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Senica, Klemen. "Following in the Footsteps of Isabella Bird?" Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.3.225-257.
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Alma Karlin (1889–1950), a round-the-world traveller, intellectual, and writer from Celje, Slovenia, arrived in Japan and lived in Tokyo in the early 1920s, an era which historians consider to be an interim period between the initial expansion of the Japanese Empire to mainland Asia and its end in 1945. The writer’s fascination with the land can be inferred, among other things, from a 35-page description of Japan and the Japanese in her most famous book, Einsame Weltreise. Die Tragödie einer Frau (The Odyssey of a Lonely Woman), and passages in Reiseskizzen (Travel Sketches), an earlier work. The article aims to place these travel accounts in the historical and ideological contexts of their time while highlighting some similarities and differences between the representations of the land and its people by Karlin and those by Isabella Bird (1831–1904). Although Karlin makes no explicit reference to the famous British traveller in her writing on Japan, the article demonstrates that she must have known about Bird’s book Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. It is, above all, her decision to introduce her (German) readers to topoi that were typical of Victorian women’s travel writing which suggests that Karlin partly based her image of Japan, if not even the itinerary of her journey there, on Bird’s bestselling work. Nevertheless, Karlin does not seem to have conformed to the then dominant orientalist discourses on Japan, her representations generally showing none of the Western arrogance that was so typical of her fellow travellers of both sexes.
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Kim, Gainha, Justine M. Natuplag, Sui Jin Lin, Jinyi Feng, and Nicolas Ray. "Balancing Public & Economic Health in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Analysis." Epidemiologia 3, no. 2 (April 8, 2022): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3020016.
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Despite loose restrictions and a low mortality rate due to COVID-19, Japan faced the challenge of stabilizing its economy during the pandemic. Here, we analyzed how the Japanese government attempted to maintain a balance between the health of the population and the health of the economy. We used a mix of quantitative data, information from policy documents, and news agency publications. Features of the Japanese government’s handling of the pandemic include the lack of constitutional authority to enforce a lockdown, the laxer restrictions compared with other countries in which citizens were advised only to exercise self-restraint and avoid close social contact, and the existence of expert panels that had only an advisory role. Our findings address the slow initial response of the government, which feared that the 2020 Tokyo Olympics would be canceled, and the increased testing when the Olympics were postponed, as well as the expansion of vaccination efforts after the Olympics. In addition, there was a targeted campaign to promote national travel to increase economic revenue in the tourism sector, but this led to an increase in COVID-19 cases.
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СУРОВЕНЬ, Д. А. "The upper layers of the legend on two brothers and sea and mountain good luck as the source on histories of southwest Japan during the late Yayoi period." Эпосоведение, no. 3(11) (September 24, 2018): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2018.11.16941.
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В статье анализируются сказания Южного Кюсю, в которых сохранились сведения о путешествии предка династии Ямато в заморскую «страну морского бога» и покорения им народа хаято, обитавшего в Сацума и Осуми. Исследователи пришли к выводу, что эти верхние слои сказания, судя по ряду признаков, относятся к периоду позднего яёй и являлись в это время событием ещё не столь отдалённого прошлого. Кроме того, как установили учёные, понятие подводный мир по представлению древних японцев было синонимом любого места на море очень удалённого от суши.Установлено, что описываемые в сказании события должны были происходить на рубеже II-III вв. н. э. По сообщению китайских династийных историй, в это время в Японии закончились «великие замешательства» (60-е - нач. 70-х гг. II в.), связанные с созданием федерации Нюй-ван-го в северном Кюсю во главе с правительницей Бимиху, а в годы Гуан-хэ (178-184 гг.) случился мятеж противников Бимиху, которые (судя по археологическому материалу) могли бежать в Южный Кюсю. Среди них, видимо, был отец двух братьев – главных героев сказания. Получается, что путешествие в «страну морского бога», описанное в сказании, могло произойти в начале III в.Локализация дворца Тоё-тама-хйко и Тоё-тама-химэ (предков рода Адзуми-но мурадзи) по сказанию находившегося «на далёком острове» определена как местность Тоё-тама на островах Цусима (описанных в китайских источниках как владение Дуйма-го). Сказание о Тоё-тама-хйко и Тоё-тама-химэ, правивших вдвоём «на далёком острове», отражало реальную ситуацию с организацией власти в виде диархии верховной жрицы-правительницы и мужчины-соправителя (яп. химэ-хико) в юго-западной Японии в I-III вв., что подтверждается китайскими и корейскими летописями. Описание дворца Тоё-тама-хйко совпадает с описаниями дворцов местных правителей юго-западной Японии в китайских династийных историях.Таким образом, группа сказаний о путешествии Хйко-хохо-дэми в страну Тоё-тама-хйко (находившуюся на далёком острове) является смутным воспоминанием общинников Южного Кюсю о контактах с населением островов Цусима и общинами северо-западного Кюсю III в. In this article, the legends of the Southern Kyushu, in which data have remained on the travel of the ancestor of a Yamato dynasty to the overseas “country of sea god” and conquest by him of the Hayato people, living in Satsuma and Osumi, are analyzed. Researchers have come to a conclusion that this the upper layers of the legend, judging by a number of signs, belong to the period late Yayoi – and were the event not of the so remote past at this time. Besides, as scientists have established, the concept of “underwater world”, on representation of ancient Japanese, was synonym of any place at the sea, very remote from land.It is established that the events described in the legend had to take place at the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. According to the Chinese dynastic histories, at this time in Japan have ended “great disorder” (60’s - early 70’s of the 2nd century), related with creation the Nü-wang-guo federations in northern Kyushu led by the woman-ruler Bimihu; and in Guang-he years (178-184) has happened the mutiny of opponents to Bimihu who (judging by archaeological material) could run to the Southern Kyushu. Among them, probably, there was the father of two brothers – the main characters of the legend. In result, the travel to “the country of sea god” described in the legend could take place in early 3rd century.Localization of the Toyo-tama-hiko and Toyo-tama-hime palace (ancestors of the Azumi-no muraji clan), according to the legend, being “on the far island” – is defined as Toyo-tama area on the islands of Tsushima (described in the Chinese sources as Duima-guo community). The legend on Toyo-tama-hiko and Toyo-tama-hime governing together “on the far island” reflected the real situation with the organization of power in the form of diarchy of Supreme priestess-ruler and male co-ruler (Jap. hime-hiko) in southwest Japan in the 1st-3rd centuries AD that is confirmed by the Chinese and Korean chronicles. The description of the palace Toyo-tama-hiko coincides with descriptions of palaces of local rulers of southwest Japan in the Chinese dynastic histories.Thus, the group of legends on the travel of Hiko-hoho-demi to the country Toyo-tama-hiko (which was on the far island) is Southern Kyushu community members’ vague reminiscence about contacts with the population of the Tsushima islands and communities of northwest Kyushu in the 3rd century.
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Harding, Lauren. "How do school nurses in Tokyo identify and prevent child maltreatment?" British Journal of School Nursing 14, no. 7 (September 2, 2019): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2019.14.7.342.
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Lauren Harding shares the learning activities and outcomes of a Florence Nightingale Foundation Travel Scholarship to Tokyo/Japan, undertaken in March 2018 to explore how school nurses protect children from maltreatment.
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Kawamura, Akira, Hideo Amaguchi, Jonas Olsson, and Hiroto Tanouchi. "Urban Flood Runoff Modeling in Japan: Recent Developments and Future Prospects." Water 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152733.
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Since the 20th century, Japan has experienced a period of very rapid urbanization. Cities have experienced substantial densification and expansion, resulting in gradually elevated flood risk. Urban flooding has also occurred in most large cities in Japan, particularly in Tokyo. In response to this growing problem, much effort and resources have been spent on research and development aimed at understanding, simulating, and managing urban flood risk in Japan. The objective of this review is to summarize, discuss, and share key outputs from some of the main research directions in this field, significant parts of which have been uniquely developed in Japan and only published in Japanese. After a general introduction to urban runoff modeling, in the next section, key historical works in Japan are summarized, followed by a description of the situation in Japan with respect to observations of precipitation and water level. Then, the storage function model approach is reviewed, including an extension to urban basins, as well as recent experiments with AI-based emulation in Japanese basins. Subsequently, we review the prospects of detailed hydrodynamic modeling involving high-resolution, vector-based Geographical Information System (GIS) data for the optimal description of the urban environment with applications in Tokyo. We conclude the paper with some future prospects related to urban flood risk modeling and assessment in Japan.
