Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

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Tomita, Takashi, Taro Arikawa, and Tadashi Asai. "Damage in Ports due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 4 (2013): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0594.

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The tsunami following the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake devastated ports in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan. Even Iwate Prefecture in Tohoku, which had experienced many tsunami disasters and prepared tsunami disaster mitigation measures, incurred great devastation because the tsunami was both higher than any historically recorded tsunamis and than any estimated tsunamis for disaster management. The tsunami-induced inundation destroyed many of wooden houses widely found in the area. Many ships and boats at sea were displaced by the tsunami, with some vessels colliding with others and port facilities such as cargo handling equipment and quay walls being damaged. Much debris was generated and disrupted rescue and restoration activities in the disaster aftermath. Port devastation caused stagnation in logistics and industrial operations, negatively impacting on residents’ lives and industrial activities in the disaster aftermath. There was a positive lesson that breakwaters and seawalls damaged by the tsunami reduced tsunami impacts behind them. Ports should be robust and resilient against possible tsunami hazards, considering measures for worst-case earthquake and tsunami scenarios.
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Shishikura, Masanobu. "Recent Issues Affecting Forecast of Subduction Zone Great Earthquakes in Japan Through Paleoseismological Study." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (2014): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0330.

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Because the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake was accompanied by phenomena similar to those associated with the 869 Jogan earthquake, as reconstructed on the basis of historical and geological evidence, paleoseismology is recognized for its potential effectiveness in earthquake forecasting. In attempts to avoid such unexpected situations as the 2011 Tohoku event when taking disaster prevention measures, the Japanese government and local administrations announced a maximum class model for earthquakes and tsunamis that is not based on paleoseismological evidence. Thus, paleoseismologists must both inductively study the reconstruction of evidence fromthe past and deductively evaluate the maximum class earthquake and tsunami.
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Kiyono, Junji. "Hard and soft measures for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation." E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133107011.

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A destructive earthquake struck the Kobe region on January 17, 1995, and a massive earthquake and tsunami struck eastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We present an overview of the casualty aspects of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake compared with those of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. In the Tohoku disaster, some water gates and seawalls saved some villages from the tsunami effects, though some did not. Based on these examples, we discuss the efficiency of soft and hard measures and consider their respective merits and demerits. The main causes of death in the Kobe and Tohoku EQs were, respectively, collapsing buildings and drowning in the tsunami. Although the time to death was very short in both cases, people often have more time to evacuate in the case of an interplate earthquake leading to a tsunami. Basic countermeasures against tsunamis include such hard measures as water gates, seawalls, and embankments. Soft measures need to be implemented in areas where hard measures are insufficient
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Ando, M., M. Ishida, Y. Hayashi, C. Mizuki, Y. Nishikawa, and Y. Tu. "Interviewing insights regarding the fatalities inflicted by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 9 (2013): 2173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2173-2013.

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Abstract. One hundred fifty survivors of the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Tohoku-oki earthquake) (Mw = 9.0) were interviewed to study the causes of deaths from the associated tsunami in coastal areas of Tohoku. The first official tsunami warning underestimated the height of the tsunami and 40% of the interviewees did not obtain this warning due to immediate blackouts and a lack of communication after the earthquake. Many chose to remain in dangerous locations based on the underestimated warning and their experiences with previous smaller tsunamis and/or due to misunderstanding the mitigating effects of nearby breakwaters in blocking incoming tsunamis. Some delayed their evacuation to perform family safety checks, and in many situations, the people affected misunderstood the risks involved in tsunamis. In this area, three large tsunamis have struck in the 115 yr preceding the 2011 tsunami. These tsunamis remained in the collective memory of communities, and numerous measures against future tsunami damage, such as breakwaters and tsunami evacuation drills, had been implemented. Despite these preparedness efforts, approximately 18 500 deaths and cases of missing persons occurred. The death rate with the age of 65 and above was particularly high, four times higher than that with other age groups. These interviews indicate that deaths resulted from a variety of reasons, but if residents had taken immediate action after the major ground motion stopped, most residents might have been saved. Education about the science behind earthquakes and tsunamis could help save more lives in the future.
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Kawasaki, Koji, and Tetsuya Nonaka. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS ON SEAWALL FAILURE INDUCED BY 2011 GREAT TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.1.

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The Great Tohoku Earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the pacific coast of Japan on March 11th, 2011, which was the largest earthquake in the recorded history of Japan. Tohoku region, which is located on the northern part of the main island of Japan, has been devastated by some tsunamis in the past. It is of extreme importance from the perspectives of tsunami disaster prevention and mitigation to comprehend the failure mechanisms of coastal structures and nonlinear interaction between fluid and structure. In this study, a three-dimensional fluid-structure analysis model is proposed to discuss seawall failure mechanism caused by tsunami. The utility of the model is verified by applying it to the failure phenomenon of seawalls broken by the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami.
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Ozaki, Tomoaki. "JMA’s Tsunami Warning for the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Improvement Plan." Journal of Disaster Research 7, sp (2012): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0439.

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The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued a timely tsunami warning three minutes after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the Great Tohoku Earthquake) occurred at 14:49 (JST) on March 11, 2011. However, predicted tsunami heights at the early stage were greatly underestimated. Based on lessons learned from this earthquake, the JMA plans to improve its tsunami warning.
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Ohsumi, Tsuneo, Yuji Dohi, and Hemanta Hazarika. "Damage Related to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in and Around Kamaishi City – Beyond the Tsunami Disaster –." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 9 (2019): 1185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1185.

