Academic literature on the topic 'Togo – Influence coloniale'

Indonesia is a nation consisting of various ethnicities, races, and cultures. It is because the location of the Indonesian archipelago was in the traffic trade in the early days of the 5th century AD. Chinese ethnic is one ethnicity that already has had a relationship with the Southeast Asian region. In the 19th century shop houses were spread in the coastal areas and concentrated only in the Chinatown. Research used qualitative method with a historical approach. Data were obtained from a variety of literature, both journal articles, books, and the Internet. The results show that in the beginning the shop houses were built by the colonial government to implement a plot system such in the Europe. However, by the influence of the Chinese descendants, limited land with a high population density makes the system become a clever problem solving. Acculturation is a process that refers to the cultural and psychological changes due to encounters with culturally different people. This process allows culture and ethnic groups adapt to another culture. Research concludes that shop house can be seen as a result of Chinese descendants and Dutch acculturation existing in the coastal cities of Indonesia.

The awareness of language that culminated in France with the French Revolution has remained dominant till the present day: a nation une et indivisible corresponds to a concept of the national language as a homogenous entity, self-sufficient and free from outside and dialectal influences. This conception is contradicted by two historical facts, however. Firstly, various waves of language contact were constitutive of the emergence and development of the French language from the very beginning. Secondly, a new structure of varieties developed through the colonial expansion of France outside Europe, in which many forms of language contact are of significant importance. The best way to capture this diversity adequately is to adhere to a broadly ecological approach (linguistic ecology) that takes into account various parameters, such as history, social context, competence, and universals. This is demonstrated with samples of transcribed speech from Togo, Guadeloupe and Nova Scotia. The linguistic ecology approach is the guiding principle of all the articles in this volume.

El fenómeno de los cultos egipcios en la religión y en la sociedad romana se plasmó más allá de la región del Nilo, y la zona del Magreb africano fue uno de los territorios donde la presencia de estas devociones tuvo más incisión e influencia. Las relaciones comerciales de las provincias romanas en África y sobre todo de sus ciudades costeras extendieron muchos de estos cultos de raíz popular por regiones con una fuerte cultura propia anterior, como era la zona de Cartago. Y es gracias a la arqueología que nos podemos acercar a este panorama religioso, sobre todo a través de las expediciones académicas y científicas decimonónicas llevadas a cabo muchas veces por instituciones y arqueólogos de Francia, país que ejercía su poder colonial en Túnez. El estudio de las piezas que recuperaron, muchas de ellas albergadas actualmente en museos norteafricanos y franceses, permite reconstruir la evolución de este contexto social y religioso en el caso del dios Serapis y de su sede de culto en Cartago.Egyptian cults in the Roman religion and society took shape beyond de Nile region, and the area of the African Magreb was one of the territories where the Egyptian devotions had more influence. The commercial relations of the Roman provinces in Africa and especially of its coastal cities extended many of these cults of popular roots by regions with a strong previous culture, as in the area of Carthage. It is possible to approach to this religious panorama thanks to Archaeology, particularly trough the nineteenth century academic and scientific expeditions carried out by French institutions and archeologist; at the time, France exercised the colonial control over Tunisia. The study of the archaeological pieces they recovered, many of them housed in Noth-African and French museums, allows the reconstruction of the evolution of this social and religious context in the case of the god Serapis and the Serapeum of Carthage.