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Kurita, Junko, and Yoshitaro Iwasaki. "Effect of Long-Distance Domestic Travel Ban Policies in Japan on COVID-19 Outbreak Dynamics During Dominance of the Ancestral Strain: Ex Post Facto Retrospective Observation Study." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 16 (April 22, 2024): e44931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/44931.
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Background In Japan, long-distance domestic travel was banned while the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain was dominant under the first declared state of emergency from March 2020 until the end of May 2020. Subsequently, the “Go To Travel” campaign travel subsidy policy was activated, allowing long-distance domestic travel, until the second state of emergency as of January 7, 2021. The effects of this long-distance domestic travel ban on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity have not been adequately evaluated. Objective We evaluated the effects of the long-distance domestic travel ban in Japan on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, considering climate conditions, mobility, and countermeasures such as the “Go To Travel” campaign and emergency status. Methods We calculated the effective reproduction number R(t), representing infectivity, using the epidemic curve in Kagoshima prefecture based on the empirical distribution of the incubation period and procedurally delayed reporting from an earlier study. Kagoshima prefecture, in southern Japan, has several resorts, with an airport commonly used for transportation to Tokyo or Osaka. We regressed R(t) on the number of long-distance domestic travelers (based on the number of airport limousine bus users provided by the operating company), temperature, humidity, mobility, and countermeasures such as state of emergency declarations and the “Go To Travel” campaign in Kagoshima. The study period was June 20, 2020, through February 2021, before variant strains became dominant. A second state of emergency was not declared in Kagoshima prefecture but was declared in major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. Results Estimation results indicated a pattern of declining infectivity with reduced long-distance domestic travel volumes as measured by the number of airport limousine bus users. Moreover, infectivity was lower during the “Go To Travel” campaign and the second state of emergency. Regarding mobility, going to restaurants, shopping malls, and amusement venues was associated with increased infectivity. However, going to grocery stores and pharmacies was associated with decreased infectivity. Climate conditions showed no significant association with infectivity patterns. Conclusions The results of this retrospective analysis suggest that the volume of long-distance domestic travel might reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Infectivity was lower during the “Go To Travel” campaign period, during which long-distance domestic travel was promoted, compared to that outside this campaign period. These findings suggest that policies banning long-distance domestic travel had little legitimacy or rationale. Long-distance domestic travel with appropriate infection control measures might not increase SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in tourist areas. Even though this analysis was performed much later than the study period, if we had performed this study focusing on the period of April or May 2021, it would likely yield the same results. These findings might be helpful for government decision-making in considering restarting a “Go To Travel” campaign in light of evidence-based policy.
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Varghese, Varun, Makoto Chikaraishi, and Hironori Kato. "Analysis of Travel-Time Use in Crowded Trains using Discrete-Continuous Choices of Commuters in Tokyo, Japan." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 10 (July 22, 2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120934794.
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Travel-based multitasking and the possibility to perform activities during travel are important factors that can make a transportation mode attractive. However, serious crowding in public transportation systems might adversely affect the passengers’ free choice to participate in activities during travel. This study aims to examine how crowding in public transportation systems is related to discrete-continuous choices in different types of multitasking options using a data set of 500 commuters in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Employing a multiple discrete-continuous extreme value model, this study investigates the relationship between crowding levels and multitasking behavior. The results show that high crowding levels, relative to being seated, have a significantly negative association with many multitasking options, which suggests the importance of seat availability. The estimation results also show that information and communication technology (ICT)-dependent leisure activities and non-ICT active activities, such as reading and talking with other passengers, have the lowest satiation and higher baseline preference constants, which indicates that they are preferred by passengers. Meanwhile, crowding levels were observed to have a significant relationship with these multitasking activities. Finally, the key findings, contributions, and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
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Fukuhara, Tetsuya. "Overview of the research work of Dr. Fukuhara in thermal infrared cameras across Hyabusa2, Akatsuki, Wildfire Monitoring and Lunar Flares." Impact 2020, no. 5 (November 9, 2020): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.5.33.
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A technology that has only been recently introduced into astronomy and space exploration is infrared thermography (IRT) using uncooled microbolometer arrays (UMBA) to capture images. Assistant Professor Tetsuya Fukuhara, from the Department of Physics at Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan has been pioneering its use and over the last decade he has proved that UMBA IRT can uncover novel astronomical phenomena, help guide space travel and potentially allow satellites to stay precisely and accurately on orbit.
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Wang, Xia, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "The Epidemic Risk of Dengue Fever in Japan: Climate Change and Seasonality." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (October 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699788.
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Dengue fever is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics, and the disease has become a threat to many nonendemic countries where the competent vectors such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are abundant. The dengue epidemic in Tokyo, 2014, poses the critical importance to accurately model and predict the outbreak risk of dengue fever in nonendemic regions. Using climatological datasets and traveler volumes in Japan, where dengue was not seen for 70 years by 2014, we investigated the outbreak risk of dengue in 47 prefectures, employing the temperature-dependent basic reproduction number and a branching process model. Our results show that the effective reproduction number varies largely by season and by prefecture, and, moreover, the probability of outbreak if an untraced case is imported varies greatly with the calendar time of importation and location of destination. Combining the seasonally varying outbreak risk with time-dependent traveler volume data, the unconditional outbreak risk was calculated, illustrating different outbreak risks between southern coastal areas and northern tourist cities. As the main finding, the large travel volume with nonnegligible risk of outbreak explains the reason why a summer outbreak in Tokyo, 2014, was observed. Prefectures at high risk of future outbreak would be Tokyo again, Kanagawa or Osaka, and highly populated prefectures with large number of travelers.
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Koketsu, Kazuki, and Sadanori Higashi. "Three-dimensional topography of the sediment/basement interface in the Tokyo metropolitan area, central Japan." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2328–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820062328.
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Abstract An extensive seismic refraction experiment was conducted in the Tokyo metropolitan area, central Japan, to reveal the three-dimensional basin structure in this area. Sixty-three explosions were fired over 14 years and more than 2000 travel times were picked for several phases. For our inversion, the basement is divided into two homogeneous regions where the sediment is assumed to be of uniform velocity. The interface separating the sediment and basement is then parameterized by bi-cubic B-splines and a smoothness constraint is imposed to avoid oscillatory artifacts in the solution. The relative weight of the constraint to data residuals is determined by minimizing Akaike's Bayesian information criterion. About 1500 travel times of refracted P waves are inverted tomographically, and the interface shape determined agrees well with the results of other geophysical surveys such as borehole measurements and gravimetric observations. The basement velocities in the northern and southern regions are 5.7 and 5.4 km/sec, respectively. Previous two-dimensional analyses suggested there is a 4.5 km/sec layer in the uppermost part of the southern basement, but we ignore it for simplicity so that estimated depths are likely underestimated by 1 ∼ 2 km in the southern region. Nevertheless, this study provides the first detailed image of the basin structure in the area, which will help strong motion and earthquake hazard studies as additional constraints.
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Kato, Hironori, Yuichiro Kaneko, and Yoshihiko Soyama. "Economic benefits of urban rail projects that improve travel-time reliability: Evidence from Tokyo, Japan." Transport Policy 35 (September 2014): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.06.004.
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Prasetyo, Irwan, Daisuke Fukuda, Hirosato Yoshino, and Tetsuo Yai. "Analysis of Travel Time Saving Benefit by Understanding Individual Needs and Value of Activity Time: Case Study of Tokyo and Jakarta." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1854, no. 1 (January 2003): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1854-02.
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Quantification of the value of time (VOT) is important for measurement of the benefit of transportation projects in terms of travel time savings. In Japan, VOT is considered higher on weekends than on weekdays because on the weekend people have limited time to allocate to discretionary activities that are not normally done on weekdays, such as family care-related activities. In Indonesia, a culturally diverse country, providers and users seem to have different perceptions of VOT. A method of analyzing the value of activity time is presented. It argues that the benefit of travel time saving should be evaluated in more detail on weekends by considering the value of discretionary activities to explain these phenomena theoretically. Activity diary surveys were conducted in Tokyo, Japan, and Jakarta, Indonesia, to verify the influence of psychological needs on people's holiday activities. Finally, a time allocation model that uses the revealed preference data and a marginal activity choice model that uses stated preference data are proposed to calculate the value of activity time. The theories underpinning these models are Maslow's psychological needs, consumer theory in economics, and a discrete choice model. The empirical results show that an individual's priority of needs influences time allocation. In particular, the results show that in Tokyo, spending time with family on weekends is more valuable than other types of activities, while in Indonesia the value of spending time with family exceeds that of work time even on weekdays.
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Ishikawa, Kazuki, and Daichi Nakayama. "Estimation of Origin-Destination Flows of Passenger Cars in 1925 in Old Tokyo City, Japan." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110472.
