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1
VELASCO, L., J. M. FERNÁNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ, R. GARCÍA-RUÍZ, and J. DOMÍNGUEZ. "Genetic and environmental variation for tocopherol content and composition in sunflower commercial hybrids." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 4 (December 2002): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602002678.
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Tocopherols are the most important compounds having antioxidant activity in sunflower seeds. The objective of the present research was to study the genetic and environmental variation for tocopherol content and composition in sunflower. Thirty-six sunflower hybrids were grown at 13 locations across all major areas of sunflower cultivation in southern Spain. Seed yield, 100 seed weight, oil content and tocopherol content and composition were determined. Tocopherol content ranged from 314·5 to 1024·5 mg/kg seed and from 562·8 to 1872·8 mg/kg oil. The tocopherol fraction was largely composed of alpha-tocopherol, which accounted for 88·4% to 96·3% of the total tocopherols. Both genotypic and environmental effects were significant for tocopherol content and composition. For alpha-, beta- and total tocopherol content, the effect of the genotype was larger than that of the environment, whereas the latter had a greater effect on gamma-tocopherol content. Genotype×location interaction was significant for alpha-, gamma- and total tocopherol content. Tocopherol content was not correlated with seed oil or seed yield, indicating the possibility of selecting for this trait without affecting the performance of the genotypes.
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Matthaus, Bertrand, Mehmet Musa Özcan, and Fahad Al Juhaimi. "Some rape/canola seed oils: fatty acid composition and tocopherols." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2016): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0003.
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Abstract Seed samples of some rape and canola cultivars were analysed for oil content, fatty acid and tocopherol profiles. Gas liquid chromotography and high performance liquid chromotography were used for fatty acid and tocopherol analysis, respectively. The oil contents of rape and canola seeds varied between 30.6% and 48.3% of the dry weight (p<0.05). The oil contents of rapeseeds were found to be high compared with canola seed oils. The main fatty acids in the oils are oleic (56.80–64.92%), linoleic (17.11–20.92%) and palmitic (4.18–5.01%) acids. A few types of tocopherols were found in rape and canola oils in various amounts: α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol. The major tocopherol in the seed oils of rape and canola cultivars were α-tocopherol (13.22–40.01%) and γ-tocopherol (33.64–51.53%) accompanied by α-T3 (0.0–1.34%) and δ-tocopherol (0.25–1.86%) (p<0.05). As a result, the present study shows that oil, fatty acid and tocopherol contents differ significantly among the cultivars.
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Ghosh, Suprio, Shengrui Zhang, Muhammad Azam, Berhane S. Gebregziabher, Ahmed M. Abdelghany, Abdulwahab S. Shaibu, Jie Qi, et al. "Natural Variation of Seed Tocopherol Composition in Diverse World Soybean Accessions from Maturity Group 0 to VI Grown in China." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020206.
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Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in seed tocopherol composition of soybeans from different origins, 493 soybean accessions from different countries (China, USA, Japan, and Russia) belonging to 7 maturity groups (MG 0–VI) were grown in 2 locations (Beijing and Hainan Provinces of China) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The results showed that significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among the accessions and origins for individual and total tocopherol contents. The total tocopherol content ranged from 118.92 μg g−1 to 344.02 μg g−1. Accessions from the USA had the highest average concentration of γ- and total tocopherols (152.92 and 238.21 μg g−1, respectively), whereas a higher level of α-tocopherol (12.82 μg g−1) was observed in the Russian accessions. The maturity group of the accession significantly (p < 0.001) influenced all tocopherol components, and higher levels of α-, γ-, and total tocopherols were observed in early maturing accessions, while late-maturing accessions exhibited higher levels of δ-tocopherol. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.
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Rey, Ana, Daniel Amazan, Gustavo Cordero, Alvaro Olivares, and Clemente J. López-Bote. "Lower Oral Doses of Micellized α-Tocopherol Compared to α-Tocopheryl Acetate in Feed Modify Fatty Acid Profiles and Improve Oxidative Status in Pigs." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 84, no. 5-6 (August 2014): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000209.
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Abstract. This study evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation source, and the dose given to sows or piglets, on the fatty acid profile of colostrum, milk, subcutaneous and intramuscular fat, and the oxidative status of piglets at 39 days of age. Sows (n = 10) were given 150 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 75 or 50 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water from Day 103 of pregnancy. Weaning piglets from each group of sows (n = 7) received 3.33 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d or 1.1 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water for 14 days. Colostrum from sows supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol had a lower proportion of C20:0 (P = 0.02), C18:4 n-3 (P = 0.03) and a higher C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio than those given dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Supplementation with micellized-d-α-tocopherol decreased the C18:0 proportion (P = 0.04) and the C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio (P = 0.03) in milk, whereas the C18:1 n-7 proportion increased (P = 0.03) compared to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Composition was affected by the d-α-tocopherol dose. A similar trend to that observed in milk was observed in fatty acid composition in piglet fat. Piglets supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol at low doses did not have different ferric reducing antioxidant power in muscle tissues (P = 0.31) than when they were supplemented with dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Piglets given 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d had lower oxidized glutathione than those given 1.1 mg/d (P = 0.0055). In conclusion, oral supplementation of sows (75 mg/d) and piglets (1.7 mg/d) with micellized natural vitamin E modified the fatty acid profile of piglet tissues and improved their oxidative status.
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Meglia, Guillermo E., Søren K. Jensen, Charlotte Lauridsen, and Karin Persson Waller. "α-Tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving." Journal of Dairy Research 73, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029906001701.
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementing dairy cows with 1000 IU/day of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SynAc), RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (NatAc), or RRR-α-tocopherol (NatAlc), from approximately 3 weeks before estimated calving until 2 weeks after calving, on the concentration of α-tocopherol and its stereoisomers (RRR-, RSS-, RRS-, RSR- and the four 2S-forms of α-tocopherol) in blood and milk. An unsupplemented group was included as control. Blood samples were collected at 3, 2 and 1 weeks before estimated calving, at calving, and 3, 7 and 14 days after calving, while milk samples were taken twice within 24 h after calving and at 7 and 14 days in milk. Overall, time and treatment had significant effects on plasma α-tocopherol with higher concentrations in NatAc than in the other groups. In addition, SynAc had higher concentrations than Control, and NatAlc tended to be higher than Control. The lowest plasma concentrations were observed at calving and 3 days after calving. Independent of treatment, the concentration was higher in colostrum than in milk day 7 and 14 after calving. Analyses of the stereoisomer distribution in plasma and milk showed that, irrespective of dietary treatment, RRR-α-tocopherol was the most predominant form, constituting more than 86%, whereas the remaining part of α-tocopherol was made up by the three synthetic 2R isomers, while the 2S isomers only contributed less than 1% of the total α-tocopherol. In control cows and cows supplemented with natural vitamin E, the proportion of RRR-α-tocopherol in plasma and milk constituted more than 98% of the total α-tocopherol. In conclusion, the results indicate that daily oral supplementation of dairy cows with RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate gives the highest blood concentrations of α-tocopherol in the periparturient period. Analyses of the distribution of the individual stereoisomers of α-tocopherol further indicate that the bioavailability of RRR-α-tocopherol relative to synthetic stereoisomers in cattle is considerably higher than officially accepted until now.
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Schulz, Hartwig, Gabriele Lausch, and Walter Feldheim. "Veränderung des Tocochromanolmusters einiger Pflanzenöle (Sojabohne, Lupine, Sonnenblume und Weizen) während Keimung und Wachstum / Alteration of Tocochromanol Pattern in Some Plant Oils (Soybean. Lupine. Sunflower and Wheat) during Germination and Growth." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 11-12 (October 1, 1985): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-11-1203.
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Abstract Seed, sprout and plant oils from soybean (Soja hispida), lupine (Lupinus mutabilis), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were assayed for their tocochromanol content and composition. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used to determine tocopherols and tocotrienols of laboratory-extracted oils. In general, leaves of lupine, soja, and wheat with a high chlorophyll-a-content also were found to be rich of alpha-tocopherol; roots contained very little or no tocopherol. Contents of gamma-and delta-tocopherol in soja and lupine decreased during germination and growth, whereas the alpha-tocopherol concentration increases significantly. This evidence suggests that non-alpha-to-copherols might be methylated enzymatically to alpha-tocopherol. Tocochromanol pattern of wheat also changes characteristically in an analogous manner during plant development. Germ i nation of sunflower seeds also resulted in a conversion of beta-and gamma-tocopherols and in a slight decrease of the predominantly occurring alpha-tocopherol. In relation to the lipid content, the concentration of total tocopherols in oil plants increases significantly during growth. Possible implications for the biosynthesis of tocochromanols are discussed.
