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1
Daniels, Juliano. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de tofu defumado." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1105.
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Produtos derivados da soja, como o tofu, são tipicamente orientais, mas apesar de suas propriedades funcionais e nutricionais, esses alimentos são pouco consumidos na dieta do brasileiro, devido ao sabor e odor característicos. Uma possibilidade para alterar esses atributos do tofu é a aplicação da defumação, que antigamente era usada somente como método de conservação, mas hoje é utilizada visando modificar as características sensoriais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus defumados. Os grãos de soja foram branqueados, macerados, triturados e centrifugados, para obtenção dos extratos de soja, que foram coagulados e prensados, obtendo-se os tofus padrões, após foram defumados a 42ºC, para obtenção dos tofus defumados. Nos testes preliminares foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, rendimento e composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento, composição proximal, cor e aceitação sensorial. Ao elaborar tofus com soja BRS 232 e BRS 284 e coagulantes CaSO4 e MgCl2 foi observado que as variedades de soja e os coagulantes não apresentaram influência em todos os parâmetros avaliados, somente o tempo de coagulação foi maior quando não homogeneizada a mistura ao utilizar o CaSO4. Houve diferença nos teores de umidade, cinzas e proteínas nos extratos das duas variedades de soja utilizadas. Nesses tofus defumados o processo de defumação ocasionou redução no teor de umidade, em média de 5,5% e escurecimento desses produtos, diminuiu a luminosidade e aumentou os valores de a* e de b*, quando comparados com os tofus padrões. No experimento 1 foi utilizado soja BRS 284 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foi verificado que durante a maceração os grãos absorveram 1,2 mL/g de água e o rendimento do extrato foi elevado, 79,92%, enquanto que o do tofu foi baixo, devido à etapa de prensagem. A composição proximal dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística. Ao avaliar a cor dos tofus padrão e defumado, foi observado que houve diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*), como consequência do efeito da defumação. A aplicação da fumaça no tofu ocasionou melhor aceitação dos atributos aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores. Sendo que a textura do tofu defumado foi o atributo com a maior aceitação pelos avaliadores. No experimento 2 foi utilizado soja BRS 232 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foram determinados a composição proximal e o perfil de isoflavonas dos grãos de soja e os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, perfil de isoflavonas, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Nos grãos de soja o componente sólido majoritário é de origem proteica e foram quantificadas seis formas de isoflavonas, mas as formas glicitinas e acetil-β-glicosídeos não foram detectadas e as agliconas estavam presentes em teor muito reduzido. Os tofus padrão e defumado apresentaram diferença nos teores de umidade e de lipídios. O valor total de isoflavonas dos tofus diminuiu em relação aos grãos, mas houve um acréscimo de aproximadamente três vezes no teor das agliconas. A defumação modificou a cor dos tofus nos parâmetros a* e b* e também na luminosidade, representando escurecimento do produto defumado. A análise do perfil de textura dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística e pelos valores obtidos esses alimentos são coesos, elásticos e com dureza aceitável para o mercado brasileiro. Na análise sensorial realizada por todos os julgadores, a aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global dos tofus não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que as médias das notas ficaram próximas da indiferença na escala utilizada.<br>Soy products such as tofu, are typically oriental, but despite their functional and nutritional properties, these foods are not consumed in the Brazilian diet, due to the characteristic odor and flavor. A possibility to change these attributes of tofu is the implementation of smoking, which was formerly used only as a method of preservation, but today is used to modify the sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize smoked tofu. Soy beans were blanched, macerated, crushed and centrifuged to obtain soy extracts that were coagulated and pressed, thus obtaining the standard tofus, thereafter they were smoked at 42ºc, to obtain the smoked tofus. It was determined the amount of water absorbed in maceration of the grains, yield and proximal composition of soy extracts. The tofus were assessed in yield, proximal composition, color and sensory acceptance. When making tofu with soy BRS 232 and BRS 284 and coagulants CaSO4 and MgCl2 it was observed that soybean varieties and coagulators showed no influence in all parameters evaluated, only the coagulation time was greater when not homogenized in the mixture using CaSO4. There was no difference in levels of moisture, ash and protein in extracts of two soybean varieties used. In these smoked tofus the smoking process caused reduction in moisture content of 5.5% on average and dimming of these products, decreasing the luminosity L* values, and increasing the color red (higher values of a*) and yellow (higher values of b*), when compared with the standard tofus. Another experiment was performed using soybeans BRS 284 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where it was verified during the maceration grains absorbed 1.2 mL/g of water and the extract yield was higher, 79.92%, while that of tofu was lower, due to the pressing. The proximal composition of standard and smoked tofus showed no statistical difference. When evaluating the color of standard and smoked tofu, it was observed that there was statistical difference in all parameters evaluated (L*, a*, b*), as a consequence of smoking. The application of smoke in tofu caused better acceptance of the aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance and also greater purchase intent by judges. Being that the texture of the smoked tofu was the attribute with greater acceptance by the evaluators. In experiment 2 was used soy BRS 232 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where the proximal composition were determined and the profile of isoflavones from soy beans and tofu were evaluated regarding the proximal composition, profile of isoflavones, colour, texture and sensory acceptance. In the soy beans the solid majority component is protein, and they were quantified six forms of isoflavones, but the forms glicitins and acetyl-β-glycosides were not detected and the aglicones were present in very low content. The standard and smoked tofus presented difference in moisture levels and lipids. The total value of isoflavones from tofus decreased in relation to grain, but there was an increase of approximately three times the content of aglicones. Smoking has changed the color of the tofu in the parameters a * and b * and also in brightness, representing the dimming smoked product. The texture profile analysis of standard and not smoked tofus presented statistical difference and the values obtained from these foods are cohesive, elastic and with acceptable hardness for the Brazilian market. In sensory analysis carried out by all the judges, the acceptance of the attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance of the tofus showed no significant difference, being that the averages of the notes were close to indifference in the range used.
2
Almeida, Andreia Filipa Ferreira de. "Detection of tumor-associated sialylated O-glycans by MALDI-TOF/TOF." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10673.
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Mestrado em Bioquímica Clínica<br>Uma das alterações fenótipicas mais comuns nos tumores são
modificações no padrão de O-glicosilação na superfície da célula e nas
glicoproteínas secretadas. Como consequência têm implicações nas suas
funções biológicas. Em particular, tem sido descrito que algumas células
tumorais sobreexpressam ou expressam de novo antigénios associados ao
antigénio Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF), ou seja, sialil-Tn, sialil-T e
disialyl-T. Estes epítopos resultam da paragem prematura do processo de
O-glicosilação em proteínas e têm um impacto direto sobre a biologia do
tumor. Assim sendo, a identificação destas modificações póstranslacionais
anormais em proteínas é essencial para determinar as
relações estrutura-função e descobrir novos alvos terapêuticos. Além
disso, as proteínas que transportam estas alterações podem ser secretadas
na corrente sanguínea, urina, e em outros fluidos corporais e, portanto,
são explorados como biomarcadores em testes não invasivos.
Atualmente a detecção de antigénios associados ao antigénio TF é
baseado em métodos imunohistoquímicos em que, embora úteis para
uma investigação de rotina, não conseguem descrever totalmente o
padrão de glicosilação de uma dada proteína. Sendo assim, neste
trabalho apresentamos uma abordagem analítica para determinar estes
glicanos em quantidades minimas de glicoproteínas (picomole) isoladas
a partir de géis SDS-PAGE. Resumidamente, as glicoproteínas são de-Oglicosiladas
no gel por beta-eliminação redutiva, permetiladas e
analisadas por nanoLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. De seguida, os dados
provenientes são sujeitos a uma seleção melhorada dos sinais analíticos
relevantes, utilizando ferramentas de bioinformática. Esta abordagem
foi, em seguida, aplicada com sucesso na validação do western blotting
quanto à expressão de sialil-Tn numa glicoproteína isolada a partir da
urina de ratos com tumores na bexiga induzidos quimicamente e no
plasminogénio isolado a partir do soro de pacientes com lesões
precursoras do cancro gástrico.<br>A common phenotypic change in tumors comprises alterations in the
O-glycosylation of cell-surface and secreted glycoproteins with
implications in their biological functions. In particular, it has been
described that some tumor cells overexpress or de novo express
Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF)-related antigens, namely sialyl-Tn, sialyl-T
and disialyl-T. These epitopes result from a premature stop in protein Oglycosylation
and have direct impact on tumor biology. As a result, the
identification of these abnormal post-translational modifications of
proteins is essential to determine structure-function relationships and
designs novel therapeutics. Moreover, the proteins carrying these
alterations can ultimately be shed into the blood stream, urine and other
body fluids and thus be explored as biomarkers in non invasive tests.
Currently the detection of TF-related antigens relies on immuno-based
methods that, even though useful in a routine basis, often fail to fully
highlight the glycosylation pattern of a given protein. Herein, we have
systematized a target-driven analytical approach to determine these
glycans in minute amounts of glycoproteins (picomole) isolated from
SDS-PAGE gels. Briefly, the glycoproteins are to be de-O-glycosylated
in-gel by reductive beta-elimination, permethylated and analyzed by
nanoLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF with enhanced selection of the relevant
analytical signals using bioinformatics tools. This approach was then
successfully applied to validate western blotting assignments regarding
the expression of sialyl-Tn in a glycoprotein isolated from the urine of
rats with chemically-induced bladder tumors and in plasminogen isolated
from the serum of patients with gastric cancer precursor lesions.
3
Ribeiro, Thaís Teresa Brandão Cavalheiro. "Detecção de indicadores de contaminação em queijo tofu." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134845.
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Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de duas marcas de queijo tofu comercializadas em supermercado da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. O queijo de soja foi primeiramente coletado e estocado refrigerado até chegar ao local de análise. Foram realizadas contagens de bactérias mesófilas, contagens e determinação de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo e negativo, contagens de coliformes a 35ºC e a 45ºC e confirmação de Escherichia coli, pesquisa de Bacillus cereus, de Salmonella sp. e de Listeria sp. Foi realizada a coleta de duas diferentes marcas, sendo um lote por mês, durante seis meses e foram analisadas cinco amostras de cada lote. Todas as amostras, de ambas as marcas, apresentaram unidades formadoras de colônia de mesófilos aeróbios acima de 4,3x105. Metade das amostras da marca A e 100% das amostras da marca B apresentaram a presença de coliformes a 45ºC e acima dos limites preconizados pela legislação e a presença de E. coli foi confirmada nestas amostras. Também foi verificado que 83% dos queijos tofu de ambas as marcas possuíam contagens de unidades formadoras de colônia para Staphylococcus coagulase positivo acima do que a legislação preconiza (RDC 12 de 2001 da Anvisa). Em nenhuma das análises realizadas foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp., B. cereus e Listeria sp. Estes resultados mostram que os queijos analisados estão sendo comercializados com composição inapropriada de microrganismos que são potencialmente debilitantes e causadores de infecções e ou intoxicações alimentares.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of two different trade-mark of tofu cheese sold in Porto Alegre/RS supermarket. The soy cheese was first collected and stored refrigerated until the performing of of the analyses. It was performed mesophilic bacteria counts, Staphylococcus coagulase positive and negative counts, coliforms counts and confirmation of the presence of Escherichia coli, also, search of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp. It was collected two different trade-mark during six months, one trade-mark each month, and it was analyzed five samples of each trade-mark. It was found the presence of > 4x105 units forming colonies of mesophilic bacteria in all samples of both trade-marks. Half the samples of the trade-mark A and 100% of the trade-mark B had fecal coliforms above the legal limits, and the presence of E. coli was confirmed in all those samples. It was also noticed that 83% of tofu samples, of both trade-mark, had coagulase positive Staphyloccocus counts above the legal limit (RDC 12 de 2001 Anvisa). In conclusion this study showed that the tofu of both trade-marks analyzed had higher numbers of microorganisms dangerous for human health because they could cause infections and/or food poisoning.
