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1
Dolman, Richard. Physical properties derived from seismic modelling at the toe of the Barbados accretionary complex. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
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2
Petrović, Predrag. Digital Processing and Reconstruction of Complex AC Signals. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
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3
Morozko, Natalya, and Valyentina Didyenko. Financial relations small business energy complex. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21561.
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The paper deals with the peculiarities of small organizations in the energy sector, taking into account the principles of effective financial cooperation of small businesses with a variety of large and medium-sized structures. We studied the experience of the financial relations of countries with developed economies on a set of market tools and in business management in the energy sector. The analysis of the financial condition of small organizations and energy sector. Defined financial planning tools of organizations that allow to carry out the relationship of financial planning practices with the main objectives of a small organization. Reasoned application of the tax policy in the system of financial relations for small and large businesses and energy complex. The conditions for the use of alternative financial services market lending small business operations using efficient technologies.
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1630-1687, Cotton Charles, ed. The compleat angler. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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1950-, DeVault Marjorie L., ed. A complex sorrow: Reflections on cancer and an abbreviated life. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
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12
Growing modular: Mass customization of complex products, services and software. Berlin: Springer, 2005.
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13
Thomas, Feltes, and Hofmann Robin. Part I General Questions, 3 Transnational Organised Crime and its Impacts on States and Societies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0003.
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Transnational organised crime (TOC) impacts states and societies on different levels. It can have devastating effects on the state, the rule of law, and the economy in countries. It is a great challenge for criminological research to measure those impacts and give a precise account of the consequences societies face when infiltrated by TOC. Depending on legal, institutional, and socio-economic conditions in states and societies, these impacts may vary in their effect. Where governments and state institutions are weak and the civil society poor, TOC seemingly flourishes. Nevertheless, the conditions for this flourishing of TOC are much more complex than the simple link between weak states, poverty, and TOC might suggest. To achieve a more complete and clearer picture of TOC and its impact on societies, it is important to consider it as an integral part of society, not an external invader. Therefore, TOC is strongly linked to societal developments in recent years, particularly with globalization.
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Vernizzi, Graziano, and Henri Orland. Complex networks. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.43.
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This article deals with complex networks, and in particular small world and scale free networks. Various networks exhibit the small world phenomenon, including social networks and gene expression networks. The local ordering property of small world networks is typically associated with regular networks such as a 2D square lattice. The small world phenomenon can be observed in most scale free networks, but few small world networks are scale free. The article first provides a brief background on small world networks and two models of scale free graphs before describing the replica method and how it can be applied to calculate the spectral densities of the adjacency matrix and Laplacian matrix of a scale free network. It then shows how the effective medium approximation can be used to treat networks with finite mean degree and concludes with a discussion of the local properties of random matrices associated with complex networks.
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Gipson, Tanjala T., Andrea Poretti, Rebecca McClellan, and Michael V. Johnston. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0050.
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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a disease, commonly classified as a neurocutaneous disorder, which may result in benign tumors throughout the brain and body, skin lesions, epilepsy, and cognitive/behavioral difficulties. Scientific discovery in TSC has resulted in the availability of treatments designed to target the neurobiological core of TSC in children. However, research is needed to determine if these treatments are effective for multiple aspects of the TSC phenotype in children. Current pediatric research studies have focused on the effects of early treatment of epilepsy as well as identification of potential biomarkers. This chapter reviews the aspects of TSC unique to pediatric patients, the status of current research, and future directions.
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McDuff, Dusa, and Dietmar Salamon. Almost complex structures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0005.
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The chapter begins with a general discussion of almost complex structures on symplectic manifolds and then addresses the problem of integrability. Subsequent sections discuss a variety of examples of Kähler manifolds, in particular those of complex dimension two, and show how to compute the Chern classes and Betti numbers of hypersurfaces in complex projective space. The last section is a brief introduction to the theory of J-holomorphic curves.
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Stark, David, ed. The Performance Complex. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861669.001.0001.