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Zemtsova, Anna, and Yury Zubarev. "Isomer composition of tocopherols in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds in forest-steppe area of Altai territory." BIO Web of Conferences 11 (2018): 00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181100051.
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Estimation of tocopherol isomers composition in seed oil of seabuckthorn (H. rhamnoides ssp. mongolica) varieties is represented. It has been established that α-tocopherol is the dominant tocopherol in the lipids of the seabuckthorn seeds, the mean content of which for two years has been ranged from 2.1 (Dar Katuni) to 4.8 mg/100 g (Yantarnaya). In general within the evaluated group of subspecies, the mean content of α- tocopherol was determined at 3.5±0.3 mg/100 g. β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols were characterized by low content, accumulating an average for two years at 0.5±0.1, 1.3±0.1 and 0.7±0.3 mg/100 g, respectively.
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Burčová, Zuzana, František Kreps, Štefan Schmidt, Michal Jablonský, Aleš Ház, Alexandra Sládková, and Igor Šurina. "Composition of fatty acids and tocopherols in peels, seeds and leaves of Sea buckthorn." Acta Chimica Slovaca 10, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2017-0005.
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Abstract Peels, seeds and leaves of the Sea buckthorn were extracted by methanol and chloroform and characterized in terms of the fatty acids (FA) and tocopherol composition. All morphological parts of Sea buckthorn contained these biologically active compounds useful in medicine, pharmacology, human nutrition and cosmetics. The highest amount of α-tocopherol was found in peels (1103 mg kg-1). The lowest content of α-tocopherol was found in leaves (659 mg kg-1). Delta-tocopherol was found in higher amount in peels 1757 mg kg-1. Seeds contained 95 mg kg-1 of delta-tocopherols. Gamma-tocopherol was found in seeds (459 mg kg-1), peels (188 mg kg-1) and in leaves (587 mg kg-1). β-tocopherol was present only in seeds (171 mg kg-1). Unsaturated fatty acids were dominant in all morphological parts of Sea buckthorn. The highest amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (92 rel. %) were determined in seeds. Dominant fatty acids of seeds were linoleic acid (37 %), α-linolenic acid (30 %) and vaccenic acid (20 %). Leaves were rich in α-linolenic acid (51 %). Dominant fatty acids of peels were oleic acid (16 %), palmitic acid (33 %) and palmitoleic acid (29 %).
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Nilova, L. P., and S. M. Malyutenkova. "Analysis of biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of nuts sold in the consumer marke." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-2-124-130.
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The results of studies of the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of nuts sold in the consumer market of St. Petersburg were presented in the work. The objects of research were kernels of nuts: sweet almonds, hazelnuts, cashews, walnuts. Total Soxhlet lipids, fatty acid composition, vitamin E, fractional composition of tocopherols and phytosterols, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, antioxidant activity by FRAP with ferric chloride, o-phenanthroline and Triton X 100 were determined in nuts. Nuts varied in lipid content (42.6–65.4%) with a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids from 80.4 to 92.4 relative%. Oleic acid prevailed in the fatty acids of almonds, hazelnuts and cashews, while linoleic acid prevailed in walnuts. Walnuts contained the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The antioxidant properties of nuts were formed by a complex of water and fat-soluble antioxidants. Fat-soluble antioxidants included vitamin E with a predominance of ?-tocopherol in the kernels of sweet almonds and hazelnuts, ?-tocopherol - in walnuts and cashews. Only sweet almond kernels contained all the tocopherol fractions. ?- and ?-tocopherols were absent in hazelnut lipids, while ?-tocopherols were absent in cashews and walnuts. ?-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol with a predominance of ?-sitosterol were identified in the composition of phytosterols in all nut kernels. Water-soluble antioxidants are mainly represented by phenolic compounds, the amount of which varies widely depending on the type of nuts: cashews
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Ombódi, Attila, Hussein Gehad Daood, and Lajos Helyes. "Carotenoid and Tocopherol Composition of an Orange-colored Carrot as Affected by Water Supply." HortScience 49, no. 6 (June 2014): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.6.729.
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Carotenoids and tocopherols are important phytonutrients of orange-colored carrots. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effects of irrigation on the content and composition of carotenoids and tocopherols in an orange-colored carrot cultivar (Bangor) compared with a rain-fed control. The experiment was conducted for 2 years with a considerably different amount of precipitation during the growing season (576 mm in 2010 and 190 mm in 2011). Six carotenoids and four tocopherols were detected and quantitatively determined. Significant negative correlations were found between water supply and content of total carotenoids and total tocopherols. Irrigation significantly decreased the concentrations of these phytonutrients during the arid year of 2011. Water supply did not affect the carotenoid and the tocopherol composition, which can be an important factor for functional food manufacturers. A significant positive correlation was found between total carotenoid and total tocopherol concentrations, which is very favorable from a nutritional point of view.
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García-Rodríguez, S., L. Sinausia, C. Barragán, E. Montero, and J. S. Perona. "A Mediterranean-style breakfast increases postprandial serum α-tocopherol levels in lean and obese individuals." Grasas y Aceites 69, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1225172.
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The aim of this study was to compare the variations in the concentrations of tocopherols and retinol in obese adults in the postprandial state after the intake of a Mediterranean or Western-style breakfast. The study was designed as a randomized, controlled intervention trial in the postprandial state, for which 24 male adults (12 obese and 12 of normalweight) were recruited. After a fat challenge, blood samples were collected at different times postprandially and α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and retinol concentrations were determined in serum by HPLC. The Mediterranean-style meal produced a greater increase in serum α-tocopherol levels in both obese and normal-weight subjects, compared to the Western-style meal, indicating that the composition of the food affects the concentration of tocopherols in the postprandial state. However, the serum concentrations of γ-tocopherol and retinol remained unmodified. In conclusion, the presence of α-tocopherol in the meal could contribute to the protection of the Mediterranean-style meal against atherosclerosis in the postprandial state.
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Vincent, Celia, Tania Mesa, and Sergi Munne-Bosch. "Identification of a New Variety of Avocados (Persea americana Mill. CV. Bacon) with High Vitamin E and Impact of Cold Storage on Tocochromanols Composition." Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050403.
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(1) Background: Tocochromanols are a group of fat-soluble compounds including vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and plastochromanol-8, and just one avocado can contain up to 20% of the required vitamin E daily intake. (2) Methods: HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses were performed in avocados of various varieties and origin for the identification and quantification of tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8. After selection of the variety with the highest vitamin E content, we evaluated to what extent short- (4 h) and long-term (10 d) cold storage influences the accumulation of tocochromanols. (3) Results: Analyses revealed that “Bacon” avocados (Persea americana Mill. cv. Bacon) were the richest in vitamin E compared to other avocado varieties (including the highly commercialized Hass variety), and they not only accumulated tocopherols (with 110 µg of α-tocopherol per g dry matter), but also tocotrienols (mostly in the form of γ-tocotrienol, with 3 µg per g dry matter) and plastochromanol-8 (4.5 µg per g dry matter). While short-term cold shock did not negatively influence α-tocopherol contents, it increased those of γ-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol, and plastochromanol-8 and decreased those of δ-tocotrienol. Furthermore, storage of Bacon avocados for 10 d led to a 20% decrease in the contents of α-tocopherol, whereas the contents of other tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8 were not affected. (4) Conclusions: It is concluded that Bacon avocados (i) are very rich in α-tocopherol, (ii) not only contain tocopherols, but also tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8, and (iii) their nutritional vitamin E value is negatively influenced by long-term cold storage.
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Rabrenovic, B., E. Dimic, M. Maksimovic, S. Sobajic, and L. Gajic-Krstajic. "Determination of fatty acid and tocopherol compositions and the oxidative stability of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Serbia." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 1 (February 14, 2011): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/180/2010-cjfs.
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Five cultivars (Sampion, Jupiter, Sejnovo, Elit, and Geisenheim 139) of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) were collected during the 2008 harvest, from Cacak, Central Serbia. Two techniques of oil extraction were implemented – cold pressing and organic solvent extraction. The influence of the implemented methods on the fatty acid composition, tocopherol content as well as oxidative stability was examined. Predominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 15.9–23.7% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid content ranged from 57.2–65.1% and that of linolenic acid from 9.1–13.6%. The process of oil extraction had no significant effect on the content and composition of fatty acids in the oil. The total content of tocopherols ranged from 28.40 mg/100 g to 42.40 mg/100 g of the extracted oil. The most common tocopherol in all samples was γ-tocopherol. The oil extracted using the Soxhlet method contained higher amounts of total tocopherols while the stability of the oil samples, expresed as induction period, ranged from 5.0 h to 7.1 hours. Reduced stability of the oil samples as measured by the Rancimat method was negatively correlated with the level of linolenic acid and total content of tocopherols.
