-specific multiplex PCR (1). Pathogenicity of the strains was tested on roselle, tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Young plants of the various species were inoculated at the four- to six-leaf stage by soil drenching with 30 ml of bacterial suspension (about 108 CFU/ml). Control plants were inoculated with sterile water. Each treatment comprised eight plants with a single plant in each pot. Plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 25 to 31°C and 56 to 93% humidity. Wilting was observed 4 to 6 days after inoculation, while the control did not wilt. To find the correlation between plant growth stage and resistance to the pathogen, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-week-old roselle plants cv. Chiada 1 were transplanted into artificially infested soil. Eight plants in each treatment were planted with a single plant in each pot. The disease incidences for plants of different ages were 75%, 62.5%, 50%, and 12.5%, respectively. This study showed that resistance increases with plant age. Hence, if older seedlings are transplanted, the risk of bacterial wilt of roselle can be reduced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum on roselle in Taiwan. References: (1) M. Fegan and P. Prior. Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex, page 449. C. Allen et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2005. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) A. Kelman. Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (4) N. Opina et al. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 5:19, 1997.
11
Ha, Youngsil, Joo-Sung Kim, Timothy P. Denny, and Mark A. Schell. "A Rapid, Sensitive Assay for Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 in Plant and Soil Samples Using Magnetic Beads and Real-Time PCR." Plant Disease 96, no. 2 (February 2012): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0426.
Full textAbstract:
The Ralstonia solanacearum species complex causes economically significant diseases in many plant families worldwide. Although generally limited to the tropics and subtropics, strains designated race 3 biovar 2 (R3Bv2) cause disease in cooler tropical highlands and temperate regions. R3Bv2 has not become established in North America but, due to concerns that it could devastate the U.S. potato industry, it has been designated a Select Agent, and is subject to strict quarantine regulations. Quarantine screening for R3Bv2 requires rapid and robust assays applicable to small populations present in plant tissues or soil, and must distinguish R3Bv2 from the multiple other R. solanacearum subgroups. We developed a 100%-accurate real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that can detect R3Bv2 populations >1,000 cells ml–1. However, detection by RT-PCR was inhibited by compounds present in some plant and soil samples. Therefore, we developed simple immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and magnetic capture hybridization (MCH) methods to purify R. solanacearum cells or DNA from PCR inhibitors. When coupled with RT-PCR, these tools permitted detection of R3Bv2 at levels >500 cells ml–1 in stem, tuber, and soil samples when direct RT-PCR failed, and reduced detection time from days to hours. IMS-RT-PCR was usually more sensitive than MCH-RT-PCR, especially at lower population levels.
12
Lin, C. H., M. H. Chuang, and J. F. Wang. "First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Chard in Taiwan." Plant Disease 99, no. 2 (February 2015): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0715-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) is a biennial herbaceous plant in the Chenopodiaceae family. It is rich in vitamins and minerals and is one of the most popular traditional vegetables in Taiwan. Chard accessions VI048530 and VI050121 growing in fields at Shanhua, Tainan, showed wilting symptoms in March and April 2013. The initial symptoms of wilt were observed on young green leaves. These symptoms progressed over time to chlorosis, interveinal necrosis, and finally blight. Finally, the plants collapsed and died. Vascular and pith tissues were discolored, especially at the stem base. A whitish mass oozed from the cut end of diseased stems. A total of eight bacterial strains were isolated from stems and roots of wilted chard plants. On tetrazolium chloride (TZC) medium (4), colonies were round to oval, fluidal, and white with a pink or red center after incubation at 30°C for 48 h. A typical hypersensitive reaction was induced within 24 h when the strains were infiltrated into tobacco leaves. Koch's postulates on chard plants were confirmed using the eight strains within a greenhouse, under natural light, with temperature and humidity ranges from 25 to 34°C and 56 to 98%, respectively. Fifteen chard (VI048530) plants at the four- to six-leaf stage were inoculated by soil drenching with 30 ml of a ~108 CFU/ml bacterial suspension. Sterile water was used as negative control. After 4 to 6 days, the first symptoms of wilt were observed on the young chard leaves. The progression of symptom development was identical to that observed in the field. The colony morphology on TZC medium of isolates from the inoculated plants was identical to that previously described from field samples. Pathogenicity of the strains was also tested on tomato (VI005790), eggplant (VI046095), and pepper (PBC1367) plants using the previously described inoculation procedure. The mean disease incidences on tomato, eggplant, and pepper plants were 100% (120/120), 100% (120/120), and 79.2% (95/120) respectively. Latent infection was found in asymptomatic pepper plants (16/120) by a printing method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of total DNA from each strain using the Ralstonia solanacearum-specific primer pair AU759f and AU760r (5) produced the expected 282-bp amplicon. All the isolated strains were identified as biovar 3 based on their capacity to utilize three hexose alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, and dulcitol) and three disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and cellobiose) (2) to produce acid. Based on the phylotype-specific multiplex PCR assay and the partial egl gene sequence (GenBank accession numbers KM100442 to KM100449) (1), all chard isolates were identified as R. solanacearum phylotype I, sequevar 34. Bacterial wilt symptoms have also been observed on beet (Beta vulgaris L.), a close relative of chard, but beet has not been confirmed as a host plant (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of chard as a host of R. solanacearum worldwide. References: (1) M. Fegan and P. Prior. Page 449 in: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. C. Allen et al., eds. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 2005. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) A. Kelman. The Bacterial Wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Tech. Bull. No. 99. N.C. Agric. Exp. Stn., 1953. (4) A. Kelman. Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (5) N. Opina et al. Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 5:19, 1997.