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In recent years, surveys of personal travel behavior have been conducted around the world and these surveys have been used for understanding the characteristics of people flow. However, it is impossible to acquire people and traffic flows for the modern era (1868–1945). In modern era Japan, some traffic surveys were conducted, and that records still persist. The purpose of this study was to estimate origin-destination (OD) flows in old Tokyo in 1925 based on the historical traffic census record. In this study, OD flows were estimated using an absorbing Markov chain model, which is a simple model based on traffic generation and transition probabilities. Transition probabilities in unobserved nodes were estimated using genetic algorithms (GA). The result of OD distributions is clearly different in the eastern part of Tokyo City, the Shitamachi area, from the western part, the Yamanote area. The traffic was very busy in Shitamachi, an area which included terminal stations and a central business district. In Yamanote, major traffic generation and absorption points were distributed along the main streets to the Shinjuku or Shibuya areas. These results are affected by the distribution of main roads and the locations of residences or workplaces of car owners.
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Baranyi, Alexandra-Gabriela. "Strategic management in Japanese tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0105.
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Abstract In recent years, Japan proved to be one of the world’s leading countries in the travel industry by international tourist arrivals, with many other businesses relying on foreign travelers’ consumption within the country. The current Covid-19 pandemic crisis is a challenge for the tourism industry all around the world, as well as for Japan, where the entry restrictions have been strict since the start of the pandemic, foreigners not being allowed to enter the country for leisure purposes. However, even though the national income in this economic area decreased, it is still very high compared with other countries, and many businesses managed at least to maintain their activity on the market. In this paper, I will first analyze what were the strategic measures the Japanese government had taken regarding the national tourism industry during the SARS epidemic at the beginning of the 21st Century. Further, I will compare those measures with the government’s attitude over Japan’s travel industry in the first year of the current pandemic. Furthermore, I will make a comparison of the national income in the travel industry and the number of tourists by major areas in 2020 and the previous year, in order to introduce some strategic measures that could improve Japanese tourism for the next period, considering that the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games will be held this summer.
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Kulagina, Ol'ga A. "LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF ETHNOCULTURAL DISSONANCE IN AMÉLIE NOTHOMB'S NOVEL "TOKYO FIANCÉE"." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 9 (2020): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2020-9-217-225.
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The life and work of the modern Belgian writer Amélie Nothomb are directly connected with Japan and Japanese culture, so her works can be considered as important sources of knowledge about the country, which remained closed to foreigners for several centuries and does not often come into the focus of attention of modern French-speaking authors. In particular, the autobiographical novel “Tokyo Fiancée” (“Ni d’Ève ni d’Adam”, 2007) is an example of a detailed description of cross-cultural Japanese-Belgian contacts, as well as the behavior of representatives of Japanese linguoculture in everyday life, which the author had the opportunity to observe during her life in Japan. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main linguistic means of representing cultural otherness and, as a consequence of that otherness, ethno-cultural dissonance in the above-mentioned novel. The paper also clarifies the key concepts of ethno-cultural dissonance and otherness. The main research methods are linguistic-stylistic and linguistic-cultural analysis of an authentic literary text. Based on the results of the research, conclusions will be formulated about the specifics in the linguistic representation of ethno-cultural dissonance and cultural otherness in the novel under analysis.
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Tao, Yuchen. "A Description of Japanese Sound System." Communications in Humanities Research 16, no. 1 (November 28, 2023): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/16/20230698.
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This paper explores various aspects of the Japanese sound system, including dialect divisions, languages in daily contact with Japanese, consonants, vowels, and pitch. It examines the historical records of dialects in Japan, highlighting the formation and characteristics of major dialects such as the Tokyo, Kansai, Hokkaido, and Kyushu dialects. The paper also discusses the influence of loanwords on the Japanese language, emphasizing the increasing presence of loanwords in daily communication. Furthermore, it analyzes the consonant and vowel phonemes in Japanese, paying attention to their variations and pronunciation differences, including the shape of the lips during vowel pronunciation and the pronunciation of special phonemes in Japanese, as well as the influence of the position of the tongue on the pronunciation of Japanese vowels. Lastly, the paper delves into the importance of pitch in Japanese, both phonetically and phonologically, and its role in word formation, meaning, and sentence-level intonation. By exploring these aspects, this paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the Japanese sound system and its significance in the language.
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Uchiyama, Ayako. "The Physical and Psychological Effects on Victims of the Sarin Gas Attack, Tokyo Subway in 1995." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 76, no. 2 (April 2003): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x0307600205.
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The sarin gas attack in Tokyo in 1995 was the largest-scale terrorist attack ever experienced in Japan and it brought to public attention the problems of the long-term physical and psychological effects on the thousands of innocent victims. In response to this public concern, a survey of the victims was conducted by the Japanese National Police Agency in cooperation with the National Research Institute of Police Science in Japan. The author of this article was responsible for the process and management of the survey which was supported by a government budget as part of a project on victim assistance. the article gives a description of the group which was responsible for the incident, how its members were organised and how they carried out the attack. There then follows a detailed account of the two-part survey, the procedures adopted and the results.
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Yamaguchi, Hiroko Kurosaki. "THE POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGE OF HALAL FOODS IN JAPAN." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v3i1.1712.
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In preparing for the Tokyo Olympic Games held in 2020, and in aiming to become a “Country Built on Tourism”, many travel facilities in Japan have started to provide halal foods and amenity goods, items that are permissible or lawful in Islamic law, Muslim prayer rooms, etc. in order to accommodate Muslim tourists. Many Japanese companies and municipalities are also interested in exporting their products from the Islamic area, and obtaining the certification of halal from some Islamic organizations. The process for acquiring halal certification is becoming complicated and expensive, so that many of companies and municipalities have abandoned it. There are about 110,000 Muslims in Japan. It is sometimes difficult for them to find halal foods and other goods, and the need for such items is typically addressed by a small halal industry. There is a “dualism” or lack of communication and collaboration between those organizations that are oriented to Muslim tourists and exports, and the small halal industries stated above. The present study also points out that many Japanese people mistakenly assume that halal foods are exclusively for Muslims. Halal foods, however, have potential for meeting the needs of non-Muslim Japanese consumers who are looking for safe and trustworthy foods.
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Sakamoto, Shinichi, Taiki Fukuda, Miki Yonemura, and Hyojin Lee. "Road traffic noise mapping based on aerial photographs - sound power level determination of road vehicles." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3130.
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As the first step to obtain a city urban area noise map of road traffic noise, sound power levels of vehicles on the roads should be accurately estimated over a wide area. In Japan, ASJ RTN-Model 2018 was proposed as the representative road traffic noise prediction model, and by using the model sound power level of a vehicle can be determined if the vehicle type, traveling speed, and driving mode are known. As such data on urban road network, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Japan publishes the road traffic census including road traffic volume and travel speed of major roads in Japan. The data, however, is limited to major roads and there is no data on minor roads. In this study, to estimate noise condition and situation on arbitrary road, a method for estimating the traveling speed and the traffic volume of vehicles on the road from aerial photographs was examined. Road traffic noise levels along several roads in Tokyo were analyzed by the proposed method and the validity of the calculation results were verified by comparing with short-time measurement results obtained along the target roads.
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MATSUI, MASAFUMI, YASUCHIKA MISAWA, NATSUHIKO YOSHIKAWA, and KANTO NISHIKAWA. "Taxonomic reappraisal of Hynobius tokyoensis, with description of a new species from northeastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia: Caudata)." Zootaxa 5168, no. 2 (July 21, 2022): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.7.
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Previous phylogenetic studies based on mitochondrial DNA data have consistently suggested that Hynobius tokyoensis consists of two major clades, clade A (northern clade) and clade B (southern clade). In this study, we newly estimated their population genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships by nuclear SNPs, and the results suggested heterospecific relationships of the two mitochondrial clades, without present hybridization in between. They were also recognized as morphologically different. The type locality of H. tokyoensis is in Tokyo Prefecture, and therefore clade B corresponds to H. tokyoensis sensu stricto, leaving clade A without available scientific name. We, thus, describe the clade A from northeastern Kanto to southern Tohoku as a new species Hynobius sengokui. The new species is distinguished from H. tokyoensis by its relatively longer axilla-groin distance, shorter trunk, and deeper vomerine teeth series, and is estimated to have diverged from it during the late Pliocene.
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Okuno, Hiroshi, Takeshi Kawakami, Fumitaka Watanabe, and Hidehiko Horikoshi. "Arrangements for Telephone Consultation on Radiation Health Effects in a Nuclear Emergency in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Nuclear Accident in Fukushima, Japan, 2011." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 8 (December 1, 2023): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0911.