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Rey, A. I., C. J. Lopez-Bote, and R. Sanz Arias. "Effect of extensive feeding on α-tocopherol concentration and oxidative stability of muscle microsomes from Iberian pigs." Animal Science 65, no. 3 (December 1997): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800008729.
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AbstractThe effect of extensive feeding, confinement and diet supplementation with a-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg/kg) on the fatty acid composition and tocopherol concentration of microsome extracts and their susceptibility to oxidation was studied in Iberian pigs. The diet of pigs raised extensively was mostly composed of acorn and grass. The a-tocopherol contents of acorn and grass were 20 and 171 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. Microsomal fatty acid composition showed no differences among groups. Pigs feeding extensively had a higher concentration of a-tocopherol in muscle and microsomes than pigs given mixed diet with the basal level of a-tocopheryl acetate (P < 0·05) but lower values than pigs given supplementary levels (100 mg/kg) (P < 0·05). Microsomal fractions from pigs given mixed diet with a basal level of a-tocopheryl acetate were significantly more susceptible to iron-induced lipid oxidation than extract from pigs given diets containing a supplementary level (P < 0·05). Microsomal extracts from pigs feeding extensively had the lowest oxidation rate (P < 0·05), suggesting that other dietary constituents may play a role in the stabilization of microsomal lipids.
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Čolić, Slavica, Zorica Basić, Gordan Zec, Ivana Bakić, Dragan Rahović, Milica Fotirić Akšić, and Violeta Mickovski Stefanović. "The Effect of Changing Climatic Conditions on the Morphological Traits and Chemical Composition of Almond Kernels." Horticulturae 8, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060487.
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This study evaluates the effect of two contrasting years, in terms of climatic parameters, on kernel morphology and content and on the composition of oil, tocopherols and the 11 macro- and micro-elements in almonds. Low precipitation and high temperatures increased the content of tocopherols, Cu and Zn but decreased the kernel ratio, the oil content, and the levels of macro-elements and of Cr, Fe, Mn and Mo. The obtained data indicate some statistically significant correlations among the kernel quality parameters and climate. A small variation in oil concentration with the highest value in ‘Texas’ (60.07%) was observed. The main tocopherol homologue was α-tocopherol (39.4 to 404.4 mg/100 g DW), representing more than 90% of the total tocopherols. Potassium was predominant (882.0 to 1104.5 mg/100 g), followed by phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and sodium. The most abundant micro-elements were iron (3.095 to 3.708 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.641 to 4.765 mg/100 g), followed by manganese, copper, molybdenum and chromium. The genotype 15/03 has the highest level of health-promoting compounds (α-tocopherol, potassium and zinc), so that, together with genotype 25/03 which showed the best response to changing climatic conditions, this genotype could be of interest for breeding programs.
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Mikrou, Theano, Elisavet Pantelidou, Niki Parasyri, Andreas Papaioannou, Maria Kapsokefalou, Chrysavgi Gardeli, and Athanasios Mallouchos. "Varietal and Geographical Discrimination of Greek Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils Based on Squalene, Tocopherol, and Fatty Acid Composition." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 3818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173818.
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Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an important component of the Mediterranean diet and a highly priced product. Despite the strict legislation to protect it from fraudulent practices, there is an increasing demand to characterize EVOOs and evaluate their authenticity. For this purpose, 68 monovarietal EVOOs, originating from three regions of Greece (Peloponnese, Crete, and Lesvos) and two local cultivars (Koroneiki and Kolovi), were obtained during the harvesting period of 2018–2019. Fatty acids, squalene, and tocopherols were determined chromatographically according to official methods in order to study the effect of cultivar and geographical origin. Squalene and γ-tocopherol differed significantly amongst the cultivars tested. Koroneiki samples exhibited higher squalene content than Kolovi samples, whereas the opposite was observed for γ-tocopherol. The tocopherol level was highly geographical dependent, with EVOOs from Peloponnese displaying the highest concentration of α-tocopherol, whereas the content of γ-tocopherol was significantly higher in samples from Lesvos. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis resulted in a satisfactory grouping of EVOOs according to cultivar. γ-Tocopherol, squalene, and the majority of fatty acids were the most discriminant variables, with γ-tocopherol, linoleic, linolenic, and gadoleic acid being present at higher levels in samples from the Kolovi cultivar. Koroneiki samples were characterized with higher levels of squalene, palmitic, palmitoleic, and arachidic acid.
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Guo, Yuan, Dong Li, Tiantian Liu, Meifang Liao, Yuxin Li, Weitang Zhang, Zijin Liu, and Mingxun Chen. "Effect of Overexpression of γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase on α-Tocopherol and Fatty Acid Accumulation and Tolerance to Salt Stress during Seed Germination in Brassica napus L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 15933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415933.
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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop and a major source of tocopherols, also known as vitamin E, in human nutrition. Enhancing the quality and composition of fatty acids (FAs) and tocopherols in seeds has long been a target for rapeseed breeding. The gene γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) encodes an enzyme catalysing the conversion of γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol, which has the highest biological activity. However, the genetic basis of γ-TMT in B. napus seeds remains unclear. In the present study, BnaC02.TMT.a, one paralogue of Brassica napus γ-TMT, was isolated from the B. napus cultivar “Zhongshuang11” by nested PCR, and two homozygous transgenic overexpression lines were further characterised. Our results demonstrated that the overexpression of BnaC02.TMT.a mediated an increase in the α- and total tocopherol content in transgenic B. napus seeds. Interestingly, the FA composition was also altered in the transgenic plants; a reduction in the levels of oleic acid and an increase in the levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were observed. Consistently, BnaC02.TMT.a promoted the expression of BnFAD2 and BnFAD3, which are involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids during seed development. In addition, BnaC02.TMT.a enhanced the tolerance to salt stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during seed germination in B. napus. Our results suggest that BnaC02.TMT.a could affect the tocopherol content and FA composition and play a positive role in regulating the rapeseed response to salt stress by modulating the ROS scavenging system. This study broadens our understanding of the function of the Bnγ-TMT gene and provides a novel strategy for genetic engineering in rapeseed breeding.
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Otgonbayar, Ch, B. Matthaus, and P. Odonmajig. "Fatty acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Composition in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) of Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 12 (September 24, 2014): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.187.
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The content and composition of lipids isolated from seed and pulp of sea buckthorn were investigated. Fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by CGC while tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC. 12.67% glyceride was found in the seed. The oil of sea buckthorn seed oil showed low levels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the buckthorn pulp oil. Palmitic (7.13%), oleic (15.85%), linoleic (36.9%) and linolenic acids (31.11%) predominated in the seed oil. Palmitic (29.17%), palmitoleic (32.86%), oleic (4.92%), vaccenic (9.35%) and linoleic (16.08%) fatty acid was dominating in the pulp oil. The primary tocopherol of sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil were α- tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (46.54mg/100g, 59.02mg/100g). Seed oil contains more (94.34mg/100g) total sterols than pulp (90.25mg/100g) oil.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.187 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.12 2011: 126-130
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Sarungallo, Zita Letviany, Budi Santoso, Risma Uli Situngkir, Mathelda Kurniaty Roreng, and Meike Meilan Lisangan. "DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACID, CAROTENOIDS AND TOCOPHEROLS OF DEGUMMED AND NEUTRALIZED RED FRUIT (Pandanus conoideus) OIL." Jurnal Teknologi 82, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v82.14820.
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Refining of crude red fruit oil (CRFO) through the degumming and neutralization steps intended to produce oil free of impurities (non triglycerides) such as phospholipids, proteins, residues and carbohydrates, and also reducing the amount of free fatty acids (FFA). This study aims to determine the effect of red fruit oil purification through degumming and neutralization stages on chemical properties, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content and tocopherol of red fruit oil (RFO). The results showed that degumming of CRFO did not affect the decrease in water content, FFA levels, peroxide numbers, iodine values, carotenoids and tocopherols content; but decrease in levels of phosphorus, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Neutralization of degummed-RFO (DRFO) did not affect the decrease in water content, iodine value, carotenoid, tocopherol and α-tocopherol; but the FFA levels, peroxide number, phosphorus and β-carotene levels decreased significantly. The fatty acid composition of RFO was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (± 75%), which increases through degumming and neutralization stages. β-carotene is more sensitive than α-tocopherol during refining process of crude oil, but in general, this process can improve the RFO quality.