4
Rost, Detlef. "TOF-SIMS-Analysen interplanetarer Staubteilchen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961512318.
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Duda, Radek. "Analýza nanostruktur metodou ToF-LEIS." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234584.
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The presented thesis deals with the utilization of TOF-LEIS analytical method in the area of nanostructure analysis. A new procedure for depth profiling of the elemental composition of the sample, based on the alternate measurement with the DSIMS method, was established. The TOF-LEIS method is able to detect the interface between the layers before its mixing by the ion beam of the DSIMS method. Furthermore, a procedure of TOF-LEIS spektra modification was established to obtain the actual concentration of elements in the sample by reduction of a multiple collision contribution. By comparison of TOF-LEIS spectra with the results received by the DSIMS method the ratio of molybdenum and silicon ion yields was obtained. In the next section advantages of the TOF-LEIS method in combination with XPS during analysis of thermal stability of gold nanoparticles are presented. The mutual complementarity of both methods is shown and final conclusions are supported by electron microscopy images. The final section deals with a newly assembled apparatus for the TOF-SARS analytical method and shows its possibilities regarding the detection of hydrogen on the graphene.
6
Belghazi, Maya. "Etude de modifications covalentes de protéines par spectrométrie de masse Maldi-Tof et Esi-Tof." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPXX0030.
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La spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- time of flight) et ESI-TOF (electrospray ionization- time of flight) permettent d'accéder à des méthodologies performantes pour l'étude de la structure primaire des protéines. Ce travail a mis en oeuvre ces deux modes d'ionisation pour étudier les modifications covalentes de trois protéines impliquées dans des contextes biologiques différents. En premier lieu, les modifications post-traductionnelles de deux nitrile hydratases (NHases), métalloenzymes bactériennes catalysant l'hydrolyse de nitriles en amides, ont été caractérisées. Des études sur les protéines intactes ont mis en évidence deux modifications post-traductionnelles--un acide sulfénique et un acide sulfinique--sur les cystéines du centre actif de deux NHases de bactéries différentes. Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé les modifications post-traductionnelles d'une protéine intervenant dans la coagulation sanguine, le facteur IX (FIX), dans le but d'établir une référence structurale du FIX plasmatique. Cette protéine comporte un ensemble de modifications complexes incluant en particulier N-glycosylations, O-glycosylations, phosphorylation et sulfatation, localisées sur une région de la protéine, le peptide d'activation. En dernier lieu, nous avons étudié les mécanismes d'inhibition suicide de deux cytochromes P450. Pour cela, nous avons caractérisé, grâce à des techniques de marquage par des isotopes stables, les métabolites produits lors de l'hydroxylation de l'acide tiénilique par le P450 2C9, réaction conduisant également à l'inactivation de l'enzyme. Ces expériences ont conduit à proposer deux mécanismes réactionnels différents pour ce composé. Le mécanisme de l'inhibition suicide d'un P450 d'origine végétale a été abordé en cherchant à identifier les peptides marqués pendant la réaction. Cette identification n'a pas été obtenue, vraisemblablement en raison de l'instabilité du marquage dans nos conditions d'analyse.
7
Ucar, Aziz. "Developments for the TOF straw tracker." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982996195.
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Sharples, Thomas R. "REMPI-TOF studies of photofragment polarization." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540259.
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Stephan, Thomas [Verfasser]. "TOF-SIMS in Cosmochemistry / Thomas Stephan." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1042742294/34.
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Boersch, Christina [Verfasser]. "Diversitätsorientierte katalytische Ein-Topf-Synthesen von ausgewählten Azolderivaten / Christina Boersch." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063699274/34.
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La, Rosa Francesco. "Studies on ToF-PET using Cherenkov radiation." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9543/.
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La tomografia ad emissione di positroni (PET) è una tecnica di imaging di medicina nucleare, utilizzata oggi diffusamente in ambito clinico. Essa fornisce immagini e informazioni fisiologiche dei processi funzionali all’interno del corpo. La PET si basa sulla rilevazione di fotoni di annichilazione prodotti in seguito al decadimento di un radio farmaco iniettato nel paziente. I rilevatori convenzionali sono costituiti da un materiale scintillatore accoppiato ad un fotomoltiplicatore, solitamente un PMT o SiPM.
Uno sviluppo della PET è la Time of Flight PET (ToF PET), attualmente già in commercio ed utilizzata con prestazioni eccellenti. Un’ulteriore modifica, che potenzialmente permetterebbe di ottenere una migliore risoluzione temporale, è la ToF PET basata sulla rilevazione di fotoni tramite radiazione Cherenkov, invece che luce di scintillazione.
Questo lavoro di tesi è incentrato dunque su questa tecnica specifica. Si illustra una rassegna di pubblicazioni scientifiche degli ultimi anni riguardo ad essa con i relativi risultati ottenuti e i possibili sviluppi futuri. Infine si propone un approfondimento personale, nel quale, tramite un programma scritto in ROOT, si è realizzata una geometria di un sistema di rilevazione ToF PET. Esso prevede la rilevazione dei fotoni di annichilazione tramite un radiatore Cherenkov accoppiato ad un SiPM. In futuro questo potrà essere implementato e utilizzato per simulare il processo fisico della PET, verificando la validità e le prestazioni del sistema così sviluppato.
12
Collazo, Verena. "Reverse Sanger-Sequenzierung mittels MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964226871.
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Hedlund, Tobias. "Registration of multiple ToF camera point clouds." Thesis, Umeå University, Department of Physics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34952.
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<p>Buildings, maps and objects et cetera, can be modeled using a computer or reconstructed in 3D by data from different kinds of cameras or laser scanners. This thesis concerns the latter. The recent improvements of Time-of-Flight cameras have brought a number of new interesting research areas to the surface. Registration of several ToF camera point clouds is such an area.</p><p>A literature study has been made to summarize the research done in the area over the last two decades. The most popular method for registering point clouds, namely the Iterative Closest Point (ICP), has been studied. In addition to this, an error relaxation algorithm was implemented to minimize the accumulated error of the sequential pairwise ICP.</p><p>A few different real-world test scenarios and one scenario with synthetic data were constructed. These data sets were registered with varying outcome. The obtained camera poses from the sequential ICP were improved by loop closing and error relaxation.</p><p>The results illustrate the importance of having good initial guesses on the relative transformations to obtain a correct model. Furthermore the strengths and weaknesses of the sequential ICP and the utilized error relaxation method are shown.</p>
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Leander, Ellinor. "Artidentifiering av mögelsvamp med MALDI-TOF MS." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80166.
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Snabb och korrekt artidentifiering är avgörande för effektiv behandling av svampinfektioner, särskilt bland immunsupprimerade patienter. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) används rutinmässigt på kliniska laboratorier för identifiering av karaktäristiska proteinmönster hos bakterier och jästsvampar genom tolkning av proteinspektra i en masspektradatabas för korrekt artidentifiering. Mögelsvamparnas hårda cellvägg och heterogena växtsätt med varierande proteinuttryck beroende på mognadsstadie, försvårar identifiering med MALDI-TOF MS. Metodens tänkbara fördelar mot traditionella metoden mikroskopering är förkortade svarstider, säkrare artidentifiering av fler arter och mindre beroende av subjektiv morfologisk bedömning. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om MALDI-TOF MS kunde anpassas och användas för identifieringen av mögelsvamp i klinisk rutindiagnostik. Fyra referensstammar (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A.terreus, A.flavus) och ett kliniskt isolat (A.terreus) undersöktes. Preparationsmetoderna (I) fullständig myrsyraextraktion, (II) direktapplicering och (III) suspension i destillerat vatten användes för analys av sporer och frontmycel hos yngre och äldre mögelkulturer. Två olika masspektradatabaser för artidentifiering jämfördes; rutindatabasen BDAL och den specialiserade mögeldatabasen Filamentous Fungi Library. Även plocktekniken av mögelmaterial inför analys med MALDI-TOF MS utvärderades. Vid vissa tillfällen förbättrades artidentifieringen efter extraktion av mögelkulturerna, medan i andra fall var direktapplicering fullt tillräcklig. Mögelmaterial med mycket sporer tenderade ge något fler artidentifieringar i BDAL oavsett kulturernas ålder. Filamentous Fungi Library tenderade i vissa fall ge bättre resultat jämfört med BDAL för yngre kulturer. Fler studier krävs för att utvärdera och optimera MALDI-TOF MS som metod för artidentifiering av mögelsvamp.<br>Rapid and accurate species identification is crucial for successful treatment of fungal infections, especially among immunosuppressed patients. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is used routinely at clinical laboratories to identify characteristic protein patterns of bacteria and yeast by the interpretation of protein spectra in a database for accurate species identification. The hard cell wall of the mold and the heterogeneous growth with varying protein expression due to maturation, complicates identification with MALDI-TOF MS. The potential benefits of this method compared to microscopy as traditional method are shortened turn-around times, safer species identification of more species that is independent on subjective morphological assessment. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether MALDI-TOF MS could be adapted and used for the identification of molds in clinical routine diagnostics. Four reference strains (Aspergillus niger, A.fumigatus, A.terreus, A.flavus) and a clinical isolate (A.terreus) were examined. The preparation methods (I) complete formic acid extraction, (II) direct application and (III) suspension in distilled water were used for analysis of spores and frontmycelium from younger and older mold cultures. Two different masspektradatabases for species identification were compared; routine database BDAL and the specialized mold database, Filamentous Fungi Library. Also the collecting technique of mold prior to analysis with MALDI-TOF MS was evaluated. Sometimes, the species identification improved after extraction of mold cultures, while in other cases direct application was sufficient. Cultures with a lot of spores tended to give slightly more species identifications in BDAL regardless of the age of cultures. Filamentous Fungi Library, in some cases, tended to improve the performance compared to BDAL for younger cultures. More studies are required to evaluate and optimize MALDI-TOF MS as a method of mold identification.
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Rost, Detlef. "TOF-SIMS analyses of interplanetary dust particles." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8832568.
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Raujol, Julie. "Complémentarité du TOF-SIMS et du MALDI-TOF pour l'étude de l'hypoxie dans un modèle in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5506.
