Academic literature on the topic 'Toilet training'

Abstrak: : Toilet training adalah suatu usaha untuk melatih anak agar mampu mengontrol buang air besar dan buang air kecil yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan usia inisiasi toilet training dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi toilet training dengan pencapaian toilet training. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang bersifat kuantitatif berdesain penelitian deskriptif korelasional memakai pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 responden yaitu orang tua yang mempunya anak prasekolah. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner yang disebarkan melalui google form terdiri dari 5 macam kuesioner yang telah dilakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia inisiasi toilet training (p value =0,297) dan pengetahuan orang tua (p value = 0,678) dengan pencapaian toilet training. Namun, terdapat hubungan antara peran orang tua (p value = 0,000) dan frekuensi penggunaan diapers (p value = 0,000) dengan pencapaian toilet training. Kesimpulan: usia inisiasi toilet training dan faktor pengetahuan orang tua tidak berhubungan dengan pencapaian toilet training sedangkan faktor peran orang tua dan frekuensi penggunaan diapers mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan pencapaian toilet training.

The use of toilets in Indonesia mostly uses the squat toilet type. The squat toilet is a type of toilet that is comfortable and stable in its use. The type of squat toilet in Indonesia, especially in Riau, has the most widely used toilet for adults, this is very difficult for young children in a smaller time span than adults so that children are not comfortable and stable when using a squat toilet. The service method was carried out at the Aqila Kids PAUD Post in Rimbo Panjang Village, and was attended by 15 students along with parental assistance. The result of this socialization is that it can increase knowledge about the distance between children's feet by measuring the distance between the legs when children squat, education on the importance of using squat toilets from an early age and knowledge in using squatting toilet training. The empowerment of teachers and parents in monitoring the use of squatting toilet training is expected to be realized properly by presenting several examples of squatting properly and correctly so as to create a comfortable and safe atmosphere.

The current evaluation assessed the effectiveness of an intensive toilet training procedure for three young boys with autism. The evaluation extended the work of LeBlanc et al. (2005) by assessing parents’ preference to include the usage of urine alarm and positive practice. In addition, we collected descriptor data on challenging behaviors. All three parent participants’ elected not to use the urine alarm and one parent elected to discontinue the implementation of positive practice techniques. Researchers chose a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design to evaluate the effects of the intervention. All three child participants’ increased successful self-initiations for the toilet and decreased accidents across home and clinic settings. Findings suggest that clinicians should partner with parents to develop individualized toileting interventions that are acceptable and effective.

The participant was a 52 year-old woman, diagnosed with a profound intellectual disability, who engaged in high rates of severe self-injurious behaviors (SIB) predominantly in the forms of head banging and head hitting. A series of analyses and interventions was implemented to establish appropriate toileting behavior in the natural environment. Treatment consisted of conjugate reinforcement for optimal toilet positioning with the absence of SIB, episodic positive reinforcement of eliminating in the toilet, and programed generalization across environments and staff. Results showed the maintenance of optimal toilet positioning, decrease in SIB (under 1 instance per min), and appropriate eliminating in 96.3% of all available sessions. Direct support staff were trained to implement the program with 100% fidelity.

Toilet training is often viewed as a fairly straightforward process. This may be why much of the prescriptive literature available today has not been subject to empirical investigation. This study followed twenty-six children through toilet training to investigate five factors that are assumed to be associated with a successful outcome to training - child readiness, parental readiness, behavioural style of parents, child temperament and the type of approach parent's use to train their child. Three of these five factors - behavioural style of parent's, child temperament and the approach parent's use to train their child - were found to be associated with a successful outcome. Advice for parent's who have difficulties with toilet training is presented along with recommendations for improving the measures used in this study for future research.

Individuals with developmental disabilities often experience challenges in learning toileting skills, which highlights a need for effective toilet training strategies that can be readily disseminated to caregivers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of parent attendance at a rapid toilet training-derived workshop on the toileting behaviours of their children with developmental disabilities. In the workshop, 6 parents were provided with instruction related to teaching urinary continence, which included increased fluid intake, positive reinforcement for correct toileting, scheduled toilet sittings, scheduled chair sittings to teach initiation, redirection for accidents, maintenance and generalization . Following the workshop, parents implemented the toilet training procedure they had learned at home with their children for approximately 5 days with telephone support from a researcher. A multiple baseline design was used to examine the effectiveness of the workshop. Results suggest that the toilet-training workshop resulted in increases in positive toileting behaviours in five of the six children. The results are discussed in relation to previous and future research and implications for practice.