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The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) established a telephone consultation system at the request of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in response to residents’ concerns about the radiation health effects following the nuclear accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) in March 2011. Eight toll-free telephone lines were established and employees with knowledge of radiation health effects were assigned for consultation. The JAEA expert response group for telephone inquiries comprised a telephone response team, a question-and-answer team, and a manager. Approximately 35,000 consultations were conducted from March 17, 2011 to September 18, 2012. Japan’s Basic Disaster Prevention Plan was revised following the accident, where one of the JAEA’s roles for nuclear emergency response was to provide telephone consultation on radiation health effects. The JAEA’s system for telephone consultation was improved following this experience. The description of telephone hotlines in the International Atomic Energy Agency’s guide, GSG-14, published in 2020, was discussed for further improvement in the JAEA’s telephone consultation system.
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Yao, Yina, Pei Wang, and Hui Zhang. "The Impact of Preventive Strategies Adopted during Large Events on the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of the Tokyo Olympics to Provide Guidance for Future Large Events." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032408.
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This study aimed to analyze the impact of hosting large events on the spread of pandemics, taking Tokyo Olympics 2020 as a case study. A risk assessment method for the whole organization process was established, which could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of various risk mitigation measures. Different scenarios for Games participants and Japanese residents during the Tokyo Olympics were designed based on the infection control protocols proposed by the Olympic Committee and local governments. A modified Wells–Riley model considering the influence of social distance, masking and vaccination, and an SIQRV model that introduced the effect of quarantine and vaccination strategies on the pandemic spread were developed in this study. Based on the two models, our predicted results of daily confirmed cases and cumulative cases were obtained and compared with reported data, where good agreement was achieved. The results show that the two core infection control strategies of the bubble scheme and frequent testing scheme curbed the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic during the Tokyo Olympics. Among Games participants, Japanese local staff accounted for more than 60% of the total in positive cases due to their large population and most relaxed travel restrictions. The surge in positive cases was mainly attributed to the high transmission rate of the Delta variant and the low level of immunization in Japan. Based on our simulation results, the risk management flaws for the Tokyo Olympics were identified and improvement measures were investigated. Moreover, a further analysis was carried out on the impact of different preventive measures with respect to minimizing the transmission of new variants with higher transmissibility. Overall, the findings in this study can help policymakers to design scientifically based and practical countermeasures to cope with pandemics during the hosting of large events.
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Korostelina, Karina, and Yuji Uesugi. "Japanese Perspective on Korean Reunification: An Analysis of Interrelations between Social Identity and Power." International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-02101003.
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The paper explores how experts in Japan assess and understand the process and consequences of the unification of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). Based on the theoretical framework of interrelations between social identity and power, this paper asks how Japanese experts frame the process of Korean unification and evaluate its impact on Japan. The data was collected in Tokyo, Japan, through 37 semi-structured and focus group interviews, then examining these interviews using phenomenological and critical discourse analysis. Analysis of data reveals the existence of four competing narratives rooted in the complex relations between meaning of identity, concepts of power, and Japanese policies toward the unification process. The paper expands the description of two narratives currently present in the existing literature, (1) threat and (2) peace, and introduces two new narratives, (3) democratic processes and (4) restorative justice. The final discussion explores how three groups of factors, (1) regional dynamics, (2) domestic policy, and (3) possible models of unification, influence the prevalence of a particular narrative as well as resulting policies of Japan toward Korean unification.
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Pradhan, Shreyas, Takehito Ujihara, and Seiji Hashimoto. "The Relationship between the Evaluation of Public Transport Services and Travel-Based CO2 Emissions from Private Transport Modes in Regional and Metropolitan Areas in Japan." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 5, 2023): 13296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813296.
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Promoting public transport use is expected to contribute to reducing CO2 emissions in the transport sector. Using Okayama City and Central Tokyo as representative case studies of regional and metropolitan areas in Japan, this study examines the impact of the evaluation of the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ attributes of rail and bus services on the overall evaluation. This study then explores the relationship between the overall evaluation and usage frequency of rail and bus services, as well as the relationship between the usage frequency and travel-based CO2 emissions from private transport modes. Furthermore, this study investigates whether the emissions cause differences in the evaluation of the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ attributes of public transport services. The findings suggest prioritising an improvement in ‘hard’ rather than ‘soft’ attributes in order to reduce emissions through the use of public transport in regional areas. However, in metropolitan areas, no relationship was found between the evaluation of public transport services and emissions, presumably because of the lower ownership rate of private cars that residents can use freely and the markedly higher level of rail and bus services. This study provides a methodological reference for analysing the potential to reduce travel-based emissions from private transport modes by enhancing public transport service contents.
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Yamada, Tetsuya, and Shoi Shi. "Estimating Infection-Related Human Mobility Networks Based on Time Series Data of COVID-19 Infection in Japan." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 9236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189236.
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Background: Comprehensive and evidence-based countermeasures against emerging infectious diseases have become increasingly important in recent years. COVID-19 and many other infectious diseases are spread by human movement and contact, but complex transportation networks in the 21st century make it difficult to predict disease spread in rapidly changing situations. It is especially challenging to estimate the network of infection transmission in countries where traffic and human movement data infrastructure is not yet developed. Methods: In this study, we devised a method utilizing an ordinary and partial differential equations-based mathematical model and a modified mathematical optimization method to estimate the network of transmission of COVID-19 from the time series data of its infection and applied it to determine its spread across areas in Japan. Furthermore, utilizing the estimated human mobility network, we predicted the spread of infection using the Tokyo Olympics as a model. Findings: We incorporated the effects of soft lockdowns, such as the declaration of a state of emergency, and changes in the infection network due to government-sponsored travel promotion, and revealed that the estimated effective distance captured human mobility changing dynamically in the different stages of the pandemic. The model predicted that the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games would increase the number of infected cases in the host prefectures by up to 80%. Interpretation: The models used in this study are available online, and our data-driven infection network models are scalable, whether it be at the level of a city, town, country, or continent, and applicable anywhere in the world, as long as the time-series data of infections per region is available. These estimations of effective distance and the depiction of infectious disease networks based on actual infection data are expected to be useful in devising data-driven countermeasures against emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Anzai, Asami, Syudo Yamasaki, Amanda Bleichrodt, Gerardo Chowell, Atsushi Nishida, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "Epidemiological impact of travel enhancement on the inter-prefectural importation dynamics of COVID-19 in Japan, 2020." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 12 (2023): 21499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023951.
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<abstract> <p>Mobility restrictions were widely practiced to reduce contact with others and prevent the spatial spread of COVID-19 infection. Using inter-prefectural mobility and epidemiological data, a statistical model was devised to predict the number of imported cases in each Japanese prefecture. The number of imported cases crossing prefectural borders in 2020 was predicted using inter-prefectural mobility rates based on mobile phone data and prevalence estimates in the origin prefectures. The simplistic model was quantified using surveillance data of cases with an inter-prefectural travel history. Subsequently, simulations were carried out to understand how imported cases vary with the mobility rate and prevalence at the origin. Overall, the predicted number of imported cases qualitatively captured the observed number of imported cases over time. Although Hokkaido and Okinawa are the northernmost and the southernmost prefectures, respectively, they were sensitive to differing prevalence rate in Tokyo and Osaka and the mobility rate. Additionally, other prefectures were sensitive to mobility change, assuming that an increment in the mobility rate was seen in all prefectures. Our findings indicate the need to account for the weight of an inter-prefectural mobility network when implementing countermeasures to restrict human movement. If the mobility rates were maintained lower than the observed rates, then the number of imported cases could have been maintained at substantially lower levels than the observed, thus potentially preventing the unnecessary spatial spread of COVID-19 in late 2020.</p> </abstract>
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Katsnelson, Galina Sergeevna. "Japanese collection of V.V. Vereshchagin: questions, answers, secrets." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981215.
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The paper is dedicated to the collection of Japanese art objects, which were bought by the famous Russian artist V.V. Vereshchagin during his travelling to Japan in 1903. The paper represents the main information about the travel and excerpts from Vereshchagins memories about the country and art objects he bought. The description of the Vereshchagins collection was made on the base of the memories of Vereshchagins son and the catalogue of the collection which was published for the trade-exhibition in Moscow in 1910. Japanese collections part of the catalogue consists of the objects № 76-355. Some groups were distinguished among those artifacts: interior items, textile, clothes, accessories, enamel, bronze, turtle, porcelain, faience and different trivia. The description of the collection was made in connection with those groups. Some thoughts are represented about the main reasons of the collections trade-exhibition and its fate after the trade-exhibition. Analyzing the art objects, which were brought by Vereshchagin from Japan could help to understand what artists interest was in Japanese life.