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Widespread damage was caused in eastern Japan as a result of the earthquake and tsunami which occurred in 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (hereinafter, the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake). A large tsunami struck the coastal area of eastern Japan and caused damage to buildings, breakwaters, tide embankments and river levees. The joint reconnaissance team of the Tohoku and Kyushu branches of the Japanese Geotechnical Society investigated the geotechnical damage in the south-central coastal area of Iwate Prefecture from the beginning of April to September 2011. This report summarizes the geotechnical hazards and the damage to port structures, roads, railways, river levees, and buildings caused by the earthquake motion and tsunami in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in the south-central coastal area of Iwate Prefecture. Major investigation areas are Kamaishi City (Koshirahama Port, Touni-Chou), the coastal area of Ofunato City (Sanriku-Chou Yoshihama, Sanriku-Chou Okirai), and Rikuzentakata City. In the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, many people could not or did not evacuate from the tsunami. However, students at junior high and elementary schools started tsunami evacuation quickly, resulting in what is known as the “Kamaishi Miracle.” This study focused on the tsunami evacuation of children in Unosumai district, Kamaishi City.
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Satake, Kenji, and Yushiro Fujii. "Review: Source Models of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Long-Term Forecast of Large Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (2014): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0272.

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Numerous source models of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake have been proposed based on seismic, geodetic and tsunami data. Common features include a seismic moment of ∼ 4×1022 Nm, a duration of up to ∼ 160 s, and the largest slip of about 50 m east of the epicenter. Exact locations of this largest slip differ with the model, but all show considerable slip near the trench axis where plate coupling was considered to be weak and also at deeper part where M∼7 earthquakes repeatedly occurred at average 37-year intervals. The long-term forecast of large earthquakes made by the Earthquake Research Committee was based on earthquakes occurring in the last few centuries and did not consider such a giant earthquake. Among the several issues remaining unsolved is the tsunami source model. Coastal tsunami height distribution requires a tsunami source delayed by a few minutes and extending north of the epicenter, but seismic data do not indicate such a delayed rupture and there is no clear evidence of additional sources such as submarine landslides along the trench axis. Long-term forecast of giant earthquakes must incorporate non-characteristic models such as earthquake occurrence supercycles, assessments of maximum earthquake size independent of past data, and plate coupling based on marine geodetic data. To assess ground shaking and tsunami in presumed M∼9 earthquakes, characterization and scaling relation fromglobal earthquakes must be used.
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Stimpson, Ian. "Japan's Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami." Geology Today 27, no. 3 (2011): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00793.x.

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Miyashita, Takuya, and Nobuhito Mori. "TSUNAMI INUNDATION SIMULATIONS IN URBAN TOPOGRAPHY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.62.

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The inundation of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami showed complex behavior over the land. According to the surveys of the Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami in 2011, the behavior of tsunami in urban areas was different from that in rural areas and the damage was not only dependent on the inundation heights but also the local momentum. The buildings are commonly excluded and smoothed off in the topography in the conventional inundation simulation but it’s important to understand the local characteristics of tsunami run-up in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to understand and validate numerical models of tsunami in the urban area.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

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Suzuki, Misato. "The Impact of the Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami on the Japanese Electricity Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/293.

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This paper quantifies and analyzes the economic impact of the Great Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami on the Japanese electricity industry using alternative event study methodology. The data set includes daily stock prices of 11 publicly traded electricity companies. This paper investigates the changes in systematic risk, abnormal returns (ARs), and cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) before and after the natural disaster. In addition, I compare the movement of the stock price in the electricity industry with other indices in Japan to investigate the aggregate level impact on the Japanese economy. By examining the economic impact of the earthquake, this paper provides a visual and a numerical representation of the change in investors’ views on the electricity industry. The results showed no statistically significant changes in ARs in the immediate aftermath of the disaster. On the other hand, statistically significant changes in CARs were found for all 11 electricity companies over an extended period following the disaster. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant increase in systematic risk, especially in the nuclear-committed firms. Although the electricity industry was negatively affected, daily stock prices and CARs show that other industries were not as severely affected. These results provide insight to the global economic and the political implication of the disaster.
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Minami, Takuto. "Numerical simulation of the tsunami-induced electromagnetic field using a time-domain finite element method: application to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake tsunami." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188496.

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Herbert, Dana M., James A. Prosser, and Rachele A. Wharton. "A Cost Analysis of the Department of the Navy Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7356.

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MBA Professional Report<br>Approved for public release, distribution unlimited<br>On March 11, 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami triggered overwhelming destruction and loss that had global implications. Because of the random nature of disasters, funding for response efforts is not currently included in the budget submitted for the Department of Defense. Thus, when the Department of the Navy responds to a natural disaster and provides humanitarian assistance, great fiscal costs are incurred, which must be accurately tracked and reported for reimbursement. This project investigates the response of the U.S. Navy following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. The objective of this research is to analyze the operating costs associated with each DoN vessel and aircraft type. In order to determine the most cost-effective platform(s) the Navy should use when responding to a disaster, an in-depth analysis of all direct and indirect costs associated is provided. As a result, this analysis will provide senior leaders and policy makers with timely operational and financial policy recommendations to better prepare for unforeseen events in the future.
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Kajimoto, Masato. "Cultural framing of news : from earthquake to nuclear crisis in Japan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197109.