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What’s valuable? Market competition provides one kind of answer. Competitions offer another. On one side, competition is an ongoing and seemingly endless process of pricings; on the other, competitions are discrete and bounded in time and location, with entry rules, judges, scores, and prizes. This book examines what happens when ever more activities in domains of everyday life are evaluated and experienced in terms of performance metrics. Unlike organized competitions, such systems are ceaseless and without formal entry. Instead of producing resolutions, their scorings create addictions. To understand these developments, this book explores discrete contests (architectural competitions, international music competitions, and world press photo competitions); shows how the continuous updating of rankings is both a device for navigating the social world and an engine of anxiety; and examines the production of such anxiety in settings ranging from the pedagogy of performance in business schools to struggling musicians coping with new performance metrics in online platforms. In the performance society, networks of observation—in which all are performing and keeping score—are entangled with a system of emotionally charged preoccupations with one’s positioning within the rankings. From the bedroom to the boardroom, pharmaceutical companies and management consultants promise enhanced performance. This assemblage of metrics, networks, and their attendant emotional pathologies is herein regarded as the performance complex.
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Zukin, Sharon. The Innovation Complex. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190083830.001.0001.
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The Innovation Complex shows how the new urban economy is being shaped by digital technology businesses and organizations, city government, and a tech-financial meritocracy. Looking closely at “innovation” in New York from the city’s fall in the dot-com crash of 2000 to its emergence as the second-largest startup ecosystem of the 2010s, the book examines the emergence of new organizational, geographical, and discursive spaces that literally root digital production in place, molding a tech-competent workforce, public-private-nonprofit partnerships, and a hegemonic, entrepreneurial culture. The Innovation Complex begins by exploring the city’s subculture of hackathons and meetups, describes the careers of New York–based startup founders and venture capitalists, and traces the transformation of the Brooklyn waterfront from industrial wasteland to “innovation coastline.” Analyzing connections between local networks and global capital, it shows how a Silicon Valley model of innovation is urbanized by big cities like New York, where an influential alliance between business, government, and university leaders recalls C. Wright Mills’s potent concept of the power elite. Paradoxically, while the 21st-century economy makes cities more successful, they also become less livable for those who cannot reap tech’s rewards.
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Holland, John H. 1. Complex systems. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0001.
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What is complexity? A complex system, such as a tropical rainforest, is a tangled web of interactions and exhibits a distinctive property called ‘emergence’, roughly described by ‘the action of the whole is more than the sum of the actions of the parts’. This chapter explains that the interactions of interest are non-linear and thus hierarchical organization is closely tied to emergence. Complex systems explains several kinds of telltale behaviour: emergent behaviour, self-organization, chaotic behaviour, ‘fat-tailed behaviour’, and adaptive interaction. The field of complexity studies has split into two subfields that examine two different kinds of emergence: complex physical systems and complex adaptive systems.
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Mačák, Kubo. Complex Conflict Situations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819868.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the legal qualification of complex conflict situations that feature more than two conflict parties. It examines whether such situations qualify as a single internationalized armed conflict or a number of independent international and non-international armed conflicts. With this in mind, this chapter puts forward a model based on the retention of autonomy of the allied conflict parties. It argues that once the autonomy is foregone and replaced with a single use of force by the parties, the law of international armed conflict applies ‘globally’ to the situation at hand. However, until that moment, the situation should be seen as ‘mixed’; in other words, as a set of mutually independent conflict pairs.
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Maria, Burguete, and Lam Lui, eds. Science matters: Humanities as complex systems. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Pub. Co., 2008.
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23
Goldring, Elizabeth. Art Collecting and Patronage in Shakespeare’s England. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.39.
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This chapter poses the question: ‘What did it mean to be a patron or collector of art in Shakespeare’s England?’ To that end, it seeks, first, to shed light on some of the challenges inherent in any attempt to reconstruct—at a remove of nearly 500 years—patterns of early modern art collecting and patronage; and second, to trace some of the principal shifts in the aesthetic and cultural landscape of England fromc.1564 toc.1616. As this essay demonstrates, Shakespeare’s England was a world in flux, in which native, vernacular objects, ideas, and vocabulary sat cheek by jowl with foreign, imported artefacts, attitudes, and terminology. Moreover, Shakespeare’s writings, and those of some of his contemporaries, both reflect and help to illuminate the complex interaction between the traditional and the novel characteristic of Elizabethan and early Jacobean visual culture—enabling us, like Hamlet, to hold a ‘mirror up to nature’ (3.2.22).
