Academic literature on the topic 'Tohono O’Odham'

This volume provides the most exhaustive and comprehensive treatment available of the Verb Second property, which has been a central topic in formal syntax for decades. While Verb Second has traditionally been considered a feature primarily of the Germanic languages, this book shows that it is much more widely attested cross-linguistically than previously thought, and explores the multiple empirical, theoretical, and experimental puzzles that remain in developing an account of the phenomenon. Uniquely, formal theoretical work appears alongside studies of psycholinguistics, language production,

The Uto-Aztecan language, Tohono O’odham (formerly Papago), has very free word order, along with a systematic requirement that the auxiliary should surface in second position. The contexts in which this requirement is suspended are argued to open a crucial window on its nature. The chapter contends that prosody and morphophonological considerations that determine the auxiliary placement reflect preferences for consonant-initial and trochaic patterns at the beginnings of clauses. Evidence comes from a class of vowel-initial particles that robustly resist moving to clause-initial position, and the so- called g-determiner, which otherwise occurs with all nouns, including proper nouns, in all other positions is barred where a noun surfaces in clause-initial position. The analysis of prefixed auxiliaries as second position can also be called into question, as they arguably fill the first position and first syllable of the clause. This, then, may be a genuine case of a phonologically conditioned second-position phenomenon.

This chapter illustrates how the United States pursued a variety of policies in its attempts to incorporate Indigenous peoples in Arizona during the territorial period. Hopis in northern Arizona appeared to be ideal candidates for citizenship. The federal government attempted allotment in severalty, boarding school education, opening business ventures in Hopi territory, and outright force, but Hopis proved resistant to all such efforts, never embracing citizenship and the franchise. After decades of genocidal policies by the governments of Sonora and Mexico, many Yaquis eventually sought refuge across the border in the United States, establishing communities such as Pascua and Guadalupe. As refugees in southern Arizona, Yaquis largely stayed out of the eyes of public officials while participating widely in the regional economy. They did not participate in Arizona electoral politics, nor did they fully transplant their Spanish-influenced systems of town government. Similar to Hopis, Tohono O’odhams were also subjected to allotment (on the San Xavier del Bac Reservation) and boarding schools, and viewed as promising potential citizens by U.S. officials. But similar to New Mexico Pueblos, Hopis, and Yaquis, Tohono O’odams preferred to stay outside of mainstream electoral politics in favor of protecting their own national sovereignty.