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Sheehy, P. J. A., P. A. Morrissey, and A. Flynn. "Consumption of thermally-oxidized sunflower oil by chicks reduces α-tocopherol status and increases susceptibility of tissues to lipid oxidation." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 1 (January 1994): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940110.
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The effect of heated sunflower oil consumption on α-tocopherol status, fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of chicken tissues was investigated. Chicks were fed on diets containing (g/kg): fresh sunflower oil (FSO) 40, heated sunflower oil (HSO) 40 or heated sunflower oil (40) supplemented with α-tocopheryl acetate (HSE) to a similar α-tocopherol concentration as the FSO diet. Concentrations of α-tocopherol in tissues of chicks fed on HSO and HSE were significantly lower than those of chicks fed on FSO. Significant correlations were observed between plasma α-tocopherol concentration and the α-tocopherol concentrations of other tissues (r < 0·67, P < 0·005) and between log plasma α-tocopherol and plasma thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) concentrations (r – 0·851, P < 0·001). The concentrations of TEARS in tissues of chicks fed on the various diets were generally very similar before stimulation of peroxidation with Fe–ascorbate. Susceptibility of tissues to Fe–ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation was increased by feeding HSO. Supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate reduced susceptibility tc lipid oxidation to varying degrees, depending on the tissue. The results suggest that chronic ingesrion of oxidized lipids may compromise free-radical-scavenging activity in vivo by depleting α-tocopherol in the gastrointestinal tract, or possibly in plasma and other tissues.
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Carmona-Jiménez, Yolanda, Jose M. Igartuburu, Dominico A. Guillén-Sánchez, and M. Valme García-Moreno. "Fatty Acid and Tocopherol Composition of Pomace and Seed Oil from Five Grape Varieties Southern Spain." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 6980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206980.
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Grape pomace and seeds are important winemaking by-products. Their oils are rich in bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and tocopherols. We have characterized oils from both by-products from five Spanish grape varieties (Palomino Fino, Pedro Ximénez, Muscat of Alexandria, Tempranillo and Tintilla de Rota). A high content of UFAs was found in all the analyzed samples. Grape pomace oils generally had the same oleic acid (PUFAω-6) content as seed oils, and lower PUFA contents; they also had a markedly higher linolenic acid (PUFAω-3) content, improving the PUFAω-6/PUFAω-3 ratio. All the oil studied show good indicators of nutritional quality: low values of the atherogenicity (0.112–0.157 for pomace, 0.097–0.112 for seed) and thrombogenicity indices (0.30–0.35 for pomace, 0.28–0.31 for seed) and high values of the relationship between hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (6.93–9.45 for pomace, 9.11–10.54 for seed). Three tocopherols were determined: α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol. Pomace oils have higher relative contents of α- and δ-tocopherol, whereas seed oils have higher relative contents of γ-tocopherol. A significantly higher content of total tocopherols has been found in pomace oil; it is higher in the oils from red varieties of pomace (628.2 and 706.6 mg/kg by-product), and in the oils from pomace containing stems (1686.4 mg/kg by-product). All the oils obtained can be considered as a source of vitamin E, and their consumption is beneficial for health.
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Земцова (Zemtsova), Анна (Anna) Яковлевна (Yakovlevna), Юрий (Yuriy) Анатольевич (Anatol'evich) Зубарев (Zubarev), and Алексей (Aleksey) Васильевич (Vasil'evich) Гунин (Gunin). "TOCOPHEROLS OF FRUIT PULP OF FOUR SEABUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.) SUBSPECIES IN FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS OF ALTAI TERRITORY." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014256.
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The aim of the study was to study tocopherols in the fruits of various sea buckthorn ecotypes ssp. mongolica in comparison with other subspecies. The composition of tocopherols in fruit pulp of four subspecies of sea buckthorn – H. rhamnoides ssp. mongolica, ssp. turkestanica, ssp. fluviatilis and ssp. carpatica, growing at Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia in forest-steppe conditions of Altai territory has been studied. The research has been focused on the most promising subspecies from the point of view of industrial utilization – H. rhamnoides ssp. mongolica, in order to identify possible variation in accumulation of different tocopherols in fruit pulp depending on ecotype, period of collection of fruits as well as conditions of the year.
It was established that the major tocopherol in the pulp of the fruit of sea buckthorn is α-tocopherol. β -, γ-and δ-tocopherols were characterized by low content. Within subspecies H. rhamnoides ssp. mongolica most fractions of tocopherols (except δ-tocopherol) have relatively high coefficient of variation, which exceeds of that for the whole group of evaluated varieties. That result does not allow us to use this criteria as a reliable background for preliminary systematic identification of evaluated varieties.
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Jensen, Søren Krogh, and Kirsten Nyholm Nielsen. "Tocopherols, retinol, β-carotene and fatty acids in fat globule membrane and fat globule core in cows' milk." Journal of Dairy Research 63, no. 4 (November 1996): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900032106.
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SummaryMilk fat globule membranes (MFGM) were isolated from milk from cows injected intraperitoneally with dl-α-tocopherol acetate. The fatty acid composition and content, and the contents of tocopherols, retinol and β-carotene were determined and compared with the composition and content in the original cream sample. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 g dl-α-tocopherol acetate elevated the α-tocopherol content in the milk fat from 13–30 to 50–70 εg α-tocopherol/g milk fat 2–3 d after injection. The increase depended on the α-tocopherol status of the cow prior to injection. The concentrations of retinol and β-carotene in the milk fat were unchanged after the α-tocopherol injections. MFGM fatty acids made up 18–27 g/kg total fatty acids in the milk fat. However, the proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in MFGM than in total milk fat, while the proportion of saturated fatty acids was lower in MFGM (P < 0·001). Thus, the longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids in MFGM constituted ∼ 40–70 g/kg total milk fat. α-Tocopherol was the only fat-soluble vitamin detected in MFGM; γ-tocopherol, retinol and β-carotene were detected only in the cream. A significant relationship between α-tocopherol contents in cream and MFGM was found: (α-tocopherol in MFGM fatty acids) =–1652 × (1/ln(α-tocopherol in cream fatty acids)3)+ 97 (r = 0·857, P < 0·001) when the contents of α-tocopherol were expressed as εg/g fatty acid. According to this equation the upper limit for incorporation of α-tocopherol into MFGM is 97±5 εg/g MFGM fatty acids. Thus, under normal farming conditions the α-tocopherol content will be highest in MFGM. However, in cream with an α-tocopherol concentration < 15 εg/g cream fatty acids the concentration in MFGM will be lower and furthermore will decrease rapidly. The possible importance of this relationship in relation to the oxidation of milk fat is discussed.
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Nielsen, Nina S., Peter Marckmann, and Carl-Erik Høy. "Effect of meal fat quality on oxidation resistance of postprandial VLDL and LDL particles and plasma triacylglycerol level." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 6 (December 2000): 855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002476.
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This study was performed to examine the postprandial effects of meals containing dietary fats, with their natural fatty acid composition and tocopherol content, on the plasma triacylglycerols (TG) and tocopherols and on the resistance of VLDL and LDL to oxidation. On six separate days eighteen healthy male subjects were given low-fat meals (LF) or the LF meals enriched with sunflower oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), olive oil (OO), palm oil (PO), or butter (B) in a crossover design. The fat-rich meals all resulted in similar postprandial TG responses while the LF test meal did not increase plasma TG level. The postprandial plasma fatty acid profile changed to resemble the fatty acid composition of the ingested test fat. The α-tocopherol:γ-tocopherol ratios in postprandial plasma and VLDL samples were greater than in the test fats. We found that the resistance of VLDL particles to oxidation in the postprandial state as assessed from lag time was increased after the PO-rich meal as compared with the SO-rich meal (P=0·018), and the propagation rate was greater after the SO- and RO-rich meals compared with the others (P<0·001). The resistance of LDL particles to oxidation was unaffected by the meals. In postprandial VLDL samples, the content of α-tocopherol was greater after the OO- and SO-rich meals compared with the meal rich in PO (P=0·034 and 0·042 respectively). The γ-tocopherol content of VLDL was highest after RO-meal as compared with all other test meals (P=0·0019), and higher after SO as compared with B (P=0·0148). Large individual differences were noted. In conclusion, meals enriched with different fats lead to the formation of VLDL particles with varying resistance to oxidation.
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Bouali, I., H. Rattouli, W. Herchi, L. Martine, S. Grégoire, A. Albouchi, E. Martínez-Force, S. Boukhchina, and O. Berdeaux. "Chemical composition and thermal properties of Tunisian pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] oils." Grasas y Aceites 73, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): e468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0436211.