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Tretkoff, Paula. Complex Surfaces and Coverings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144771.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with complex surfaces and their finite coverings branched along divisors, that is, subvarieties of codimension 1. In particular, it considers coverings branched over transversally intersecting divisors. Applying this to linear arrangements in the complex projective plane, the chapter first blows up the projective plane at non-transverse intersection points, that is, at those points of the arrangement where more than two lines intersect. These points are called singular points of the arrangement. This gives rise to a complex surface and transversely intersecting divisors that contain the proper transforms of the original lines. The chapter also introduces the divisor class group, their intersection numbers, and the canonical divisor class. Finally, it describes the Chern numbers of a complex surface in order to define the proportionality deviation of a complex surface and to study its behavior with respect to finite covers.
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Petrovic, Predrag B., and Milorad R. Stevanovic. Digital Processing and Reconstruction of Complex Signals. Springer, 2014.
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26
Partis-Jennings, Hannah. The Military-Peace Complex. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474453325.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the military and statebuilding components of the international project in Afghanistan since 2001. It posits and discusses the military-peace complex as a framework for understanding the international project in Afghanistan, pointing to the sliding together and collapse between military and peace actors, mandates, and ideational frameworks. Focusing on the role of gender as well as material and spatial entanglements, the author argues that military and peace work in the liberal mode cannot be logically separated but rather are co-constituted and operate in a dynamic relationship to each other with fluid and shifting boundaries. Based on original interviews and wider research, the book offers a holistic way of viewing the international project in Afghanistan, drawing attention to its under-noticed elements, and providing a new way of understanding its politics.
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Atkins, Roger M. Complex regional pain syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0011.
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♦ Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling chronic pain condition of unknown aetiology♦ Traditionally it was thought to be rare; however, prospective studies demonstrate it to be common following both trauma and operative procedures involving the upper and lower limbs♦ The condition is usually self-limiting over a maximum period of 2 years, although minor abnormalities may remain♦ In a minority of cases it does not resolve and is responsible for severe chronic disability♦ Treatment is aimed at functional restoration of limb function supported by pharmacological intervention.
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Pidcock, Frank S. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0121.
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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic disorder that affects adults and children. It is extremely challenging to manage and results in dysfunctional patterns of behavior that have long-reaching effects on the patient and their families. New insights into the neurobiology of this condition have improved the understanding of mechanisms that alter nocioceptive perception and remodel neural circuitry in the brain and spinal cord. Traditional interventions for treating pain have little if any long-term effects. An interdisciplinary program addressing “bio-psycho-social factors” that includes graded exercise, desensitization techniques, and coping strategies has shown some success as a therapeutic approach. The reason for why certain individuals are susceptible to this condition and others are not remains elusive.
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Charney, Meredith E., Sarah Wieman, Nicole Leblanc, and Naomi Simon. Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0006.
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Grief is an intensely painful, but natural and normal psychological response following the death of a loved one. Although there is no uniform pattern for adapting to loss, for the majority of people, acute grief naturally evolves over time into a more integrated, less painful form of grief in a way that is healthy and adaptive; this enables return to a satisfying life without the deceased. However, a growing literature has shown that complications can arise such that the natural recovery from acute grief stalls and grief becomes persistently intense and debilitating. This chapter describes the etiology, diagnostic and clinical features, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of this condition, termed “complicated grief,” “traumatic grief,” “prolonged grief,” or “persistent complex bereavement disorder.”
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Powers, Shawn M., and Michael Jablonski. The Information-Industrial Complex. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039126.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the emergence of an Information-Industrial Complex in the United States, tracking the rise of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the modern knowledge economy. It first outlines the origins and history of Information-Industrial Complex's antecedent, the Military-Industrial Complex, before turning to the beginnings of the Information-Industrial Complex itself. It then considers how the U.S. government has cultivated a close and codependent relationship with companies involved in information production, storage, processing, and distribution, referred to as the “information industries.” It also looks at In-Q-Tel, a corporation that would “ensure that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) remains at the cutting edge of information technology advances and capabilities,” along with the rise of information assurance after 9/11. The chapter concludes by highlighting the commodification of digital information in the post-9/11 environment through its securitization.