Resumen: Este artículo trata de analizar la influencia en la acción colectiva revolucionaria femenina en la Huelga General Revolucionaria de 1917 a partir de los acontecimientos de la Semana Trágica de 1909, también conocida como Revolución de julio de 1909, protagonizados inicialmente por mujeres. Según la tesis central del texto, las activistas del Partido Republicano Radical y las mujeres del lumpenproletariado, conocidas como las “petroleras”, no sólo fueron fundamentales en la movilización contra la guerra colonial y el embarco masivo de reservistas, sino que marcaron un precedente en cuanto a cómo se involucraban las mujeres en política hasta el momento. En este sentido, es de particular interés destacar cómo a partir de los acontecimientos de 1909 se potenciaron diversas asociaciones de mujeres, sobre todo socialistas, que trataban de canalizar la conflictividad social y laboral en términos tanto de clase como de género. Esta labor política tiene su frustrada influencia en el movimiento revolucionario español de 1917, inspirado en gran medida por la Revolución rusa de febrero-marzo, donde el protagonismo de las mujeres se vería desplazado por los partidos antidinásticos y los sindicatos de clase. Este análisis diacrónico, el cual se fundamenta en los testimonios de la prensa de la época, pretende así contribuir a la discusión que se establece respecto a la importancia de la presencia de mujeres en los movimientos revolucionarios.Palabras clave: Acción colectiva, España, Mujeres, Revolución, Semana Trágica.Abstract: This article analyses the influence of women’s revolutionary collective action on the Revolutionary General Strike of 1917 following the events of the Tragic Week in 1909, also known as the Revolution of July 1909, initially led by women. According to the central thesis of the text, the activists of the Radical Republican Party and the women of the lumpenproletariat, known as the “petroleras”, were not only crucial in the mobilisation against the colonial war and the massive reservist embarkation, but they also marked a precedent in how women became involved in politics that is unchallenged to this day. In this sense, it is of special interest to highlight how, based on the events of 1909, various associations of women, particularly socialists, were boosted in the intent of trying to channel social and labour unrest in terms of class and gender perspective. The influence of this political work was frustrated in the Spanish revolutionary movement of 1917, itself largely inspired by the Russian Revolution of February-March, as the anti-dynastic parties and class trade unions offset the role of women. Based on testimonies in the press of the time, this paper provides a diachronic analysis that contributes to the discussion on the significance of the presence of women in revolutionary movements.Key words: Collective action, Spain, Women, Revolution, Tragic Week.

<p>A fin de reducir el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos en la producción animal, se ha explorado el uso de diversas alternativas entre las que se encuentran probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos los cuales representan un avance terapéutico potencialmen­te significativo y seguro. Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que agregarse como suplemento en la dieta, favorecen la digestión y ayudan al mantenimiento del equilibrio de la flora microbiana en el intestino. Los prebióticos son ingredientes no digeribles de la dieta que estimulan el crecimiento o la actividad de uno o más tipos de bacterias benéficas en el colon. Los simbióticos combinan en sus formulaciones principios prebióticos y probióticos que actúan sinérgicamente. Estos productos al ser suministrados directamente a los animales mejoran su metabolismo, salud y produc­ción. Entre los probióticos se cuentan las levaduras que inducen efectos positivos en términos de desempeño productivo en especies monogástricas, pero no pueden colo­nizar el tracto digestivo. En monogástricos los principales efectos de la suplementación con levaduras y sus derivados (mananos) son la estimulación de las disacaridasas de las microvellosidades, el efecto antiadhesivo frente a patógenos, la estimulación de la inmunidad no específica, la inhibición de la acción tóxica y el efecto antagonista frente a microorganismos patógenos. Por otra parte, las enzimas, minerales, vitaminas y otros nutrientes o factores de crecimiento que producen las levaduras inducen respuestas benéficas en la producción animal. Por todo esto los probióticos, prebióticos y sim­bióticos ofrecen la posibilidad de mantener el crecimiento de animales alimentados con dietas sin antibióticos y bajo condiciones de estrés. Esta revisión versa sobre los mecanismos mediante los cuales las levaduras y sus biomoléculas derivadas afectan de manera positiva los componentes celulares, tejidos y sistemas de los animales, lo cual tiene influencia sobre los niveles de producción y la salud del huésped.</p><p> </p><p class="Default"><strong>Yeast: probiotics and prebiotics to improve animal production systems</strong></p><p class="Default">To decrease the indiscriminate use of anti­biotics in animal production, different alternatives like probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics have been explored and represent a potentially significant therapeutic and safe advance. The probiotics are living microor­ganisms that added as a diet supplement, favor the digestion and help to maintain the microbial flora equilibrium in the intestine. The prebiotics are non digestible ingredients of the diet that stimulate the growth or the activity of one or more types of bacteria in colon. The symbiotics combine in their for­mulations prebiotic and probiotic principles, which allows to take advantage from the benefits of this union. These products being formulated directly to the animals improve their metabolism, health and production. Yeast are among the probiotics that induce positive effects in terms of productive perfor­mances in monogastric species, but cannot colonize the digestive tract. In monogastric species the main effects of yeast supplemen­tation and their derivates (mannans) are the stimulation of the brush border disacchari­dases, the anti-adhesive effect against patho­gens colonization, the stimulation of non specific immunity, a toxin action inhibition, and the antagonistic effect against pathogenic microorganisms. Likewise enzymes, mine-rals, vitamins and other nutrients or growth factors that produce yeast trigger beneficial production responses in animal production. Probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics there­fore offers the possibility to maintain growth of animals fed with antibiotic-free diets or in conditions of high stress. This minireview discusses the mechanisms by which yeasts and their biomolecules can affect in a posi­tive manner animals’ cellular, tissular and systemic components and their influence on the level of production and health of the host.</p>