Current research has demonstrated that having a child who has been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder can have implications for the parents. Following a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder, early intervention has been utilised, being delivered either by professionals or the child’s parents, both at home and in an educational setting. The aim of these interventions is to address the child’s improvement in behaviour, socialisation and communication. Only recently has literature started to focus on parents’ needs and evaluating outcome for these parents when they are accessing different types of early intervention. A review of this literature reveals the need to develop systemic models considering child and parental needs and outcomes in early intervention. Before this may occur further research is needed to address the methodological limitations of the research reviewed in chapter I. Whilst there is limited literature concerning difficulties with toilet training for children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, there are clinical examples of difficulties with this task. In chapter II, eight interviews addressing toilet training were completed with parents of a child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A possible psychological conceptualisation of parent’s experiences was developed. Limitations of the research and implications for clinical practice are considered.

Hos barn med utvecklingsstörning och autism är kontrollen över blåsan och tarmen försenad i varierande grad. Syfte: Att utvärdera hur föräldrars upplevelse av sitt barns förmåga gällande toalettbesök samt blås- ochtarmkontroll har förändrats sedan avslutad föräldracirkel. Metod: Deskriptiv studie. Enkäter till samtliga föräldrar (n=64) som deltagit i föräldracirkeln vid Habiliteringen för barn ochvuxna i Uppsala län, åren 2002-2010. Svarsfrekvensen var 27 av 64 (42 %). Enkäten innehöll femton slutna frågor rörande barnens förmågor, två frågor omföräldrarnas behållning samt två öppna frågor om vad som var bra respektive saknades. Huvudresultat: Majoriteten av föräldrarna upplever att barnens förmågor har blivit bättre vad gäller toalettbesök, bortsett från förmågan att torka sig ordentligt efter att ha bajsat. Majoriteten av föräldrarna upplever även en förbättring av barnets förmågor vid blås- och tarmkontroll. En stor del av föräldrarna anser att föräldracirkeln gett dem stöd samt att de kunnat omvandla de råd de fått. Det som föräldrarna uppskattade med föräldracirkeln var bland annat informationen, verktygen, kunskapen samt möjligheten till utbyte av erfarenheter. Det föräldrarna däremot saknade var uppföljning och utvärdering. Vissa uttryckte ett behov av mer tid för diskussion samt individanpassat stöd. Det fanns även föräldrar som upplevde att föräldracirkeln inte gav dem vare sig stöd eller hjälp. Slutsats: Idag ger föräldracirkeln positiva upplevelser för majoriteten av deltagarna. Detta i sig ger föräldracirkeln ett värde. Det finns dock delar i utformningen som bör förbättras för att tillmötesgå fler föräldrars behov.<br>The bladder and bowel control is delayed in different extent in children with mental retardation and autism. Aim: To evaluate how parents experience if their child’s ability, regarding toileting and bladder and bowel control, has changed since the end of parental study circle. Method: Descriptive study. Questionnaires were sent to all parents (n=64) who participated in the parental study circle organized by the Habilitation centre in Uppsala, during 2002-2010. Fifteen closed questions concerning children's abilities, two questions on the parents’ benefits, and two open questions about what was good and was missing. The respond rate was 27 of 64 (42 %). Primary results: After the parental study circle the majority of parents feel that their children’s abilities have improved in terms of toileting, apart from the ability to wipe themselves properly after defecation. The majority of parents also experience an improvement in the child's abilities regarding the bladder and bowel control. Many parents believed that the parental study circle gave them support and that they could apply the advice they received. The parents appreciated the information, tools, knowledge and opportunity to exchange experiences. The parents, however, missed follow-up and evaluation. Some expressed a need for more time for discussion and individual support. There were also parents who felt that the parental study circle had not given them support or assistance. Conclusion: Today the parental study circle was experienced positively by the majority of the participants. This in itself gives the parental study circle a value. However, there are some parts that could be improved to meet the needs of parents.