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L’oxygénation d’un tissu ou d’une cellule résulte d’un équilibre entre la disponibilité en oxygène et sa consommation. Un arrêt de la circulation ou des variations de la pression partielle en oxygène sont responsables d’une réduction de l’apport en oxygène induisant une réponse adaptative.L’objectif de ce travail a été de caractériser l’hypoxie de l’échelle cellulaire à tissulaire par la complémentarité de deux techniques d’imagerie par spectrométrie de masse (ISM) : La spectrométrie de masse à ionisation secondaire (SIMS) et l’ionisation/désorption par laser assistée par matrice (MALDI). L’ISM fournit la détection, l’identification et la distribution d’une variété d’espèces moléculaires endogènes et exogènes directement sur tissu sans marquage. Afin de caractériser l’hypoxie, un modèle in vitro de culture cellulaire en trois dimensions (sphéroïde) et un modèle in vivo d’accident vasculaire cérébral ont été utilisés.L’imagerie TOF-SIMS nous a permis de voir que la disponibilité réduite de l’oxygène au centre des sphéroides induit de profonds changements métaboliques. L’imagerie MALDI-TOF, quant à elle, a permis de visualiser la pharmacocinétique de différents traitements dans des sphéroides traités.Concernant l’étude sur l’accident vasculaire cérébral, l’imagerie SIMS et MALDI nous ont fourni une signature moléculaire de l’hypoxie tissulaire, apportant de nouvelles connaissances sur les changements physiopathologiques induits par la lésion tissulaire.La complémentarité de ces deux techniques d’imagerie permet donc une réelle synergie pour l’étude de l’hypoxie dans différents modèles<br>Tissue or cells oxygenation results from a balance between oxygen availability and consumption. This availability is determined by the amount of oxygen carried by the blood irrigating the tissue and its diffusion capacity through the cell membranes. The interruption of blood flow or variations in the oxygen partial pressure are responsible for a reduction of oxygen intake that induces an adaptive response.The aim of my work is to characterize the hypoxia from cellular to tissue-level via the complementarity of two mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) methods: the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization (MALDI). MSI has the potential to provide detection, identification and distribution of a variety of different endogenous and exogenous molecular species directly from the tissue without labelling. Here we combine them to characterize hypoxia in vitro on a 3D cell culture system (spheroid) and in vivo using ischemic rat model.We have shown via TOF-SIMS imaging that reduced availability of oxygen to the center of spheroids induces profound metabolic changes. MALDI-TOF imaging helped to visualize the pharmacokinetics of different treatments in treated spheroids.Concerning the ischemic stroke, MSI provides a molecular signature of hypoxia in tissue, which could bring new insights into the pathological changes induced by the tissue injury.The complementarity of these two imaging techniques allows real synergy for the study of hypoxia in different models
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FONSECA, Roney. "Detecção e Análise de defeitos em soldagem utilizando a Técnica TOFD." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2015. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/422.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12<br>A técnica TOFD – do inglês Time of Flight Diffraction – permite uma simplificação dos padrões tradicionais utilizados na detecção de defeitos se comparado aos métodos convencionais de inspeção por ultrasom. Em função da utilização de dois transdutores (emissor/receptor) cujas ondas se propagam de forma longitudinal, a difração das ondas permite a caracterização de defeitos internos de forma mais rápida e eficaz. Em função das ondas ultrasônicas serem emitidas longitudinalmente, a frequência do transdutor, bem como o ângulo de propagação dos sinais, influência no dimensionamento dos defeitos. Para avaliar estas influências, este trabalho utilizou a ferramenta estatística do projeto e análise de experimentos (do inglês DOE – Design of Experiments) na detecção de pequenas e grandes descontinuidades em um corpo de prova de aço ao carbono AISI 1020 de 20 mm de espessura. Também, analisou-se a influência da simetria e assimetria na distância entre os transdutores para com as descontinuidades bem como um processamento digital dos sinais através da utilização de transformadas de Fourier e Hilbert. Experimentos foram realizados com transdutores de 5 MHz e 10 MHz e ângulos de 45°, 60° e 70°. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que há variações significativas na combinação transdutor/ângulo de incidência para a detecção de defeitos de pequena e grande dimensão. Analisando a influência da distância entre os transdutores emissor e receptor, observou-se que não há necessidade de o par de transdutores estar simétrico ao defeito para que este seja detectado. Porém, a qualidade dos sinais ultrasônicos, influenciados pela presença de ruídos mostrou ser impactante nestas análises, afetando os coeficientes de correlação estatística nos resultados. Neste sentido, o processamento digital dos sinais pela eliminação de ruídos através de transformadas de Fourier e Hilbert indica ser um caminho interessante para futuras análises do sistema de inspeção.
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Blazek, Vladimir. "Chemical and Biochemical Factors That Influence the Gelation of Soybean Protein and the Yield of Tofu." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4084.
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Soybeans contain around 40% of high quality protein and 20 % of oil. Soy protein has long been used as ingredients for its emulsification and texturizing properties in a variety of foods, soymilk and tofu being the most popular. Soymilk is essentially a water extract of soybeans and there are many variations on the basic soymilk processing steps. Tofu, or bean curd, is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. This thesis was mainly devoted to thermal denaturation and coagulation of soy proteins and targeted several selected important factors as they relate to the functional properties. The effects of different chemical coagulants as well as proteases on yield and quality of tofu from soybeans were studied. Eight tested chemical coagulants were able to coagulate the soymilk and the results showed that the concentration of soymilk and type of coagulant had a great influence on the properties of the tofu gel. The results also confirmed that the use of a suitable concentration of the quick-acting coagulants is more critical than that of the slow-acting coagulants in tofu making. In general, the extent of soymilk gelation is not determined by a single characteristic but rather results from a combination of factors. The gelation ability of various most common commercially available proteases to coagulate non-defatted soymilk was surveyed and the thermal stabilities of selected protease systems were compared. The difference in the temperature where the enzyme shows its highest activity seemed to be the most significant indicator when choosing a suitable enzyme for a certain industrial application. The three most effective and versatile soymilk coagulants were identified. The presence of small amounts of ficin in the system increased the protein recovery when calcium chloride was used as a coagulant. The most commonly used techniques of analysis of degree of hydrolysis (TNBS, OPA and pH-stat) of soy protein were compared. It was concluded that the pH-stat technique was useful for evaluating the progress of an enzyme-catalyzed protein hydrolysis process on an industrial scale while the OPA method seemed to be the most suitable method to be used for determining DH during the proteolysis of soymilk in laboratory conditions. The roles of soybean proteins, protein fractions and subunits to differences in gelling properties of different soybean varieties were examined. The variability and the interrelationship between soybean seed traits were established and the seed characteristics related to soymilk yield and tofu quality were identified. The results suggested that it is useful to predict the quality of tofu from a combination of characteristics of the soybean seed. It was concluded that large differences exist in soybean seed characteristics and their contributions towards the properties of the final product and implications were made towards the relative importance of individual soybean seed traits to the functional and textural properties of soy products. The SDS gel capillary electrophoresis was applied to characterize soybean storage proteins. The lab-on-a-chip technology was compared with capillary electrophoresis and these two methods were used to quantify the relative amount of 7S and 11S fractions in various soybean cultivars. It was concluded that both lab-on-a-chip instrument and a traditional CGE were adequate for analysis of soy-based products. Both systems were able to reliably quantify the relative amount of protein fractions in samples and thus demonstrate their different genetic origin. The great advantage of the lab-on-a-chip technology is its time-efficiency while the traditional CGE is a preferred instrument for method development. The usefulness of the chemometrical analysis of electrophoretic profiles as a method for objective evaluation, data reduction and interpretation was shown. The possibility of improvement of the protein extraction from soybeans in order to provide a basis for the optimization of soymilk production was studied. The enzyme-assisted extraction using the hydrolytic enzyme treatment to disrupt the soybean cell wall components was expected to improve the protein extraction yield. The results confirmed that the right selection of operational variables led to an increased yield of soymilk as well as its protein concentration. It was also shown that the addition of selected enzyme preparations into the soymilk process design resulted in an increased extraction yield of proteins from seeds into soymilk. The protein quality did not deteriorate during the enzyme-assisted extraction process and a small amount of microbial transglutaminase added together with a coagulant produced tofu with a significantly increased yield while maintaing satisfactory textural properties.
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Blazek, Vladimir. "Chemical and Biochemical Factors That Influence the Gelation of Soybean Protein and the Yield of Tofu." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4084.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)<br>Soybeans contain around 40% of high quality protein and 20 % of oil. Soy protein has long been used as ingredients for its emulsification and texturizing properties in a variety of foods, soymilk and tofu being the most popular. Soymilk is essentially a water extract of soybeans and there are many variations on the basic soymilk processing steps. Tofu, or bean curd, is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. This thesis was mainly devoted to thermal denaturation and coagulation of soy proteins and targeted several selected important factors as they relate to the functional properties. The effects of different chemical coagulants as well as proteases on yield and quality of tofu from soybeans were studied. Eight tested chemical coagulants were able to coagulate the soymilk and the results showed that the concentration of soymilk and type of coagulant had a great influence on the properties of the tofu gel. The results also confirmed that the use of a suitable concentration of the quick-acting coagulants is more critical than that of the slow-acting coagulants in tofu making. In general, the extent of soymilk gelation is not determined by a single characteristic but rather results from a combination of factors. The gelation ability of various most common commercially available proteases to coagulate non-defatted soymilk was surveyed and the thermal stabilities of selected protease systems were compared. The difference in the temperature where the enzyme shows its highest activity seemed to be the most significant indicator when choosing a suitable enzyme for a certain industrial application. The three most effective and versatile soymilk coagulants were identified. The presence of small amounts of ficin in the system increased the protein recovery when calcium chloride was used as a coagulant. The most commonly used techniques of analysis of degree of hydrolysis (TNBS, OPA and pH-stat) of soy protein were compared. It was concluded that the pH-stat technique was useful for evaluating the progress of an enzyme-catalyzed protein hydrolysis process on an industrial scale while the OPA method seemed to be the most suitable method to be used for determining DH during the proteolysis of soymilk in laboratory conditions. The roles of soybean proteins, protein fractions and subunits to differences in gelling properties of different soybean varieties were examined. The variability and the interrelationship between soybean seed traits were established and the seed characteristics related to soymilk yield and tofu quality were identified. The results suggested that it is useful to predict the quality of tofu from a combination of characteristics of the soybean seed. It was concluded that large differences exist in soybean seed characteristics and their contributions towards the properties of the final product and implications were made towards the relative importance of individual soybean seed traits to the functional and textural properties of soy products. The SDS gel capillary electrophoresis was applied to characterize soybean storage proteins. The lab-on-a-chip technology was compared with capillary electrophoresis and these two methods were used to quantify the relative amount of 7S and 11S fractions in various soybean cultivars. It was concluded that both lab-on-a-chip instrument and a traditional CGE were adequate for analysis of soy-based products. Both systems were able to reliably quantify the relative amount of protein fractions in samples and thus demonstrate their different genetic origin. The great advantage of the lab-on-a-chip technology is its time-efficiency while the traditional CGE is a preferred instrument for method development. The usefulness of the chemometrical analysis of electrophoretic profiles as a method for objective evaluation, data reduction and interpretation was shown. The possibility of improvement of the protein extraction from soybeans in order to provide a basis for the optimization of soymilk production was studied. The enzyme-assisted extraction using the hydrolytic enzyme treatment to disrupt the soybean cell wall components was expected to improve the protein extraction yield. The results confirmed that the right selection of operational variables led to an increased yield of soymilk as well as its protein concentration. It was also shown that the addition of selected enzyme preparations into the soymilk process design resulted in an increased extraction yield of proteins from seeds into soymilk. The protein quality did not deteriorate during the enzyme-assisted extraction process and a small amount of microbial transglutaminase added together with a coagulant produced tofu with a significantly increased yield while maintaing satisfactory textural properties.
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Kempka, Martin. "Improved mass accuracy in MALDI-TOF-MS analysis." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Division of Analytical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313.
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Halgunset, Anders. "Typing av Legionella pneumophila med MALDI-TOF MS." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24697.