A partir d'une etude de terrain, menee dans quatre villages de la region de la kara, au togo, ce travail essaie d'y interpreter la dynamique cooperative et son impact social et de les comparer avec ceux observes par d'autres etudes dans des regions du togo et de l'afrique de l'ouest ; et ceci, dans une perspective historique. Au togo (comme dans la plupart des etats africains), le contexte des reformes economiques et politiques des annees 1980 et 1990, a ete l'occasion pour les anciennes puissances colonisatrices d'inventer la participation comme mode d'association de toutes les composantes sociales (<< societe civile >>) a ces reformes, et sur une longue duree. Dans le milieu rural, il est question d'une participation au developpement local et elle passe par la reinvention et l'intensification du mouvement cooperatif ; moyen efficace d'ameliorer les conditions de vie des paysans. Dans cette perpective, le projet "promotion cooperative" a ete implante dans toutes les regions du togo au debut des annees 1980. D'une part, il mobilise des avantages pour les paysans mais leur impose aussi des contraintes. Son ancrage dans les structures sociales provoque des reactions diverses dans les differents groupes paysans (cooperateurs et non-cooperateurs) autour de ces avantages et contraintes ; tels que la legitimation et la critique du modele cooperatif et de ses promoteurs, les confrontations avec les intervenants, les strategies d'interets, les relations de pouvoir, une diversite et des rythmes d'apprentissage cooperatif. D'autre part, les reactions paysannes et leur apprentissage dumodele cooperatif reproduisent les cultures agricoles locales, les cultures associatives locales, les arenes politiques et sociales locales, les hierarchies et inegalites sociales, les mecanismes de regulation sociale. La capacite des paysans de transformer en permanence la politique et la technologie cooperative, les arenes locales, sont des indicateurs d'un changement social. Dans la mesure ou le fait cooperatif est historique et generalise aux pays africains, une analyse comparative de notre cas d'etude avec d'autres au togo et en afrique s'avere interessante parce qu'elle offre une interpretation anthropologique plus large de ce fait. Par exemple, le mouvement cooperatif est plus dynamique la ou la << societe civile >> (senegal, burkina faso) et les cultures de rente sont le plus develop

Jonathan Edwards and Scripture provides a fresh look at the important, burgeoning field of Edwards and the Bible. For too long, Edwards scholars have published new research on Edwards without paying due attention to the work he took most seriously: biblical exegesis. Edwards is recognized as an innovative theologian who wielded tremendous influence on revivalism, evangelicalism, and New England theology, but what is often missed is how much time he devoted to studying and understanding the Bible. He kept voluminous notebooks on Christian Scripture and had plans for major treatises on the Bible before he died. Edwards scholars need to take stock of the place of the Bible in his thought to do justice to his theology and legacy. In fact, more and more experts are recognizing how important this aspect of his life is, and this book brings together the insights of leading Edwards scholars on this topic. This volume seeks to increase our understanding of Edwards’ engagement with Scripture by setting it in the context of seventeenth-century Protestant exegesis and eighteenth-century colonial interpretation. It provides case studies of Edwards’ exegesis in varying genres of the Bible and probes his use of Scripture to develop theology. It also sets his biblical interpretation in perspective by comparing it with that of other exegetes. This book advances our understanding of the nature and significance of Edwards’ work with Scripture and opens new lines of inquiry for students of early modern Western history.