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Shimizu, Ryuichi. "Development of Electron Probe Instrumentation during Those Early Days When Professor Castaing Visited Japan." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 2 (March 2001): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010066.
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Abstract The development of the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) in Japan in the early 1960s, when Prof. R. Castaing visited Japan, is briefly outlined. In 1955, a review article was published by Prof. G. Shinoda in Oyobutsuri, the most popular journal in Japan, in which the EPMA was introduced. In 1957, a research group at the University of Tokyo started to develop an EPMA with a Grant-in-Aid for Developmental Research. Their research results led to the funding of a 2-year Grant-in-Aid for Cooperative Research Project (April 1960 to March 1962), which was chaired by Prof. Y. Sakaki. Prof. G. Shinoda who became the chairman of that project in April of 1962 led that group for another year until March of 1963. It was just after the start of the project that Prof. R. Castaing visited Japan in September of 1960 as a representative of the French Mission Culturelle. This visit gave a great push forward for the commercial development of EPMA instruments in Japan. The first three commercial EPMA instruments from Hitachi, JEOL, and Akashi Ltds. were installed in Tohoku, Osaka, and Waseda Universities in 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively. Photographs of those first commercial EPMA systems, together with a brief description of the activities of the cooperative research projects, are presented.
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Sheppard, W. Anthony. "Continuity in Composing the American Cross-Cultural: Eichheim, Cowell, and Japan." Journal of the American Musicological Society 61, no. 3 (2008): 465–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2008.61.3.465.
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Abstract Japanese music has repeatedly served as an exotic model for those American composers seeking “ultra-modern” status. Henry Eichheim's and Henry Cowell's engagements with Japan offer rich case studies for reconsidering our common critical approaches to cross-cultural works, prompting us to question the temporal, geographic, generic, and high/low boundaries typically employed in modernist taxonomy. I find that attempts to employ categorically such terms as “appropriation” and “influence” and “modernist” and “post-modernist” in evaluating cross-cultural compositions limits our experience of such works and that specific examples tend to demonstrate the full contradictory and multifaceted nature of musical exoticism. I turn first to the impact of literary japonisme and travel on Eichheim and consider his aesthetic and didactic motivations. The writings of Lafcadio Hearn provided Eichheim with ready-made impressions of Japan and directly shaped his compositional responses. I note the influence of gagaku and shōō pitch clusters and briefly compare Eichheim's work with that of Hidemaro Konoye (Konoe). I then chronicle Cowell's lifelong encounters with Japanese music, focusing on his study of the shakuhachi with Kitaro Tamada, his experiences at the 1961 Tokyo East-West Music Encounter Conference, and his collaboration with the koto performer Kimio Eto, which reveal the limits of Cowell's embrace of musical hybridity. I argue that Cowell's mature Japanese-inspired works should be considered within the context of American Cold War cultural diplomacy and contemporaneous works of popular, jazz, and film music.
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NISHI, EIJIROH, KATSUHIKO TANAKA, MARÍA ANA TOVAR-HERNÁNDEZ, and ADRIANA GIANGRANDE. "Dialychone, Jasmineira and Paradialychone (Annelida: Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Japan and adjacent waters, including four new species descriptions." Zootaxa 2167, no. 1 (July 24, 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2167.1.1.
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The genus Chone Krøyer, 1856, and related genera of the family Sabellidae (Polychaeta) are common members of softbottom communities. Four new species from Japanese waters are described herein: Dialychone okudai n. sp., from Hokkaido, Paradialychone katsuuraensis n. sp., from Katsuura, Boso Peninsula; P. edomae n. sp., from Tokyo Bay and Jasmineira kikuchii n. sp., from Ariake Sound, Kyushu. A re-description is also provided for a poorly known species C. cincta Zachs, 1933. This species, originally described from the Peter the Great Bay, Eastern Russia was recorded in this study from Amakusa and Ariake Sound, Kyushu and transferred to Paradialychone. Jasmineira kikuchii is the first record of the genus from Japan. The Japanese species described here are compared with other conspecifics of the world and a key for the sabellid genera with a glandular girdle on chaetiger 2 and thoracic acicular uncini is provided.
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Kumalaningsih, Ratna Dewi, and Anna Yulia Hartati. "Diplomasi Publik Jepang (Studi Kasus : Budaya Pop Jepang Di Indonesia)." Kajian Hubungan Internasional 1, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/khi.2022.1.2.6473.
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This thesis aims to discuss the importance of using Japanese pop culture in this case, Manga, Anime and Cosplay as part of Japanese public diplomacy in Indonesia. This discussion is divided into the MOFA (Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs) program and the Japan Foundation as one of the actors who also carry out public diplomacy. The research in this thesis uses qualitative research methods with descriptive elaboration through the description of programs implemented such as the International Manga Award, World Cosplay Summit or even the appointment of anime or manga characters as Ambassadors (ambassadors) such as Doraemon as Anime ambassadors, the appointment of Kawaii Ambassadors and also The Cool Japan program is a program carried out to export pop culture and other commodities and content from Japan. This is intended to increase understanding and trust in Japan both in terms of politics between Indonesia and Japan, the economy and even a strategy to increase Japan's domestic tourism. From a political point of view, it can be seen through diplomatic relations with Indonesia which have existed for 60 years, and from an economic point of view between the two countries through the policy of granting broadcasting rights and licenses as well as expansion of investment by Japan which is expected to improve domestic welfare in Japan. tourism, namely increasing tourist visits to Japanese tourism which is now starting to be polished with a touch of pop culture elements such as Tokyo One Piece Tower, a theme park with the theme of the One Piece anime. So it can be said that Japanese pop culture is important for Japanese public diplomacy as a way to increase public trust and understanding outside Japan in general and especially the public in Indonesia regarding the image of Japan and gain prosperity for the Japanese domestic public.
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Stepanek, Joshua G., Sarah E. Hamsher, Shigeki Mayama, David H. Jewson, and J. Patrick Kociolek. "Observations of two marine members of the genusCymbellonitzschia(Bacillariophyta) from Tokyo Bay, Japan, with the description of the new speciesCymbellonitzschia banzuensis." Phycological Research 64, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pre.12110.
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Ishihara, Masahito. "Radar Echo Population of Air-Mass Thunderstorms and Nowcasting of Thunderstorm-Induced Local Heavy Rainfalls Part 1: Statistical Characteristics." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0057.
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A radar echo population of 179 thunderstorms generated in the Tokyo metropolitan area on August 5, 2008, when the Zoshigaya rainstorm occurred in the center of Tokyo, is presented. Analysis was made using three-dimensional radar data from the Japan Meteorological Agency. One third of total convective cells had diameters of less than 3.5 km and the average diameter was 5.5 km. The mode of lifetimes of cells was from 20 to 40 minutes, and 88% of cells disappeared within 60 minutes after their initiation. The echo-top height of half of the cells reached 15 km, which was the limit of radar observation. Although the rainfall amount estimated from the radar echo was less than 40 mm for half of the cells, whereas one third of total cells counted were estimated atmore than 60 mm. Vertically integrated liquid water (VIL) ranged from 1.4 to 42.4 kgm-2. Maximum VIL was equivalent to 70% of precipitable water estimated from upper sounding on that day. The speed of cell travel was less than 2 ms-1in accordance with the weak wind velocities in the lower to middle troposphere. The time from echo initiation to rainfall peak was as short as 10 to 30 minutes for almost all cells. Thunderstorms composing the Zoshigaya rainstorm ranked at the highest class in horizontal size, lifetime and total rainfall amount among 179 thunderstorms. The horizontal size of cells in the thunderstorms was nearly equal to those reported for other areas in the world, whereas the echo top height was higher than in the other cases.
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Wongsunopparat, Sumas, and Shen Jing. "Factors Influencing Chinese Tourist to Select Bangkok, Thailand as A Travel Destination." Journal of Management and Sustainability 11, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v11n2p165.