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Legionella pneumophila er fakultativ intracellulære bakterier som lever naturlig i akvatiske habitater. De kan replikere i makrofager og protozoer, bli overført til mennesker gjennom areosoler og føre til smitte. Ved eventuelle utbrudd er det viktig å kunne identifisere kilden, noe som i dag bli gjort ved å typebestemme L. pneumophila med sekvensbasert typing (SBT). Samtidig har matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ? time-of-flight (MALDI?TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) vist seg å kunne brukes til rask og effektiv identifisering av en rekke mikroorganismer på artsnivå, deriblant Legionella. Hos enkelte andre mikroorganismer har MALDI?TOF MS også vist å kunne skille mellom underarter. MALDI?TOF MS ble i denne oppgaven benyttet for å undersøke om det var mulig å skille L. pneumophila fra hverandre på stammenivå ved hjelp av MALDI Biotyper 3.0 programvare. Standardprotokollen anbefalt av Bruker Daltonics for proteinekstraksjon fra mikroorganismer ble tilpasset/optimalisert for bruk på L. pneumophila, slik at reproduserbare massespektre ble oppnådd. Evalueringen viste at proteinekstraksjon fra ca 2 µl biologisk materiale med 10 µl acetonnitrill og 10 µl maursyre, ga best scoreverdi opp mot Bruker Daltonics referansebibliotek. Den optimale temperaturen og varigheten for dyrkning ble vist å være henholdsvis 37 &#730;C og 48 ± 2 timer. Det ble vist at lagring av skåler/kolonier med L. pneumophila ved 37 &#730;C førte til forandringer i massespektrene, mens lagring ved 20 &#730;C ikke medførte slike forandringer og at stabile massespektre ble oppnådd etter seks dagers lagring.Det ble bygget opp et referansebibliotek i MALDI Biotyper 3.0 bestående av referansespekter/referansetopplister (MSP) fra til sammen 48 Legionella spp. hvorav 41 var L. pneumophila -isolater. Med referansebiblioteket ble det vist at MSP (dannet ved standard innstillinger) for mange L. pneumophila var for like hverandre til å gi identifisering mot egne MSP. En klyngeanalyse ble brukt i sammenligning av L. pneumophila mellom SBT og MSP fra referansebiblioteket dannet med MALDI?TOF MS. Sammenligningen viste at diversiteten i proteinsammensetningen hos L. pneumophila, representert som MSP, ikke ga samme oppløselighet som gjennom sekvensvariasjonene fra genene i SBT -analysen.
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Heatherington, John. "ToF - the Time-of-Flight device for H1." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1502.
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Event triggering for the H1 detector on the HERA electron-proton ring is dominated by background associated with the proton beam. A 99% reduction in trigger rate is achieved by time resolution of background from physics using ToF -a scintillator detector positioned in the incoming proton direction. Studies on the efficiency of the veto have been carried out to improve background rejection.
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Duda, Radek. "Analýza ultratenkých vrstev metodami SIMS a TOF-LEIS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228253.
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Dal, Mutto Carlo. "Acquisition and Processing of ToF and Stereo data." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422581.
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Providing a computer the capability to estimate the three-dimensional geometry of a scene is a fundamental problem in computer vision. A classical systems that has been adopted for solving this problem is the so-called stereo vision system (stereo system). Such a system is constituted by a couple of cameras and it exploits the principle of triangulation in order to provide an estimate of the framed scene. In the last ten years, new devices based on the time-of-flight principle have been proposed in order to solve the same problem, i.e., matricial Time-of-Flight range cameras (ToF cameras).
This thesis focuses on the analysis of the two systems (ToF and stereo cam- eras) from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. ToF cameras are introduced in Chapter 2 and stereo systems in Chapter 3. In particular, for the case of the ToF cameras, a new formal model that describes the acquisition process is derived and presented. In order to understand strengths and weaknesses of such different systems, a comparison methodology is introduced and explained in Chapter 4. From the analysis of ToF cameras and stereo systems it is possible to understand the complementarity of the two systems and it is intuitive to figure that a synergic fusion of their data might provide an improvement in the quality of the measurements preformed by the two devices. In Chapter 5 a method for fusing ToF and stereo data based on a probability approach is presented. In Chapter 6 a method that exploits color and three-dimensional geometry information for solving the classical problem of scene segmentation is explained<br>Fornire ai calcolatori la capacità di stimare la geometria tridimensionale di una scena è una delle sfide fondamentali nell’ambito della visione artificiale. Il classico approccio utilizzato per la risoluzione di tale problema prevede l’utilizzo di sistemi di visione stereoscopica. Tali sistemi sono costituiti da due telecamere. Il loro funzionamento si basa sul principio di triangolazione per stimare la configurazione geometrica di una scena. Nell’ultimo decennio, nuovi dispositivi basati sul principio del tempo di volo sono stati proposti allo scopo di risolvere il medesimo problema. Tali dispositivi sono chiamati sensori di profondità matriciali a tempo di volo.
Questa tesi si sviluppa attorno all’analisi dei suddetti sistemi da un punto di vista teorico e sperimentale. I sensori a tempo di volo vengono descritti nel Capitolo 2, mentre i sistemi stereo nel Capitolo 3. In particolare viene introdotto un nuovo modello che descrive formalmente il processo di acquisizione dei sensori a tempo di volo. Nel Capitolo 4 viene descritta una metodologia per confrontare i due diversi sistemi. Da questa analisi emerge chiaramente la complementarità dei due sistemi. Questo permette di intuire come una fusione dei loro dati renda possibile un miglioramento della stima geometrica. Nel Capitolo 5 viene descritto un metodo che consente di fondere i dati del sistema stereo e del sensore a tempo di volo. Nel Capitolo 6 viene sviluppato un metodo per sfruttare l’informazione sul colore e sulla geometria di una scena per risolvere il classico problema di segmentazione della scena
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Dallacker-Losensky, Kevin. "Identifizierung von obligaten Anaerobiern der Bacteroides fragilis Gruppe einschließlich Metronidazol-resistenter und Enterotoxin-positiver Stämme mittels MALDI-TOF MS." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-206555.
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Die klassische Identifizierung von obligat anaeroben Bakterien ist mit einem hohen Labor- und Zeitaufwand verbunden. Um festzustellen, ob die Identifizierung mittels Matrix-unterstützter Laser-Desorption/Ionisation und Massenspektrometrie mit Flugzeitanalysator (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF MS) ein Verfahren ist, um obligate Anaerobier eindeutig zu identifizieren, wurde mit der vorliegenden Arbeit die Identifizierung von unterschiedlichen Spezies der B. fragilis Gruppe mittels MALDI-TOF MS untersucht.
Hierfür wurden 105 obligate Anaerobier der B. fragilis Gruppe aus der Stammsammlung des Institutes für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektionsepidemiologie der Universität Leipzig untersucht. Es fanden sich für die untersuchten Erreger Spektren mit sehr guter Auflösung. Eine Identifizierung und Differenzierung war eindeutig möglich. Unter Verwendung dieser Daten wurde eine Referenzdatenbank erstellt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden mittels einer verblindeten Studie überprüft, wobei 52 von 53 (98,1%) der untersuchten Stämme eindeutig identifiziert werden konnten. Dies schließt ebenfalls die Identifizierung und Differenzierung von 15 Metronidazol-sensiblen/ Enterotoxin-negativen, 8 Metronidazol-resistenten/ Enterotoxin-negativen und 8 Metronidazol-sensiblen/ Enterotoxin-positiven B. fragilis Stämmen ein.
Die Identifizierung mittels MALDI-TOF MS ist somit eine zuverlässige Methode zur Identifizierung von obligaten Anaerobiern der B. fragilis Gruppe. Weiterhin finden sich Hinweise, dass ein Nachweis von Resistenz-, Virulenz- und Pathogenitätsfaktoren mittels MALDI-TOF MS bei diesen Erregern möglich ist.
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Joo, Woojeong. "The flavour of tofu : Ozu, history and the representation of the everyday." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49454/.
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This thesis deals with the issue of the everyday represented in the films of Japanese film director Ozu Yasujiro (1903-1963) from a socio-historical perspective. Recognised as one of the masters of Japanese cinema, Ozu is well-known for his depiction of the everyday life of Japanese people consistently throughout his long career. Ozu’s cinema, however, has been mainly studied from a formal point of view that pays attention to his particular cinematic styles. This thesis aims to revise this tendency by adopting the socio-historical methodology that actively draws upon the knowledge of modern Japanese history, and combining it with the analyses of Ozu’s films. Following a chronological order of the prewar, war and the postwar in Japanese history as well as in Ozu’s career, this thesis is structured to investigate two main issues – the modern and the postwar – at both textual and contextual levels. My discussion thus includes historical backgrounds of how these two issues defined Japanese society, their influences on Japanese film industry (especially with regard to Shochiku, where Ozu worked), and their interaction with Ozu’s films as appearing in the form of everyday lives of different kinds of subjects. The result suggests a much more multifaceted shape of Ozu’s oeuvre. Each of the different subjects I analyse exhibits contrasting aspects of the everyday in terms of both spatiality and temporality, which are closely related to the changing history of modern Japan. I also argue that Ozu consistently provided his representation of the everyday a critical dimension of Japanese modernity, which I conceptualise with the notion of ‘deviation’. This thesis thus concludes that Ozu, as a filmmaker of everyday life, was always conscious of his contemporary society, and in this sense, the everyday in his films is more dynamic than empty.
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Souza, Ricson Rocha de. "Dimensionamento de defeitos em blocos de aço carbono através da técnica TOFD." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16200.
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A possibilidade da utilização de sistemas eficientes para inspeção tem despertado o interesse da indústria. Isto porque descontinuidades com diferentes geometrias e orientações podem surgir em um componente durante sua fabricação ou durante seu funcionamento, podendo ocasionar uma falha catastrófica no material, gerando prejuízos à empresa. Métodos tradicionais como o ensaio radiográfico e o ensaio manual por ultra-som não garantem uma inspeção totalmente confiável, devido a suas limitações, principalmente, na monitoração e no dimensionamento destes defeitos. Assim, este trabalho apresenta a técnica TOFD como uma ferramenta eficiente na determinação da profundidade de refletores artificiais usinados em blocos de aço SAE 1022. Visando o desenvolvimento de metodologias que facilitem a compreensão da técnica, este trabalho serve de referência para aplicações mais avançadas, como por exemplo, o monitoramento do crescimento de trincas em serviço e a inspeção de materiais soldados. Quatro corpos de provas com espessuras de, aproximadamente, 25mm, apresentando diferentes geometrias e profundidades de entalhes, foram confeccionados. Fatores como o ângulo da sapata, freqüência e separação dos cabeçotes são determinantes para se alcançar a variação ideal para cada tipo de defeito. Os resultados mostram que tanto para defeitos aflorando na superfície de varredura quanto para defeitos aflorando na superfície oposta, o dimensionamento pode ser bem preciso, se a variação adequada para cada caso for selecionada. Além disso, para a análise de defeitos esféricos internos, é possível obter um erro experimental dentro do tolerável para todas as profundidades dimensionadas.<br>The possibility of the use of efficient systems for inspection has attracted the interest of industry. This is because discontinuities with different geometries and orientations may arise in a component during its manufacture or in service and may cause a catastrophic failure in the material, generating damage to the company. Traditionals methods as radiographic test and ultrasound manual test does not guarantee an inspection totally reliable, because of theirs limitations, mainly, in the monitoring and in the sizing of this defects. Then, this work to present TOFD technique as an efficient tool to determine the height of artificials reflectors machined in samples of SAE 1022 steel. To develop methodologies to facilitate the understanding of the technique, this work serves as a reference for more advanced applications, for example, the monitoring of cracks growth in service and the inspection of welded materials. Four samples with thickness around 25mm, having different notches geometries and heights were made. Factors as shoe angle, frequency and probe separation are determinants to reach ideal variation for each defect type. Results show that as for notches breaking in the surface inspected as for notches breaking in the inside surface, opposite the scanned surface, sizing can be precise, if the correct variation was chosen. Besides, for spherical defects inside the material it is possible to obtain an experimental error tolerable for all heights sized.
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Seyer, Alexandre. "Imagerie par spectrométrie de masse : développements méthodologiques et applications biologiques." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0028/document.