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This thesis examines the news coverage of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis that devastated the country of Japan in March 2011 from a comparative standpoint. Drawing on the key concepts in the theory of social constructionism and frame analysis, the series of studies in this thesis comparatively examines how cultures and value systems factored into the process of news production, dissemination and consumption when it comes to the news stories on what the Japanese government officially named the Great East Japan Earthquake. The first section looks at how Japan and its people were portrayed amid disaster relief efforts and analyzes how culture itself has become the topic of discussion and part of reality construction. The second section, on frame analysis, focuses on the workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, often called the Fukushima 50 by the Western media, and examines the cultural characteristics that contributed to the observable discrepancies in the ways they were represented by the Japanese media and their Western counterparts. The third study aims to shed light on the environment surrounding today’s foreign correspondents and international news reporting in the context of Japan, investigating what factors influence the ways journalist go about reporting and framing their versions of realities. The fourth section attempts to deconstruct the news narratives in terms of risk communication by paying particular attention to how people reacted to the coverage of potential dangers of radiation leaks as well as the tsunami warnings in Tohoku area. In the end, the series of studies described above underlines how cultural factors significantly affected the ways in which the journalists covered Japan in 2011 as well as the ways news audiences understood what was going on. The thesis argues that there are two types of cultural faming that contributed greatly to the social construction of realities in the aftermath of the triple disasters. The first type of cultural framing was observed when reporters consistently made the culture of Japan and its supposedly “unique” values as the main frame of news narratives. It often implied that the Japanese culture was somewhat exotic or alien through foreign eyes. The second type of cultural framing was observed when the cultural dispositions of journalists and audience framed the potential risk such as the incoming tsunami and the vital newsmakers such as workers in Fukushima Daiichi using familiar cultural molds. The finding accentuated the intricacy and precarious nature of “realities” in news reports. The research also indicated that when cultural factors in news process dictate and determine the focal point of reality perception, they tend to bring about racial discussions and stereotypical images in narratives.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Sociology<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Bunza, Matthew (Matthew Peter). "Tohoku Topo-Urbanism : oblique community form in post-Tsunami Japan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79130.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Pages 170 and 171 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-169).<br>Tohoku Topo-Urbanism explores the potential inhabitation of the oblique as an alternative model of community form and resilient reconstruction in Post-Tsunami Japan. In its wake, the 2011 Tsunami left a redefined landscape and enormous questions about the future of people and place. Since then, the Japanese Government's plans for reconstruction put a moratorium on housing in lowland areas, necessitating a new residential geography. Because here, flat land is few and far between, the thesis proposes the notion that slopes become the new geography. Unfortunately, existing plans now result in mountain-top removal and extreme excavation in order to create flat 'buildable' land, and in other cases relocate entire communities far inland. The results can be detrimental to the natural and cultural landscape, and threaten to destroy already fragile communities. Thus, this thesis is positioned as an alternate form of settlement that seeks a balance between productive and preserved landscape, and suggests that development emanate downslope from the hilltop; so that the oblique becomes a vital link between the highland and lowland nodes - a dualdatum reality of Post-Tsunami urban form. The thesis sees the site as both abstract and specific; and asks how an understanding of ground conditions (such as slope, landform, vegetation, and orientation) can inform design. How might topography generate access, infrastructure, and public space? How can landscape experience foster interaction between people and nature? The thesis explores these questions while solving problems inherent in normative methods of slope construction (constraints of economy, constructability, hazards, and mobility) by leveraging gravity, natural energy, innovative material and construction systems, and the power of place. Tohoku Topo-Urbanism lies at the intersections of architecture, human settlement, and landscape; and thus the response and scope of the thesis is both multi-scalar and multi-disciplinary. It operates through policy, an urban masterplan (Chapter 03), and a strategy for landscape management; and finally, explores how architectural building typologies (Chapter 04) might fit within this framework. The hope is that the sensitive inhabitation of slopes will allow communities to remain integrated with existing lowland areas and infrastructure, ensure safety from future natural disasters, while making every effort to foster interaction between the human, cultural, and natural landscapes.<br>by Matthew Bunza.<br>M.Arch.
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Martin-Medina, Manuel. "Tsunami wave interaction with a coastal structure: : Focus on the Tohoku tsunami case and the flip-through impact." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3047/document.

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Lors du tsunami de Tohoku en 2011, des relevés de terrain sur les côtes japonaises ont montré la fragilité des structures côtières, où le plus grand brise-lames du monde (brise-lames de Kamaishi) a été fortement endommagé dû à cet événement. Dans ce doctorat, l'objectif est d'étudier l'interaction entre les brise-lames , les structures côtières les plus communes protégeant les zones urbaines et les entrées des ports, et les vagues, en particulier les tsunamis.Dans la première partie de ce travail, la transformation du tsunami en bore ondulaire dans les zones côtières est étudiée numériquement avec le code de calcul BOSZ (modèle Boussinesq). Les résultats montrent que la deuxième vague générée par le tsunami de Tohoku s'est transformée en un bore ondulaire. En revanche, la première vague n'était pas assez cambrée pour permettre une telle transformation. Les forces et les moments dus aux vagues ainsi que la contrainte normale appliquée par la base arrière du caisson sur le sol de fondation sont calculés à l'aide de deux modèles numériques différents: BOSZ et THETIS (modèle Navier-Stokes). Les résultats de BOSZ sont comparés avec THETIS pour l'interaction tsunami-structure. L'étude d'impact est réalisée à relativement grande échelle dans le but d'obtenir une première estimation des efforts d'un tsunamiPar la suite, une expérience numérique utilisant le modèle THETIS a été réalisée pour étudier les impacts du type flip-through sur des brise-lames. Ces impacts de vagues sans air emprisonné sont considérés comme le type d'impact le plus extrême dans la littérature (e.g. Cooker &amp; Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)). L'influence de l'inclinaison de l'interface sur la dynamique d'impact et les pressions générées sont analysées dans une configuration de brise-lames réelle. Le modèle d'onde solitaire est utilisé pour générer trois impacts caractéristiques du type flip-through: peu cambré, moyen et très cambré. Le champ de vitesses et la pression à l'intérieur de la fondation sont également étudiés dans cette partie. Les forces horizontales et verticales appliquées sur le caisson sont estimées en intégrant les distributions de pression données par THETIS.La dernière partie de ces travaux montre la stabilité des caissons de brise-lames soumis à des impacts du type flip-through, qui sont ici assimilés à un jet triangulaire (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). Cette approche simple permet de formuler un modèle semi-analytique pour prédire le mouvement des caissons dû à ce type d'impacts. Après validation avec des simulations numériques, la méthode du jet triangulaire permet d'obtenir des informations sur les forces, la durée du mouvement et le déplacement total en fonction des caractéristiques de la vague et des dimensions du caisson du brise-lames impacté<br>During the Tohoku tsunami in 2011, field surveys of the east coast of Japan showed the weakness of coastal defences, as even the world largest tsunami breakwater (Kamaishi) almost completely collapsed due to this event. In this PhD, the aim is to investigate the interaction between breakwaters, the most common offshore coastal structures protecting urban areas and harbour entries, and waves and especially tsunami waves.In the first part of the work, the generation of undular bores in the near-shore area of Sendai during the Tohoku event is numerically investigated with the numerical model BOSZ (Boussinesq-type model). It is shown that the second wave, which stroke the coast during this event, transformed into an undular bore, whereas the first wave did not due to steepness differences. Tsunami loads, moments and bearing stress applied on the offshore breakwater of the Soma Port are calculated using two models: BOSZ and THETIS (Navier-Stokes VOF model). BOSZ results are compared to THETIS for the tsunami wave-breakwater interaction. The impact study is carried out at a relatively large scale aiming to have a first estimation of tsunami efforts. Then, a numerical experiment using THETIS is carried out to investigate flip-through impacts on vertical breakwaters. This non-aerated wave impact is considered as the most severe type of impact in the literature (e.g. Cooker &amp; Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)) in terms of maximum pressure generated. The influence of the front interface on the impact dynamics and the pressure induced is analysed in a realistic breakwater configuration. Solitary waves are used to obtain three characteristic flip-through impacts involving least steep, medium steep and steepest wave front. The flow field and pressure inside the porous rubble mound are then investigated as well as horizontal and uplift forces applied on the breakwater caisson. The last part of this study is devoted to the stability of breakwater caissons submitted to flip-through impacts. The latter are here assimilated to water wedges (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). This simple approach allows to formulate a semi-analytical model to predict caisson motion due to this type of impacts. After validation with numerical results, the water wedge method gives rich informations about forces, motion duration and sliding distance depending on the wave impact characteristics and breakwater caisson dimensions
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Arpaia, Luca. "Adaptive techniques for free surface flow simulations : Application to the study of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0666.