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An investigation on fatty acid, triacylglycerol, tocopherol, and xanthophyll contents and thermal properties of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) kernel oils from two cultivars was carried out. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. The predominant triacylglycerols were OOL, OOO, and OLL (where O stands for oleoyl and L for linoleoyl). Pecan kernel oil is a rich source of tocopherols, mainly γ-tocopherol. Two xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were investigated, and lutein was found to be the major one. Thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pecan nut oil displayed melting and crystallization transitions at low-temperature zones. The difference between DSC parameter values provides a path for distinguishing among cultivars. These data promote pecan kernel oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties (monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and xanthophylls) and reveal, for the first time, the thermal properties of Carya illinoinensis oil.
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Faizan, Mohammad, Ingunn Stubhaug, David Menoyo, Tuba Esatbeyoglu, Anika E. Wagner, Gunvor Struksnæs, Wolfgang Koppe, and Gerald Rimbach. "Dietary Alpha-Tocopherol Affects Tissue Vitamin E and Malondialdehyde Levels but Does not Change Antioxidant Enzymes and Fatty Acid Composition in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 83, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000166.
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In this study the effect of increasing dietary alpha tocopherol on vitamin E tissue concentrations, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid composition has been investigated in farmed Atlantic salmon. To this end fish (initial body weight ~ 193 g, n = 70 per group) were fed diets based on fish oil (27.5 %), fish meal (15.0 %), wheat gluten (20.6 %), and soy protein concentrate (24.0 %) for 14 weeks. Diets were supplemented with 0 (negative control), 150, and 400 mg/kg vitamin E as all-rac alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Dietary vitamin E did not affect feed conversion efficiency ratio but significantly (p < 0.05) increased alpha-tocopherol concentrations in salmon plasma, liver, and fillet (n = 8 per group each). The increase in fillet alpha-tocopherol was accompanied by a considerable decrease (p < 0.01) in malondialdehyde concentrations at the higher supplementation level. Furthermore, we observed an antagonistic interaction between alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in plasma at the highest supplementation level, since high dietary alpha-tocopherol reduced plasma gamma-tocopherol concentrations. Liver antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, remained largely unchanged in response to dietary alpha-tocopherol. Dietary alpha-tocopherol did not affect eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in salmon fillet. Present data suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementations beyond dietary recommendations may further improve flesh quality and nutritional value of Atlantic salmon fillet as far as malondialdehyde and vitamin E concentrations are concerned.
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Al-Noor, Syeda Mushahida, Md Delwer Hossain, and Md Amirul Islam. "The study of fillet proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin-E)." Journal of Bio-Science 20 (January 13, 2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17658.
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Context: Alpha-tocopherol has significant effect on the growth performance and fillet proximate composition of Striped Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Objectives: To study the effect of DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate on the fillet proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol), survival rate and growth performance (SGR, weight gain, PWG) of P. hypophthalmus. Materials and methods: Striped Catfish were fed with three trial diets (diet-1, diet-2 and diet-3) were prepared by adding different amounts of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ATA, 0, 90 and 300 mgKg-1 diet), over a period of 122 days. In each pond, 10% of the total fish were randomly selected and individually weighed once every fortnight and growth parameters were determined after each weighing. Moisture, dry matter, crude protein, lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol of the experimental diets and fish fillet were determined by Conventional procedure, standard test method, micro-kjeldahl method, Bligh and Dyer method, standard methods and chromatographic method, respectively. Results: Fish that were fed 90 mg kg-1 and 300 mg kg-1 ATA supplemented diets had significantly higher growth performance than fish that were fed only farm processed diet (P<0.05). The fillet protein, lipid content and alpha tocopherol level of the fish flesh were increased due to ATA supplementation in diets. The vitamin-E levels in fish fillet reflected dietary ATA levels. These results showed that fish on Diets 2 (supplemented with 90 mgKg-1 ATA) and Diet 3(supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 ATA) had significantly better production and resulted better flesh quality of fish than those on Diet 1 (without ATA supplementation). Conclusion: Scanty information is available on the fillet proximate composition and growth performance of P. hypophthalmus fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol. The present study provides baseline information for establishing improved and profitable cultured system of the fish in impounds water of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17658 J. bio-sci. 20: 67-74, 2012
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Ghosh, Suprio, Shengrui Zhang, Muhammad Azam, Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng, Jie Qi, Yue Feng, Yecheng Li, Jing Li, Bin Li, and Junming Sun. "Identification of Genomic Loci and Candidate Genes Related to Seed Tocopherol Content in Soybean." Plants 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11131703.
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Soybean seeds are primary sources of natural tocopherols used by the food and pharmaceutical industries, owing to their beneficial impacts on human health. Selection for higher tocopherol contents in seeds along with other desirable traits is an important goal in soybean breeding. In order to identify the genomic loci and candidate genes controlling tocopherol content in soybean seeds, the bulked-segregant analysis technique was performed using a natural population of soybean consisting of 1525 accessions. We constructed the bulked-segregant analysis based on 98 soybean accessions that showed extreme phenotypic variation for the target trait, consisting of 49 accessions with extremely-high and 49 accessions with extremely-low tocopherol content. A total of 144 variant sites and 109 predicted genes related to tocopherol content were identified, in which a total of 83 genes were annotated by the gene ontology functions. Furthermore, 13 enriched terms (p < 0.05) were detected, with four of them found to be highly enriched: response to lipid, response to abscisic acid, transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity, and double-stranded DNA binding. Especially, six candidate genes were detected at 41.8–41.9 Mb genomic hotspots on chromosome 5 based on ANNOtate VARiation analysis. Among the genes, only Glyma.05G243400 carried a non-synonymous mutation that encodes a “translation elongation factor EF1A or initiation factor IF2gamma family protein” was identified. The haplotype analysis confirmed that Glyma.05G243400 exhibited highly significant variations in terms of tocopherol content across multiple experimental locations, suggesting that it can be the key candidate gene regulating soybean seed tocopherols. The present findings provide novel gene resources related to seed tocopherols for further validation by genome editing, functional characterization, and genetic improvement targeting enhanced tocopherol composition in soybean molecular breeding.
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Farwer, Sandra R., Bernardus C. J. Der Boer, Edward Haddeman, Gerardus A. A. Kivits, Antoon Wiersma, and Berry H. J. C. Danse. "The vitamin E nutritional status of rats fed on diets high in fish oil, linseed oil or sunflower seed oil." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 1 (July 1994): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940015.
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Twelve groups of eight rats and two control groups of sixteen rats were given semisynthetic diets with 40% energy as fat for a period of 76 d. All diets contained a minimum of 3% energy as linoleic acid and comparable basal levels of D-α- and D-γ-tocopherol. The diets varied in fat composition and in the content of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were either rich in fish oil (FO; groups 1–4; 10% energy as fish oil PUFA), linseed oil (LN; groups 1–4; 10% energy as α-linolenic acid) or sunflower seed oil (SF; groups 1–4; 10 + 3% energy as linoleic acid). The control groups were given a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; CO 1; 10 + 13% energy as oleic acid) or a diet with an ‘average’ linoleic acid content (CO 2; 8.5% energy as linoleic acid). Of each high PUFA diet three groups were supplemented with graded levels of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. Steatitis, a sensitive histopathological indicator of vitamin E deficiency in animals fed on diets rich in fatty acids with three or more double bonds, was observed only in the adipose tissue of the FO groups, even in the group with the highest DL-α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Liver and serum α- tocopherol levels were found to be positively correlated and liver and serum γ-tocopherol levels negatively correlated with dietary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The groups on the FO diets had significantly reduced liver and serum tocopherol levels in comparison with the groups on the other high-PUFA diets. With the supplementation scheme used for the FO groups the liver α-tocopherol levels of both control groups were reached but the serum control levels were not.
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Hajib, Ahmed, Issmail Nounah, Hicham Harhar, Said Gharby, Badreddine Kartah, Bertrand Matthäus, Khalid Bougrin, and Zoubida Charrouf. "Oil content, lipid profiling and oxidative stability of “Sefri” Moroccan pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil." OCL 28 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020069.
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The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition (fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols) and evaluate the oxidative stability of Moroccan pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil. The oil content of pomegranate seed was 22.63 g/100g of dry weight. The fatty acid composition showed a dominance of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs) (86.96 g/100g). The most dominant fatty acid was punicic acid (75.1 g/100g), followed by catalpic acid (6.7 g/100g) and linoleic acid with amounts of 4.11 g/100g. The seed oil only contained a low level of saturated fatty acids with palmitic (2.64 g/100g) and stearic acids (1.73 g/100g) as main saturated fatty acids. The sterol marker, β-sitosterol, accounted for 404.59 mg/100g of the total sterol content in the seed oil. Total tocopherol content in seed oil was 332.44 mg/100g. γ-tocopherol (190.47 mg/100g oil) is the major constituent, followed by α-tocopherol (74.62 mg/100g oil) and δ-tocopherol (53.3 mg/100g oil). The induction time calculated by the Rancimat accelerated method was found to be of 3.6 h at 120 °C. In terms of oil, pomegranate seed oil may be considered as a valuable source for new multipurpose products with industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses.