INTRODUCTION During the second wave of Covid-19 in January 2021 in Lesotho, MSF carried out an exploratory assessment at hospitals providing care for Covid-19 patients. We observed healthcare teams were understaffed and overworked, with an absence of nurse aides or patient care assistants to provide basic care (helping patients to eat and drink, dress, toilet, changing bed linen). Hence nurses and medical doctors would prioritise skilled tasks, such as medication administration, over more basic care, normally performed by nurse aides. Such basic care is essential to patient experience. quality of care, and dignity. As part of Covid-19 care, training nurse aides on proning or repositioning oxygen masks of hypoxic patients could potentially reduce morbidity and mortality. To date, MSF has never implemented formal training for nurse aides, relying instead on on-the-job training, with significant variations in the delivery of training and what tasks are fulfilled. METHODS A pilot programme was implemented in Lesotho during February and March 2021. 16 nurse aides were trained and supervised by MSF. Further programmes were initiated during the third wave of Covid-19 in Zimbabwe (two hospitals) and South Africa (three hospitals) in 2021. Specific training materials and implementation tools were developed to support deployment of this innovative strategy. As part of programme monitoring, nurse aide and staff surveys covering satisfaction with the programme impact, the experience of staff and patients, and training received were carried out at the end of the interventions. At two sites, nurse aides and their supervisor recorded data for a sample of their daily tasks and the time spent performing each task. ETHICS This innovation project does involve human participants and their data. Permission was granted by the Medical Director of MSF Operational Centre Brussels. RESULTS 100% of medical staff surveyed (nurses, doctors, and nurse aides) from all six hospitals reported satisfaction with this programme for improving the provision of basic patient care during the waves of Covid-19. Qualitative data highlighted the programme helped support basic patient care, to reduce workloads of nurses and doctors for these tasks, and to improve patient dignity. Nurse aides reported overall satisfaction with their training, especially for bedside and practical sessions. A hands-on nursing supervisor was reported as crucial for success. Showing potential for handover, the Ministry of Health continued employing nurse aides at one hospital in South Africa, and a partner non-governmental organisation took over the group trained in Lesotho. CONCLUSION These short programmes supported the surge workload of Covid-19 waves. While the role of nurse aides exists within MSF projects, scope exists to develop formal training packages covering essential patient care. Training can be adapted to extend such roles in the context of other outbreak scenarios, such as cholera or Ebola virus disease, and to support provision of holistic patient care. There is interest in repeating the programme in the southern Africa region, and to share the model as a strategy to support medical human resources. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared.

&lt;p&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the second wave of Covid-19 in January 2021 in Lesotho, MSF carried out an exploratory assessment at hospitals providing care for Covid-19 patients. We observed healthcare teams were understaffed and overworked, with an absence of nurse aides or patient care assistants to provide basic care (helping patients to eat and drink, dress, toilet, changing bed linen). Hence nurses and medical doctors would prioritise skilled tasks, such as medication administration, over more basic care, normally performed by nurse aides. Such basic care is essential to patient experience. quality of care, and dignity. As part of Covid-19 care, training nurse aides on proning or repositioning oxygen masks of hypoxic patients could potentially reduce morbidity and mortality. To date, MSF has never implemented formal training for nurse aides, relying instead on on-the-job training, with significant variations in the delivery of training and what tasks are fulfilled.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;METHODS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A pilot programme was implemented in Lesotho during February and March 2021. 16 nurse aides were trained and supervised by MSF. Further programmes were initiated during the third wave of Covid-19 in Zimbabwe (two hospitals) and South Africa (three hospitals) in 2021. Specific training materials and implementation tools were developed to support deployment of this innovative strategy. As part of programme monitoring, nurse aide and staff surveys covering satisfaction with the programme impact, the experience of staff and patients, and training received were carried out at the end of the interventions. At two sites, nurse aides and their supervisor recorded data for a sample of their daily tasks and the time spent performing each task.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ETHICS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This innovation project does involve human participants and their data. Permission was granted by the Medical Director of MSF Operational Centre Brussels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;RESULTS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;100% of medical staff surveyed (nurses, doctors, and nurse aides) from all six hospitals reported satisfaction with this programme for improving the provision of basic patient care during the waves of Covid-19. Qualitative data highlighted the programme helped support basic patient care, to reduce workloads of nurses and doctors for these tasks, and to improve patient dignity. Nurse aides reported overall satisfaction with their training, especially for bedside and practical sessions. A hands-on nursing supervisor was reported as crucial for success. Showing potential for handover, the Ministry of Health continued employing nurse aides at one hospital in South Africa, and a partner non-governmental organisation took over the group trained in Lesotho.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These short programmes supported the surge workload of Covid-19 waves. While the role of nurse aides exists within MSF projects, scope exists to develop formal training packages covering essential patient care. Training can be adapted to extend such roles in the context of other outbreak scenarios, such as cholera or Ebola virus disease, and to support provision of holistic patient care. There is interest in repeating the programme in the southern Africa region, and to share the model as a strategy to support medical human resources.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CONFLICTS OF INTEREST&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;None declared.&lt;/p&gt;

