Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tofu – Composition'

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of key process parameters on the flow properties of a novel High Protein Dairy Food (HPDF). HPDF was manufactured by an approach similar to that of manufacture of Halloumi cheese (a semi hard cheese originally from Cyprus). The effect of pasteurization condition, pH of acidification and homogenization were investigated on flowability, composition and texture of the HPDF. The study consisted of three different stages. After each stage of experimentation, the HPDF was analyzed for compositional, textural (by texture profile analysis) and flow properties during heating by microwave, oven and hot water was measured by Schreiber melt test. The first stage of experimentation screened 18 batches of HPDF under three levels of pasteurization conditions (191°F/16 sec, 175°F/16 sec and 161°F/16 sec), three levels of pH of acidification (5.8,6.2 and 6.6) and two levels of homogenization conditions (two stage homogenization (2000 psi/500 psi) and no homogenization). Based on the results of the first stage, a statistically powerful second stage of experiment was designed in which two levels of pasteurization condition (191°F/16 sec and 161°F/16 sec) and three levels of pH of acidification (5.8, 6.2 and 6.6) were employed in duplicate to manufacture HPDF. The third stage of experimental design was to investigate the effect of two-stage homogenization treatment (2000 psi/500 psi) with two levels (homogenization and no homogenization). The results of all three stages of experimentation proved that HPDF made from milk pasteurized under higher pasteurization condition (191°F/16 sec) had significantly higher flow resistance under all three heating conditions. There was significant interaction between pH of coagulation of milk and pasteurization condition on flow properties of HPDF with pH of coagulation 5.8 restriction flow of HPDF under all three heating conditions. The role of homogenization in restricting flow of HPDF was not significant, although the mean flow of HPDF, made from homogenized milk, decreased. The mean protein content and mean moisture content of HPDF was significantly affected by all three processing conditions, although the mean fat content of HPDF was not influenced by any of these conditions. The mean fat, protein and moisture content of HPDF were in the range of 10.5-11, 26-34 and 47-54 percent respectively. The primary textural properties affected significantly by the processing condition were hardness, chewiness and gumminess. Particularly, hardness was influenced by higher pasteurization condition and lower pH of acidification. Further, to judge the consumer acceptability of HPDF, various recipes made out of HPDF with different heating applications (baking, stir-frying and soup) were served to 12 panelists of DPTC. Their opinions were collected and analyzed statistically. The analysis of limited focus group survey showed that consumer liking for HPDF recipe was significantly influenced by prior familiarity with the recipe, although there was some preference for HPDF over tofu due to its ‘dairy’ flavor. When the texture of HPDF manufactured from milk pasteurized at 191°F/16 sec and pH of acidification 5.8 and 6.2 were compared with various commercial protein sources, the hardness of the HPDF was very close to extra firm tofu. All the other textural properties of HPDF were significantly different from firm, silken, baked or reduced fat tofu. From this project, it is evident that a high protein food, which can be part of day-to-day human diet and potential tofu alternative, can be obtained using halloumi approach by optimizing pasteurization condition (191°F/16 sec) and pH of coagulation (5.8).

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier le langage musical du compositeur japonais Toru Takemitsu (1930-1996), Si le corpus de son œuvre reflète un certain éclectisme (influence de compositeurs occidentaux comme Debussy, Messiaen ou Cage) et l'intérêt aussi bien pour sa propre culture que pour des domaines artistiques variés comme le cinéma, la peinture ou la poésie, ou encore l'assimilation de différents langages musicaux comme la musique sérielle, la musique concrète ou la musique aléatoire, on voit, néanmoins, toujours la même préoccupation du compositeur derrière cet apparent éclectisme : la quête d'un langage universel. Ayant vécu entre deux cultures très différentes, il s'aperçoit que la musique n'est pas un langage aussi universel qu'il le croyait. De ce fait, la question de la communication devient essentielle pour lui, et pour montrer que cette quête d'un véritable langage universel, nous examinons les caractéristiques de son langage musical, en nous appuyant sur des analyses précises et sur l'étude comparative des démarches d'autres compositeurs et d'autres musiques, afin de dégager la spécificité d'une œuvre aussi vaste que plurielle.