Full textAbstract:
Mon travail de thèse a consisté à poursuivre le développement de l’Imagerie par Spectrométrie de Masse (IMS), à la fois sur le plan méthodologique mais aussi à travers des applications biologiques.Dans une première partie est exposé le développement d’une méthode de préparation des échantillons de très petite taille pour l’imagerie chimique, et plus particulièrement pour l’imagerie TOF-SIMS. Cette méthode a pu être validée en étudiant des molécules de la famille des flavonoïdes dans différents types de graines d’Arabidopsis thaliana ne mesurant que 400 nm de diamètre. La seconde partie, dédiée aux applications biologiques, est divisée en deux sections. La première section regroupe deux sujets où il était question de détecter et de localiser, à l’aide de l’imagerie TOF-SIMS, la molécule active d’une crème anti-acné dans des coupes de peaux de cadavre humain, ainsi qu’un retardateur de flamme bromé, le décabromodiphényl éther, dans ses tissus cibles chez le rat. Dans la seconde section, nous avons étudié, en imagerie TOF-SIMS et MALDI-TOF, l’absorption des lipides durant la digestion et enfin, avec l’aide d’outils d’analyse statistiques, nous avons comparé les profils lipidiques d’échantillons sains et atteins de la mucoviscidose chez un animal modèle de la maladie.À travers ces différents projets, nous avons pu conclure que les imageries par spectrométrie de masse TOF-SIMS et MALDI-TOF sont deux techniques complémentaires et qui, combinées à l’analyse statistique, peuvent être de puissants outils<br>My PhD’s work consisted in continuing the development of Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) methods, in terms of methodology improvements but also through biological applications.The first part concerned the development of a novel sample preparation method dedicated to very small objects for chemical imaging, particularly for TOF-SIMS imaging. This method has been validated by studying different types of flavonoids in from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, with a size of 400 nm only. The second part, dedicated to biological applications, is divided into two sections. The first section includes two projects where the goals was to detect and locate, using TOF-SIMS imaging, the active molecule of an anti-acne cream in human skin sections, and a brominated flame retardant, the decabromodiphenyl ether, in target tissues in rats. In the second section, we have studied by MALDI-TOF and TOF-SIMS imaging the lipid absorption during the digestion, and finally, with the help of statistical analysis tools, we compared lipid profiles of healthy samples versus those from cystic fibrosis samples in a model animal of the disease.Through these projects, we have concluded that MALDI-TOF and TOF-SIMS imaging are two complementary techniques, and, when they are combined with statistical analysis, they can be powerful tools
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Brown, Sabrina L. "The effect of environment on seed composition of tofu and natto soybean cultivars." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4509.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Sandonato, Beatriz Brabetz [UNESP]. "Peptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos: MALDI-TOF como uma ferramenta analítica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123921.
Full textAbstract:
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000832493.pdf: 1769807 bytes, checksum: e6c5bb7d9bcec2a173427a67060a8dce (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>As cianobactérias são bactérias fotossintetizantes que podem ser encontradas nos mais variados ambientes. Algumas espécies de cianobactérias produzem toxinas denominadas cianotoxinas. As cianotoxinas denominadas microcistinas (MCs) são heptapeptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos produzidas durante florações de cianobactérias. Sua detecção e quantificação em mananciais são de grande importância devido aos danos a saúde humana que essas microcistinas podem causar. Atualmente, a técnica MALDI-TOF-MS tem se mostrado uma eficiente ferramenta para a análise de microcistinas, e recentes estudos tem reportado seu uso na quantificação destas. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi a avaliação de diferentes matrizes e diferentes métodos de preparo de amostra para MALDI-MS visando a detecção e quantificação das microcistinas. Com a finalidade de alcançar o melhor método de quantificação das microcistinas, nove matrizes para MALDI, onze métodos de preparo de amostra mais um método que foi adaptado por nosso grupo de pesquisa, o método Vacuum drying adaptado, e dois padrões comerciais de microcistinas, MC-LR e MC-RR, foram utilizados. A avaliação dos métodos de preparo de amostra foi realizada utilizando como matriz o ácido α-ciano-4-hidroxicinâmico (HCCA) e o peptídeo angiotensina I como padrão interno. Os métodos foram avaliados com relação aos seus coeficientes de variação (CV), suas cristalizações e espectros obtidos, utilizando a MC-RR como amostra. O método Vacuum drying adaptado apresentou os melhores resultados e sua curva analítica foi construída utilizando ambas as variantes de microcistinas. O limite de detecção (MLD) e o limite de quantificação (LDQ) também foram calculados. Cada curva da variante de microcistina apresentou excelente linearidade e os valores de r variaram entre 0,98-99, demonstrando que o método é adequado para a quantificação destas. Após as análises dos...<br>Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that can be found in diverse environments. Some species of cyanobacteria produce toxins denominated cyanotoxins. The cyanotoxins called microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced during cyanobacterial blooms. Its detection and quantification in springs are of great importance due to damage to human health that these microcystins can cause. Currently, MALDI-TOF-MS technique has been shown to be an efficient tool for the analysis of microcystins, and recent studies have reported its use in the quantification of these. On the exposed, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the different matrices and different methods of sample preparation for MALDI-MS aimed at the detection and quantification of microcystins. With the aim of achieving the best method of quantification of microcystins nine matrices for MALDI eleven methods of sample preparation over a method that was adapted by our research group, the adapted vacuum drying method, and two commercial standards of microcystins, MC-LR, and MC-RR, are used. The evaluation methods of sample preparation was performed using as matrix the α- cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and the angiotensin I as internal standard. The methods were evaluated with respect to their coefficients of variation (CV), their crystallization and spectra obtained using the MC-RR as a sample. The adapted vacuum drying method showed the best results and their analytical curve was constructed using both variants of microcystins. The limit of detection (MDL) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were also calculated. Each curve variant of microcystin showed excellent linearity and r values ranged from 0.98 to 99, showing that the method is suitable for quantifying these. After analysis of the methods of sample preparation, the nine matrices were evaluated with respect to CV, crystallization and spectra, using the MC-RR as a sample. The best results were obtained...<br>FAPESP: 2012/03663-8
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uk, siricordcc@yahoo co, and Cornelia Charito Siricord. "Detection of Phytophthora species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070717.125452.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora diseases have caused worldwide economic, social and environmental
impacts for decades. Once their presence is confirmed, they are difficult to eradicate. To
reduce and manage the damage inflicted by the pathogen, fast and reliable disease
management protocols are required. Tests that enable the rapid and reliable
identification of the pathogen assist greatly in disease management.
Phytophthora species are traditionally not only detected by baiting but also by plating of
symptomatic tissue on selective media. Species can be identified by the characteristics
of the mycelium growing out of the bait. However, the method is low throughput,
labour intensive, and prone to false negatives. An alternative approach would be to
detect the pathogen by the presence of its DNA. This involves amplification of the
pathogen DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and detection of the
amplification product. Detection is usually by agarose gel electrophoresis. However,
this is also a labour intensive process involving pouring, loading, running, and staining
of the gels. The aim of this thesis is to explore the use of Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption/ Ionisation Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for detection
of PCR products. This procedure enables the analysis of large numbers of samples
within a very short time-frame as the average time for analysis of each sample is in the
order of milliseconds.
The assay involves annealing an extension (genotyping) primer to the PCR product and
its extension by a single nucleotide. The nature of the nucleotide added differentiates
species as does the site to which the primer anneals. Multiple extension (genotyping)
primers can be used together in a single reaction for detection of multiple species. In
this project four genotyping primers (GPs) were designed from the ITS regions of
Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola, and
Phytophthora cambivora.
The extension primers were tested for their specificity on the DNA of the target species.
The four primers designed were specific for their intended targets except for GPpalm3
which in addition to being extended by ddT when tested with DNA from P. palmivora,
was also extended by ddC when tested with DNA from other species of Phytophthora
or Pythium.
These primers were also tested for their ability to detect multiple Phytophthora species
in a single reaction (multiplexing). Mixtures of primers were added to mixed DNA
templates and the primer extension reaction carried out. The primers were designed so
that their masses were sufficiently different for them to be identified from a mixture.
Six replicates were analysed for each reaction. In general only about 1-3 of the six
replicates gave a positive reaction. This indicates that there may be some interference
between primers, or that the presence of all four nucleotides interfered with the primer
extension reaction. Increasing either the amount of enzyme, the amount of nucleotides
or both did not improve the results.
The sensitivity of detection was tested by the addition of different amounts of mycelium
to soil. The detection sensitivity depended on the primer pair used for PCR
amplification. The ITS1/2 primer pair was more sensitive than the ITS1/4 pair. The
limit of detection was 1 ìg mycelium g soil-1. However using nested PCR, levels of
sensitivity comparable to those obtained using the ITS1/2 primer pair could be
achieved. Primers to other regions of the genome such as the beta cinnamomin elicitin
gene gave very low levels of sensitivity compared to the ITS primers.
In comparison with DNA detection we found that the limit of detection using baiting
was 4 ìg mycelium g soil-1. Results below this limit were unreliable. The method
suffered from the additional disadvantage that it took a long time in comparison to DNA
detection.
DNA detection methods do not distinguish between living and dead organisms in the
soil. However it can be hypothesised that DNA is unlikely to persist for any significant
length of time in soil. To test this, we added plasmid DNA to soil and tested the
persistence of this DNA using a variety of methods such as precipitation of labelled
DNA, southern blotting and PCR amplification. It was found that in general, in soils
from different ecosystems, the bulk of the DNA was undetectable after 24 hours. The
rate of DNA breakdown differed with the soil type. In some soils, the added DNA was
not detected even after 2 hours, whereas in others it could be observed after 10 hours.
The detection depended on the method. Southern blotting showed that although DNA
could be observed at 10 hours, by 24 hours it was completely degraded. In contrast a
PCR product could be obtained from the soil extracts up to 24 hours. In a separate
experiment, plasmid DNA was detectable over a 24 hour incubation period in 5 soil
samples from 5 different sites. The results suggest that DNA is degraded rapidly in soil
and is unlikely to persist longer than 24 hours.
The results in this thesis demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS is a suitable alternative to
agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of PCR products. The technique is rapid,
differentiates species from mixtures, is high-throughput and amenable to automation.
Implementation will require further research to automate the primer extension assay to
reduce the sensitivity to impurities in the DNA and to design parameters for sampling
asymptomatic material.
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Bertilsson, Sarah. "Glycanmapping of glycoproteins with UPLC-FLR-MALDI/TOF-MS." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analytisk kemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-228040.
Full text
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Wyatt, Mark Francis. "Analysis of acrylic polymers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3962/.
Full textAbstract:
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) homopolymers synthesised using 'classical' anionic methods and subsequently studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) are discussed. Specifically, the attempts at different end-group functionalisation reactions, their varying degrees of success, and the characterisation of these functionalized polymers via MALDI are reported. Extra peaks were observed in the spectra of samples containing a tertiary amine end-group. A mechanism for the in situ elimination of H(_2)(g) involving these end-groups, which would fit the observations, is proposed. Two alternative, 'non-classical' routes to the desired materials were investigated, as difficulties in successfully performing capping reactions to give end functionalised PMMA were noted. The first method was a variation of standard anionic polymerisation that involved the use of lithium silanolates, which could be performed at a higher temperature than normal. The second was a controlled free-radical technique known as Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT). A lack of control of the polymerisation to the desired degree was observed with the former method. A well-defined RAFT sample was observed to undergo in situ eliminadon also, for which a mechanism involving the dithioester end-group is proposed, and which is supported by MALDI-collision induced dissociation (CID) evidence. The synthesis of block copolymers of various compositions of MMA with r-butyl methacrylate (t-BMA) and hexyl methacrylate (HMA), along with their homopolymers, and their subsequent characterisation is reported. PHMA was analysed easily, in contrast to Pt-BMA. Only copolymers with a high PMMA content were analysed successfully and this has been rationalised in terms of the factors that affect cationisation. The characterisation of equimolar blends of various end-functionalised PMMA samples is reported also. Samples that favour the binding of a metal ion over protonation appear to have a higher ion yield. Once more, these observations are rationalised in terms of the factors that affect cationisation.