Air travel is reported in the UK as the most difficult form of transport to navigate for disabled people [1]. Disabled people are half as likely to have travelled by air than non-disabled people, with lower satisfaction, and poor flight experiences putting them off flying in the future [2, 3]. This study aims to explore the experiences when travelling by air of passengers with reduced mobility due to neuromusculoskeletal (NMSK) disability. This was a qualitative study using focus groups to explore passenger experiences. Four focus groups (two in-person, two virtual) were undertaken, until data saturation was evident. A targeted recruitment strategy was used with a subsequent snowball effect. Eligibility criteria requirements were to have travelled by air and have reduced mobility due to a NMSK condition. The focus group worked through the stages of the air travel journey. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed before thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo. 15 participants (male=7, female=8) took part in the focus groups (7 wheelchair users, 4 mobility aid users, 4 non-visible). Key findings related to the visibility of disability, getting on/off the plane, communication between stakeholders and staff awareness. The most popular codes related to boarding and exiting the plane. Within this part of the journey several themes emerged; forgotten at the gate or long delays, first on-board policy not followed leading to lack of dignity, poor confidence in handling and transfer into the plane seat techniques, and unsuitable seat location or type. Delays were also strongly linked to the inability to access toilet facilities on board. Getting off the plane was also linked to anxiety about the safe return of mobility aids and potential damage. Staff awareness of medical devices (stoma, catheter bags, prosthetics) emerged as a theme during security with many participants reporting embarrassment and humiliation. The visibility of disability was raised in all focus groups with those without visible aids finding it harder to access assistance. In contrast, those with a more visible restriction such as a wheelchair expressed frustration at how they shouldn’t be treated differently. The difficulties faced by disabled passengers are complex and varied. Reported problems span over multiple departments involved in the journey from communication between organisations, physical infrastructure or equipment availability, organizational policy and training, through to the individual’s attitude/perception. A key finding is that each disability is individual, their needs differ and assistance needs to be responsive to this. Following on from this study, a questionnaire will be developed and shared with a greater participant reach to evaluate if these findings remain consistent across the target group. This will then enable targeted research focused on practically addressing the issues raised. 1.Motability, The Transport Accessibility Gap. 2022.2.Department of Transport, The Inclusive Transport Strategy: Achieving Equal Access for Disabled People, Department of Transport, Editor. 2018: UK.3.Department of Transport, Access to air travel for disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility - a code of practice. 2008.