Les tanins condensés et les pigments polymérisés sont deux grandes familles de macromolécules qui jouent des rôles importants sur la qualité organoleptique du vin rouge. Leurs structures oligo-polymériques ainsi que leurs évolutions durant le vieillissement du vin rouge sont mal connues. L’objectif de cette étude est d’approfondir notre connaissance sur leurs structures et leurs évolutions durant le vieillissement. Durant ce travail, nous avons caractérisé, pour la première fois dans le règne végétal, une nouvelle sous-famille de tanins condensés nommés : les tanins condensés couronnes, qui ont des propriétés spécifiques. Ils sont plus polaires que des tanins condensés de type B. Durant le vieillissement, les concentrations des tanins de type B diminuent alors que celles des tanins couronnes restent plutôt stables. Leurs concentrations sont plus élevées dans les vins issus de cépage Syrah que dans les vins issus de cépage Cabernet Sauvignon et Merlot. Au niveau sensoriel, une forte corrélation entre la concentration des tanins couronnes et l’intensité d’astringence ressentie par les dégustateurs a été montrée. Un premier test d’activité biologique du tétramère couronne montre une activité inhibitrice intéressante de l’agrégation du peptide β-amyloïde impliquée dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. En même temps, une nouvelle méthode de quantification des tanins condensés liés par pont éthylidène via un marqueur spécifique en utilisant une détection par fluorescence a été développée. Concernant les pigments polymérisés avec différents types de liaisons inter-flavonoïdes, leurs mécanismes de dépolymérisation chimique en milieu acide ont été clarifiés et une méthode de quantification sur un système UPLC-Q-TOF a été développée. Les pigments oligo-/polymériques contribuent plus à la couleur du vin vieux que les pigments mono-/dimériques. La concentration des structures oligo-polymériques ayant des liaisons de type A est plus stable que celle des pigments polymérisés par des liaisons de type B ou par le pont éthylidène durant le vieillissement du vin. De plus, durant nos investigations sur les pigments polymérisés, les structures de type A-F(type A)-F(n) et de type F(n)-A-F(type A) ainsi que les formes acétylées d’anthocyane trimère et les formes acétylées des anthocyanes dimères liées par pont éthylidène ont été montrées pour la première fois<br>Condensed tannins and polymeric pigments are two families of macromolecules which play important roles on the organoleptic quality of red wine. Their oligo-polymeric structures and their evolutions during red wine aging are poorly known. The objective of this study is to deepen our knowledge of their structures and their evolutions during red wine aging. During our work, we characterized, for the first time in plant kingdom, a new family of condensed tannins named : crown condensed tannins, which have specific properties. They are more polar than B-type tannins. During red wine aging, the concentration of B-type tannins decreased while the crown tannins remained stable. Their concentrations are higher in Syrah wines than in wines made from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes. From a sensory point of view, a strong correlation between the concentration of crown tannins and the intensity of astringency rated by the tasters was obtained. The first biologic activity assay of the crown tetramer showed an interesting inhibitory activity on aggregation of β-amyloid peptide involved in Alzheimer's disease. At the same time, a new quantification method of ethylidene bridge linked condensed tannins via a specific marker using fluorescence detection has been developed. Concerning polymeric pigments with different types of inter-flavonoids linkages, their acidic depolymerization mechanisms have been clarified for the first time and a quantification method using a UPLC-Q-TOF system has been developed. Oligo-/polymeric pigments contributed more to the color of old wine than mono-/dimeric pigments. The concentration of the pigmented oligo-polymers with A type linkages is more stable than that of polymeric pigments by B-type linkages or by ethylidene bridge during red wine aging. In addition, during our study of polymeric pigments, A-F(A type)-F(n) and F(n)-A-F(A type) structures as well as the acetylated form of trimeric anthocyanin and acetylated forms of dimeric anthocyanin linked by ethylidene bridge have been shown for the first time

Forgotten Lyres is a musical response to Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Mutability, which depicts the fragility and unpredictable nature of human life. Four independent chamber ensembles make up the performing forces of Forgotten Lyres; the musicians evoke the topics of Shelley's text as they interact and coordinate with one another according to a variety of paradigms and without the use of a conductor. This essay focuses on the approaches to coordination within and between ensembles, and the ways in which the musicians' interactions can evoke and convey Shelley's texts. The essay also examines works by Mel Powell, Toru Takemitsu, Witold Lutoslawski, and Pierre Boulez as examples and precursors for the coordination strategies employed in Forgotten Lyres.