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This study aims to investigate factors influencing the Bangkok-focused tourist destination selection in China. In addition, Kuala Lumpur and Tokyo, Japan were selected for comparison by assessing four destination attributes including culture, transportation, architecture, and food. In this study, we used a sample of 400 Chinese tourists who have traveled to Bangkok. The main research issue is to reveal the first- and second-order potential factors generating significant influences on Chinese tourists’ choice of Bangkok as their destination. The aim of this study is to explore the structural relationships among the mentioned first-order and second-order latent variables, and their impact on the choice of tourist destinations in China. Due to the competitive nature of Chinese tourist destinations, we believe that there might be some potential factors that significantly affected their choice decision, therefore we applied the second-order Structural Equation Models (SEM) to capture these potentially unobservable factors. The result showed that our proposed model appeared to fit well: the RMSEA was 0.03 (<0.06) and values of GFI, AGFI, NFI, TLI, and CFI were greater than 0.9 (most of them were even larger than 0.95). More importantly, Food (F), Emotional Factor (EF) representing food and cultural indulgence, and Physical Factor (PF) representing Architecture and Transportation facility of the destination showed significant impacts on tourist destination choice as their p-values were less than 0.05. Hence, Thai food and anything that could maximize the emotional and functional values of Chinese tourists would make travel choices to become their travel destination. At the same time, it was aimed to provide some valuable suggestions for tourist cities currently under threat from COVID-19, to recover or better in the coming years, providing some evidence for future researchers to further explore this field.
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Malashevskaya, Maria Nikolaevna. "Establishment of the model of positive bilateral cooperation in the Russia-Japan dialogue after the end of the Cold War: analysis of negotiations tactics in the 1990s." SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 1 (January 2022): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2022.1.36943.
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This article analyzes the establishment of mutually beneficial model of the dialogue between Russia and Japan in the context of implementation of new negotiation tactics on the bilateral level in the late XX century. Particular attention is given namely to the tactics that are considered as the basis for the formation of partnership between the countries since the end of the 1980s. Intensification of the dialogue between Russia and Japan in the 1990s contributed to alignment of the parties in seeking the grounds for the development of mutually advantageous relations. The application of the instruments of face-to-face negotiations and informal meetings can be viewed as an indicator of alignment of the parties, a desire to propel the bilateral cooperation to a fundamentally new level, which is proven by the provisions of the “Moscow Declaration on the establishment of a constructive partnership between the Russian Federation and Japan” of 1998, which has become the framework for collaborative actions in the new century. The article discusses the most common tactics and methods applied in the negotiations between Russia and Japan, although its it not an exhaustive list of all possible techniques. The scientific novelty consists in systematization and description of the tactics of Japan’s diplomacy that were practically implemented in Russian in the 1990s and remain relevant to the present day. Personal contribution of the politicians and diplomats into creation of the foundation for multidimensional cooperation between Russia and Japan was of crucial importance. Analysis is conducted on the activity of Japanese diplomats Tamba Minoru, Edamura Sumio, Togo Kazuhiko, as well as politicians Nakayama Taro, Hashimoto Ryutaro, Obuchi Keizo, and Mori Yoshiro, who played the role of the political architects in Tokyo with regards to Russia. The works published by them are a valuable source for the analysis of the events under review.
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Lwin, Ko Ko, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Wataru Takeuchi. "Development of GIS Integrated Big Data Research Toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) for Mobile CDR Data Processing in Disasters Management." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0380.
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This article reports the development of a geographical information system (GIS) embedded text-based geospatial Big Data research toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) designed especially for mobile CDR (Call Details Record) data processing in urban transport planning and disaster management. BigGIS-RTX is a standalone computer program that aims to provide a bridge between geospatial Big Data and end users (i.e. students and researchers) by reducing difficulties in handling geospatial Big Data processing and analysis tasks. This research toolbox makes it possible to handle text-based geospatial Big Data cleaning, formatting, subsetting, and extraction by keywords or structured query language (SQL), CDR data aggregation by base transceiver stations (BTSs), generation of origin–destination (OD) trips, OD matrices, and OD routes, and computation of OD links. Moreover, this research toolbox can be integrated with current commercial GIS software to perform further geospatial analysis functions to improve spatial decision making in urban and transport planning and disaster management. In this report, we discuss two current research outputs using BigGIS-RTX: first, multitemporal grid square population estimation and second, human mobility studies in transportation planning. These research outputs are essential for disaster management and emergency preparedness in terms of providing knowledge and information about population distribution changes over space and time, human mobility flow by a user defined time frame, and travel volume or link count information for individual road segments. This research is part of the core project “Development of a Comprehensive Disaster Resilience System and Collaboration Platform in Myanmar” in a research collaboration between Yangon Technological University, Myanmar, and The University of Tokyo, Japan, sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
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Hayashi, Haruo, and Shunichi Koshimura. "Special Issue on the 100th Anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0553.
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On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. It was an extremely powerful earthquake that caused a great fire. The death toll reached approximately 105,000, and the economic loss is estimated to have exceeded 30% of the Japanese gross national product at that time. For September 2023, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has planned a special issue to commemorate 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake. While previous special issues by the JDR have focused on specific disasters, this special issue will focus on the lessons and findings from the catastrophe and will cover even the progress of disaster research since then. We received fourteen important and thought-provoking manuscripts not only on scientific and engineering aspects but also on social and cultural aspects, including comparisons with other disasters, historical views, reconstruction issues, and future perspectives. These fourteen articles can be categorized into the three groups described below. The first four articles are the English translations of articles that originally appeared in “Koho Bosai,” the bimonthly journal on natural disaster reduction that is complied and published by the Disaster Management Section, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. The JDR believes that these four articles provide a concise English description of various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Takemura summarizes the seismic features of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Sekizawa summarizes the large scale urban fires that it caused. Dr. Suzuki describes various aspects of the emergency responses. Dr. Murosaki details the recovery project in Tokyo. Those articles discussed various lessons learned from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake and emphasized the importance of transferring the lessons toward future disaster mitigation. The next six papers were originally works studying various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Midorikawa reviews the strong ground motion of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Kaneko evaluates the resulting tsunami. Mr. Mammen sheds new light on the relationship between Charles A. Beard and Goto Shinpei in terms of the recovery. Dr. Albini studies the voices of foreign residents who left impressive disaster processes at that time. Dr. Murao reviews the urbanization of Tokyo after the Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Shima studies the response of the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The last four papers are works on various aspects of disaster risk reduction, but all of these works were inspired by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in one way or another. Dr. Shaw provides a framework for repositioning earthquake risk reduction. Dr. Shimbo explores the Phase Free Concept. Dr. Shoji focuses on the possibility of Medium-Wave AM Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Yamaguchi studies the Risk Communication Method. The Editorial Board of the JDR thanks all of these contributors and hopes that these articles serve as great sources for further research in disaster risk reduction.
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Waggener, Green T., Dimitri Papadopoulos, and Youngil Lee. "The Effect Of Rapid Time Zone Travel By Airplane On Circadian Rhythms In Elite Karate Athletes Competing In The 13th Funakoshi Cup In Tokyo, Japan." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478285.10805.d6.
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Tsujimoto, Motohiro, and Akitoshi Omotani. "Restorement of early 19<sup>th</sup> century’s Geomagnetic declinations in Japan, from Tadataka Inoh’s survey azimuth ledger." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-136-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Santou-Houi-Ki is a national treasure of Japan recorded by Japanese cartographic surveyor Tadataka Inoh in 1800 to 1816, consist of 67 volumes survey ledger to produce the first survey map of Japan, called “Coastal Area Map of great Japan,” or Inoh map (1&thinsp;:&thinsp;36000, 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;216000, 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;432000).</p><p>In the Santou-Houi-Ki estimate 200,000 magnetic compass survey azimuth data by accuracy of 0°05′ unit were written, with the name or short description of magnetic compass survey reference point and target points. Inoh’s team carried out the survey did not apply the correction of magnetic declination. Because before his survey, Inoh tried to observe magnetic declination in Edo (Tokyo) was nearly zero. Inoh conducted the survey on the assumption that the influence of magnetic declination to survey map of Japan is at least. The surveyed region extends from North eastern coast of Hokkaido Island to Yakushima Island in western Japan. We start analysis, check the outline of reference point and target points from the name or the description of reference point and target points, the survey azimuth recorded in Santou-Houi-Ki, and Inoh’s survey diary, Inoh’s maps, modern survey map, today’s survey map or local source books. We execute interdisciplinary and simultaneous analysis of geomagnetic declination, real azimuth, precise position of the survey execution point and target points (latitude and longitude less than 0.1 second). And add the historical importance of each precise position of survey reference point. Calculate backward the precise position of survey reference point, where the value of magnetic declination, subtracting the magnetic survey azimuth from the true azimuth to any target points is similar or approximate. We cannot read the precise content of national treasure Santou-Houi-Ki without this interdisciplinary simultaneous analysis. We tried to analysis at 227 points in Japanese archipelago, the distribution of magnetic declination and precise position of the survey reference points and target points in early 19 century’s Japan are gradually elucidated. When we compare the analysis of declination from Santou-Houi-Ki to Noaa’s Historical Declination Viewer, NOAA’s progress of declination west is always 5 to 6 years late than the analysis of Santou-Houi-Ki. And differences are more remarkable in western Japan. We must supply the analysis data from Santou-Houi-Ki to NOAA.</p>
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Uliganets, S., S. Batychenko, L. Melnik, and Yu Sologub. "FEATURES DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 78-79 (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2021.78-79.7.