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Dans cette thèse, nous implémentons les équations de Saint Venant (SV), ou de Shallow Water, sur des grilles non structurées afin de simuler des écoulements de surface libre sur des bathymétries irrégulières, incluant inondation et d'autres phénomènes complexes qui se produisent généralement dans des applications hydrodynamiques. En particulier, nous voudrions simuler avec précision les tsunamis, la propagation d'onde à grande échelle jusqu'à l'inondation très localisé. À cette fin, nous utilisons deux méthodes qui sont comparées en profondeur le long du manuscrit: la méthode des volumes finis, très populaire dans la communauté hydrodynamique et hydraulique et une technique plus récente appelée Distribution du Résidu appartenant à la classe des schémas upwind multidimensionnels. Pour améliorer la résolution de certaines caractéristiques de l'écoulement telles que le développement du déferlement et les inondations à petite échelle, nous utilisons une adaptation de maillage dynamique basée sur une redistribution des noeuds de maillage, aussi appelé adaptation de type r (r signifiant "relocalisation"). La combinaison appropriée de cette méthode avec le solveur SV est généralement appelée Méthode de Maillage Mobile. Parmi les nombreux algorithmes de maillage mobile disponibles, nous proposons une forme Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) des équation SV qui permettent de faire évoluer les variables de flux d'une maille à l'autre de manière élégante. Dans ce contexte, nous soulignons les principales contributions de la thèse: Nous montrons l'importance de conserver toutes les propriétés standards d'un solveur Eulérien SWE tel que la préservation du lac au repos et la conservation de la masse également sur des maillages en mouvement. Notre couplage ALE est comparé à l'approche de rezoning, avec une légère augmentation de la performance globale de l'algorithme en termes de précision et de temps CPU. Nous étendons l'approche ALE sur la sphère afin d'inclure l'effet de la courbure terrestre dans la dynamique de propagation des ondes à grande échelle du tsunami. La simulation du tsunami 2011 de Tohoku-Honsu devrait prouver que la méthode de maillage mobile étudiée dans la thèse, bien que simple, pourrait être un bon candidat pour réduire le coût de calcul des simulations de tsunami<br>In this thesis we implement the Shallow Water equations (SWEs) on unstructured grids in order to simulate free surface flow over irregular bathymetries, wetting/drying and other complex phenomena that typically occurs in hydrodynamic applications. In particular we would to accurately simulate tsunami events, from large scale wave propagation up to localized runup. To this aim we use two methods that are extensively compared along the manuscript: the Finite Volume method, which is very popular in the hydrodynamics and hydraulic community and a more recent technique called Residual Distribution which belongs to the class of multidimensional upwind schemes. To enhance the resolution of important flow feature such as bore development or small scale flooding, we use a dynamic mesh adaptation based on a redistribution of mesh nodes or r-adaptation (r stands for "relocation"). The proper combination of this method with the flow solver is usually referred to as Moving Mesh Method. Among the many different moving mesh algorithms available we propose an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) form of the SWEs which elegantly permit to evolve the flow variables from one mesh to the updated one
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Alimoglu, Murat. "Tsunami Risk Assessment Of Esenkoy Fishery Harbor Breakwater." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1087832/index.pdf.

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Within the scope of this thesis, a reliability based risk assessment, based on Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyse the safety levels of Esenk&ouml<br>y Fishery Harbor main breakwater, Sea of Marmara, Turkey. In the past, in reliability-based risk assessment methodology in Turkey, the design conditions were only wave characteristics, tidal range, storm surge, wave set-up and the structural system parameters. However in this study, the tsunami risk which was considered as a major design parameter is included in the computations. In this study, development of a structural stability criterion in coastal engineering was suggested to achieve a common definition of reliability including the tsunami risk. The model introduced in this study is a practical technique in the reliability-based risk assessment of breakwaters subject to tsunami risk. In order to determine the occurrence probability of design condition, which is a function of storm waves, tidal range, storm surge and tsunami height, the Monte Carlo simulation, was applied. From the reliability-based risk assessment model applied to Esenk&ouml<br>y Fishery Harbor as a pilot study in Turkey it was found that, inclusion of the tsunami risk increases the failure risk of the structure, and as lifetime of the structure increases, the impact of tsunami risk on the failure mechanism is more reflected. For Esenk&ouml<br>y Fishery Harbor main breakwater, tsunami was not the key design parameter when compared to storm waves. However, in regions with great seismic activity, tsunami risk may be very noteworthy depending on the frequency and the magnitude of the tsunami.
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Scala, Antonio <1985&gt. "Rupture Dynamics Along Subduction Zones: Structural and Geometrical Complexities and the Case of Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7489/1/Thesis_Antonio_Scala.pdf.