Dans ce travail, Al-Cu échantillons modèle en alliage ont été chauffés sous vide ultra élevé, et on a trouvé que l'oxyde Al grandi et Cu pertage inceased en fonction de l'exposition à l'O2 en raison de l'oxydation préférentielle de Al. échantillons ont ensuite été recuits à 540 °C sous vide poussé et vieilli à 300 °C dans l'air, et corrodés en peu de temps dans l'électrolyte neutre et l'électrolyte alcalin contenant des ions Cl- en utilisant le système à trois électrodes, respectivement. Après immersion dans l'électrolyte neutre, corrosion morphologies (creusement de tranchées sur l'échantillon poli vs fosses creuses sur l'échantillon vieilli) se distinguent. Cependant, dans un électrolyte alcalin, la corrosion a à deux phases en raison de la dissolution de l'aluminium et de l'oxyde d'aluminium dans une solution alcaline: d'une part, un oxyde d'Al et la matrice d'Al ont été dissous en général, ce qui entraîne riche en Cu intermétalliques étant laissé isolément sur la surface; d'autre part, la corrosion générale a ensuite accompagné la dissolution préférentielle du substrat environnant riche en Cu intermétalliques résultant dans des tranchées autour des particules. Formation des mixtes Al-Cu oxydes riche en Cu2O et CuO dépôts ont été trouvés sur la surface corrodée. En outre, les échantillons Al-Cu recouvertes de revêtements Al2O3 déposés par procédé ALD à la surface ont été corrodés dans des conditions similaires. Comme on s'y attendait, une amélioration significative de la résistance à la corrosion des échantillons d'alliages revêtus a été observée, mais la couche d'ALD dans l'électrolyte alcalin est pas aussi stable que dans les électrolytes neutres<br>In this work, Al-Cu model alloy samples were heated in ultra high vacuum (UHV), and it was found that the Al oxide grew and Cu percentage increased as a function of exposure to the O2 owing to the preferential oxidation of Al. Then samples were annealed at 540 °C in high vacuum and aged at 300 °C in air, and corroded in short time in the neutral electrolyte and the alkaline electrolyte containing Cl- ion using the three-electrode system, respectively. After immersion in the neutral electrolyte, corrosion morphologies (trenching on the polished sample vs. hollow pits on the aged sample) are distinguished due to the different distributions of Cu-rich intermetallics in the polished sample (distributed homogeneously) and the aged sample (mostly beneath the oxide layer). However, in alkaline electrolyte, corrosion went at two stages owing to the dissolution of aluminium and aluminium oxide in an alkaline solution: firstly, Al oxide and the Al matrix were dissolved generally, resulting in Cu-rich intermetallics being left isolatedly on the surface; secondly, general corrosion went on accompanied with the preferential dissolution of substrate surrounding Cu-rich intermetallics resulting in trenching around particles. Formation of mixed Al-Cu oxides/hydroxides layer rich in Cu2O and CuO deposits were found on the corroded surface. Furthermore, Al-Cu samples covered with Al2O3 coatings deposited by ALD process on the surface were corroded under similar conditions. As expected, a significant improvement of corrosion resistance of the coated alloy samples was observed, but the ALD layer in alkaline electrolyte is not as stable as in neutral electrolytes, and undergoes dissolution

Many space probes have conducted in situ explorations of asteroids, in recent decades, intent on identifying evidence of the solar system's earliest processes of formation within the asteroids' interiors. Several future asteroid missions are planned, among which include ESA's Hera mission to explore the Didymos binary asteroid pair. An ion mass analyzer is currently being designed at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics for use as part of the Hera mission. This thesis aims to optimize the instrument such that each of its parameters meets the requirement for performance. A computer simulation is used to calculate the trajectories of low-energy ions inside the instrument, where the electrostatic potential are imposed by grids and electrodes embedded inside the instrument. From the data analysis of the simulation results, the performance for each parameter can be derived. By changing the settings of the grids and electrodes (e.g., positions and voltages), the instrument parameters are to be optimized. Two tasks are set up in this project--- the first task is to optimize the focusing system of the incoming ions at the instrument's entrance, and the second task is to investigate the reflectron system so that the mass resolution of the instrument can be optimized via reducing the spread of the ions' time of flight spectra. The focusing system is found to already be optimized, but instead, a relation between its position of the grid at the instrument's entrance and the instrument's performance is derived. The method of and parameters for optimization within the reflectron are extensively tested individually during this project. Although several performances in each trial from the reflectron analysis cannot meet at least one of the requirements, enough scenarios are examined such that every parameter tested ends with a value suitable to be applied individually to optimize the ion mass analyzer. The findings from the individual tests done in this project can be applied to further optimization, particularly to optimize multiple parameters simultaneously in the near future.

Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif de développer une méthode basée sur l’étude de la composition isotopique du soufre (δ 34S) permettant de déterminer l’origine, biotique/abiotique, des sulfures de fer au sein des couches de produits de corrosion (CPC). Puis, il s’agissait d’appliquer la méthodologie développée à des systèmes réels afin de déterminer les mécanismes de formation de ces sulfures de fer. Des méthodes d’analyse isotopique du soufre adaptées aux liserés de sulfures de fer micrométriques observés dans les systèmes réels ont été développées en nanoSIMS et ToF-SIMS. L’étude de sulfures de fer formés en milieu carbonaté anoxique en présence, ou non, de bactéries sulfato-réductrice a permis de valider l’emploi de ces méthodes pour la détermination de l’origine des sulfures de fer. L’application de ces méthodes isotopiques couplées à la caractérisation des sulfures de fer dans les systèmes réels a mis en évidence 2 faciès. Le faciès 1 pour lequel les sulfures de fer sont situés en externe de la CPC. Ils résultent de la migration des ions Fe2+ produits au niveau du métal jusqu’aux zones riches en ions S2- d’origine biotique. Les vitesses de corrosion y sont inférieures à 20 μm/an pour les systèmes de laboratoire et à 5 µm/an pour les objets archéologiques. Et le faciès 2 pour lequel la forte présence de phases conductrices dans la CPC entraîne une délocalisation des électrons, conduisant à la migration des ions S2- d’origine biotique vers le métal où ils précipitent sous forme de sulfures de fer. Ce faciès présente de fortes avancées de corrosion locales (200 µm) qui seraient dues à l’accumulation de phénomènes de corrosion par les chlorures et de biocorrosion<br>The first goal of this project was to develop a methodology based on the study of the sulfur isotopic composition enabling the determination of iron sulfides origin, biotic or abiotic, within the corrosion products layers (CPL). Then, the aim was to apply this methodology to real corrosion systems in order to determine the mechanisms of iron sulfides formation. Sulfur isotopic analyses methodologies, adapted to micrometric iron sulfides layers observed in real corrosion systems, were developed in nanoSIMS and ToF-SIMS. The study of iron sulfides formed in anoxic carbonated medium with or without sulphate-reducing bacteria validated the use of these methods for the determination of iron sulfides origin. The application of these methods coupled with the precise characterization of irons sulfides formed in the real corrosion systems show two kind of corrosion pattern. In pattern 1, the iron sulfides are localized in the external part of the CPL. They result from the Fe2+ migration from the metal surface to areas rich in biotic S2-. In this pattern, corrosion rates are lower than 20 μm/year for laboratory systems, and lower than 5 μm/year for archaeological objects. In pattern 2, the large presence of conductive phases in the CPL results in the delocalization of electrons, and so a disequilibrium of the charges at the metal’s surface. That leads to the migration of biotic S2- in the CPL till the metal where they precipitate in iron sulphides. This pattern shows high corrosion rates (~100 μm/an) that might be resulting from the accumulation of biocorrosion and chloride corrosion mechanisms