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Nasri, Chaimae, Yasmina Halabi, Hicham Harhar, Faez Mohammed, Abdelkabir Bellaouchou, Abdallah Guenbour, and Mohamed Tabyaoui. "Chemical characterization of oil from four Avocado varieties cultivated in Morocco." OCL 28 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021008.
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The notable growth in the use of avocado oil in the nutritional and cosmetic field was the main objective to valorize the oil production of important varieties of avocados existing in Morocco by analyzing its chemical composition in fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and its physico-chemical properties. Oleic acid is the main fatty acid in the oil; they constitute between 50 and 65% of the total fatty acids. The study of the unsaponifiable fraction revealed that avocado oil contains 3259.9–5378.8 mg/kg sterols and 113.13–332.17 mg/kg tocopherols. Chemo-metric tools were employed in manner optimization, such as principal component analysis, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, analysis of variance, and classification trees using Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector. Chemo-metric tools revealed a difference in the composition of fatty acid, sterols, and tocopherol of avocado oil samples. This difference resulted from a variety of avocado fruits. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) method was efficient distinguishing avocado oil samples based on fruit variety using fatty acids, tocopherols, sterol compositions and total sterol. Principal component analysis (PCA) method allowed the distinction the set avocado oil dataset based on fruit varieties, supplied a correct discrimination rate of 95.44% for avocado fruit varieties using the fatty acid. Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) carried out using the same variables, also provided an acceptable classification rate of 50% for avocado fruit varieties using the total tocopherol content. Besides, a comparative study of the physico-chemical properties in terms of acidity index, saponification index, iodine index, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and methyl and ethyl esters was performed.
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Mokrosnop, V. M., and E. K. Zolotareva. "ACCUMULATION OF α-TOCOPHEROL IN MICROALGAE CELLS." Microbiology&Biotechnology, no. 2(52) (September 29, 2021): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4663.2021.2(52).223991.
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To date, the main natural source of vitamin E is vegetable oils. Among the compounds of the vitamin E group, α-tocopherol has the higher biological activity, the relative content of which in vegetable oils is comparatively small. Significantly higher concentrations of α-tocopherol (up to 4-6 mg / g dry weight) accumulate some microalgae, such as Euglena gracilis, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis suecica and others. Due to this, there has been a growing interest in biotechnology of microalgae as a raw material for the production of vitamins. The largest amount of tocopherols is synthesized in Euglena gracilis cells by myxorotrophic cultivation.Lipid-soluble α-tocopherol is a component of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and performs the function of protecting cell membranes from reactive oxygen species and free radicals. As a result of many studies, the dependence of the level of α-tocopherol accumulation on the conditions of cultivation of microalgae, including light intensity, photoperiod, nitrogen level, temperature, type of carbon nutrition, etc. At the same time, stressful conditions stimulate the accumulation of antioxidants in photosynthetic organisms, but limit the normal rate of their growth. The problem of increasing the yield of tocopherols is solved in systems of two-stage cultivation through the separation in time of the stage of biomass accumulation and the stage of stimulation of α-tocopherol biosynthesis. The increase in tocopherol content is achieved due to the introduction of exogenous carbon sources at the stage of biomass accumulation and limiting the nutrient medium for some nutrients at the stage of stimulating the synthesis of antioxidants. The review presents data on the effects of the composition of the nutrient medium, type of nutrition, temperature, light intensity, cultivation technique on the accumulation of vitamin E by microalgae cells.
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Górnaś, Paweł, Inga Mišina, and Laila Ikase. "Crab Apple (Malus spp.) Seed Tocopherol Profile: Impact of Genotype, Species, Purpose and Rootstock." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112736.
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Apples are one of the most popular crops in the world, grown for fresh consumption, processing, and ornamental purposes. In the present study, the seeds of thirty crab apple (Malus spp.) genotypes were analyzed to evaluate the tocopherol composition and find a crop-specific profile. The mean proportion (%) of tocopherol (T) homologues (α, β, γ, and δ) was as follows: α-T (45.8%), β-T (21.8%), γ-T (24.3%), δ-T (8.1%) with a mean content of 22.41, 10.89, 12.35, and 4.08 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The coefficient of variation was higher in γ-T (0.748), δ-T (0.648) and β-T (0.540), and about two times lower for α-T (0.320). The total content of tocopherols varied much less in studied genotypes (coefficient of variation 0.164). α-T was the predominant tocopherol homologue in twenty-four genotypes (33.4–79.0%), while γ-T (36.4–64.9%) was the predominant in the remaining six studied genotypes. Principal component analysis identified six groups based on the tocopherol profile. Variety, purpose (ornamental vs. edible), and species appear to be associated with tocopherol profile. Most Malus sp., M. × prunifolia, and edible genotypes were located in two groups characterized by twice the content of α-T over β-T, and similar content of both (α-T and β-T), respectively. In both cases the sum of α-T and β-T constituted about 80% of total tocopherols. Significant correlations among tocopherol homologues were obtained: positive between α-T vs. β-T and γ-T vs. δ-T, and negative between α-T vs. γ-T, α-T vs. δ-T, and γ-T vs. β-T. These can be explained by the biosynthetic pathway of those lipophilic bioactive compounds.
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Sahu, S., M. Ghosh, and D. K. Bhattacharyya. "Isolation of the unsaponifiable matter (squalene, phytosterols, tocopherols, γ-oryzanol and fatty alcohols) from a fatty acid distillate of rice bran oil." Grasas y Aceites 69, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1112172.
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Rice bran oil is characterized by its unique composition of unsaponifiable matter such as oryzanol, squalene, sterols, tocopherols and fatty alcohols. Rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) is an important by-product of physical refining plants. In the present study, an appropriate fractionation methodology is proposed for isolating the unsaponifiable matter into two fractions, squalene, phytosterols and fatty alcohols as fraction 1; tocopherols and γ- oryzanol as fraction 2. The two fractions together constitute the total unsaponifiable matter in the RBOFAD. The individual unsaponifiable matter components (γ-oryzanol 1.78g/100g, squalene 209.63 mg/100g, tocopherol 2.45mg/100g, total phytosterols 3.79g/100g and fatty alcohols 94.23g/100g) were isolated from RBOFAD by combining a chemical esterification process and liquid-liquid extraction process with 95% ethanol which extracted tocopherol, γ-oryzanol, sterols, squalene, FFA, monoglycerides; later with hexane extraction of the alkaline phase to remove squalene, sterols and fatty alcohols. The alkaline salts of tocopherols and γ-oryzanol are decomposed by the acidification and extraction of the unsaponifiable matter with n-hexane.
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Wu, Ke, Jie Zhu, Lili Zhou, Liwei Shen, Yingyi Mao, Yanrong Zhao, Runying Gao, Zeru Lou, Meiqin Cai, and Bei Wang. "Lactational changes of fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 8 (January 22, 2020): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520000239.
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AbstractHuman milk fat is specially tailored to supply the developing infant with adequate and balanced nutrients. The present study aimed to quantify the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids in human milk, with special emphasis on the lactational changes. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected longitudinally from the same forty-two healthy, well-nourished Chinese mothers. Fatty acids were quantified by GC with carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and tocopherols (α-, γ-tocopherol) determined by HPLC. Total fatty acid (TFA) content increased from 15·09 g/l in colostrum to 32·57 g/l in mature milk with the percentages of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) decreased. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and ARA:DHA remained constant during lactation at about 11:1 and 1·3:1, respectively. Both α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased over lactation with the ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol declined significantly from 7·21:1 to 4·21:1 (P < 0·001). Carotenoids all dropped from colostrum to mature milk as the less polar carotenes dropped by 88·67 %, while xanthophylls only dropped by 35·92 %. Lutein was predominated in both transitional and mature milk carotenoids (51·64–52·49 %), while colostrum carotenoids were mainly composed of lycopene (32·83 %) and β-carotene (30·78 %). The concentrations of tocopherols and xanthophylls but not carotenes were positively associated with TFA content in milk. These results suggested that colostrum and mature milk contained divergent lipid profiles and selective transfer mechanisms related to polarity might be involved. The present outcomes provide new insights for future breast-feeding studies, which also add in scientific evidences for the design of both initial and follow-on infant formulas.