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We aim to characterize the rupture dynamics along the subduction zones. We investigated the shear/normal stress coupling when geometrical discontinuities and/or realistic velocity fields induce normal traction perturbations. The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is shown to be a powerful numerical tool to perform dynamic simulations for subduction earthquakes due to its geometrical flexibility and to the easy implementation of classical seismological boundary conditions. Sharp variations of normal stress are induced when a rupture propagates between dissimilar materials. Performing dynamic simulations along bimaterial interfaces, we show how the Coulomb friction law leads to unstable solutions due to the missing time/length scale of shear/normal coupling. We also show how the shear stress response has to be properly delayed to provide stable physical reliable solutions and how this delay can allow to define a length, comparable with the dissipation zone, which can be interpreted as the length of coupling. Free surface interaction is shown to generate a break of symmetry in the shallow part of dipping faults. In particular larger ground motion on the hanging wall and thus larger coseismic slip is evidenced. Due to the fault/free surface interaction this slip is shown to be generally associated with low-frequency radiation. Finally, exploiting these results some dynamic models of Tohoku earthquake are presented. The main source features of that event can be addressed in terms of influence of geometry and structure and thus of shear/normal coupling. Along dip we find a bilateral rupture faster trenchward where the largest coseismic slip is measured. Strong rupture accelerations due to geometrical and velocity discontinuities imply high-frequency sub-sources in the deep part of the subduction. We finally show how taking into account these dynamic features the tsunami scenarios for the Tohoku earthquake lead to higher estimates for tsunami hazard.
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Scala, Antonio <1985&gt. "Rupture Dynamics Along Subduction Zones: Structural and Geometrical Complexities and the Case of Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7489/.

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Abstract:
We aim to characterize the rupture dynamics along the subduction zones. We investigated the shear/normal stress coupling when geometrical discontinuities and/or realistic velocity fields induce normal traction perturbations. The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is shown to be a powerful numerical tool to perform dynamic simulations for subduction earthquakes due to its geometrical flexibility and to the easy implementation of classical seismological boundary conditions. Sharp variations of normal stress are induced when a rupture propagates between dissimilar materials. Performing dynamic simulations along bimaterial interfaces, we show how the Coulomb friction law leads to unstable solutions due to the missing time/length scale of shear/normal coupling. We also show how the shear stress response has to be properly delayed to provide stable physical reliable solutions and how this delay can allow to define a length, comparable with the dissipation zone, which can be interpreted as the length of coupling. Free surface interaction is shown to generate a break of symmetry in the shallow part of dipping faults. In particular larger ground motion on the hanging wall and thus larger coseismic slip is evidenced. Due to the fault/free surface interaction this slip is shown to be generally associated with low-frequency radiation. Finally, exploiting these results some dynamic models of Tohoku earthquake are presented. The main source features of that event can be addressed in terms of influence of geometry and structure and thus of shear/normal coupling. Along dip we find a bilateral rupture faster trenchward where the largest coseismic slip is measured. Strong rupture accelerations due to geometrical and velocity discontinuities imply high-frequency sub-sources in the deep part of the subduction. We finally show how taking into account these dynamic features the tsunami scenarios for the Tohoku earthquake lead to higher estimates for tsunami hazard.
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Books on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

1

Ewing, Lesley, Shigeo Takahashi, and Catherine M. Petroff. Tohoku, Japan, earthquake and tsunami of 2011: Survey of coastal structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013.

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D'Emilia, Pio. Lo tsunami nucleare: I trenta giorni che sconvolsero il Giappone. Manifestolibri, 2011.

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Akatsuka, Yūzō. Kyodai tsunami saigai kara manabu. Kajima Shuppankai, 2013.

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Tonsho, Naoto. Warau hinanjo: Ishinomaki, Meiyūkan 136-nin no kiroku. Shūeisha, 2012.

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Horikomi, Mitsuko. Umi ni shizunda furusato: Kitakamigawa kakō o osotta kyodai tsunami hinansha no kokoro kagakusha no me. Rengō Shuppan, 2011.

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Kai, Yamamoto Minwa no. Kataritsugu, chiisana machi o nomikonda kyodai tsunami. Shōgakkan, 2013.

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Robertson, Ian N. (Ian Nicol), Kriebel David L, Francis Mathew, and Nistor Ioan (Engineer), eds. Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Performance of structures under tsunami loads. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013.

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Ikegami, Masaki. Futatabi, kokokara: Higashi Nihon Daishinsai Ishinomaki no hitotachi no 50-nichikan. Popurasha, 2011.

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1967-, Washio Kazuhiko, ed. Haru o urandari wa shinai: Shinsai o megutte kangaeta koto. Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2011.

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Minakawa, Osamu. Hisai Ishinomaki gojūnichi: Kasumigaseki kanryō ni yoru genchi repōto kokkateki hijōji ni okeru chiiki gyōsei no kadai. Kokusho Kankōkai, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

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Matsui, Shigenori. "Tohoku Earthquake, tsunami, and aftermath." In Law and Disaster. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351059350-3.

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Satake, Kenji. "Tohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami)." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_352.

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Gupta, Harsh K., and Vineet K. Gahalaut. "2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami." In SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6576-4_4.