Depuis quelques années, la recherche de préférences lipidiques de protéines et/ou d’enzymes membranaires suscite un intérêt grandissant, ces phénomènes d’affinité étant susceptibles d’induire la formation de domaines lipidiques dans les membranes biologiques. C’est pourquoi, nous avons cherché à savoir si l’ATP-synthétase, protéine membranaire, était capable d’induire des domaines lipidiques dans un modèle cellulaire, la bactérie d’E. Coli. Ainsi, l’influence de l’expression de cette protéine a été évaluée au moyen de 4 souches bactériennes; la souche sauvage ainsi que 3 souches génétiquement modifiées présentant des taux variables d’enzyme. La méthodologie analytique développée fait appel à diverses techniques de MS. Les couplages LC-MS et GC-MS sont mis à profit pour l’analyse des phospholipides et des acides gras constitutifs. Cette approche a permis d’identifier l’ensemble des phospholipides, de déterminer la structure fine des acides gras les constituants ainsi que de localiser chaque acide<br>For years, investigations of growing interest deal with the potential lipids preference of membrane proteins and/or enzymes, these affinity phenomenons are supposed to induce the formation of lipids domains also called lipids rafts inside biological membranes. This thesis focused on the ability of ATP-synthetase, a membrane protein, to induce lipids domains in a cellular model, the E. Coli bacteria. Hence, 4 bacterial strains were studied to evaluate the influence of protein expression, a wild type and three genetically modified strains with variable enzyme rates. Analytical methodologies were developed for this purpose and involved various MS techniques. Then, LC-MS and GC-MS techniques were used for the analysis of phospholipids and constitutive fatty acids, respectively. This approach provided the identification of all the phospholipids. Moreover, the structure of the constitutive fatty acids and their location on the glycerol backbone were determined

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>日本語文學研究所<br>101<br>When discussing the existence of conjunctive particle “toiu” in “adnominal clause constructions”, one often starts with sentence analysis to investigate the identities of modified noun, or the relationship between noun modifying clause and modified noun. This thesis takes on a viewpoint distinctive from that of existing research and initiates from the ground of article analysis, exploring the function of “toiu” and contextual characteristics of articles containing “toiu”. According to the result, “toiu” as conjunctive particle possesses the function of reinterpretation. Moreover, by inspecting articles containing “toiu”, one is able to find evidence of anaphoric relation between noun modifying clause and precedent context. Finally, by bringing in perspective of contextual expansion in syntactic, it can be proved that “toiu” is not only used to bridge noun modifying clause and modified noun at the sentence level, but could also serve as the connection between different articles at article level and complete contextual expansion. The conclusion of this research can be summarized into three parts. First of all,standing on the ground of article analysis, the function of “toiu” can be further classified into four subcategories of “reinterpretation” by differentiation in accordance to the relationship between the noun modifying clause followed by “toiu” and identities of precedent context. Also, by examining the presence of prerequisite condition for reinterpretation in the context, we can clarify certain phenomena occurred when “toiu” is absent from an article. Secondly, through examples, it can be shown that the relationship between anaphoric relation accompanying “toiu” and contextual expansion is based on the fact that anaphoric relation could be viewed as the fundamental theory of contextual expansion. Thirdly, we will regard “toiu” and the preceding noun modifying clause as Topicalized Expression in this research and observe the location of “toiu” in paragraph, ending with the analysis of contextual expansion type of reinterpretation’s four subcategories.