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ANDRADE, JORGE MARCIAL AGUERO. "METROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SUNSCREENS BY LDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35485@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Diversos trabalhos de pesquisa constatam as evidentes correlações entre a exposição excessiva à radiação solar e a incidência de câncer de pele, de catarata e de envelhecimento precoce da pele. O mercado de cosméticos destinados à proteção solar encontra-se em franca expansão; diversos países adotam legislações específicas para esses produtos. No Brasil eles são regulados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Porém, não existem métodos oficiais de análise química para determinar filtros solares em cosméticos. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvido um procedimento de análise
qualitativa de cosméticos comerciais com filtros solares por espectrometria de massa LDI-TOF (Laser Desorption Ionization - Time-of-Flight). A técnica LDI utiliza um feixe de luz laser monocromático, Lambda = 337nm, como sonda para excitar, dessorver e ionizar o analito. Embora o espectro da radiação solar seja contínuo, o comprimento de onda utilizado em LDI se situa bem próximo do valor médio da faixa de radiação que compreende UVA e UVB, o que torna a técnica LDI potencialmente apropriada para excitar moléculas das substâncias ativas similarmente aos raios solares. Por tais características, é razoável esperar que LDI seja seletiva para detectar filtros solar presentes nas composições dos cosméticos. Paralelamente, foi utilizada também a espectrometria de massa (252)Cf-PDMS (Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry), que utiliza os fragmentos de fissão do nuclídeo radioativo califórnio 252 no lugar do laser. Foram obtidos espectros de massa de íons positivos e negativos de 8 cosméticos comerciais por ambas as técnicas, bem como espectros PDMS das substâncias ativas permitidas pela ANVISA. As massas observadas nos espectros de massa LDI dos produtos selecionados foram comparadas com: i) as massas moleculares de todas as
substâncias ativas permitidas; ii) as massas observadas nos espectros PDMS das substâncias padrões permitidas e dos cosméticos comerciais; iii) as massas moleculares dos filtros solares indicados nos rótulos.
A seletividade da técnica LDI para identificar filtros solares em cosméticos foi demonstrada pelos espectros de massa de íons positivos e negativos das oito amostras analisadas.<br>Several studies of research note the obvious correlation between excessive exposure to sunlight, and the incidence of skin cancer, cataracts and premature aging of the skin. The market for cosmetics for sun protection is in the booming; various countries adopt laws specific to these products. In Brazil they are
regulated by the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). However, there are no official methods of chemical analysis to determine solar filters in cosmetics. In this work was developed a procedure for qualitative analysis of commercial cosmetics with solar filters by mass spectrometry LDI-TOF (Laser
Desorption Ionization - Time-of-Flight). LDI technique uses a beam of monochromatic laser light, Lambda = 337 nm, as a probe to excite, desorbs and ionize the analyte. Although the spectrum of solar radiation is continuous, the wavelength used in LDI is well on the average range of radiation that includes UVA and UVB, which makes technical LDI potentially suitable to excite molecules of active substances similarly to lightning Sun. For such characteristics, it is reasonable to expect that LDI be selective to detect solar
filters presents on cosmetics products. In parallel, was also used mass spectrometry (252)Cf-PDMS (Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry), which uses fragments of the fission of radioactive nuclide californium 252 instead of laser. Mass spectra were obtained from positive and negative ions, eight commercial cosmetics by both techniques, and PDMS spectra of active substances allowed by ANVISA. Masses observed on LDI mass spectra from selected products were compared with: i) molecular masses of all active substances allowed; ii) masses observed on PDMS mass spectra from standards allowed and commercial cosmetics; iii) molecular masses of sunscreens in its labels. The selectivity of the LDI technique to identify solar filters in cosmetics was demonstrated by mass spectra of positive and negative ions of the eight samples.
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Sandonato, Beatriz Brabetz. "Peptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos : MALDI-TOF como uma ferramenta analítica /." Rio Claro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123921.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Humberto Márcio Santos Milagre<br>Banca: Paulo José Samenho Moran<br>Banca: José Augusto Rosário Rodrigues<br>Resumo: As cianobactérias são bactérias fotossintetizantes que podem ser encontradas nos mais variados ambientes. Algumas espécies de cianobactérias produzem toxinas denominadas cianotoxinas. As cianotoxinas denominadas microcistinas (MCs) são heptapeptídeos cíclicos hepatotóxicos produzidas durante florações de cianobactérias. Sua detecção e quantificação em mananciais são de grande importância devido aos danos a saúde humana que essas microcistinas podem causar. Atualmente, a técnica MALDI-TOF-MS tem se mostrado uma eficiente ferramenta para a análise de microcistinas, e recentes estudos tem reportado seu uso na quantificação destas. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi a avaliação de diferentes matrizes e diferentes métodos de preparo de amostra para MALDI-MS visando a detecção e quantificação das microcistinas. Com a finalidade de alcançar o melhor método de quantificação das microcistinas, nove matrizes para MALDI, onze métodos de preparo de amostra mais um método que foi adaptado por nosso grupo de pesquisa, o método Vacuum drying adaptado, e dois padrões comerciais de microcistinas, MC-LR e MC-RR, foram utilizados. A avaliação dos métodos de preparo de amostra foi realizada utilizando como matriz o ácido α-ciano-4-hidroxicinâmico (HCCA) e o peptídeo angiotensina I como padrão interno. Os métodos foram avaliados com relação aos seus coeficientes de variação (CV), suas cristalizações e espectros obtidos, utilizando a MC-RR como amostra. O método Vacuum drying adaptado apresentou os melhores resultados e sua curva analítica foi construída utilizando ambas as variantes de microcistinas. O limite de detecção (MLD) e o limite de quantificação (LDQ) também foram calculados. Cada curva da variante de microcistina apresentou excelente linearidade e os valores de r variaram entre 0,98-99, demonstrando que o método é adequado para a quantificação destas. Após as análises dos...<br>Abstract: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that can be found in diverse environments. Some species of cyanobacteria produce toxins denominated cyanotoxins. The cyanotoxins called microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced during cyanobacterial blooms. Its detection and quantification in springs are of great importance due to damage to human health that these microcystins can cause. Currently, MALDI-TOF-MS technique has been shown to be an efficient tool for the analysis of microcystins, and recent studies have reported its use in the quantification of these. On the exposed, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the different matrices and different methods of sample preparation for MALDI-MS aimed at the detection and quantification of microcystins. With the aim of achieving the best method of quantification of microcystins nine matrices for MALDI eleven methods of sample preparation over a method that was adapted by our research group, the adapted vacuum drying method, and two commercial standards of microcystins, MC-LR, and MC-RR, are used. The evaluation methods of sample preparation was performed using as matrix the α- cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and the angiotensin I as internal standard. The methods were evaluated with respect to their coefficients of variation (CV), their crystallization and spectra obtained using the MC-RR as a sample. The adapted vacuum drying method showed the best results and their analytical curve was constructed using both variants of microcystins. The limit of detection (MDL) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were also calculated. Each curve variant of microcystin showed excellent linearity and r values ranged from 0.98 to 99, showing that the method is suitable for quantifying these. After analysis of the methods of sample preparation, the nine matrices were evaluated with respect to CV, crystallization and spectra, using the MC-RR as a sample. The best results were obtained...<br>Mestre
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Moore, Jimmy Daniel. "Computational approaches for the interpretation of ToF-SIMS data." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/computational-approaches-for-the-interpretation-of-tofsims-data(2b097f73-f9e8-4870-89d3-35a7ad14546f).html.
Full textAbstract:
High surface sensitivity and lateral resolution imaging make Time-of-Flight SecondaryIon Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) a unique and powerful tool for biologicalanalysis. Many of these biological systems, including drug-cell interactions, requireboth the identification and location of specific chemicals. ToF-SIMS, used in imagingmode, is making great strides towards the goal of single cell and tissue analysis. The experiments, however, result in huge volumes of data. Here advanced computationalapproaches employing sophisticated techniques to convert these data intoknowledge are introduced. This thesis aims to produce a framework for data analysis, integrating novel algorithms,image analysis and 3D visualisation. New schema outlined in this thesisaddress the issues of the immense size of 3D image stacks and the complexity containedwithin the enormous wealth of information in ToF-SIMS data. To deal with the issues of size and complexity of ToF-SIMS data, new techniquesto processing image data are investigated. Automated compression routines for ToF-SIMSimages using a peak picking routine tailored for ToF-SIMS are evaluated. Newuser friendly GUIs capable of processing and visualising very large image stacks areintroduced as part of a tool-kit designed to streamline the process of multivariateanalysis and image processing. Along with this two well known classification routines,namely AdaBoost and SVMs, are also applied to ToF-SIMS data of severalbacterial strains to test their ability to classify SIMS data accurately. This thesispresent several new approaches to data processing and interpretation of ToF-SIMSdata.
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Dempwolf, Wibke. "MALDI-TOF in der kontrollierten radikalischen Polymerisation und Präpolymeranalyse." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Papierflieger, 2007. http://d-nb.info/990376834/04.
Full text
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Rapp, Holger. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of correlating TOF-Camera systems." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-opus-76664.
Full text
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Schürch, Stefan. "Analytik biologischer und synthetischer Polymere mittels MALDI-TOF Massenspektrometrie /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Siricord, Cornelia Charito. "Detection of Phytophthora species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Thesis, Siricord, Cornelia Charito (2005) Detection of Phytophthora species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/314/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora diseases have caused worldwide economic, social and environmental impacts for decades. Once their presence is confirmed, they are difficult to eradicate. To reduce and manage the damage inflicted by the pathogen, fast and reliable disease management protocols are required. Tests that enable the rapid and reliable identification of the pathogen assist greatly in disease management.
Phytophthora species are traditionally not only detected by baiting but also by plating of symptomatic tissue on selective media. Species can be identified by the characteristics of the mycelium growing out of the bait. However, the method is low throughput, labour intensive, and prone to false negatives. An alternative approach would be to detect the pathogen by the presence of its DNA. This involves amplification of the pathogen DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and detection of the amplification product. Detection is usually by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, this is also a labour intensive process involving pouring, loading, running, and staining of the gels. The aim of this thesis is to explore the use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionisation Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for detection of PCR products. This procedure enables the analysis of large numbers of samples within a very short time-frame as the average time for analysis of each sample is in the order of milliseconds.
The assay involves annealing an extension (genotyping) primer to the PCR product and its extension by a single nucleotide. The nature of the nucleotide added differentiates species as does the site to which the primer anneals. Multiple extension (genotyping) primers can be used together in a single reaction for detection of multiple species. In this project four genotyping primers (GPs) were designed from the ITS regions of Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola, and Phytophthora cambivora.
The extension primers were tested for their specificity on the DNA of the target species. The four primers designed were specific for their intended targets except for GPpalm3 which in addition to being extended by ddT when tested with DNA from P. palmivora, was also extended by ddC when tested with DNA from other species of Phytophthora or Pythium.