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In the modern world, gastronomic tourism is gaining popularity as an alternative to all the usual holidays. Gastronomic tourism is a type of tourism-related to acquaintance with the production, technology of preparation and tasting of national dishes and drinks, as well as with the culinary traditions of the peoples of the world. A gastronomic journey is a way of expressing a traveller’s understanding of a country. There are well-known gastronomic destinations in the world, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Portugal, the United States (especially California in the Napa and Sonoma Valley), Brazil, Peru, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Chile, Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia, Bali, China, or Singapore. Gastronomy tourists include the following categories: tourists who are tired of ordinary tourism; tourists who want to make a difference in their diet; gourmets; tourists whose work is related to cooking and eating; representatives of travel companies are interested in organizing their own gastronomy. The top 5 popular gourmet tours in the world are analyzed. Some popular destinations for tasty trips, namely, countries with specific national cuisine (Italy, France, Japan, China, Thailand); regions that are famous for their products (in France, for example, Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, have become innovators in the wine industry); the most famous restaurants of the country that are famous for their cuisine, marked by Michelin stars and International ratings (in Italy – “La Pergola” (Rome), Japan – Koji (Tokyo), England – Fet Duck (Bray) and others); enterprises that have become world leaders in the production of various products (Swiss chocolate factory “Alprose”, German breweries “Ettal” and “Andeks”, Swiss cheese factory “Gruyere”). Top 10 countries by number of Michelin starred restaurants are highlighted. Current gastronomic tours abroad are characterized. The results of the Gastronomic Tourism Forum in Spain, which will positively influence the development of gastronomic tourism in the world, are analyzed.
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Bornstein, Marc H., Hiroshi Azuma, Catherine Tamis-LeMonda, and Misako Ogino. "Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in Japan and in the United States: I. A Comparative Macroanalysis of Naturalistic Exchanges." International Journal of Behavioral Development 13, no. 3 (September 1990): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300302.
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It is widely held that Japanese and U.S. Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups, and that experiences of early life may be responsible for certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures. To compare and contrast activities and interactions of Japanese and American mothers and their 5-month-old infants, 48 mother-infant dyads, half in Tokyo and half in New York City, were observed in the natural setting of their homes. This report examines mothers visual and verbal stimulation of infants and infants visual and tactual exploration and vocalisation from a macroanalytic viewpoint. First, similarities and differences among Japanese and American infants and mothers on these activities are assessed. Next, covariation among infants activities and among mothers activities within each culture is evaluated, and resultant patterns of covariation between the two cultures are compared. Finally, correspondence between mothers and infants activities in each culture is analysed, and patterns of interactions between the two cultures are compared. Two issues are discussed. First considered are the identification and description of activities, interactions, and developmental processes that are similar and different in these two cultures, and second considered are cross-cultural tests of developmental issues related to covariation and correspondence of activity in mother-infant dyads.
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Iino, Takao, Koji Mori, Takashi Itoh, Takuji Kudo, Ken-ichiro Suzuki, and Moriya Ohkuma. "Description of Mariniphaga anaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively aerobic marine bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment, reclassification of the Draconibacteriaceae as a later heterotypic synonym of the Prolixibacteraceae and description of the family Marinifilaceae fam. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_11 (November 1, 2014): 3660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.066274-0.
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A mesophilic, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, strain Fu11-5T, was isolated from tidal-flat sediment from Tokyo Bay, Chiba, Japan. Cells of strain Fu11-5T were facultatively aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-motile and rod-shaped (1.9–6.9 µm long). Strain Fu11-5T grew optimally at 35–37 °C and pH 6.5–7.0 and with 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. Oxygen and l-cysteine were used as an alternative electron acceptor and donor, respectively. Strain Fu11-5T also grew fermentatively on some pentoses, hexoses and disaccharides and soluble starch. Succinic acid was the major end product from d-glucose. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain Fu11-5T was affiliated with the order Bacteroidales , and its nearest neighbours were members of the genera Meniscus , Prolixibacter , Sunxiuqinia , Mangrovibacterium and Draconibacterium, with 87–91 % sequence similarity. Cell morphology, optimum growth temperature and utilization of sugars of strain Fu11-5T distinguished the strain from phylogenetically related bacteria. On the basis of its phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, a novel genus and species are proposed to accommodate strain Fu11-5T, with the name Mariniphaga anaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Mariniphaga anaerophila is strain Fu11-5T ( = JCM 18693T = NBRC 109408T = DSM 26910T). We also propose to combine the family Draconibacteriaceae into the family Prolixibacteraceae as a later heterotypic synonym and to place the distinct sublineage of the genus Marinifilum in the family Marinifilaceae fam. nov.
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Mamat, Roslina, Roswati Abdul Rashid, and Rokiah Paee. "Element of Politeness in Intercultural Communication: The Case Study of Japanese and Malaysian Tourists." International Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijeas.vol10no2.5.
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The number of Japanese tourists visiting Malaysia has consistently ranked in the top ten over the last 20 years. Japan has been the country of choice for Malaysian tourists over the previous ten years. It is, therefore, crucial that tourism communication in the cross-cultural context between Malaysia and Japan is used as a reference to improve the cross-cultural communication skills of the tourism employees involved. This article discusses the external structure of Japanese conversation between native Japanese speakers and Malaysian tourist guides and native Malay speakers with Japanese tourist guides. This study is qualitative and uses the discourse analysis approach. A total of four conversation sessions in the form of Free Independent Travel (FIT) tourism were held in Malacca and Tokyo. The conversations were recorded, and the researchers also made notes throughout the conversation to see the sentence structures and non-linguistic elements to complete the data. The recording was then transcribed and encoded before being analysed. Only the conversations by tourist guides were analysed and included in the contents of this article as the focus of the study is more on the external form and politeness of the Japanese language used by Malaysian and Japanese tourist guides in demonstrating solidarity and similarities in the context of cross-cultural conversation. Data analysis shows many similarities in the selection of vocabulary and specific verb forms by Japanese and Malaysian tourist guides to show courtesy and friendliness in the conversation. This proves that Japanese language skills by Malaysian tourist guides are almost on par with Japanese tourist guides. Malaysian tourist guides also have a vast knowledge of the culture and nature of the Japanese language.
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Tsujioka, Suguru, Kojiro Watanabe, and Akihiro Tsukamoto. "Tourism Analysis Using User-Generated Content: A Case Study of Foreign Tourists Visiting Japan on TripAdvisor." Tourism and Sustainable Development Review 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/tsdr.v1i1.9.
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In recent years, online travel service platforms such as TripAdvisor have been actively used by tourists. These services include user-generated content, which is vast and difficult to interpret manually. Several previous studies used user-generated content (e.g., social networking services and TripAdvisor) for tourism analysis. Most of these studies did not perform a systematic text analysis. In this study, we propose a method of analyzing this content to understand the characteristics of sightseeing attractions. Specifically, we analyzed the reviews of foreign tourists who visited Japanese sightseeing attractions. The review data were collected from TripAdvisor. First, a correspondence analysis was conducted to understand the similarities between sightseeing attractions. Next, a co-occurrence network analysis was conducted to derive the theme clusters for understanding the characteristics of sightseeing attractions based on the words in the review. Finally, individual analyses were conducted based on the description of the derived themes at each sightseeing attraction. The results of the analyses demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for comprehending the characteristics of each sightseeing attraction. The proposed method is useful when using user-generated content for tourism analysis.
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Kanzaki, Natsumi, Takuya Aikawa, Noritoshi Maehara, and Kazuma Matsumoto. "Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister & Zhang, 2005 (Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae), an associate of Monochamus subfasciatus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc." Nematology 10, no. 1 (2008): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783360195.
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Abstract Bursaphelenchus doui was isolated from a dead Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora, in Shizuoka, and from the tracheal system of a species of longhorn beetle, Monochamus subfasciatus, collected at Tama Forest Science Garden of Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. The Japanese populations of B. doui were compared with the original description of material obtained from coniferous packaging materials imported from Taiwan and Korea to continental China. Additional characters from the Japanese population include a constricted female mucron with a step-like appearance and several morphometric values. The molecular profiles of the Japanese B. doui populations were determined by DNA sequencing and ITS-RFLP profiles and were compared with those of the Taiwanese and Chinese populations of B. doui and other species in the genus. The phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA indicated that B. doui is clearly included in the xylophilus-group of the genus Bursaphelenchus and may be close to B. conicaudatus and B. luxuriosae. The potential risk of B. doui for pine species is considered to be relatively low because B. doui did not display any pathogenicity to Japanese black pine in an inoculation test.