Actuality Football is one of the most popular sports worldwide and millions of children around the world are involved in it. Many of them play, whether in organised matches or kick-abouts. At the same time, almost all children follow a favorite team, learning valuable life lessons such as loyalty and team work. In this context, involving children in playing football requires ensuring and respecting their right to a safe environment, a culture of respect and understanding within the football team. Every child has the right to enjoy football in a safe and inclusive environment, free from any form of abuse, harassment or exploitation, and the failure to ensure all the aforementioned conditions is a violation of children's rights. Safeguarding children in Sport/football is a priority both at the national and international level and for this reason the need to implement a child protection policy in sport. Article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child stipulates that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse. An important outcome of the UEFA project has been that Football Association of Moldova, under the lead of the UEFA FSR project "Safe football for children In Moldova", are developed attached child protection policy (manual), which was approved by FAM senior management on 15 April 2021. This safeguarding policy has since formed a basic book regarding child safeguarding in Moldova. Methodological aspects of the research: The purpose of research: The sociological study named "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices for Safeguarding Children in Football" was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) aimed at protecting children involved in football. The research objectives have centered on: - determining the degree of satisfaction of the target groups (coaches, children, parents and football experts having direct or indirect contact with children involved in football) with the football club and its work; - identifying children's perceptions of the degree of safety within the club/football team; - determining perceptions of the risks to which children are/may be subjected while playing football; - identifying the views and attitudes of target groups on safeguarding children in football and the need for the safeguarding measures thereof; - establishing practices for the information of the target group on measures for safeguarding children in football; - identifying the level of knowledge about the rights of the child and protective measures in respect thereof; - establishing the forms of violence and the frequency of their application to children during training sessions; - revealing the knowledge of the target group on reporting the infringements of the rights of the child to enjoy football, including the cases of violence against children. Methods of research. Following the state of emergency declared in the Republic of Moldova in March 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic, all football clubs shut down for about 5 months. In this context, the research design has been adjusted to the new existing conditions, being determined the need for collecting all the necessary data in online form. Thus, the research has been conducted on the basis of a structured, self-managed online questionnaire via the https://docs.google.com platform, the research tool being adapted for each category of respondents (child, parent, coach). The research community/target groups included respondents from both banks of the Dniester/Nistru River, the total number of participants in the study being of 391 individuals, of whom 204 children (girls and boys attending local football clubs), 75 parents of children attending local football clubs, accompanying their children most frequently (women and men), 57 coaches and 55 managers of football clubs and sports schools. Findings and results. Structure of the sample designed for children The sample was drawn on the basis of existing statistical data on the number of clubs - members of the FAM (Football Association of Moldova) covering the region and number of children (boys/girls) based on their age. The sample was structured at national level based on the following criteria: The geographical coverage - area of activity/place of residence (North, Centre, South, Chisinau, Transnistria). Gender (boys and girls) and age (year of birth 2002-2010). Of the 204 children surveyed, 85.3% (174) are male, and 14.7% (30) are female, about 22% are aged 10-11 years, and 31.4% - 12-13 years, children aged 14-15 years are 31.4%, and those aged 16-17 years only 17.6%. Children from urban areas have a higher share - 61.8%, especially from Chisinau municipality - 38.2%, of the other regions of the country the share of children participating in the study is approximately 20%. Structure of the sample designed for coaches The sample designed for coaches has been nationally structured on the basis of the following criteria: gender of the coach, work experience in football, age/gender of children he/she is providing training for, type of licence and place of residence. In this context, of the total of 57 coaches surveyed, 89.5% (51) are male, and 10.5% (6) are female. Slightly more than half (57.9%) of them are more than 35 years old, whilst 42.1% of them are aged between 25 and 35. About 60% of coaches have a work experience in football of up to 10 years (59.6%) and live in urban areas (61.4%), whilst about 2/3 of coaches provide training for 2 or more teams (64.9%) and, in particular for boys' teams (66.7%). Conclusions and recommendations. The sociological study named "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices for Safeguarding Children in Football" have pointed out several shortcomings in understanding and taking action in the event of failure to comply with the rights of the child in football, but also on ensuring his/her protection. The main conclusions of the study revealed the following: - a pleasure to play football among children, not being an activity imposed by parents or adults. Approximately the third part of the children want to become great footballers, the vast majority having expanded their circle of friends; - the environment of the football club is rated by the children as being a safe one, they having increased confidence in the staff of the club, while the coaches consider that children are safer outside the club due to the conditions of the clubs, especially the conditions regarding the showers and toilets; - the sports infrastructure is regarded as being in good condition, but there were complaints regarding the existence and condition of the changing rooms, including toilets, bathrooms/showers separated on gender, which reveals a violation of the child's rights to healthy environment and hygiene; - rural football clubs have poor infrastructure, being poorly equipped with toilets inside the club, with aqueduct and sewerage facilities, including access to hot water; - the low participation of parents, children and coaches in information activities is reflected in the level of knowledge about the protection of children in football: the vast majority having a low and medium level of knowledge of the rights of the child; - child protection policy even if it is approved at institutional level, it is not made known to all parents; - the main way of intervention in most cases of violence is communication with the coach, child-victim, child-abuser and their parents; - the referral of cases of violations of children's rights to competent institutions in the field is poorly achieved; only 0.5% of children and one in ten parents would call the Childline. Calling the police is also a rare practice among parents or coaches. Following the study conducted therein, it is recommended: - to appoint a child protection officer at the level of each institution, given that about a third of the coaches know about his/her existence in the football club where he/she works and most parents consider his/her presence very important; - to implement the child protection policy by applying the UEFA tools at the level of all football clubs and sports schools; - to make the FAM responsible for monitoring the implementation of the child protection policy tools by its uniform application at national level; - to carry out a broad information and awareness-raising campaign to inform children and parents about the rights and means of safeguarding children involved in football, given that there is a low level of information and knowledge about the rights of the child; - to make improvements to the training system of coaches and managers of clubs on safeguarding children involved in football, determined by the situation in which knowledge is found to be misapplied in sports activity; - to establish collaboration relationships with Child Protection Authorities, being observed a low number of parents and coaches appealing to them; - to improve the sports infrastructure from the perspective of providing optimal and healthy conditions for the conduct of training sessions and sports activities, determined by the poor equipping of football clubs with changing rooms, showers and separate toilets for girls and boys inside the clubs, with hot water and sewerage facilities, sports equipment, etc.; - to create a non-discriminatory football environment adapted to the needs of all children, including children with disabilities.