13
Meyer, Damien, Sébastien Cunnac, Mareva Guéneron, Céline Declercq, Frédérique Van Gijsegem, Emmanuelle Lauber, Christian Boucher, and Matthieu Arlat. "PopF1 and PopF2, Two Proteins Secreted by the Type III Protein Secretion System of Ralstonia solanacearum, Are Translocators Belonging to the HrpF/NopX Family." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (July 1, 2006): 4903–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00180-06.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 is a gram-negative plant pathogen which contains an hrp gene cluster which codes for a type III protein secretion system (TTSS). We identified two novel Hrp-secreted proteins, called PopF1 and PopF2, which display similarity to one another and to putative TTSS translocators, HrpF and NopX, from Xanthomonas spp. and rhizobia, respectively. They also show similarities with TTSS translocators of the YopB family from animal-pathogenic bacteria. Both popF1 and popF2 belong to the HrpB regulon and are required for the interaction with plants, but PopF1 seems to play a more important role in virulence and hypersensitive response (HR) elicitation than PopF2 under our experimental conditions. PopF1 and PopF2 are not necessary for the secretion of effector proteins, but they are required for the translocation of AvrA avirulence protein into tobacco cells. We conclude that PopF1 and PopF2 are type III translocators belonging to the HrpF/NopX family. The hrpF gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris partially restored HR-inducing ability to popF1 popF2 mutants of R. solanacearum, suggesting that translocators of R. solanacearum and Xanthomonas are functionally conserved. Finally, R. solanacearum strain UW551, which does not belong to the same phylotype as GMI1000, also possesses two putative translocator proteins. However, although one of these proteins is clearly related to PopF1 and PopF2, the other seems to be different and related to NopX proteins, thus showing that translocators might be variable in R. solanacearum.
14
Ustun, N., M. Ozakman, and A. Karahan. "Outbreak of Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2 Causing Brown Rot on Potato in the Aegean Region of Turkey." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0973b.
Full textAbstract:
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta, and Nishiuchi, the cause of brown rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum), was detected for the first time in Turkey in 1995 in five potato fields in the Nevsehir Province of the central Anatolia Region and was eradicated under measures mandated by the government. Occurrence of the pathogen was not reported in other parts of the country. However, in 2006, brown rot symptoms were observed in potato (cv. Marabel) fields in the Balikesir Province of the Aegean Region. Symptoms and signs included wilting, browning of stem vascular tissues, and ooze exudation from the transversely cut stem. On tubers, brown discoloration of the vascular ring was observed. Creamy bacterial ooze emerged from the vascular ring a few minutes after cutting. In advanced stages, bacterial slime oozed from the tuber heel end (stolon) and “eyes” causing soil particles to adhere. Isolation of bacteria from diseased stem and tuber tissues on mSMSA medium (1) consistently resulted in white, fluid colonies with red coloration in the center. On the basis of biochemical, immunofluorescence (IF), and real-time PCR tests, 10 representative isolates (one per affected field) were identified as Ralstonia solanacearum. They were further identified as biovar 2 according to metabolization of maltose, lactose, and D (+) cellobiose but not mannitol, sorbitol, and dulcitol. In the IF tests, fluorescent cells were observed at antibody dilutions from 200 to 12,800. The expected real-time PCR products were generated using biovar 2-specific primers (2). Pathogenicity tests were performed by injecting a bacterial suspension (106 CFU/ml) into the stem of 2-week-old tomato seedlings (cv. Alta F1). Inoculated plants (five plants per isolate) were incubated for up to 2 weeks at 25°C and 70 to 80% humidity. Wilting symptoms developed within 5 to 10 days. No symptoms were observed on controls inoculated with sterile water. The bacterium was reisolated and identified as R. solanacearum biovar 2 as described above. The incidence of the disease in the affected fields varied between 20 and 40%, and surveys showed that approximately 163 ha were infested. Phytosanitary measures that were taken included a prohibition of production of host plants in the infested areas, tracing and testing programs to identify the source of the bacterium, and measures to prevent any further spread of the bacterium to new areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum biovar 2 on potato in the Aegean Region of Turkey. References: (1) J. G. Elphinstone et al. EPPO Bull. 26:663, 1996. (2) M. Ozakman and N. W.Schaad. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:232, 2003.