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Kawase, Hiroshi, Shinchi Matsushima, Baoyintu, et al. "Earthquake, Geology, and Tsunami." In Preliminary Reconnaissance Report of the 2011 Tohoku-Chiho Taiheiyo-Oki Earthquake. Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54097-7_2.

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Ewing, Lesley, and Catherine Petroff. "The Great East Japan Tsunami: One Year Later." In Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412695.ap02.

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Udo, K., Y. Takeda, M. Takamura, and A. Mano. "Serious Erosion of the Southern Sendai Coast Due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami and Its Recovery Process." In Post-Tsunami Hazard. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10202-3_15.

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Mori, Nobuhito, Nozomu Yoneyama, and William Pringle. "Effects of the Offshore Barrier Against the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami and Lessons Learned." In Post-Tsunami Hazard. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10202-3_9.

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Murao, Osamu. "Exchanging Disaster Science Expertise Between Countries—A Japanese Personal Perspective." In The Demography of Disasters. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_12.

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Abstract Having experienced firsthand the catastrophic Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, Tohoku University founded the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) in 2012. IRIDeS staff, with a broad array of relevant specializations, conducts world-class research on disaster science and disaster mitigation in collaboration with organizations from many countries. As a member of IRIDeS, Prof. Osamu Murao, the founder and manager of the International Strategy for Disaster Mitigation Laboratory (ISDM), has conducted several international collaborative research projects. This chapter briefly reports on the activities of the IRIDeS and ISDM and highlights key factors for successful international collaborative research and exchange experiences with other countries. The author recounts his initial collaborative research experience in a long-term project examining Taiwan’s recovery from the impact of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake which was the foundation of the international research collaboration at ISDM. The chapter concludes with a summary of the valuable lessons learned from the author’s participation in this research.
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Uehara, Misato, and Wanglin Yan. "The Lessons Derived from 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and the Repercussion of the Myopic Decision-Making Structures." In Tsunami and Fukushima Disaster: Design for Reconstruction. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56742-6_3.

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Tokimatsu, Kohji, Michitaka Ishida, and Shusaku Inoue. "Challenge to Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Frontier: Consideration of Buildings Overturned by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Beijing 2022). Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

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Hatayama, Ken. "Tsunami Damage to Oil Storage Tanks in the MW9.0 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45530.

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The Mw9.0 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake tsunami damaged 418 oil storage tanks located along the Pacific coast of the Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Kanto Districts of Japan. A wide variety of damage was observed, including movement and deformation of the tank body, scouring of the tank base and ground, and movement or structural fracture of the pipe. In total, 157 of the 418 tanks were moved by the tsunami. By comparing the severity of damage with the inundation depth of the tsunami experienced by the oil storage tank, a fragility curve projecting the damage rate for plumbing is presented, and a rough but easy-to-use method of predicting tsunami damage to an oil storage tank from a given inundation depth is also presented: (i) for inundation depths of 2–5 m, tanks suffer damage to their plumbing, and small tanks (capacity &lt; 100 m3) and empty larger tanks may be moved; (ii) for inundation depths of greater than 5 m, most tanks are moved. The validity of the previously-proposed tsunami tank-movement prediction method is first examined. A comparison of the method’s predictions with the actual damage data from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami indicates a high hit rate of 76%.
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Liu, Wen, Fumio Yamazaki, Hideomi Gokon, and Shunichi Koshimura. "Extraction of damaged buildings due to the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake tsunami." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350523.

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Aguiari, Martina, Cesare Mario Rizzo, and Tomoya Inoue. "A Fatigue Assessment Procedure for Drilling Pipes of Scientific Vessels." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96639.

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Abstract In recent years, many disasters due to earthquakes and tsunamis occurred in various countries, including Japan. Two triple junctions exist below the Japanese archipelago and around Japan, where three plates meet to form a complicated crustal structure. To conduct research on the Tohoku earthquake, which accompanied the tsunami that devastated northern Japan in March 2011, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) constructed the scientific deep-sea drilling vessel Chikyu. To understand the mechanism of the earthquakes, a direct access to the fault zone is necessary. During drilling operations, the drill pipes are stressed by different forces and the occurrence of drill-string failures is high, which causes significant loss of money and time. This study focused on the definition of a practical fatigue assessment procedure useful to avoid failures during drilling operations. In this paper the proposed procedure is outlined, and the sensitivity analysis carried out to highlight most influencing parameters is presented.
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Masuda, Mitsuhiro. "A Study on the Construction of the Tsunami Hazard Database for Mooring Vessels in the Ports." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79338.

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Abstract When a tsunami attacks a coastal area, vessels moored at the wharf suffer serious damage. In fact, more than 20,000 vessels have been damaged, such as landing on a wharf, drifting, or colliding due to the tsunami caused by the Tohoku earthquake in 2011. Tsunamis are significant disasters in Japan. Many researchers have studied the prediction of tsunami damages and the tsunami damage protection measures. However, there are various approaches for studying tsunami damage prediction and tsunami protection measures for each researcher. This means that the tsunami damages and tsunami protection measures are evaluated using various methods in each area and port. Accordingly, when tsunami damages are evaluated, there is currently no unified evaluation method in Japan as a whole. This study proposes a tsunami hazard database for major Japanese ports using the unified evaluation method. The moving particle simulation (MPS) method was used as a tsunami hazard simulation method. Target ports are 23 major Japanese ports. The landing on a wharf and breakage of mooring lines were evaluated as hazard cases for the mooring vessel. In evaluating the landing of vessels on a wharf, the tsunami height in each port, the draft of vessels, and the crown heights by the difference in tidal levels were considered. The tsunami hazard database was constructed based on these results. Finally, tsunami hazards in major Japanese ports were evaluated using the tsunami hazard database.
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Lu, Zhao, Tao Xu, Yuantao Liang, and Renyu Zuo. "Investigation on the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Characteristics and Seawall Response induced by Tsunami." In Geo-Shanghai 2014. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413425.021.