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Walters, Jenna L. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0025.
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic pain condition classified as type 1 and type 2. The two classifications are distinguished by the presence of documented nerve injury in CRPS type 2. The symptoms of CRPS, including cold, blue, and painful extremities, are believed to occur from vasoconstriction caused by sympathetic dysfunction. Treatment in CRPS focuses on targeting neuropathic and sympathetically maintained pain. Traditional antineuropathic pain medications include membrane stabilizers and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidals target the inflammatory process present in the initial stages of CRPS. Bone resorption has been treated with calcium-modulating drugs. Interventional therapies include sympathetic blockade of the affected extremity, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug delivery. All these therapies have been implemented in an effort to facilitate functional restoration of the affected limb. Physical and occupational therapies have demonstrated some of the most significant improvements in pain, mobility, and function.
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Janssen, Mirian C. H., and Shamima Rahman. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0006.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) deficiency usually first manifests at a young age and is rarely diagnosed in adulthood. The clinical picture varies from neonatal death with overwhelming lactic acidosis to a relatively benign course early in life. The three main presentations are congenital lactic acidosis, Leigh syndrome, and episodic ataxia. Treatment consists of a ketogenic diet and cofactor supplementation with thiamine. Successful therapy is rare.
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Bugaeva, Lyudmila, Tatiana Boyko, and Yuriy Beznosyk. System analysis of chemical-technological complexes. KPI named after Igor Sikorsky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30888/textbook.sach-tc.2017.
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The textbook describes the methods and tools of system analysis that can be used to study complex chemical-technological systems and solve problems associated with sustainable production processes. Many examples of solving the problems of analysis of chemical-technological systems with the use of modern software tools Aspen Plus, Hysys and Chemcad are provided. The textbook is intended primarily for masters of the specialty "151 – Automation and Computer-Integrated Technologies" under studying the discipline "System Analysis". The competences obtained by students in the process of studying this discipline are used by them in the fulfilment of the master's thesis. In addition, the book can be useful for post-graduate students, scientists and engineers – all who are faced with the need to research complex chemical and technological systems to ensure their eco-efficiency.
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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Introduction to Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0001.
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The science of complex systems is not an offspring of physics, biology, or the socialsciences, but a unique mix of all three. By recalling what these diciplines are, wedevelop an intuitive feel for complex systems and for how this science differs from otherdisciplines. This chapter aims to show that the science of complex systems combinesphysics, biology, and the social sciences in a unique blend that is a new discipline in itsown right. We review a few classical concepts of the science of complex systems andemphasize the importance of co-evolution of states of components and their interaction.The chapter clarifies the structure of the book.
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Swann, Marjorie, Charles Cotton, and Izaak Walton. Compleat Angler. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Policy development and implementation in complex files. [Ottawa]: Canada School of Public Service, 2004.
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Dixon, Bradley P., J. Christopher Kingswood, and John J. Bissler. Tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0330.
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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting almost all organs. It has wider phenotypic variation than often appreciated, with less than half showing the combination of characteristic facial angiofibromas, epilepsy, and mental retardation. Renal angiomyolipomata or cysts are found in 90% and renal failure was historically a common mode of adult death from the disease. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is restricted to females. Angiomyolipomata or cystic disease, or both, may cause renal failure. Angiomyolipomata may also haemorrhage, especially from larger lesions. Manifestations of brain involvement substantially complicate management of many patients with TSC. The causative genes TSC1 and TSC2 encode tuberin and hamartin which are involved in control of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Inhibitors of that pathway, such as sirolimus and everolimus, are therefore logical approaches to therapy and have been shown to be effective in reducing angiomyolipomata volume. It remains to be seen whether they can protect renal function.
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Iversen, Leslie. The Pharmacology of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846848.003.0002.