15
McGarvey, J. A., T. P. Denny, and M. A. Schell. "Spatial-Temporal and Quantitative Analysis of Growth and EPS I Production by Ralstonia solanacearum in Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars." Phytopathology® 89, no. 12 (December 1999): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.12.1233.
Full textAbstract:
One susceptible and two resistant cultivars of tomato were tested for differences in infection by Ralstonia solanacearum and for the subsequent multiplication, colonization, and production of the wilt-inducing virulence factor, exopolysaccharide I (EPS I). Bacterial ingress into the taproot was fastest in the susceptible cv. Marion, followed by the resistant cvs. L285 (fivefold slower) and Hawaii 7996 (15-fold slower). Once inside the taproot, R. solanacearum colonized, to some extent, almost all regions of the resistant and susceptible plants. However, colonization occurred sooner in the susceptible than in the resistant cultivars, as measured by viablecell counts of bacteria in the midstems. Rates of multiplication and maximum bacterial cell densities were also greater in the susceptible than in the resistant cultivars. Growth experiments utilizing xylem fluid from infected and uninfected plants indicated that neither antimicrobial activities nor reduced levels of growth-supporting nutrients in the xylem fluids were responsible for the reduced bacterial multiplication in the resistant cultivars. Quantification of EPS I in the infected plants, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, revealed that the bacterial populations in the susceptible cultivar produced greater amounts of EPS I per plant than those in the resistant cultivars. Immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against either EPS I or R. solanacearum cells revealed that bacteria and EPS I were distributed throughout the vascular bundles and intercellular spaces of the pith in the susceptible cultivar, whereas in the resistant cultivars, bacteria and EPS I were restricted to the vascular tissues.
16
Li, P., X. X. Wu, Z. Y. Wang, H. H. Ho, Y. X. Wu, Z. C. Mao, and Y. Q. He. "First Report of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Bacterial Wilt of Yacon in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (June 2012): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-11-0940-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is an important cash crop in Yunnan Province, China. In 2003, yacon was introduced to Yunnan province as a novelty root crop and as an experimental source of natural sugars; now more than 15 provinces cultivate the crop. Yunnan is one of the major yacon producing areas of China, with up to 10,000 ha yielding up to 50,000 t of yacon, which is nearly half of the production in China. In April and May 2010, bacterial wilt of yacon was observed in the fields of Lion Mountain of Wuding County, Yunnan Province, China. In 2011, the disease occurred in approximately 1 ha of yacon, resulting in 10% crop loss in that area. The initial symptoms observed were irregular, black, necrotic lesions on leaf margins. After 4 to 7 days, leaves became totally necrotic, plants wilted, and black stripes were observed on plant stems. Within 2 to 3 weeks, more than 70% of leaves within the crop were wilted. Subsequently, the plants died and stems became brittle. When dead plants were pulled from the soil, tubers were found to have turned black. When diseased stems and/or petioles were cut with a sterile sharp knife or razor blade, bacterial ooze appeared on the cut ends. High populations of morphologically uniform bacteria were isolated from the diseased plants by conventional methods. When cultured on TZC (2,3,5-Triphenylte tetrazolium chloride) agar medium (3), colonies were large, elevated, fluidal, and entirely white with a pale red center. The isolated bacterium was gram-negative, grew aerobically, and did not form endospores. The cells were 0.5 to 0.7 × 1.5 to 2.0 μm and nonencapsulated. Ralstonia solanacearum was identified and confirmed as the pathogen on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis (1,4). The nucleotide sequence is available in GenBank (Accession No. HQ176322.1). The pathogenic strain belonged to race 1 and biovar 3 according to the pathogenicity and carbohydrate utilization tests (2). Koch's postulates were tested in the greenhouse, with 10 plants inoculated per species. Plants were inoculated with 15 μl of cell suspension containing 106 to 107 CFU ml–1 deposited into the third axilla with a capillary tube. The bacteria could infect tomato, pepper, tobacco, potato, common sage (Salvia dugesii Fernald), and patchouli, and caused typical symptoms of wilt and black lesions, but could not infect leaves of swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta Smith), stramonium (Dature stramonium Datura L.), ginger, or maize. To our knowledge, this is the first report of yacon as a host of R. solanacearum. Since the pathogen has a wide host range, monitoring of the vegetation in and around yacon fields should be implemented as a mandatory management measure to prevent disease spread. References: (1) C. A. Boucher et al. J. Bacteriol. 169:5626, 1987. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) A. Kelman. Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.