These primers were also tested for their ability to detect multiple Phytophthora species in a single reaction (multiplexing). Mixtures of primers were added to mixed DNA templates and the primer extension reaction carried out. The primers were designed so that their masses were sufficiently different for them to be identified from a mixture. Six replicates were analysed for each reaction. In general only about 1-3 of the six replicates gave a positive reaction. This indicates that there may be some interference between primers, or that the presence of all four nucleotides interfered with the primer extension reaction. Increasing either the amount of enzyme, the amount of nucleotides or both did not improve the results.
The sensitivity of detection was tested by the addition of different amounts of mycelium to soil. The detection sensitivity depended on the primer pair used for PCR amplification. The ITS1/2 primer pair was more sensitive than the ITS1/4 pair. The limit of detection was 1 mcg mycelium g soil-1. However using nested PCR, levels of sensitivity comparable to those obtained using the ITS1/2 primer pair could be achieved. Primers to other regions of the genome such as the beta cinnamomin elicitin gene gave very low levels of sensitivity compared to the ITS primers.
In comparison with DNA detection we found that the limit of detection using baiting was 4 mcg mycelium g soil-1. Results below this limit were unreliable. The method suffered from the additional disadvantage that it took a long time in comparison to DNA detection.
DNA detection methods do not distinguish between living and dead organisms in the soil. However it can be hypothesised that DNA is unlikely to persist for any significant length of time in soil. To test this, we added plasmid DNA to soil and tested the persistence of this DNA using a variety of methods such as precipitation of labelled DNA, southern blotting and PCR amplification. It was found that in general, in soils from different ecosystems, the bulk of the DNA was undetectable after 24 hours. The rate of DNA breakdown differed with the soil type. In some soils, the added DNA was not detected even after 2 hours, whereas in others it could be observed after 10 hours. The detection depended on the method. Southern blotting showed that although DNA could be observed at 10 hours, by 24 hours it was completely degraded. In contrast a PCR product could be obtained from the soil extracts up to 24 hours. In a separate experiment, plasmid DNA was detectable over a 24 hour incubation period in 5 soil samples from 5 different sites. The results suggest that DNA is degraded rapidly in soil and is unlikely to persist longer than 24 hours.
The results in this thesis demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS is a suitable alternative to agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of PCR products. The technique is rapid, differentiates species from mixtures, is high-throughput and amenable to automation. Implementation will require further research to automate the primer extension assay to reduce the sensitivity to impurities in the DNA and to design parameters for sampling asymptomatic material.
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Siricord, Cornelia Charito. "Detection of Phytophthora species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Siricord, Cornelia Charito (2005) Detection of Phytophthora species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/314/.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora diseases have caused worldwide economic, social and environmental impacts for decades. Once their presence is confirmed, they are difficult to eradicate. To reduce and manage the damage inflicted by the pathogen, fast and reliable disease management protocols are required. Tests that enable the rapid and reliable identification of the pathogen assist greatly in disease management.
Phytophthora species are traditionally not only detected by baiting but also by plating of symptomatic tissue on selective media. Species can be identified by the characteristics of the mycelium growing out of the bait. However, the method is low throughput, labour intensive, and prone to false negatives. An alternative approach would be to detect the pathogen by the presence of its DNA. This involves amplification of the pathogen DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and detection of the amplification product. Detection is usually by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, this is also a labour intensive process involving pouring, loading, running, and staining of the gels. The aim of this thesis is to explore the use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionisation Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for detection of PCR products. This procedure enables the analysis of large numbers of samples within a very short time-frame as the average time for analysis of each sample is in the order of milliseconds.
The assay involves annealing an extension (genotyping) primer to the PCR product and its extension by a single nucleotide. The nature of the nucleotide added differentiates species as does the site to which the primer anneals. Multiple extension (genotyping) primers can be used together in a single reaction for detection of multiple species. In this project four genotyping primers (GPs) were designed from the ITS regions of Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola, and Phytophthora cambivora.
The extension primers were tested for their specificity on the DNA of the target species. The four primers designed were specific for their intended targets except for GPpalm3 which in addition to being extended by ddT when tested with DNA from P. palmivora, was also extended by ddC when tested with DNA from other species of Phytophthora or Pythium.
These primers were also tested for their ability to detect multiple Phytophthora species in a single reaction (multiplexing). Mixtures of primers were added to mixed DNA templates and the primer extension reaction carried out. The primers were designed so that their masses were sufficiently different for them to be identified from a mixture. Six replicates were analysed for each reaction. In general only about 1-3 of the six replicates gave a positive reaction. This indicates that there may be some interference between primers, or that the presence of all four nucleotides interfered with the primer extension reaction. Increasing either the amount of enzyme, the amount of nucleotides or both did not improve the results.
The sensitivity of detection was tested by the addition of different amounts of mycelium to soil. The detection sensitivity depended on the primer pair used for PCR amplification. The ITS1/2 primer pair was more sensitive than the ITS1/4 pair. The limit of detection was 1 mcg mycelium g soil-1. However using nested PCR, levels of sensitivity comparable to those obtained using the ITS1/2 primer pair could be achieved. Primers to other regions of the genome such as the beta cinnamomin elicitin gene gave very low levels of sensitivity compared to the ITS primers.
In comparison with DNA detection we found that the limit of detection using baiting was 4 mcg mycelium g soil-1. Results below this limit were unreliable. The method suffered from the additional disadvantage that it took a long time in comparison to DNA detection.
DNA detection methods do not distinguish between living and dead organisms in the soil. However it can be hypothesised that DNA is unlikely to persist for any significant length of time in soil. To test this, we added plasmid DNA to soil and tested the persistence of this DNA using a variety of methods such as precipitation of labelled DNA, southern blotting and PCR amplification. It was found that in general, in soils from different ecosystems, the bulk of the DNA was undetectable after 24 hours. The rate of DNA breakdown differed with the soil type. In some soils, the added DNA was not detected even after 2 hours, whereas in others it could be observed after 10 hours. The detection depended on the method. Southern blotting showed that although DNA could be observed at 10 hours, by 24 hours it was completely degraded. In contrast a PCR product could be obtained from the soil extracts up to 24 hours. In a separate experiment, plasmid DNA was detectable over a 24 hour incubation period in 5 soil samples from 5 different sites. The results suggest that DNA is degraded rapidly in soil and is unlikely to persist longer than 24 hours.
The results in this thesis demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS is a suitable alternative to agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of PCR products. The technique is rapid, differentiates species from mixtures, is high-throughput and amenable to automation. Implementation will require further research to automate the primer extension assay to reduce the sensitivity to impurities in the DNA and to design parameters for sampling asymptomatic material.
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Borsani, M. "BIOINFORMATICS APPROACHES TO MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA ANALYSIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/221050.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the increasing performance of Mass spectrometry (MS) and others analytical tools, only few biomarkers have been validated and proved to be robust and clinically relevant; indeed a large numbers of proteomic biomarkers have been described, but they are not yet clinical implemented [1]. MALDI-TOF MS seems one of the more powerful tool for biomarkers discovery [2, 3], and shows interesting clinical properties, for instance the possibility to directly search in peripheral fuids for proteins related to an altered physiological state: samples (urine, plasma, serum, etc.) can be collected easily and cheaply by non-invasive, or very low-invasive, methods [4]. The combination of some biomarkers is actually considered more informative than a single biomarker [5, 6], and the improvement in the bioinformatics analysis of MS data could probably help this investigation, decreasing costs and time necessary for each discovery [7].
It is possible to approach the problems related to the analysis of (MALDI-TOF) MS data in two ways, either trying to increase the number of available samples or by reducing the complexity of the problem [8]: in the first case, we developed an approach to compare small datasets from different sources (i.e. hospitals), based on mutual information and mass spectra alignment, that showed significant performance increase compare to the competing ones tested.
In the latter case, we developed novel methods and approaches to compare MALDI-TOF MS profiles of normal and Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) patients, with the goal of isolating the more interesting subset of small proteins and peptides from the whole analysed peptidome. MS-based profiling is in fact able to detect differently expressed proteins or peptides during physiological and pathological processes. Every MALDI-TOF MS spectrum, that reports the relative abundance of sample analytes, could be considered as a snapshot of samples peptidome in a definite mass range. The relationship between mass/charge ratio, or m/z, and concentration of detected peptides can be represented by networks. Tumor case and control subjects show different peptidome profiles, due to differences in biomolecular and/or biochemical features of cancer cells: they will show some changes in the networks that describe them. We use graphs to create networks representation of data and to evaluate networks properties. We explore the networks properties comparing cases versus controls datasets, and subdividing cases in the different histological subtypes of RCC, clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and not-ccRCC, using different methods both for networks creation and analysis, and for results evaluation. We identify, for each datasets (controls, ccRCC and not-ccRCC) some interesting mass ranges within which we believe biomarkers signals should be searched.
In conclusion, we have developed a set of methods which we believe improve the current computational approaches for the analysis of mass spectrometry data. These results have been published or presented at workshops and conferences.
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Vanbellingen, Quentin. "Imagerie de substances naturelles par spectrométrie de masse." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS172/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a été consacrée à l’amélioration de méthodes en imagerie par spectrométrie de masse, et à leur utilisation pour l’analyse in situ de substances naturelles. Une première partie a été consacrée à développer une nouvelle méthode permettant d’acquérir en imagerie TOF-SIMS des images avec une résolution de 400 nm tout en préservant la résolution en masse. Pour cela, une extraction retardée des ions secondaires a été caractérisée et optimisée. Une seconde partie a eu pour objectif d’étudier le phénomène de duraminisation d’un arbre tropical de l’espèce Dicorynia guianensis, qui est l’un des plus exploités en Guyane française et dont le duramen est réputé être imputrescible. Les images par spectrométrie de masse TOF-SIMS enregistrées avec la méthode développée ont montré à l’échelle sub-micrométrique les changements métaboliques s’opérant autour de la zone de transition, où s’opère la duraminisation. Les techniques TOF-SIMS et MALDI-TOF ont ensuite été utilisées pour l’analyse d’une surface sur laquelle ont crû deux souches microbiennes en compétition. Les deux souches ont été extraites d’un if japonais (Cephalotaxus harringtonia), l’une étant un champignon endophyte (Paraconiothyrium variabile) et l’autre une bactérie pathogène à ce conifère (Bacillus subtilis). Les résultats ont montré que le champignon était capable d’hydrolyser les surfactines produites par la bactérie. Enfin, les imageries par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF et TOF-SIMS sont deux méthodes de choix pour l’étude de modèle in vitro de ce qui pourrait se produire in vivo<br>This thesis was devoted to the improvement of mass spectrometry imaging methods, and to their use for in situ analysis of natural substances. The first part of this thesis has been dedicated to the development of a new acquisition mode in TOF-SIMS imaging able to acquire images with a high spatial resolution of 400 nm while keeping a good mass resolution. For that, a delayed extraction of the secondary ions has been characterized and optimized. Then, a second part has been dedicated to the study of heartwood production in a tropical species named Dicorynia guianensis. This species is one of the most exploited in French Guiana for its heartwood which exhibits a good durability. Metabolic changes are shown by sub-micrometric resolution ion images recorded in and around the transition zone, where the heartwood formation occurs. Then, TOF-SIMS and MALDI-TOF have both been used to analyse the surface of a bacterial competition. Species have been isolated from a Japanese conifer (Cephalotaxus harringtonia), from which the stains are an endophitic fungi (Paraconiothyrium variabile) and a pathogenic bacteria of the conifer (Bacillus subtilis). The results have shown that the fungus is able to hydrolyze surfactines produced by the bacteria during the competition. Furthermore, both the MALDI-TOF and the TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging are methods of choice to study in vitro models of what could happen in vivo
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Aiello, Donatella, Anna Napoli, Giovanni Sindona, and Bartolo Gabriele. "Protein characterization from natural matrices by maldi tof-tof." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/443.