博士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>音樂學系<br>105<br>Toru Takemitsu (1930-1996), a self-taught contemporary Japanese composer, was influenced by French music and 20th western music such as Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992). Until the 1960s, he was enlightened by the aesthetic view of music from an American composer, John Cage (1912-1992), thus gaining back the traditional Japanese aesthetics, and furthermore linking the thoughts from West and East, creating his unique musical vocabularies. In this thesis, the researcher selects a piece from Toru Takemitsu: Entre-temps: For oboe and string quartet (1986) as the topic, and analyzes the background of the creation, forms of the pieces, structure of pitches, techniques of the composition, aesthetic view of music and explores his musical vocabularies and conventional skills with his significant works in different eras, to practice in the future composition from the researcher.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>音樂學系<br>94<br>This thesis discussed Toru Takemitsu's composing thought and taken Dream/Window in his late period as an example to analyze his composing grammar. This thesis disscussed Toru Takemitsu's background and his potential cultural consciousness, then, extending the composing background of Dream/Window to Toru Takemitsu creative behavior which gave a spirit meaning to music. At last, we observed his music features from the formality and construction of his work. The analysis of contents of Dream/Window section by section verified how to accomplish Toru Takemitsu's creative thought with his language in his works.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>昆蟲學研究所<br>94<br>In order to strike a balance between flood control engineering and ecological conservation, ecological engineering method has been applied to manage the debris flow streams in the recreational area. Besides, aquatic insects are one of the major groups of streams invertebrates. Their distribution pattern is affected by the environmental factors in habitat, and, therefore, we can assess the changes in habitat conditions by analyzing their community structures. Seven sites were selected in the Pei-Shih Stream in Shi-Tou, and aquatic insects were sampled monthly between March 2004 and October 2005. Suber net was used in quantitative sampling in riffle habitats at sites 4-7, while dipnets and forceps with fixed-time (30 min) were used in semi-quantitative sampling at sites 1-3 where were dominated by non-lotic habitats. At site 3, the sampling method was changed from semi-quatitative to quantitative approach in September 2004 when the discharge increased and the riffle habitats were available. The community parameters, such as taxa richness, density, Shannon diversity index, Pielou’s evenness and dominant taxon ratio, were calculated to study changes in community of aquatic insects at each site. Two ordination techniques, multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), were conducted to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of the community structures. River pollution index (RPI), Hilsenhoff’s family-level biotic index (FBI) and EPT index were also used to evaluate the variation of water quality. At quantitative sampling sites, the results of one-way ANOVA showed that significant differences were only found in density and dominant taxon ratio among sites. Baetis spp. were the dominant taxon (27.74 %), and the dominant family was Baetidae (43.25 %). Among the environmental factors, only pH, discharge and canopy showed significant difference among sites. Gathering collectors were the dominant group in the functional composition, and shredders were the least dominant. There were significant differences in the abundances of scrapers among sites. Functional groups showed significant difference among months. There was no significant difference in FBI or EPT index, and the water quality was between “excellent” and “good” based on the FBI index. Taxa richness and the diversity of aquatic insects showed significantly negative correlations with ammonia. The negative correlation was also found between the taxa richness and water temperature. The MDS plot indicated that site 3 was separated from the other 4 sites, because Simulium sp., Prosimulium sp., Nemoura sp. and Apsilochorema excisum were observed to be dominant at this site. The CCA ordination diagram revealed the same trend that Dolophilodes sp., Agapetus sp., Lepidostoma sp., Pelthydrus sp., Atrichopogon sp. and Dixidae sp. only appeared at site 3. However, univariate analysis could not show the difference in aquatic insect assemblages between sampling sites inside and outside the recreational area. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM procedure) was further conducted to compare the community structures among sampling sites. The results revealed that the community structures among sites were significantly different. Pair-wise comparisons indicated that the community structures were significantly different between each pairs of spring and the other 3 seasons. Multivariate methods were used to analyze the main factors that shaped community structures of aquatic insects at each site. The MDS diagram based on the combination of ammonia and altitude showed the highest correlation with the ordination diagram of community structures of aquatic insects (ρw = 0.450). Besides, ammonia was the common influential factor at all sites. In the CCA diagram, the first axis constrained the maximum value on the variation of taxa and the data indicated that the major environmental factors affecting the distribution of taxa were altitude, particle size, water temperature and canopy. The second axis represented the sum of alkalinity and ammonium, and explained about 37.6 % of the cumulative variation. Seasonal changes were much apparent outside the recreational area, especially in summer. At semi-quantitative sampling sites, there was no significant difference in taxa richness among sites. The presence/absence data (P / A data) revealed that sites 1, 2 and 3 could be separated on the ordination diagram. The similarity of community structures was the highest between sites 1 and 2 (72.09 %). Water temperature and conductivity explained most of the P/A similarity (ρw = 0.202). All sampling sites were included in analyses using p / a data. Taxa richness was significantly different among sites. In cluster analysis, samples at sites 1 and 2, which located inside the recreational area, formed a cluster, while samples collected with dipnet at site 3 also merged into the cluster. Samples collected with Suber net at sites outside the recreational area could be clustered into another group. The difference in the assemblages could be attributed to the hydrology (permanent and temporary waters) or sampling methods. The MDS diagram based on altitude showed the highest similarity with the diagram of aquatic insect assemblages based on p/a data (ρw = 0.679). Key words：aquatic insects, community structure, functional composition, biotic index, river pollution index, multidimensional scaling, canonical correspondence analysis, ecological engineering

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>98<br>Base on field survey data of fish on Tou-Bian-Keng creek, Taichung from 2004 to 2009, the fish types has been classified into attributes of aqua- habitat, body length and water pollution resistance to identify the correlation between fish composition and factors of aquatic habitat environment. The investigations take quarterly of totally 21 from 2004 to 2009 on the Tou-Bian-Keng creek, Taichung. Chi-square and Pearson correlation test has been used to explore the relationship between fish, water quality and hydrology. The correlation analysis results has illustrated that aqua-habitat types show little significant difference in hydrology factors of water velocity(0.0-0.7m/s) and water depth(4.6-38.0cm), while water quality factors of water temperature(16.0~33.9℃) and turbidity(0.1-467.9NTU) show negative correlation，and conductivity (165~677μs/cm) and dissolved oxygen (4.4-13.6mg/l) show positive correlation. For these reasons, the aqua-habitat types and fish population were not sufficient to reflecting changes in water velocity and water depth yet is capable to identify change in water quality in Tou-Bian-Keng creek. In pollution resistance aspect, the occurrence frequency of fish shows little significant difference in water quality factors such as water temperature, EC, PH, turbidity and DO, as well as in hydrology factors such as velocity, depth and river width. Hence the appearance frequency of fish was failed to use as indicator to identify water quality of Tou-Bian-Keng creek. Additionally, fish body length has also been used as classification factor to identify applicability and correlation between fish population and the selected water quality and hydrology factors. The study has figure out that occurrence frequency of fish and water temperature show significant correlation according to classification of fish body length , fish population also illustrated negative correlation between water quality factors of water temperature (16.0 ~ 33.9 ℃) and turbidity (0.1-467.9NTU) ,while conductivity (165 ~ 677μs/cm) and dissolved oxygen (4.4-13.6mg / l) show a positive correlation ;among which the number of small fish (≦ 5cm) and water depth (4.6-38.0cm) show significant negative correlation. The study results may be related to the scale of investigation space or the investigation methods.