Indigenous peoples have always asserted their territorial, resource and other rights when threatened by encroachment, not least in the settlement colonies covered in this chapter—Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, where they were most dramatically displaced. But in the second half of the twentieth century, the aboriginal inhabitants of these countries reasserted themselves with considerable force and success, using methods very different from those of the earlier actions—including judicial channels unwittingly provided by the colonizers. In the process, displaced and dislocated communities have attempted to repossess ‘stolen’ space—physically, intellectually, and judicially. Reassertion in the United States and these three Commonwealth countries has had global ideological ripples, which is partly why we have chosen to examine them. They also share British-based legal systems and political traditions that indigenous groups have used to good effect. We are focusing here on indigenous communities in the narrower sense, in countries where whites remained the demographic majority. Their challenge was to predominantly anglophone societies, the descendants of British settlers and immigrants who arrived mostly over the last two hundred years. The discussion is limited largely to the environmental aspects of reassertion rather than legal and other ramifications; we will mention important court cases, but not cover all landmark events on the timeline of indigenous struggle. The exploration of patterns of resistance in Chapter 16 covered South Asia and Africa where colonized people remained in the demographic majority and regained political power. Though the reassertions discussed here have strategies and aims in common, they are qualitatively different. They were not so much an attempt, by force if necessary, to repel incomers and the controls they impose (it is far too late for that), or to win overall power in an anti-colonial struggle, as a highly articulate call from the heart for justice, land, and a form of self-determination. Moreover, new movements are increasingly ideological and transnational, involving organized networks that use globalized discourses of discontent. The media, internet, NGOs, and UN fora are their tools of choice, which enable activists to influence the behaviour of states and corporations. Reassertion is the opposite of retreat, one aboriginal response to conquest, and suggests that this modern phenomenon is partly about renewed confidence.

El puerto de Manta está situado en la punta más saliente de Ecuador y de América del Sur, cerca de la latitud 0, importante laboratorio urbano de las CIMEs Ciudades medias e intermedias[1]. A este enclave geoestratégico oceánico se debe un desarrollo endógeno de ciudad puerto; de esplendor precolombino, secundario en la Colonia y en la República, explosivo en la modernidad a partir de su muelle de aguas profundas (1965) y sostenido desbordado en la contemporaneidad, pese a los esfuerzos de ordenamiento urbano a partir de los 90 (desde 1996 con apoyo de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la ULEAM) y en medio de crisis políticas, geopolíticas, sociales y económicas del país. El crecimiento de la ciudad de Manta ha desbordado sus límites políticos hacia Jaramijó y Montecristi, crecimiento difuso y disperso; la propuesta planteada se constituye en una ciudad Mancomunada con una la estrategia BAAD Baja Altura Alta Densidad que permita ir hacia la compacidad. [1] Las ciudades se consideran intermedias no solo con arreglo a tallas demográficas y dimensiones determinadas (coherentes con su contexto geográfico), sino, sobre todo, con relación a las funciones que desarrollan: el papel de mediación en los flujos (bienes, información, innovación, administración, etc.) entre los territorios rurales y urbanos de su área de influencia y los otros centros o áreas, más o menos alejados. Carmen BELLET SANFELIU &amp; Josep María LLOP TORNÉ (2004)

El puerto de Manta está situado en la punta más saliente de Ecuador y de América del Sur, cerca de la latitud 0, importante laboratorio urbano de las CIMEs Ciudades medias e intermedias[1]. A este enclave geoestratégico oceánico se debe un desarrollo endógeno de ciudad puerto; de esplendor precolombino, secundario en la Colonia y en la República, explosivo en la modernidad a partir de su muelle de aguas profundas (1965) y sostenido desbordado en la contemporaneidad, pese a los esfuerzos de ordenamiento urbano a partir de los 90 (desde 1996 con apoyo de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la ULEAM) y en medio de crisis políticas, geopolíticas, sociales y económicas del país. El crecimiento de la ciudad de Manta ha desbordado sus límites políticos hacia Jaramijó y Montecristi, crecimiento difuso y disperso; la propuesta planteada se constituye en una ciudad Mancomunada con una la estrategia BAAD Baja Altura Alta Densidad que permita ir hacia la compacidad. [1] Las ciudades se consideran intermedias no solo con arreglo a tallas demográficas y dimensiones determinadas (coherentes con su contexto geográfico), sino, sobre todo, con relación a las funciones que desarrollan: el papel de mediación en los flujos (bienes, información, innovación, administración, etc.) entre los territorios rurales y urbanos de su área de influencia y los otros centros o áreas, más o menos alejados. Carmen BELLET SANFELIU &amp; Josep María LLOP TORNÉ (2004)