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The 19th century was a great era for plant chemistry. Many complex drug molecules, known as alkaloids, were isolated and identified from plants. This chapter discusses the history of the discovery of delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) as the psychoactive substance in cannabis products and also the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors CB-1 and CB-2 in the body and brain. The mechanism of action of cannabinoids on such receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release or other actions is also discussed. In addition, various methods for the ingestion of cannabis, such as smoking and vaping, are reviewed. Synthetic agonists and antagonists at cannabinoid receptors and the proliferation of synthetic agonists as novel psychoactive agents are also discussed.
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Froestad, Jan, Martin Nøkleberg, Clifford Shearing, and Hilton Trollip. South Africa’s Minerals-Energy Complex. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0016.
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Concepts of ‘plural, nodal forms of governance’ and ‘constitutive regulation’ are used to analyse how an industrial policy elite spanning public and private spheres formed in conjunction with the minerals/industrial/energy core economy. Government, in collaboration with minerals industries and electricity monopoly Eskom, employed state capitalism, as well as sophisticated control and surveillance of migrant labour to structure a system to ensure cheap energy. Democratization has led to the involvement of new electricity policy actors and attempts to reform the electricity sector. An electricity supply crisis, new energy technologies, environmental policy, and renewed attempts by government and civil society to hold Eskom accountable have led to cracks in the system. Eskom has aligned itself with a new political elite. Eskom and coal mining for electricity generation continue to dominate with continuing effects on the local and global environment.
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Sole, Richard, and Santiago F. Elena. Viruses as Complex Adaptive Systems. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158846.001.0001.
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Viruses are everywhere, infecting all sorts of living organisms, from the tiniest bacteria to the largest mammals. Many are harmful parasites, but viruses also play a major role as drivers of our evolution as a species and are essential regulators of the composition and complexity of ecosystems on a global scale. This book draws on complex systems theory to provide a fresh look at viral origins, populations, and evolution, and the coevolutionary dynamics of viruses and their hosts. New viruses continue to emerge that threaten people, crops, and farm animals. Viruses constantly evade our immune systems, and antiviral therapies and vaccination campaigns can be powerless against them. These unique characteristics of virus biology are a consequence of their tremendous evolutionary potential, which enables viruses to quickly adapt to any environmental challenge. This book presents a unified framework for understanding viruses as complex adaptive systems. It shows how the application of complex systems theory to viral dynamics has provided new insights into the development of AIDS in patients infected with HIV-1, the emergence of new antigenic variants of the influenza A virus, and other cutting-edge advances. The book also extends the analogy of viruses to the evolution of other replicators such as computer viruses, cancer, and languages.
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Ross, John, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel O. Vlad. Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178685.001.0001.
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In a chemical system with many chemical species several questions can be asked: what species react with other species: in what temporal order: and with what results? These questions have been asked for over one hundred years about simple and complex chemical systems, and the answers constitute the macroscopic reaction mechanism. In Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms authors John Ross, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel Vlad present several systematic approaches for obtaining information on the causal connectivity of chemical species, on correlations of chemical species, on the reaction pathway, and on the reaction mechanism. Basic pulse theory is demonstrated and tested in an experiment on glycolysis. In a second approach, measurements on time series of concentrations are used to construct correlation functions and a theory is developed which shows that from these functions information may be inferred on the reaction pathway, the reaction mechanism, and the centers of control in that mechanism. A third approach is based on application of genetic algorithm methods to the study of the evolutionary development of a reaction mechanism, to the attainment given goals in a mechanism, and to the determination of a reaction mechanism and rate coefficients by comparison with experiment. Responses of non-linear systems to pulses or other perturbations are analyzed, and mechanisms of oscillatory reactions are presented in detail. The concluding chapters give an introduction to bioinformatics and statistical methods for determining reaction mechanisms.
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Apostolopoulos, Yorghos, Michael K. Lemke, and Kristen Hassmiller Lich, eds. Complex Systems and Population Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880743.001.0001.