In spite of their importance in many systems, liquid surfaces have been explored at the microscopic level to a much lesser extent than solids. Most surface analysis must take place in vacuum, a major drawback for liquids. The technique of time-of-flight scattering and recoil spectrometry (TOF-SARS) has been applied to molecular liquid surfaces for the first time. The apparatus borrows key elements from previous TOF-SARS experiments on solids and from molecular beam scattering (MBS) and features excellent surface specificity and the ability to detect all elements. A high-vacuum time-of-flight spectrometer was developed for the purpose of measuring the surface atomic concentration of atoms in low-vapor pressure liquid samples, and hence to infer preferred surface orientations. The TOF-SARS experiment involves surface bombardment with inert gas ions in the 1-3 keV energy range. During the interaction surface atoms may either (a) induce scattering of primary ions or (b) recoil from the surface. A binary collision model describes the kinematics and dynamics of the interactions well, allowing prediction of velocities and probabilities of particles leaving the surface. Particles that reach a detector along a ~1.1 m flight path are separated by velocity, and signals are collected as a histogram, revealing relative measured intensities that are converted to ratios of accessible surface atoms. Comparing the measured atomic ratios with computer-simulated accessible atomic ratios for various possible orientations gives insight into preferred surface orientation. A number of systems were explored m this work: liquids including a complementary pair of molecules having distinct 'head-tails' structures; glycerol as a highly H-bonded system, and a room-temperature molten salt. Preliminary results reveal that surface molecules appear in most cases to adopt some preferred orientation at the interface. The TOF-SARS technique was able to distinguish 'head' from 'tail' in molecules exhibiting that structure, suggesting only part of the head was accessible. In glycerol, all but two possible orientations were ruled out but the symmetrical nature of the molecule prohibits definitive assignment. The ionic liquid was found to have the cation and anion sharing the surface population roughly equally, and a preferred orientation for the substituted aromatic anion was discovered.<br>Graduation date: 2000

Biocatalysts are important tools for harnessing the potential of wood fibres since they can perform specific reactions with low environmental impact. Challenges to bioconversion technologies as applied to wood fibres include low accessibility of plant cell wall polymers and the heterogeneity of plant cell walls, which makes it difficult to predict conversion efficiencies. White-rot fungi are among the most efficient degraders of plant fibre (lignocellulose), capable of degrading cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Phanerochaete carnosa is a white-rot fungus that, in contrast to many white-rot fungi that have been studied to date, was isolated almost exclusively from fallen coniferous trees (softwood). While several studies describe the lignocellulolytic activity of the hardwood-degrading, model white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, the lignocellulolytic activity of P. carnosa has not been investigated. An underlying hypothesis of this thesis is that P. carnosa encodes enzymes that are particularly well suited for processing softwood fibre, which is an especially recalcitrant feedstock, though a major resource for Canada. Moreover, given the phylogenetic similarity of P. carnosa and P. chrysosporium, it is anticipated that the identification of pertinent enzymes for softwood degradation can be more easily conducted. In particular, this project describes the characterization of P. carnosa in terms of the growth conditions that support lignocellulolytic activity, the effect of enzymes secreted by P. carnosa on the chemistry of softwood feedstocks, and the characterization of the corresponding secretome using proteomic techniques. Through this study, cultivation methods for P. carnosa were established and biochemical assays for protein activity and quantification were developed. Analytical methods, including FTIR and ToF-SIMS were used to characterize wood samples at advancing stages of decay, and revealed preferential degradation of lignin in the early stages of growth on all softwoods analyzed. Finally, an in depth proteomic analysis of the proteins secreted by P. carnosa on spruce and cellulose established that similar sets of enzyme activities are elicited by P. carnosa grown on different lignocellulosic substrates, albeit to different expression levels.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>音樂研究所<br>101<br>This supporting paper presents an analysis on the compositional technique and characteristics of Toru Takemitsu's "Distance de Fée" in comparison with Messiaen's "Theme and Variations" in order to observe the inherited similarities and differences between the two composers, and suggestions for interpretation and performance are given whenever the author thinks appropriate. The author briefly introduces the life, the compositional periods, and the musical styles of Messiaen and Takemitsu respectively, and conducts analysis based on "temporal" and "color" concepts. Analysis based on temporal (rhythmic) concept particularly emphasizes on both the rhythmic structure and the sense of ‘time’, as well as the use of polyrhythms. Both incorporate multi-modes and polyrhythms into their work. Analysis on color (harmony) is focused on how Messiaen's "synaesthesia" (Synästhesie) renders his composition a rich spectrum of colors, and how Takemitsu inherited this sense of coloration. Messiaen's use of "les modes à transpositions limitées" is reminiscent of Takemitsu's techniques in the use of tone-row (e.g. motivic tone-row and diatonic scales); Messiaen's "groupe-pédale" may correspond to Takemitsu's common use of homophonic tone-row across multiple sections. In terms of the harmonic structure, both of them made extensive use of broken chords of triads and tetrad chords, while the voice leading between harmonies exhibits parallel chord movements or chromatic progressions. By addressing both the characteristic rhythmic and harmonic structure, the author manages to trace the influence, inheritance and re-creation of Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu for whom Messiaen's music is count as one of the most influential.