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Moore, McCain, Cecilia M. G. McHugh, Leonardo Seeber, et al. "THE SEDIMENTARY AND ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE OF THE 2011 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI AND PRIOR EARTHQUAKES, JAPAN TRENCH." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-327862.

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Lai, Tao, Arash Nasseri, Yue-Jun Yin, Vineet Katiyar, and Mesut Turel. "Modeling Railway Damage due to Shake, Liquefaction, and Tsunami for the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake." In Sixth China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413234.035.

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Gokon, Hideomi, Shunichi Koshimura, Joachim Post, Christian Geis, Enrico Stein, and Masashi Matsuoka. "Detecting building damage caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami using TerraSAR-X data." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6946816.

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Folić, Boris, Radomir Folić, and Miloš Čokić. "DEMAGE BRIDGES DUE STRONG EARTHQUAKE IN CHINA AND JAPAN." In Assessment, maintenance and rehabilitation of structures. Association of Civil Engineers of Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sgisxiii.18bf.

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Strong earthquakes are caused by the movement of faults over a wide area of the ground. Bridges, unlike buildings, have a desirable mechanism of energy dissipation through columns. and the road decks are required to remain in use after the earthquake. However, when the actual intensity of an earthquake significantly exceeds the designed forces, minor or major damage occurs. The Kobe Earthquake in Japan, 1995 was strong, and also Tohoku 2011 was very strong. Damage occurred not only due to earthquakes but also due to associated effects such as liquefaction, horizontal soil expansion or tsunamis. The effects of these related events on the bridge damage are presented in this paper.
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Fujihara, Satoru, Mariko Korenaga, Takahiro Tamiya, and Norihiko Hashimoto. "Tsunami waveform inversion using only observational sites at the vicinity of tsunami source region: 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake case." In Proceedings of the 12th SEGJ International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 18-20 November 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj122015-068.

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Reports on the topic "Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"

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Davies, G., and J. Griffin. The 2018 Australian probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment: hazard from earthquake generated tsunamis. Geoscience Australia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2018.041.

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Griffin, J. D., and G. Davies. 8. Earthquake sources of the Australian plate margin: revised models for the 2018 national tsunami and earthquake hazard assessments. Geoscience Australia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2018.031.

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Zhu, Minjie, and Michael Scott. Two-Dimensional Debris-Fluid-Structure Interaction with the Particle Finite Element Method. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gsfh8371.

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In addition to tsunami wave loading, tsunami-driven debris can cause significant damage to coastal infrastructure and critical bridge lifelines. Using numerical simulations to predict loads imparted by debris on structures is necessary to supplement the limited number of physical experiments of in-water debris loading. To supplement SPH-FEM (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Method) simulations described in a companion PEER report, fluid-structure-debris simulations using the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) show the debris modeling capabilities in OpenSees. A new contact element simulates solid to solid interaction with the PFEM. Two-dimensional simulations are compared to physical experiments conducted in the Oregon State University Large Wave Flume by other researchers and the formulations are extended to three-dimensional analysis. Computational times are reported to compare the PFEM simulations with other numerical methods of modeling fluid-structure interaction (FSI) with debris. The FSI and debris simulation capabilities complement the widely used structural and geotechnical earthquake simulation capabilities of OpenSees and establish the foundation for multi-hazard earthquake and tsunami simulation to include debris.
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Bednarski, J. M., and L. J. Leonard. Photographic record of the tsunami impacts on western Haida Gwaii following the Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake on October 28, 2012. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/298808.

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Plourde, A. P., and J. F. Cassidy. Mapping tectonic stress at subduction zones with earthquake focal mechanisms: application to Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330943.

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Earthquake focal mechanisms have contributed substantially to our understanding of modern tectonic stress regimes, perhaps more than any other data source. Studies generally group focal mechanisms by epicentral location to examine variations in stress across a region. However, stress variations with depth have rarely been considered, either due to data limitations or because they were believed to be negligible. This study presents 3D grids of tectonic stress tensors using existing focal mechanism catalogs from several subduction zones, including Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. We bin data into 50 x 50 x 10 km cells (north, east, vertical), with 50% overlap in all three directions. This resulted in 181380 stress inversions, with 90% of these in Japan (including Nankai). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first examination of stress changes with depth in several of these regions. The resulting maps and cross-sections of stress can help distinguish locked and creeping segments of the plate interface. Similarly, by dividing the focal mechanism catalog in northern Japan into those before and those &amp;amp;gt;6 months after the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, we are able to produce detailed 3D maps of stress rotation, which is close to 90° near the areas of highest slip. These results could inform geodynamic rupture models of future megathrust earthquakes in order to more accurately estimate slip, shaking, and seismic hazard. Southern Cascadia and Nankai appear to have sharp stress discontinuities at ~20 km depth, and northern Cascadia may have a similar discontinuity at ~30 km depth. These stress boundaries may relate to rheological discontinuities in the forearc, and may help us unravel how forearc composition influences subduction zone behaviour and seismic hazard.
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Brandenberg, Scott, Jonathan Stewart, Kenneth Hudson, Dong Youp Kwak, Paolo Zimmaro, and Quin Parker. Ground Failure of Hydraulic Fills in Chiba, Japan and Data Archival in Community Database. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/amnh7013.