17
Tran, Tuan Minh, Jonathan M. Jacobs, Alejandra Huerta, Annett Milling, Jordan Weibel, and Caitilyn Allen. "Sensitive, Secure Detection of Race 3 Biovar 2 and Native U.S. Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum." Plant Disease 100, no. 3 (March 2016): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1327-re.
Full textAbstract:
Detecting and correctly identifying Ralstonia solanacearum in infected plants is important because the race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2) subgroup is a high-concern quarantine pathogen, while the related sequevar 7 group is endemic to the southeastern United States. Preventing accidental import of R3bv2 in geranium cuttings demands sensitive detection methods that are suitable for large-volume use both onshore and offshore. However, detection is complicated by frequent asymptomatic latent infections, uneven pathogen distribution within infected plants, pathogen viable-but-not-culturable state, and biosecurity laws that restrict transport of R3bv2 strains for diagnosis. There are many methods to detect R3bv2 strains but their relative utility is unknown, particularly in the realistic context of infected plant hosts. Therefore, we compared the sensitivity, cost, and technical complexity of several assays to detect and distinguish R3bv2 and sequevar 7 strains of R. solanacearum in geranium, tomato, and potato tissue in the laboratory and in naturally infected tomato plants from the field. The sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods in infected geranium tissues was significantly improved by use of Kapa3G Plant, a polymerase with enhanced performance in the presence of plant inhibitors. R3bv2 cells were killed within 60 min of application to Whatman FTA(R) nucleic acid-binding cards, suggesting that samples on FTA cards can be safely transported for diagnosis. Overall, culture enrichment followed by dilution plating was the most sensitive detection method (101 CFU/ml) but it was also most laborious. Conducting PCR from FTA cards was faster, easier, and sensitive enough to detect approximately 104 CFU/ml, levels similar to those found in latently infected geranium plants.
18
Dutta, Bhabesh, Raymond W. Schneider, Clark L. Robertson, and Ronald R. Walcott. "Embryo Localization Enhances the Survival of Acidovorax citrulli in Watermelon Seeds." Phytopathology® 106, no. 4 (April 2016): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-15-0232-r.
Full textAbstract:
Acidovorax citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits has been observed to survive for >34 years in stored melon and watermelon seeds. To better understand this remarkable longevity, we investigated the bacterium’s tolerance to desiccation and the effect of bacterial localization in different watermelon seed tissues on its survival. We compared the ability of A. citrulli to tolerate desiccation on filter paper discs and on host (watermelon) and nonhost (cabbage, corn and tomato) seeds to two seedborne (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) and one soilborne (Ralstonia solanacearum) plant-pathogenic bacteria. A. citrulli survival on dry filter paper (>12 weeks) was similar to that of X. campestris pv. campestris but longer than P. stewartii subsp. stewartii. Ralstonia solanacearum survived longer than all other bacteria tested. On all seeds tested, A. citrulli and X. campestris pv. campestris populations declined by 5 orders of magnitude after 12 weeks of incubation at 4°C and 50% relative humidity, while R. solanacearum populations declined by 3 orders. P. stewartii subsp. stewartii was not recovered after 12 weeks of incubation. To determine the effect of tissue localization on bacterial survival, watermelon seeds infested with A. citrulli by flower stigma inoculation (resulting in bacterial localization in the embryo/endosperm) or by ovary pericarp inoculations (resulting in bacterial localization under the testa) were treated with peroxyacetic acid or chlorine (Cl2) gas. Following these treatments, a significantly higher reduction in BFB seed-to-seedling transmission was observed for seeds generated by ovary pericarp inoculation (≥89.5%) than for those generated by stigma inoculation (≤76.5%) (P < 0.05). Additionally, higher populations of A. citrulli survived when the bacteria were localized to the embryo/endosperm versus the seed coat, suggesting that tissue localization is important for bacterial survival in seed. This observation was confirmed when P. stewartii subsp. stewartii survived significantly longer in stigma-inoculated (embryo/endosperm-localized) watermelon seeds than in vacuum-infiltrated (testa-localized) seeds. Based on these results we conclude that A. citrulli cells are not intrinsically tolerant to desiccation and that localization of the bacterium to testa tissues does not enhance A. citrulli survival. In contrast, it is likely that embryo/endosperm localization enhances the survival of A. citrulli and other bacteria in seeds.