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Costa, Tainara, Carolina Médici Veronezi, and Neuza Jorge. "Chemical and bioactive properties of the oils from Brazilian nuts." Scientia Agraria Paranaensis 19, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18188/sap.v19i1.24152.
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This paper aims to determine the content of bioactive substances of lipid fractions extracted from Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythis pisonis and Dipteryx lacunifera, in by the interest of better identifying the quality of these raw materials. Proximate composition of nuts was determined by official methods and total carbohydrate was calculated by difference. The oils were extracted from the nuts by cold pressing and analyzed for fatty acid composition, tocopherols, phytosterols and total carotenoids and phenolics compounds. The fatty acid composition of oil extracted from L. pisonis was more unsaturated compared with others oils. L. pisonis oil showed to be richer in total tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, moreover showed considerable total phytosterol and carotenoid amounts, thus representing an important source of vitamins A and E. The oils showed significant content of phenolic compounds, with the exception of the oil extracted from D. lacunifera. The study revealed that the oils from Brazilian nuts contain bioactive compounds in relevant quantities, L. pisonis oil standing out. This fact favors their use for food and, as raw material in chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, adding value to products derived from these oils, increasing the viable sources of raw materials.
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Ruiz, J., L. de la Hoz, B. Isabel, A. I. Rey, Argimiro Daza, and C. J. López-Bote. "Improvement of Dry-cured Iberian Ham Quality Characteristics Through Modifications of Dietary Fat Composition and Supplementation with Vitamin E." Food Science and Technology International 11, no. 5 (October 2005): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013205057627.
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The effects of dietary fat composition and vitamin E supplementation on the quality characteristics of dry-cured Iberian hams ripened for two years were studied. Thirty Iberian Duroc pigs were fed diets containing three levels of poly and monounsaturated fatty acids. Within each dietary fat treatment, one group was fed a basal level of vitamin E (20mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) and the other group received a supplemented level (200mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet). Dietary fat composition significantly affected total saturated fatty acids content of neutral and polar lipids from dry-cured Iberian ham ( p 0.012 and p 0.003, respectively). However, diet fatty acids composition did not influence either total monounsaturated or total polyunsaturated fatty acids of neutral and polar lipids. Vitamin E supplementation significantly enhanced dry-cured Iberian ham α-tocopherol content ( p 0.001). This, in turn, led to significantly lower levels of TBARS on days 6 and 9 of storage in slices from dry-cured Iberian hams made of vitamin E supplemented pigs and also lower oxidation levels in an induced lipid oxidation test in samples from those pigs. Dietary fatty acid composition did not significantly affect either TBARS during slices storage or malonaldehyde content in the induced oxidation test. No effect of vitamin E supplementation was observed in ham volatile aldehyde profile, but dietary fat significantly affected hexanal ( p 0.02), heptanal ( p 0.05) and total aldehyde content ( p 0.02), with those pigs fed a diet rich in PUFA showing higher values. Using diets supplemented in α-tocopherol and rich in monounsaturated fatty acids seemed adequate dietary strategies for feeding Iberian hams reared indoors.
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Hashim, I. B., P. E. Koehler, R. R. Eitenmiller, and C. K. Kvien. "Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Content of Drought Stressed Florunner Peanuts." Peanut Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-20-1-6.
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Abstract Drought stress has been heavily investigated for its effects on production efficiency and yield, but less attention has been given to its effects on peanut quality. Peanuts (Florunner cv) were stressed for 30 days, by withholding irrigation and using shelters, at the pre-flowering period (stressl), pod formation period (stress2), and maturation period (stress3). Fatty acid composition, oleic linoleic ratio (O/L), computed iodine value (IV) and tocopherol content of Florunner peanuts were investigated. The fatty acid composition acid composition, O/L ration, IV, alpha-tocopherol (α-T) and gamma-tocopherol (γ-T) were significantly affected by drought stress and peanut grade. As peanuts increased in size regardless of stressing period, long chain saturated fatty acids [arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)], eicosenoic acid (20:1), (O/L), and α-tocopherol decreased significantly. Stressing peanuts during the maturation period is most detrimental to peanut stability, decreasing O/L ratio and increasing IV.
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Rotondo, Archimede, Giovanna Loredana La Torre, Giovanni Bartolomeo, Rossana Rando, Rossella Vadalà, Venusia Zimbaro, and Andrea Salvo. "Profile of Carotenoids and Tocopherols for the Characterization of Lipophilic Antioxidants in “Ragusano” Cheese." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 7711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167711.
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Lipophilic antioxidants such as carotenoids and tocopherols are appreciated components in food because of their potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to describe the composition of these microconstituents in “Ragusano”, a typical Sicilian historical pasta filata cheese, and to compare them during two different production seasons. Specifically, the tocopherols’ composition was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD); whereas the contents of three main carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS). The scope included studying the influence of dietary supplementation on the potential enrichment of “Ragusano” in antioxidants. The main results regarding the composition of lipophilic vitamins of 56 “Ragusano” cheeses, collected in winter and spring, revealed that α-tocopherol was the predominant component amongst tocopherols and carotenoids, while β-carotene prevailed among the carotenoids. The cheeses obtained in spring turned out to contain larger amounts of antioxidants, both tocopherols and carotenoids, while the dietary supplementation with minerals-vitamins led to a barely detectable increase of antioxidants compared to a measured control group.
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Matthaus, Bertrand, Klaus Vosmann, Long Quoc Pham, and Kurt Aitzetmüller. "FA and tocopherol composition of Vietnamese oilseeds." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 80, no. 10 (October 2003): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-003-0813-y.
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González, E., B. Velardo, and J. F. Tejeda. "Comparison Between Two Different Levels of Replacement of Free-range Rearing by an Oleic Acid and-tocopherol Enriched Diet on the Quality of Fresh Meat from Iberian Duroc (50%) Pigs." Food Science and Technology International 12, no. 1 (February 2006): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013206062311.
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The aim of this work was to study the effect of two types of pig feeding systems (known as recebo) on fatty acid composition, tocopherols contents and susceptibility to lipid oxidation in muscle. A total of 26 Iberian Duroc (50%) barrows were divided into two groups (named as short replacement (SR) and long replacement (LR) groups) according to length of replacement of free-range rearing (based on acorn and pasture) by an oleic acid and B-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) enriched concentrate feed (SR group: 67 days in free-range rearing and finished during 20 days with concentrate diet; LR: 55 days in free-range rearing, finished 50 days with concentrate). No differences were found in chemical composition and colour of Gluteo biceps muscle between the two management systems, except for B-tocopherol content, which showed higher content (p 0.001) in LR pigs than in SR pigs. The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat was slightly affected by feeding system. Total intramuscular and neutral lipids from Gluteo biceps muscle presented a higher proportion of C18: 1 n 9 (p 0.05) in SR than in LR pigs; however, no differences were found in total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Composition of polar lipids revealed a higher proportion of MUFA and lower of total n 3 fatty acids in LR than in SR pigs. Feeding regime significantly affected susceptibility of muscle to iron-ascorbate-induced peroxidation. Muscles from pigs reared on SR system showing higher levels (p 0.05) of MDA after 50 and 100 min of incubation. These results indicate that the content of oleic acid and tocopherol in muscle depends on the levels of both provided by dietary means, more than the practised handling.
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Chatoui, Khalid, Hicham Harhar, Taha El Kamli, and Mohamed Tabyaoui. "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Lepidium sativum Seeds from Four Regions of Morocco." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7302727.
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Lepidium sativum seeds (LSS) from four regions of Morocco have been analyzed for their total chemical composition and antioxidant activities. In the seeds of this plant, the moisture content and yield were, respectively, 9.24–9.88% and 19.13–19.94% of dry weight. Chemical analysis of the seeds revealed amounts of fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols. The most important fatty acids are linolenic acid (33%) and oleic acid (23%). The main sterol is β-sitosterol (50%); the vegetable oil of Lepidium sativum revealed an amount of tocopherol (∼1500–1900 mg/kg) with dominance of γ-tocopherol. The Folin–Ciocalteu trial evaluated the total phenolic compound, DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS, and chelated iron ions. FRAP measured antioxidant potency. Results indicated that methanol extract from Lepidium sativum was a more potent reducing agent and radical scavenger than ethanol extract. Changes in the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Lepidium sativum in four different regions grown under normal conditions were evaluated. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was found to correlate significantly with their total phenolic content. These results suggest that Lepidium sativum seeds could be used in food supplement preparations or as a food additive, for caloric gain or for protecting against oxidation in nutrient products.