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This report describes analysis of ground failure and lack thereof observed in the Mihama Ward portion of Chiba, Japan following the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake. In conjunction with this work, we have also significantly expanded the laboratory component of the Next Generation Liquefaction (NGL) relational database. The district referred to as Mihama Ward is on ground composed of hydraulic fill sluiced in by pipes, thereby resulting in a gradient of soil coarseness, with coarser soils deposited near the pipes and fine-grained soils carried further away. Observations from local researchers at Chiba University following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake indicate that ground failure was observed closer to the locations where the pipes deposited the soil, and not further away. This ground failure consisted of extensive sand boiling and ground cracking, which led to building settlement and pipe breaks. Our hypothesis at the outset of the project was that liquefaction susceptibility might explain the pattern of ground failure. Specifically, soils deposited near the pipes are susceptible due to their coarser texture, while soils further from the pipes may be non-susceptible due to the presence of clay minerals and higher plasticity. Were this hypothesis borne out by evidence, soil in the transition zone would have provided important insights about liquefaction susceptibility. Based on testing of soils in our laboratory, we find this hypothesis to be only partially correct. We have confirmed that there are regions with high clay contents and no ground failure and other regions with predominantly granular soils and extensive surface manifestation of liquefaction. Where the hypothesis breaks down is in the transition zone, where we found that the fine-grained soils are non-plastic, and therefore they are susceptible to liquefaction. Our interpretation is that these silt materials likely liquefied during the earthquake, but did not manifest liquefaction. Two factors may have contributed to this lack of manifestation: (1) level ground conditions and lack of large driving static shear stresses (structures in the region are light residential construction) and (2) the silt is less likely to erode to the surface and form silt boils than the sandier soils that produced surface manifestations. This case history points to the importance of separating triggering (defined as the development of significant excess pore pressure and loss of strength) from manifestation (defined as observations of ground failure, including cracking, sand boils, and lateral spreading). The Mihama Ward case history involved laboratory tests performed by Tokyo Soil Research Co. Ltd. and the UCLA geotechnical laboratory. Given the importance of this data to the understanding of this case history, we recognized a need to incorporate laboratory tests in the NGL database alongside field tests and liquefaction observations. We therefore developed an organizational structure for laboratory tests, including direct simple shear, triaxial compression, and consolidation, and implemented the schema in the NGL database. We then uploaded data from tests performed by Tokyo Soil and UCLA. Furthermore, numerous other researchers have also uploaded laboratory test data for other sites. This report describes the organizational structure of the laboratory component of the database, and a tool for interacting with laboratory data.
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Paul, C., and J. F. Cassidy. Seismic hazard investigations at select DND facilities in Southwestern British Columbia: subduction, in-slab, and crustal scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331199.

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Southwest British Columbia has some of the highest seismic hazard in Canada and is home to facilities owned by the Department of National Defence which support operations on the west coast of Canada. The potential impact of seismic hazards on these government facilities are investigated here. The hazard is from three primary sources: subduction interface, crustal and in-slab earthquakes. NRCan, in consultation with DRDC have produced representative earthquake scenarios for each of these sources. The subduction scenario we constructed was an M8.9 earthquake extending along the entire Cascadia Subduction Zone from 4 to 18 km depth. We used an M6.8 earthquake occurring along a 30 km fault at between 52 and 60 km depth below Boundary Bay to represent in-slab events. The final scenario, representing a crustal source, was an M6.4 along the central 47 km of the Leech River Valley-Devil's Mountain Fault system. We found that the Cascadia subduction scenario dominated the shaking hazard over much of the study region. Meanwhile, the in-slab and crustal scenarios have higher but more localized hazards in Vancouver and Victoria. In addition to the primary ground motion hazard, we also examined secondary seismic hazards: secondary amplification effects, landslides, liquefaction, surface ruptures, tsunami, flooding, fire, and aftershocks. Each of the secondary hazards had varying impacts depending on the scenario and locations within the region.
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Mosalam, Khalid, Amarnath Kasalanati, and Grace Kang. PEER Annual Report 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/anra5954.

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The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) is a multi-institutional research and education center with headquarters at the University of California, Berkeley. PEER’s mission is to develop, validate, and disseminate performance-based seismic design technologies for buildings and infrastructure to meet the diverse economic and safety needs of owners and society. The year 2016 began with a change of leadership at PEER. On January 1, Professor Khalid Mosalam became the new PEER Director as Professor Stephen Mahin completed his 6- year term. Also in early 2016, Dr. Yousef Bozorgnia stepped down from the position of Executive Director, after serving as a key member of PEER’s management team for over 12 years. Several accomplishments of the Center during the leadership of Director Mahin were recounted during the PEER Annual Meeting on January 28–29, 2016. This meeting also set the course of the Center with several new thrust areas identified for future research. During the past year, PEER has continued its track record of multi-institutional research with several multi-year Mega-Projects. The PEER Tall Buildings Initiative (TBI) was recently expanded to include assessment of the seismic performance of existing tall buildings. The California Earthquake Authority (CEA) awarded a $3.4 million, 3.5-year research contract to PEER to investigate the seismic performance of wood-frame homes with cripple walls. The project will directly contribute to the improvement of seismic resiliency of California’s housing stock. Former Director Mahin will lead a broad effort for computational modeling and simulation (SimCenter) of the effects of natural hazards on the built environment. Supported by a 5-year, $10.9-million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the SimCenter is part of the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) initiative, a distributed, multi-user national facility that will provide natural hazards engineers with access to research infrastructure (earthquake and wind engineering experimental facilities, cyberinfrastructure, computational modeling and simulation tools, and research data), coupled with education and community outreach activities. In addition to the Mega Projects, PEER researchers were involved in a wide range of research activities in the areas of geohazards, tsunami, and the built environment focusing on the earthquake performance of old and new reinforced concrete and steel structures, tall buildings, and bridges including rapid bridge construction. As part of its mission, PEER participated in a wide range of education and outreach activities, including a summer internship program, seminars, OpenSees days, and participation in several national and international conferences. The Center became an active board member of two prominent international organizations, namely GADRI (Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes) and ILEE (International Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering). PEER researchers and projects were recognized with awards from several organizations. Going forward, PEER aims to improve the profile and external exposure of the Center globally, strengthen the Business-Industry-Partnership (BIP) program, engage the Institutional Board (IB) and the Industry Advisory Board (IAB) to identify new areas of research, and explore new funding opportunities.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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The 1929 "Grand Banks" Earthquake and Tsunami. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/289536.

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