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LI, RUI-LING, and 李瑞玲. "Studies on the egg tofu manufacturing." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22861913947347486145.
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Tu, Jo-Han, and 屠若涵. "Consumption frequency of stinky tofu and urine isoflavone kinetic analysis after a single ingestion of stinky tofu." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29632740413246057255.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>人類發展與家庭學系<br>100<br>This research analyzed isoflavones content in stinky tofu from night markets in Taipei and Taichung, consumption frequency of stinky tofu by hobbyists, and urinary pharmacokinetics of isoflavones following a single ingestion of stinky tofu by equol producers and non-producers.
We collected 143 stinky tofu samples from 122 vendors and analyzed the isoflavones content by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The results showed that the average contents in every 100 g of stinky tofu were 9.32 mg of daidzein (including glycosides 3.81 mg and aglycon 5.51 mg), 12.81 mg of genistein (including glycosides 6.31 mg and aglycon 6.50 mg), 1.27 mg of glycitein (including glycosides 0.39 mg and aglycon 0.88 mg), 0.36 mg of dihydrodaidzein, 1.16 mg of equol, 0.01 mg of desmethylangolesin, and 0.55 mg of dihydrogenistein. The percentage of aglycone isoflavone is 49.7±27.2.
We also surveyed 274 respondents with habit of eating stinky tofu for their stinky tofu intake frequency. We found that 18.3% of the respondents take more than 1–2 times per week, 46.4% of them take 1–3 times per month, and 24.8% of them take 1–2 times per quarter. The average amount of each intake is 195.0± 79.6 g.
We recruited 74 stinky tofu hobbyists within 20–30 years old and analyzed their equol content in urine after challenging soy isoflavone for 3 days, that were identified 52 of them (70.3%) are equol producers and 22 of them (29.7%) are equol non-producers. We selected 20 equol producers and 18 equol non-producers, collect their urine in the 48 hours after one serving of stinky tofu (four 1-hour urine samples, four 2-hour urine samples and three 12-hour urine samples), and analyzed urinary isoflavone content. We found that daidzein, equol, genistein and glycitein were excreted within 0–1 hour, and it reached peak excretion rate after 3–4 hours. The excretion amount approached 0 after 36–48 hours. Dihydrodaidzein and desmethylangolesin started to be excreted 1–4 after serving stinky tofu, and it reached peak excresion rate in 10–12 hours. The difference of daidzein, equol and genistein excretion amount and rate between equol producers and non-producers appeared to be significant in 10–12 hours; the difference of dihydrodaidzein and desmethylangolesin appeared to be significant in 12–24 hours. That means, the metabolites of daidzein and genistein in stinky tofu appeared 10 hours after intaking. The excretion amount and rate difference of glycitein between equol producers and non-producers was insignificant within 0–48 hours. Recovery of urine isoflavones is 75.9 % of total daidzein, 67.4 % of equol, 41.8 % of total genistein and 65.3 % of total glycitein. The equol producers had similar amount of soy food intake, stinky tofu intake and defecation frequency as compared with the equol non-producers.
Our results show that the aglycone isoflavones content in stinky tofu are rich, especially containing equol. And the absorption rates are high for both equol producers and non-producers. Stinky tofu could serve as an equol source. It requires further research to justify if the proportion of equol producers is higher among young stinky tofu hobbyists.
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Chang, Ken-Mei, and 張艮媚. "Studies on Texture-Improving for Packed Tofu." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76333535330102532072.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>食品科學系碩士班<br>92<br>There are many defects in quality of packed tofu to be overcome, such as somewhat firm and non-uniform texture, high syneresis and weak soup-absorbing ability during cooking. The studies were conducted at two stages. First, to forge the texture of packed tofu from non-uniform to uniform state, and followed by experiment carried out to improve texture and soup-absorbing ability of packed tofu. At the first stage, 0.3 % ( w/w ) glucono-δ-lactone combined respectively with three concentrations, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 % ( w/w ) of magnesium chloride used to solve the problem of non-uniform texture of packed tofu. At the second stage, three processing factors, the amounts of sodium bicarbonate, baking powder and curdlan added, were used to constrain a central composite design with range of 0.1-0.4 %, 0-1.0 % and 0-2.0 % ( w/w ) respectively, to improve the texture and soup-absorbing ability of packed tofu. It was showed that, addition of magnesium chloride even at its minimal amount, 0.025 % ( w/w ), could solve completely problem of non-uniform texture. The soup-absrobing ability were more greatly influenced by sodium bicarbonate than by the other two processing factors, and the more sodium bicarbonate added, the greater the soup-absorbing ability was. It was also found that curdlan brought about a significant increase in hardness of packed tofu. Addition of sodium bicarbonate or baking powder, on the other hand, decreased hardness of packed tofu. The tofu with highest and lowest soup-absorbing ability, without addition of curdlan, showed high overall preference scores in sensory evaluation.
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Wu, Meng-Lung, and 巫孟蓉. "Preparation of tofu rich in active isoflavones." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87157584301726560559.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>食品科學系碩士班<br>91<br>Abstract
Isoflavones are novel functional ingredients of soybeans and other related bean products. With various processing conditions and degrees, the amount of isoflavone contained in soybean products also changes substantially. This thesis aimed at functional enhancement of tofu products, addressing the influences of different processing conditions on transformation of isoflavones by two aspects of small-amount and large-amount tofu preparation. Soybeans were soaked with water, steam-cooked, inoculated with the conidia of Aspergillus oryzae , incubated 3 days for koji , and pulverized for koji power preparation. The koji powers were mixed and extracted with water in various proportions to prepare crude koji enzyme extractives as the source of β-glucosidase. When making soymilk, the soybeans were soaked with water at ambient temperature for 8 hours, daidzein and genistein contents of soybeans increased remarkably after soaking while the amount of isoflavone glucosides of daidzin and genistin decreased. In addition, there was some isoflavones existing in the water where the soybeans were soaked in. This indicates that during the process of soaking, there was a small amount of isoflavone lost from the soybeans. When determining the activity of β-glucosidase within crude koji enzyme extractives through different extraction ratio (50%, 25%, 16.7%, 12.5% and 10%, w/w) at 30℃, increased remarkably with an increase of extraction ratio. Aliquots of 3kg soymilk were taken, supplemented with the crude koji enzyme extractive of the extraction ratio 25% at 35±1.5℃ and reacted for various periods of time (0, 30, 60, 120 and 300 min), and then were made into tofu. The experiment results indicated that the amount of daidzein and genistein contained in soymilk was greatest during the 120-min reaction time and was smallest when the reaction time was 0 min; and the amount of daidzin and genistin was greatest when the reaction time was 0 minute, and was smallest during the 120 min reaction time. The amount of daidzein and genistein contained in tofu was greatest during the 120 min reaction time and was smallest when the reaction time was 0 min. When the reaction time was was within less than 120 min, the yield of tofu was virtually the same (P>0.05); however, when the reaction time was up to 300 min, the yield of tofu decreased remarkably (P<0.05). In respect of quality evaluation, after being supplemented with crude koji enzyme extractives, the pH values and microbial populations of the soymilks was the same when the reaction times were in with 120 min; but when the reaction time was up to 300 min, the pH value went down strikingly and the microbial populations also increased substantially. To integrate all experiment results, it was obvious that tofu, which was made from soymilk kept under the temperature of 35±1.5℃, supplemented with crude koji enzyme extractive of extraction ratio 25% (0.33%), and reacted for 120 min, was of the highest yield, containing the highest amount of active isoflavones and rendering acceptable quality.
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Huang, Shih-Ching, and 黃詩晴. "Anaerobic Hydrogen Production from Tofu Processing Wastewater." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43292107849609322544.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>100<br>This study aims to investigate the bioenergy conversion efficiency of tofu processing wastewater using anaerobic fermentation technology. The experiments were conducted with two seed sludges (LM and CH), initial cultivation pH (4-8), temperatures (35℃ and 55℃) and substrate concentrations (10-40 g COD/L) in batch test to optimize the environmental factors for hydrogen production. Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) 6-24 hrs to investigate the continuous hydrogen production efficiency of tofu processing wastewater for its in situ use as energy source. .
The results indicate that peak hydrogen production yield and hydrogen production rate were 4.1 mmol/g CODadded and 3.78 L/L-d respectively at 35oC, pH 5.5 and tofu processing wastewater concentration of 20 g COD/L. Methane production was noted at pH 7.5-8.0 with a production yield of 7.8 mL CH4/g CODadd during the fermentation by CH sewage sludge. A peak total energy production yield of 7297 J/g COD was obtained at pH 7.5. The maximum hydrogen production rate, hydrogen production yield and energy production rate of 1.73 L/L-d, 9.7 mmol H2/g COD and 43.3 kJ/L-d respectively were obtained at HRT 8 hrs.
Total energy production yield of tofu processing wastewater was 1.08 × 104 MJ/yr which include 4.9 × 103 MJ/yr from biohydrogen production and 5.9 × 103 MJ/yr from ethanol production (assuming the amount of wastewater as 250 tons). The energy consumption while operation of pump and stirrer was 7000 MJ/yr leading to a total net energy of 3800 MJ/yr. This could support 3.5% of the daily energy demand of a tofu factory and it could save 5,000 NTD per year of electricity cost. Furthermore 6.65 tons CO2 e of carbon dioxide emission could be reduced by using the wastewater as energy source.
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Chang, Ya-Ju, and 張雅茹. "Optimization of processing conditions of paiyen tofu." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93657786625346457504.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>生活應用科學系<br>102<br>The new way of making paiyen tofu is using soy protein, modified starch, and seasonings as ingredient. And through high-speed mixing and steaming, the final product was obtained. The research investigates optimization of processing conditions of paiyen tofu. First, comparing the quality of commercial paiyen tofus. Second, finding the effect of different phosphates (sodium hexametaphosphate, poryrin F, sodium tripolyphosphate)was added to paiyen tofu. Finally, using response surface methodology for paiyen tofu to find out the effect at water content (241 ~ 343ml), oil content (31 ~ 113ml) and modified starch content (10 ~ 52g), then obtain the optimization of processing conditions.
The results show as below :
(1) The soft texture of paiyen tofu which has high acceptability .According to the result of sensory analysis and texture, it demonstrated the range high acceptability: hardness 201.1~495.3(g); fracturability 299.5~478.3; adhesiveness -1216.6~-398.1(g/sec); springiness 0.97 to 1.01; cohesiveness 0.43~ 0.56; gumminess 87.02~250.88; chewiness 85.88~251.0(g); resilience 0.03 ~ 0.05 (g).
(2) Different phosphates added effect viscosity of paiyen tofu paste, pH, and texture of product. In alkaline, viscosity of paiyen tofu paste become sticky and the product texture become harder. The texture of paiyen tofu hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness was rise after frezzing. springiness and resilience was decline. Added Sodium hexametaphosphate had soft texture.
(3) The response surface of before freezing showed that: while adding more water and oil, the number of paiyen tofu paste’s viscosity, and hardness and cohesiveness of product were smaller. Then more modified starch added made the adhesiveness rise. The response surface of after freezing demonstrated that the more water, oil and less modified starch made the hardness, gumminess and chewiness rise. However, the more water, less oil and fewer modified starch, the cohesiveness showed decreasing. And added more oil and modified starch, syneresis rate will increase.
(4) In the range: hardness <400g, syneresis rate <0.1%, chewiness <250g, can obtain the optimum process conditions of paiyen tofu was: water content at 292ml (X1 = 0), oil content at 72 ~ 92.5ml (X2 = 0 ~ 1), modified starch content at 26 ~ 36g (X3 = -0.5 ~ 0.5).