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Currently, population health science is an integral part of academic curricula around the world. For over a century, the principles of the reductionist paradigm have guided population health curricula, training, research, and action. Researchers continue to draw upon these principles when theorizing, conceptualizing, designing studies, analyzing, and devising interventions to tackle complex population health problems. However, unresolved impasses in delineating and managing pressing population health challenges have catalyzed calls for the integration of complex systems science–grounded theoretical, methodological, and analytical approaches into population health science. Mounting evidence denotes that a complex systems paradigm can bring about dramatic, multipronged changes for education and training and lead to innovative research, interventions, and policies. Despite the large and untapped promise of complex systems, the haphazard knowledge base from which academics, researchers, students, policymakers, and practitioners can draw has slowed their integration into the population health sciences. This volume fulfills this growing need by providing the knowledge base necessary to introduce a holistic complex systems paradigm in population health science. As such, it is the first comprehensive book in population health science that meaningfully integrates complex systems theory, methodology, modeling, computational simulation, and real-world applications, while incorporating current population health theoretical, methodological, and analytical perspectives. It is intended as a programmatic primer across a broad spectrum of population health stakeholders—from university professors and graduate students to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. This book also aims to provoke long-overdue discourse on the need for updated new curricula in the population health sciences.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Complex Systems as Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 constitutes Part I of the book: ‘Single and Multilayer Networks’. This chapter introduces multilayer networks as an important new development of Network Science that allows a more comprehensive understanding of Complex Systems. It identifies the main motivations driving the research activity in this field of multilayer networks and emphasizes the benefits of taking a multilayer network perpective to characterize network data. The main advantages of a multilayer network approach with respect to the more traditional single layer characterization of complex networks are broadly discussed, focusing on the information gain resulting from the analysis of multilayer networks, the non-reducibility of a multilayer network to a large single network and the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks.
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Davidson, Judith. Qualitative Research and Complex Teams. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648138.001.0001.
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Most qualitative research methodology texts are addressed to individual researchers working alone, whereas the majority of qualitative research today is probably conducted by complex teams. Team-based researchers recognize the work they are doing is complicated, difficult, and differs significantly from the single researcher working on a single project, but they have lacked information on how standard practices of the field are translated into group practice, particularly in the realm of writing, which is central to all qualitative research work. Bucking that trend, this text addresses the unique methodological needs of researchers who are conducting qualitative research as part of a complex team. This book is anchored in the belief that writing on team-based qualitative research has strong overlap with, and at the same time, vast differences from the writing that is produced by the single researcher working alone. The text provides background on the reasons behind the rise in complex team research and the ways qualitative researchers have attended to this change in context. There is detailed discussion of team basics, including: team formation, research design and project organization, and important ethical issues. The issues of both methodological and substantive writing are taken up in separate chapters. The book concludes with consideration of future trends and recommendations. Written with the detailed explanations that experienced qualitative researchers will be seeking, this text also covers important basics for those new to qualitative research, making it useful for both expert and novice.
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Ladyman, James, and Karoline Wiesner. What Is a Complex System? Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251104.001.0001.
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What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today's world.
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Anderson, James A. Human Understanding of Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0005.
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An important tool for understanding new and complex systems is analogy. Analogies to brain function are often the most complex systems of the time. In the 17th century, complex hydraulic systems were common. Descartes proposed a detailed model of the brain based on a hydraulic system. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the telephone and telegraph systems were used as brain analogies. This analogy is useful for understanding system connectivity constraints and the practical need for a central exchange (“brain”) for switching and memory. An extreme version of the central exchange analogy was called behaviorism or S-R psychology, popular in the first half of the 20th century. Obvious problems with analogy are its basic untruth and a tendency for a complex system to be thought of as magic if its technological roots are lost.
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Stein, Matthew A. Complex Cystic and Solid Mass. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0047.
Full textAbstract:
The breast ultrasound (US) finding known as “complex mass” has undergone a labeling revision with the fifth edition of the BI-RADS Atlas and is now designated as complex cystic and solid mass (CCSM). The updated BI-RADS sought to unambiguously define and differentiate an actionable finding often requiring biopsy from a lesser finding requiring, at most, imaging follow-up to confirm expected stability. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin and lymph nodes, reviews key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnosis, and clinical recommendations for complex cystic and solid masses. Topics include the rationale for the updated BI-RADS lexicon, the important differentiation of a complex cystic and solid mass from a complicated cyst, and a framework for the differentiation and management of actionable and non-actionable masses with complex cystic and solid features at ultrasound.