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Sato, Toshiaki, Donald V. Helmberger, Paul G. Somerville, Robert W. Graves, and Chandan K. Saikia. "Estimates of regional and local strong motions during the great 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake (Ms 8.2). Part 1: Source estimation of a calibration event and modeling of wave propagation paths." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880010183.
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Abstract This article is the first of a pair of articles that estimate regional and local strong motions from the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake. This Ms 8.2 earthquake caused the most devastating damage in the metropolitan area in Tokyo history. In this article, we first calibrate wave propagation path effects with a moderate-sized modern event. This event, the Odawara earthquake of 5 August 1990 (M 5.1), is the first earthquake larger than M 5 in the last 60 years near the hypocenter of the 1923 Kanto earthquake. We estimate the source parameters based on a grid-search technique using body-waveform data bandpass filtered from 1 to 10 sec at four local stations, because accurate source parameters are critical for calibrating the propagation effects. We find that the Odawara earthquake had a depth of 15.3 km, a dip of 35°, a rake of 40°, a strike of 215°, a seismic moment of 3.3 × 1023 dyne-cm, a source duration of 0.65 sec, and a stress drop of 170 bars. Next, we investigate the effects of the propagation paths to the local and regional stations where seismograms of the 1923 Kanto earthquake were recorded, by comparing recorded waveforms with synthetic seismograms built with the calibration event. Path-specific flat-layered velocity models are estimated along travel paths from the event to stations Hongo (epicentral distance R = 82 km) in Tokyo, Gifu (R = 213 km), and Sendai (R = 374 km) using forward modeling. In constructing the velocity model for the Gifu station, we use STS-1 broadband seismograms recorded at the nearby Inuyama station. Consequently, at periods greater than 3 sec, the velocity models for stations Hongo and Gifu can successfully reproduce both body waves and direct surface waves, and the velocity model for Sendai station can explain the predominant direct surface waves. In the companion article (Sato et al., 1998), these velocity models are used to examine the adequecy of the variable-slip rupture models of the 1923 Kanto earthquake (Wald and Somerville, 1995; Takeo and Kanamori, 1992) to explain recorded seismograms and also to simulate strong motions from that event.
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Edward Jones, Thomas. "Changing demographics in Japan's national parks; towards a targeted marketing strategy for nature-based tourists." Tourism and hospitality management 18, no. 1 (June 2012): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.18.1.7.
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Trends from Japan and other post-industrial countries suggest visitor demand for nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations such as national parks, which rocketed in the post-war period, has peaked and is now in decline. This has adverse implications for funding and natural resource management. One suggested counter strategy is targeted marketing based on commercial techniques, but this relies on accurate knowledge of the market to maintain current segments and attract new ones.This paper employs a ‘market leader’ case study approach to investigate visitors to Kamikochi, a gateway to the North Japan Alps whose long conservation pedigree, and proximity to urban areas, ensures it can fulfil both ‘protection’ and ‘promotion’ criteria. The focus was on the Day Hiker (Dh) segment of visitor demand, deemed desirable from a managerial perspective, because they were shown to stay longer, visit more frequently and have a greater interaction with nature. The aims were to identify the composition of Kamikochi’sDh visitor segment, and cross analyse the results to provide practical information for national park managers. Following on from a 2007 survey, 391 usable semi-structured questionnaires were collected between July 10th and September 10th 2009, from participants in guided tours at Kamikochi, a response rate of 31%. Results show the ‘market leader’ segment consisted of pairs or small groups of well-educated, wealthy ‘baby-boomers’ from Kanto; 55% were aged 50 or over, and 59% came from the greater Tokyo metropolitan area. These KantoDhs tended to be repeat visitors (66.0%) who stayed for 2 nights or more (55.1%), thus surpassing the bench mark set by previous research. However, the results provided a snapshot of visitor demand unbalanced not only by urban area, but also gender, age and income; hence further research is needed to explain the dominance of female, elderly and wealthy visitors. One logical explanation is that these segments are already being targeted by travel agencies, as suggested by the 42% who came to Kamikochi as part of a package tour. If so, then it raises the question of why marketing is being outsourced to travel agencies rather than conducted via joint campaigns that incorporate a range of stakeholders.Thus although the need for targeted marketing is clear, some significant barriers to marketing NBT resources exist, including diverse objectives, mixed land ownership and insufficient funding. Transparent goals, combined with ongoing visitor segment monitoring, are thus two vital steps towards a targeted NBT marketing strategy.
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Cynarski, Wojciech J. "Jūjutsu Tourism: Great Masters and Important Places." Security Dimensions 47, no. 47 (June 30, 2024): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.6717.
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Problem: Trips for jūjutsu/jujitsu studies do not only apply to the Japan. What is the specificity of jūjutsu tourism today? What are the characteristics of this type of martial arts tourism?Method: From the perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, an attempt was made to describe and explain the indicated cultural phenomenon. The main method is the author's over 40 years of participant observation in the European and international jūjutsu environment. As is typical of the monographic method, various categories of sources and studies are also included.Results: A description and interpretation of today's travel conditions for practical jūjutsu studies were presented. Examples of famous masters, schools and dōjōs, and other important places are provided. Certain institutions and cyclical events are the driving force of this type of tourism.Conclusions: Jūjutsu tourism is currently multipolar. Trips to masters or to national and international training workshops depend on the location of the organization and the specific master. In search of practical knowledge, students follow masters who are not always of Japanese origin.
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Khisamutdinov, Amir A. "Russian Print in North-East Asia: To the Compilation of the Catalogue of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 5 (December 9, 2020): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-5-522-528.
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The article considers the Russian printing in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (China, Japan, Korea, USA, etc.). The author offers the review of literature published in Russian in these countries, basing on the materials of the Russian North-East Asian collection of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii (Honolulu, USA), which is one of the best collections in the world on this subject. The article reports on the history of the Russian collection and its creators. The author discusses the terms “Russian book Diaspora” (publishing emigrant activities within the same country — China, Japan, USA, etc.) and “Russian book community” (publishing activities of people from Russia within the same city, such as Harbin, Shanghai, Tokyo; organizations or groups of individuals, etc.). Special attention is paid to the bibliographic description of this collection, which was first published in 2002 in the publishing house of the Russian State Library “Pashkov Dom” (“Russian print in China, Japan and Korea: Catalogue of the collection of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii”) and reprinted in the expanded version in 2016 under the title “Russian print in the Asia-Pacific region” (in 4 parts). The article also reports on other foreign collections that contain emigrant publications, including those printed in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (the libraries of the University of California in Berkeley, the Hoover Institute for war, revolution and peace, and the Museum of Russian culture in San Francisco). The author presents the data on the work of scientific centre of the University of Hawaii for the study of the USSR / Russia “Soviet Union in Pacific Asia Rim”. The article analyses international cooperation of the University of Hawaii library with Russian libraries, in particular, its relations with the libraries of the Russian Far East. The author describes the project of the University of Hawaii Library to create the electronic library catalogue with complete bibliographic and historical information about each edition of the collection and to expand the exchange of literature and information.
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Melish, Marian E. "Kawasaki Syndrome." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.5.153.
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Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute, febrile, self-limited, multisystem vasculitis that almost exclusively affects young children. First described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki of Tokyo, Japan, it now has been recognized as occurring in all regions of the world among children of multiple and diverse ethnic groups. Its occurrence is common enough in all parts of North America that primary physicians should be familiar with its diagnosis and treatment. Originally thought to be a benign febrile exanthem, it soon was recognized that fever could be prolonged and that significant adverse cardiac effects were common, especially the development of coronary aneurysms that could lead to myocardial infarction and sudden death. Fatal KS is a multisystem vasculitis indistinguishable from infantile periarteritis nodosa (IPN); until the discovery of KS, IPN had been a condition diagnosed only at autopsy. Dr. Kawasaki's enduring contribution is the recognition and description of the major clinical features of this unique disease, which only rarely causes death. The clinical criteria he described remain the basis of all clinical and epidemiologic descriptions in use today. Although effective therapy has been discovered, the etiology of the disease remains unknown. The acute, febrile, self-limited nature of the disease and its clinical features of fever; rash; and menigeal, joint, hepatic, and mucous membrane inflammation strongly suggest that the etiologic agent is microbial.