19
Yulianti, Titiek. "Ecobiology of Bacterial Wilt of Physic Nut in Indonesia ; Ekobiologi Layu Bakteri pada Jarak Pagar di Indonesia." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 7, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v7n2.2015.114-122.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Budi daya jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas) dengan sistem monokultur pada hamparan yang luas telah menim -bulkan ledakan suatu penyakit. Layu bakteri yang disebabkan oleh Ralstonia solanacearum merupakan salah satu penyakit utama jarak pagar dan ditemukan di beberapa daerah pengembangan. Gejala yang terlihat pada tanaman yang terinfeksi adalah layu dan daun menguning sebelum waktunya atau daun layu tanpa adanya perubahan warna dan masih melekat di batang. Jaringan pembuluh berubah warna kecokelatan. Akar utama dan sekunder busuk berwarna cokelat kehitaman. Pada tanaman yang terinfeksi cukup berat, daun-daunya akan gugur, bagian batang menjadi cokelat, dan akhirnya tanaman mati. Berdasar reaksi oksi-dasi sumber gula, biovar R. solanacearum yang diisolasi dari tanaman jarak pagar dari Malang, Jawa Timur mirip dengan biovar 5, sedangkan yang dari Pati, Jawa Tengah, berbeda dengan biovar standar yang ada. <br />Bakteri ini menginfeksi tomat, cabai merah, dan terong, tetapi tidak menginfeksi tembakau ataupun jagung. Observasi lapangan untuk mengetahui perkembangan layu bakteri pada tanaman jarak pagar dan penyebar-annya menunjukkan bahwa fluktuasi kejadian penyakit berkorelasi positif dengan curah hujan. Streptomycin sulfat atau kombinasi beberapa jenis antagonis merupakan cara pengendalian yang baik. Selain itu, mengoleskan CaCO3 pada luka akibat pemangkasan dapat mencegah penyakit berkembang lebih lanjut. Arah pene-litian ke depan untuk pengendalian penyakit ini adalah pengendalian terpadu yang menitik-beratkan kepada pertanian dan lingkungan yang keberlanjutan, misalnya penambahan antagonis, mikroorganisme berguna, bahan organik, serta pemupukan seimbang.</p><p> </p><p>Growing physic nut (Jatropha curcas) under monoculture system in large areas has generated disease out-break. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major diseases found in several regions. The symptom of the infected plant is wilting and premature leaf yellowing or leaves wilting without changing colour and still attaching to the stem. The vascular tissues show a brown discoloration. The primary and secondary roots may become brown to black. Severe infection causes leaves of diseased plant to fall, the <br />stem to become brown and eventually death. Based on oxidation reaction of sugar source the biovar of R. solanacearum isolated from physic nut in Malang (East Java) was simil ar to biovar 5, but isolate from Pati, Central Java was different from the standard biovar. The pathogen infected tomato, red chili, and egg plant but not tobacco or maize. A field observation to determine the development of bacterial wilt in physic nut and its spread pattern demonstrated that disease fluctuation incidence was positively correlated to rainfall. <br />Streptomycin sulphate or combination of antagonists gave a good disease control. Furthermore, smearing CaCO3 on wound caused by prunning could prevent disease development. The best control measure is inte-gration of several control measures which encourage sustainable agriculture and environment, including the addition of antagonists, effective microorganism, organic matter, and balanced fertilizer.</p><p><br /><br /></p>
20
Li, Shili, Jing Pi, Hongjiang Zhu, Liang Yang, Xingguo Zhang, and Wei Ding. "Caffeic Acid in Tobacco Root Exudate Defends Tobacco Plants From Infection by Ralstonia solanacearum." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (August 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.690586.