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Soloveva, Vera A., Aleksandr P. Krasnov, Aleksandr V. Naumkin, Mikhail I. Buzin, Yulia V. Smirnova, and Nikolay S. Gavryushenko. "INFLUENCE OF DIHYDROQUERCETIN ON FRICTION OF SUPER-HIGH-MOLECULAR POLYETHYLENE BY STEEL AND ALLOY Ti6Al." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196206.5842.
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The main reasons reducing the lifetime and failure of implants are tribo-oxidative processes. Stabilizing additives are used to inhibit tribo-oxidative activity and increase the lifetime of the implant. The most common stabilizer is α-tocopherol. The biocompatible stabilizer of a number of flavonoids, dihydroquercetin, was selected as the thermo- and tribo-oxidative stabilizer of UHMWPE. Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) stabilizes peroxide radicals formed as a result of the tribological process (friction of UHMWPE) by detaching a hydrogen atom from OH groups with the formation of a non-reactive phenoxyl radical. A comparative analysis of the samples, stabilized with DHQ and α-tocopherol, was carried out. The samples studied were prepared by direct compression molding at a temperature of 190ºС. The comparative study of thermo- and tribo-oxidative stability of UHMWPE samples modified with DHQ and α-tocopherol evidences that the thermo-oxidative stability induced with DHQ is higher that of α-tocopherol. In the first case the thermal-oxidative stability of the composition is maintained up to a temperature of 230 °C. Evolution of friction compositions at temperatures higher than that of the human body was investigated. Such tests were conducted using a gradual increase in friction velocity. During the tests, an increase in weight of initial UHMWPE and the composition with α-tocopherol induced by tribo-oxidative processes was observed. The introduction of dihydroquercetin, a highly effective biostabilizer of thermal oxidation, leads to the conservation of the original weight of the samples. When selecting a counterbody for the developed composition with DHQ, a study was conducted of friction on steel 3X13 and Ti6Al alloy used in medicine and in endoprostheses of artificial joints. It was found that the best results are obtained in the case of using a steel counterbody.
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Marszałkiewicz, Sylwia, Aleksander Siger, Marzena Gawrysiak-Witulska, Dominik Kmiecik, and Magdalena Rudzińska. "The effect of drying temperature of milk thistle seeds on quality and bioactive compounds in the lipid fraction." Journal of Food Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (April 15, 2020): 4003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04431-4.
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Abstract Milk thistle oils are available on the market and appeal to consumers because of their healthy properties as cold-pressed oils. The raw material for producing such oils is purchased from a range of domestic and foreign sources. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the peroxide value, acid value, fatty acid composition, tocopherol and phytosterol contents in the lipid fraction extracted from milk thistle seeds. The seeds were purchased in three different farms and were dried in a thin layer at 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C. The level of phytosterols and the fatty acid composition were determined using GC-FID, while tocopherols concentrations were determined using HPLC. The study showed that the quality of seeds used in the production of oil varies. The drying of milk thistle seeds using air cooler than 80 °C caused no statistically significant changes in AV, p-AnV, phytosterol levels, tocopherols, or SFA levels. Drying temperatures in the 100–140 °C range caused significant losses of phytosterols and tocopherols and also resulted in changes in fatty acid composition. When seeds were dried at 140 °C, phytosterol levels dropped by 19–23%, tocopherols by 10–23%, MUFA by 30%, and PUFA by 11%.
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Müller, Anke, Ute Helms, Carsten Rohrer, Monika Möhler, Frank Hellwig, Michael Glei, Tanja Schwerdtle, Stefan Lorkowski, and Christine Dawczynski. "Nutrient Composition of Different Hazelnut Cultivars Grown in Germany." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111596.
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Hazelnuts are rarely cultivated in Germany, although they are a valuable source for macro- and micronutrients and can thus contribute to a healthy diet. Near the present, 15 varieties were cultivated in Thuringia, Germany, as a pilot study for further research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the micro- and macronutrient composition of representative, randomly mixed samples of the 15 different hazelnut cultivars. Protein, fat, and fiber contents were determined using established methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements were analyzed using gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass-spectrometry, respectively. We found that the different hazelnut varieties contained valuable amounts of fat, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, trace elements, and α-tocopherol, however, in different quantities. The variations in nutrient composition were independent of growth conditions, which were identical for all hazelnut varieties. Therefore, each hazelnut cultivar has its specific nutrient profile.
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Florek, Mariusz, Piotr Domaradzki, Piotr Skałecki, Małgorzata Stryjecka, Katarzyna Tajchman, Agnieszka Kaliniak-Dziura, Anna Teter, and Monika Kędzierska-Matysek. "Antioxidant Properties and Proximate Composition of Different Tissues of European Beaver." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 8973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248973.
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The chemical composition, content of cholesterol, retinol and α-tocopherol, and the total antioxidant capacity of different tissues from wild beavers were investigated. The total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) were analysed spectrophotometrically, and fat-soluble vitamins were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The type of tissue (skeletal muscle from loin and hind leg vs. adipose tissue from subcutaneous fat and tail) significantly affected content of all chemical components. The concentration of cholesterol was not related to total fat content. The retinol and α-tocopherol contents (µg/100 g) were significantly higher in the tail (13.0 and 391.2) and subcutaneous fat (12.2 and 371.3) compared to skeletal muscles (as an average 9.1 and 361.4). Among all tissues the tail showed significantly the highest values of DPPH (3.07 mM TE/100 g), ABTS (3.33 mM TE/100 g), and total phenolics (TPC, 543.7 mg GAE/100 g). The concentration of retinol was positively correlated with α-tocopherol (0.748, p < 0.001), and both vitamins were very strongly correlated with DPPH (0.858 and 0.886, p < 0.001), ABTS (0.894 and 0.851, p < 0.001), and TPC (0.666 and 0.913, p < 0.001). The principal component analysis proved that moisture, ash, and protein contents were representative for skeletal muscles, whereas, retinol, α-tocopherol, ABTS and DPPH accurately described the antioxidant capacity of tissue from the tail.
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Menteş, Ö., E. Bakkalbaşşi, and R. Ercan. "Effect of the Use of Ground Flaxseed on Quality and Chemical Composition of Bread." Food Science and Technology International 14, no. 4 (August 2008): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013208097192.
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Effects of ground flaxseed on bread quality, staling, and in particular on γ-tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid composition were determined. Ground flaxseed was added in concentrations of 10, 15, 20, and 25% to wheat flour sample. Results showed that the use of ground flaxseed at a 10% level markedly increased loaf volume, specific loaf volume, Dallman degree and retarded bread staling. Oil and γ-tocopherol content and proportion of linolenic acid in fatty acid composition went up as the ratio of flaxseed flour in bread formulation was increased. Oil, γ-tocopherol content, and proportion of linolenic acid in fatty acid varied in the range of 1.48—8.20%, 0.2—0.24 g/kg sample oil, and 50.25—55.55%, respectively in breads enriched with flaxseed flour. During bread staling, the change in peroxide values, γ-tocopherol content, and fatty acid distribution were not significant. Bread samples were tested for crust color appearance, crumb color, shape-symmetry, external appearance, mouth feel, and taste-aroma. The general acceptability was good at the level of 15% flaxseed flour addition and other substitute levels were found satisfactory.
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Parker, R. S. "Carotenoid and tocopherol composition of human adipose tissue." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/47.1.33.
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Czurgiel, Sylwia, Zofia Antoszkiewicz, Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek, and Marek Bogdaszewski. "The Effect of the Inclusion of Different Concentrates in Feed Rations on the Contents of Tocopherols, β-Carotene and Retinol in the Livers and Longissimus dorsi Muscles of Farm-Raised Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233311.
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This study analyzed the chemical composition and contents of β-carotene, tocopherols and retinol in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles and livers of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) fed diets based on hay containing different concentrates (hay and oats—HO; hay, oats and protein concentrate—HOP; hay and pellets—HP). The provitamin and lipophilic vitamin contents in the samples of feed and animal tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of retinol were nearly two-fold higher (p < 0.002) in the livers and many-fold higher in the LD muscles of fallow deer fed the HOP and HP diets. β-carotene was not identified in the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and total tocopherols were higher in the livers and LD muscles of the animals that received the HO and HP diets, but the noted differences were not significant. The inclusion of various concentrates in the feed rations had no influence on the proximate chemical compositions of the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer.
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Kanwischer, Marion, Svetlana Porfirova, Eveline Bergmüller, and Peter Dörmann. "Alterations in Tocopherol Cyclase Activity in Transgenic and Mutant Plants of Arabidopsis Affect Tocopherol Content, Tocopherol Composition, and Oxidative Stress." Plant Physiology 137, no. 2 (January 21, 2005): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.054908.
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