The distressed/street children are deprived of the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and other supports – psychological and others, needed for a child. The government initiated six Shishu Bikash Kendra (SBKs) to improve the environment for street children, their quality of life, and future prospects. Bangladesh Shishu Academy (BSA), under the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MoWCA), has designed a holistic model that will directly reach 1,500 children (250 under each SBK) and promote their education, livelihood opportunities, healthcare, and protection. SBK, being implemented by BSA, aims to improve the quality of life of these deprived children by providing accommodation and food with a major focus on education and training. This study examines the process of targeting and selecting children and assesses the situation of children living in the SBK. The major problem faced by the SBK children is accommodation, including access to bath and toilet facilities. In addition to limited floor space, most of the SBKs do not have adequate bathrooms and latrines. It is very important for the SBKs to have their own buildings with adequate bath and toilet facilities. The selection process may be changed as there is provision to accommodate more children. The number of children staying should be increased by changing the selection process (for example, collecting children from slums/remote areas). A protective environment is pivotal to governments’ commitment to ensuring that no child is deprived of the material, spiritual, and emotional resources needed to achieve their potential so that they can participate as full and equal members of society. BSA should make efforts to provide children with the necessary skill/vocational training and other assistance to ensure job prospects for them by networking with different government departments/agencies so that they can participate in income-earning activities and be capable of supporting themselves and become useful members of the society.

Childhood underweight is a consistent public health problem globally. About 12.6 per cent of the total under-five children (85.4 million) were underweight in 2020, while half of the underweight burden (42 million) belonged to the Southeast Asian Region. Being underweight is one of the major risk factors for early neonatal mortality and morbidity in many developing countries. Although the global trend of underweight children has decreased over time, such progress is not uniformly distributed among resource-poor settings. This study investigates the nationwide trend of the prevalence of childhood underweight, inequalities and associated factors utilising data from the latest five rounds of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). Data were extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) across five rounds conducted in 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017-18. The BDHS is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey that includes the entire population residing in noninstitutional dwelling units in Bangladesh. Conducted by the National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), the survey employs a two-stage stratified sampling method based on the Population and Housing Census framework provided by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) to obtain a nationally representative sample of households. The study population consists of women aged 15 to 49 years with at least one child. The number of women interviewed in the BDHS for the survey years was 6,912 in 2004, 5,997 in 2007, 8,716 in 2011, 8,034 in 2014, and 8,634 in 2017-18. An analysis of the concentration indices across the five survey periods spanning from 2004 to 2017-18 exhibits negative values, indicating that childhood underweight is concentrated within economically disadvantaged households. For instance, in the 2017-18 survey period, the value of the Concentration Index (CI) was -0.176, the lowest among all survey periods, suggesting an improvement in inequality. However, the concentration curve still lies above the equity line. In summary, we observed that despite a decline in underweight rates over time, significant socio-economic disparities persist, indicating the necessity for targeted interventions aimed at low-income households. Employing concentration indices and decomposition analysis, household wealth status and maternal education were identified as pivotal determinants. Other notable contributors to childhood inequality were maternal body mass index, birth order of children, childhood illness and access to hygienic toilet facilities. Our empirical findings provide robust evidence of socio-economic inequalities in childhood underweight, informing policy interventions to reduce disparities and enhance child nutrition outcomes in Bangladesh.