Full textAbstract:
In rhizospheres, chemical barrier-forming natural compounds play a key role in preventing pathogenic bacteria from infecting plant roots. Here, we sought to identify specific phenolic exudates in tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) plants infected by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum that may exhibit antibacterial activity and promote plant resistance against pathogens. Among detected phenolic acids, only caffeic acid was significantly induced in infected plants by R. solanacearum relative to healthy plants, and the concentration of caffeic acid reached 1.95 μg/mL. In vivo, caffeic acid at 200 μg/mL was highly active against R. solanacearum and obviously damaged the membrane structure of the R. solanacearum cells, resulting in the thinning of the cell membrane and irregular cavities in cells. Moreover, caffeic acid significantly inhibited biofilm formation by repressing the expression of the lecM and epsE genes. In vitro, caffeic acid could effectively activate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) and promote the accumulation of lignin and hydroxyproline. In pot and field experiments, exogenous applications of caffeic acid significantly reduced and delayed the incidence of tobacco bacterial wilt. Taken together, all these results suggest that caffeic acid played a crucial role in defending against R. solanacearum infection and was a potential and effective antibacterial agent for controlling bacterial wilt.
21
Poueymiro, M., A. C. Cazalé, J. M. François, J. L. Parrou, N. Peeters, and S. Genin. "A Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector Directs the Production of the Plant Signal Metabolite Trehalose-6-Phosphate." mBio 5, no. 6 (December 23, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02065-14.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum possesses two genes encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), an enzyme of the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. One of these genes, named ripTPS, was found to encode a protein with an additional N-terminal domain which directs its translocation into host plant cells through the type 3 secretion system. RipTPS is a conserved effector in the R. solanacearum species complex, and homologues were also detected in other bacterial plant pathogens. Functional analysis of RipTPS demonstrated that this type 3 effector synthesizes trehalose-6-phosphate and identified residues essential for this enzymatic activity. Although trehalose-6-phosphate is a key signal molecule in plants that regulates sugar status and carbon assimilation, the disruption of ripTPS did not alter the virulence of R. solanacearum on plants. However, heterologous expression assays showed that this effector specifically elicits a hypersensitive-like response on tobacco that is independent of its enzymatic activity and is triggered by the C-terminal half of the protein. Recognition of this effector by the plant immune system is suggestive of a role during the infectious process. IMPORTANCE Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, infects more than two hundred plant species, including economically important crops. The type III secretion system plays a major role in the pathogenicity of this bacterium, and approximately 70 effector proteins have been shown to be translocated into host plant cells. This study provides the first description of a type III effector endowed with a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase enzymatic activity and illustrates a new mechanism by which the bacteria may manipulate the plant metabolism upon infection. In recent years, trehalose-6-phosphate has emerged as an essential signal molecule in plants, connecting plant metabolism and development. The finding that a bacterial pathogen could induce the production of trehalose-6-phosphate in plant cells further highlights the importance of this metabolite in multiple aspects of the molecular physiology of plants.
22
Wang, Dongjiao, Ling Wang, Weihua Su, Yongjuan Ren, Chuihuai You, Chang Zhang, Youxiong Que, and Yachun Su. "A class III WRKY transcription factor in sugarcane was involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78007-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWRKY transcription factors play significant roles in plant stress responses. In this study, a class III WRKY gene ScWRKY5, was successfully isolated from sugarcane variety ROC22. The ScWRKY5 was a nucleus protein with transcriptional activation activity. The ScWRKY5 gene was constitutively expressed in all the sugarcane tissues, with the highest expression level in the stem epidermis and the lowest in the root. After inoculation with Sporisorium scitamineum for 1 d, the expression level of ScWRKY5 was significantly increased in two smut-resistant varieties (YZ01-1413 and LC05-136), while it was decreased in three smut-susceptible varieties (ROC22, YZ03-103, and FN40). Besides, the expression level of ScWRKY5 was increased by the plant hormones salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as the abiotic factors polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Transient overexpression of the ScWRKY5 gene enhanced the resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to the tobacco bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, however the transiently overexpressed N. benthamiana was more sensitive to the tobacco fungal pathogen Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. These results provide a reference for further research on the resistance function of sugarcane WRKY genes.